Spoken Kashmiri: A Language Course

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Spoken Kashmiri A LA N G U A G E C OURSE

Omkar N Koul

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LANGUAGE STUDIES

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SPOKEN KASHMIRI

SPOKEN KASHMIRI : A LANGUAGE COURSE by OMKAR N. KOUL

Copyright: The Author

Rs. 150. US$ 25

First Published 1987 Second Edition 2005 Published by Indian Institute of Language Studies C-13 Greenview Apartments 33/ Sector 9, Rohini, Delhi 110085

ISBN 81-86323-19-8

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Contents Transcription ... Introduction .. Lesson 1 ... Lesson 2 ... Lesson 3 ... Lesson 4 ... Lesson 5 ... Lesson 6 ... Lesson 7 ... Lesson 8 ... Lesson 9 ... Lesson 10 ... Lesson 11 ... Lesson 12 ... Lesson 13 ... Lesson 14 Lesson 15 ... Lesson 16 ... Lesson 17 ... Lesson 18 ... Lesson 19 ... Lesson 20 ... Appendix (Classified Vocabulary of Kashmiri) References

4 5 11 18 23 28 33 37 42 47 53 59 65 71 78 83 88 94 99 103 109 114 118 133

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SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Transcription Vowels Front Unrounded High Mid

i e

i: e:

Low Consonants Stops: VI. unasp VI. asp Vd. Unasp. Affricates: VI. unasp. VI. asp. Vd. Unasp. Nasals: Fricatives: VI. Vd. Lateral: Trill: Semi-vowels

Central Back Rounded




:
:

u o

u: o:

a

a:



 :

B.

D.

R.

p ph b

t th d

t  th d

P.

n s z I v

G

k kh g

ts tsh m

V.

c ch j š r

h

y

Nasalization of vowels is indicated by the nasal sign over the vowels. The palatalization of consonants is indicated by an apostrophe sign after the consonantal letter: p’, b’ , etc. Abbreviations Abbreviations used are as follows: s. sg. (singular), p. pI. (plural), m. (masculine), f. (feminine), hon. (honorific) non-hon (non honorific), vl. (voiceless), vd. (voiced), unasp (unaspirated) asp. (aspirated), i. (intransitive), t. (transitive), B(bilabial), D(Dental),R (Retroflex), P (Palatal),V (Velar), G (glottal).

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Introduction Area and Speakers The Kashmiri language is called k  šur or k  :šir zaba:n by its native speakers. It is primarily spoken in the Kashmir Valley of the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India. According to the 1981 census there are 30,76,398 speakers of the language. The census was not conducted in the year 1991. Keeping in view the rise of the population over last many years, the current number of its speakers will be around four million. Kashmiri is also spoken by Kashmiris settled in other parts of India, and other countries. The language spoken in and around Srinagar is regarded as the standard variety. It is used in literature, mass media and education. Classification and Dialects There is a general consensus amongst historical linguists that Kashmiri belongs to the Dardic branch of the Indo-Aryan family. Grierson (1919), Morgenstierne (1961), Fussman (1972) classify Kashmiri under Dardic group of Indo-Aryan languages. The term Dardic is stated to be only a geographical convention and not a linguistic expression. The classification of Kashmiri and other Dardic languages has been reviewed in some works (Kachru 1969, Strand 1973, Koul and Schmidt 1984) with different purposes in mind. Kachru points out linguistic characteristics of Kashmiri. Strand presents his observations on Kafir languages. Koul and Schmidt have reviewed the literature on the classification of Dardic languages and have investigated the linguistic characteristics or features of these languages with special reference of Kashmiri and Shina. Kashmiri has two types of dialects: (a) Regional dialects and (b) Social dialects. Regional dialects are further of two types: (i) those regional dialects or variations which are spoken in the regions inside the valley of Kashmir and (ii) those which are spoken in the regions outside the valley of Kashmir. Kashmiri speaking area in the valley is ethno-semantically divided into three regions: (1) Maraz (southern and south-

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SPOKEN KASHMIRI

eastern region), (2) Kamraz (northern and north-western region) and (3) Srinagar and its neighboring areas. There are some minor linguistic variations mainly at the phonological and lexical levels. Kashmiri spoken in the three regions is not only mutually intelligible but quite homogeneous. These dialectical variations can be termed as different styles of the same speech. Since Kashmiri, spoken in and around Srinagar has gained some social prestige, very frequent ‘style switching’ takes places from Marazi or Kamrazi styles to that of the style of speech spoken in Srinagar and its neighboring areas. This phenomena of style switching is very common among the educated speakers of Kashmiri. Kashmiri spoken in Srinagar and surrounding areas continues to hold the prestige of being the standard variety which is used in mass media and literature. There are two main regional dialects, namely Poguli and Kashtawari spoken outside the valley of Kashmiri (Koul and Schmidt 1984). Poguli is spoken in the Pogul and Paristan valleys bordered on the east by Rambani and Siraji, and on the west by mixed dialects of Lahanda and Pahari. The speakers of Poguli are found mainly to the south, south-east and south-west of Banihal. Poguli shares many linguistic features including 70% vocabulary with Kashmiri (Koul and Schmidt 1984). Literate Poguli speakers of Pogul and Pakistan valleys speak standard Kashmiri as well. Kashtawari is spoken in the Kashtawar valley, lying to the south east of Kashmir. It is bordered on the south by Bhadarwahi, on the west by Chibbali and Punchi, and on the east by Tibetan speaking region of Zanskar. Kashtawari shares most of the linguistic features of standard Kashmiri, but retains some archaic features which have disappeared from the latter. It shares about 80% vocabulary with Kashmiri (Koul and Schmidt 1984) . No detailed sociolinguistic research work has been conducted to study different speech variations of Kashmiri spoken by different communities and speakers who belong to different areas, professions and occupations. In some earlier works beginning with Grierson (1919: 234) distinction has been pointed out in two speech variations of Hindus and Muslims, two major communities who speak Kashmiri natively. Kachru (1969) has used the terms Sanskritized Kashmiri and Persianized Kashmiri

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to denote the two style differences on the grounds of some variations in pronunciation, morphology and vocabulary common among Hindus and Muslims. It is true that most of the distinct vocabulary used by Hindus is derived from Sanskrit and that used by Muslims is derived from Person-Arabic sources. On considering the phonological and morphological variations (besides vocabulary) between these two dialects, the terms used by Kachru do not appear to be appropriate or adequate enough to represent the two socio-dialectical variations of styles of speech. The dichotomy of these social dialects is not always clear-cut. One can notice a process of style switching between the speakers of these two dialects in terms of different situations and participants. The frequency of this ‘style switching’ process between the spe akers of these two communities mainly depends on different situations and periods of contact between the participants of the two communities at various social, educational and professional levels. Koul (1986) and Dhar (1984) have presented co-relation between certain linguistic and social variations of Kashmiri at different social and regional levels. The sociolinguistic variations of the language deserve a detailed study. Unique Characteristics Kashmiri is closely related to Shina and some other languages of the North-West frontier. It also shares some morphological features such as pronominal suffixes with Sindhi and Lahanda. However, Kashmiri is different from all other Indo-Aryan languages in certain phonological, morphological and syntactic features. For example, Kashmiri has a set of central vowels /  ,  :,  and  :/ , and dental affricates /ts/ and /tsh/ which are not found in other Indo-Aryan languages. In a similar way, in Kashmiri the finite verb always occurs in the second position with the exception in relative clause constructions. The word order in Kashmiri, thus, resembles the one in German, Dutch, Icelandic, Yiddish and a few other languages. These languages form a distinct set and are currently known as Verb Second (V-2) languages. Note that the word order generated by V-2 languages is quite different from Verb middle languages

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SPOKEN KASHMIRI

such as English. In a V-2 language, any constituent of a sentence can precede the verb. It is worth mentioning here that Kashmiri shows several unique features which are different from the above mentioned other V-2 languages. Script Various scripts have been used for Kashmiri. The main scripts are: Sharda, Devanagari, Roman and Perso-Arabic. The Sharda script, developed around the 10th century, is the oldest script used for Kashmiri. The script was not developed for writing Kashmiri. It was primarily used for writing Sanskrit by the local scholars at that time. Besides a large number of Sanskrit literary works, old Kashmiri works were written in this script. This script does not represent all the phonetic characteristics of the Kashmiri language. It is now being used for very restricted purposes (for writing horoscopes) by the priestly class of the Kashmiri Pandit community. The Devanagari script with additional diacritical marks is used for Kashmiri by writers and researchers in representing the data from Kashmiri texts in their writings in Hindi related to language, literature and culture. It is also used as an additional script (besides Perso-Arabic)or alternate script in certain literary works, religious texts including devotional songs written by Hindu writers outside the valley of Kashmir after their migration from the valley. It is being used by a few journals namely Koshur Samachar, Kshir Bhawani Times, Vitasta, and Milchar on regular basis. Certain amount of inconsistency prevails in the use of diacritic signs. The diacritic signs for writing Kashmiri in this script have recently been standardized and the computer software is available for it. It is not yet used in all the publications. The Roman script is also used for Kashmiri but is not very popular. The Roman script with phonetic diacritic signs is used in the presentation of data from Kashmiri in the linguistic and literary works related to the Kashmiri language and literature written in English. It is also used in instructional materials for teaching and or learning Kashmiri as a second/foreign language through the medium of English. However, there is no uniformity in the use of diacritic signs.

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The Perso-Arabic script with additional diacritical marks now known as Kashmiri script has been recognized as the official script for Kashmiri by the Jammu and Kashmir Government and is now widely used in publications in the language. It still lacks standardization (Koul 1996). The computer software is available for writing Kashmiri in this script. Learning of Kashmiri as a second/foreign language In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in learning Kashmiri as a second/foreign language. Kashmiri is being taught as a second language at the Northern Regional Language Centre (CIIL) Patiala since 1971. A limited number of pedagogical materials in the from of language courses and supplementary materials have been produced in Kashmiri so far. Kachru (1969,1973) has made first serious attempt in this regard. Koul (1985,1995) has prepared two textbooks for teaching basic and intermediate level courses in Kashmiri at the NRLC Patiala. They introduce all major structures of the Kashmiri language. Bhat (1982) and Raina (1995) have prepared readers in for teaching Kashmiri at the first two levels at the sochool level. They contain lessons on the Kashmiri script and some structures. Bhat (2001) has prepared an audio-cassette course in Kashmiri with a manual useful for the second language learners of Kashmiri. The present book is essentially a self-instructional course. It contains 20 lessons presenting basic structures of the Kashmiri language. Each lesson contains usually one major structure along with related patterns. All the lessons consist of text, mostly in the form of dialogues, followed by drills, exercises, vocabulary and notes on grammar. Texts are given with equivalent English translations. It is to be noted that these English translations have no one to one correspondence with Kashmiri, either structurally or stylistically but are intended, only to convey the general meaning. Drills are provided for the oral practice of the structure and teachable items introduced in each lesson. The types of drills introduced are: Substitution drill, Repetition drill,

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SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Transformation drill, and Response drill. The main types of exercises used in this book are: Fill in the blanks using suitable words, completion of sentences, answering of questions, using of words and phrases in sentences etc. The drills and exercise are designed to help the development of learners’ linguistic competence in the language systematically. The vocabulary section lists lexical items, which occur in the lesson for the first time. The English meanings given for the lexical items are generally restricted to the context they occur in the lesson. The notes on grammar are provided from the functional point of view and the use of technical terms is kept to the minimum. The learners may consult other sources (Kachru 1969, 1973, Koul 1977, 1985, Koul and Hook 1984, Bhat 1986, and Wali and Koul 1997) for more detailed grammatical descriptions. The appendix provides a list of classified vocabulary in Kashmiri.The learners who use this book as a self-instructional course must ensure that they practice drills and attempt exercises given in each lesson with the assistance of a native speaker of Kashmiri or from the lessons recorded, to be obtained from the publishers. This book was first published in 1987. It is reprinted with minor revisions. I would like to thank Mr Sunil Fotedar for making it available on net and encouraging me to bring out its second reprint.

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Lesson 1 1. yi k’a: chu? yi chu me:z. yi chu ka:kaz. yi chu kalam.

What is this? This is a table. This is a paper. This is a pen.

2. hu k’a: chu? hu chu darva:z  . hu chu pankh  hu chu pard 

What is that? That is a door. That is a fan. That is a curtain.

3. yim k’a: chi? yim chi me:z. yim chi ka:kaz. yim chi kalam.

What are these? These are tables. These are papers. These are pens.

4. hum k’a: chi? hum chi darva:z . hum chi pankh hum chi pard .

What are those? Those are doors. Those are fans. Those are curtains.

5. yi k’a: cha? yi cha kita:b. yi cha k mi:z. yi cha dava:th.

What is this? This is a book. This is a shirt. This is an inkpot.

6. yim yim yim yim

What are these? These are books. These are shirts. These are inkpots.

k’a: cha? cha kita:b . cha k mi:z . cha dav :ts.

7. h  k’a: cha?

What is that?

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SPOKEN KASHMIRI

h cha g r. h cha v :j h cha kursi: 8. hum hum hum hum

That is a watch. That is a ring. That is a chair.

k’a: cha? cha gari. cha va:ji. cha kursiyi.

What are those? Those are watches. Those are rings. Those are chairs.

Drills I. Substitution drill (i) yi/hu chu --duka:n ‘a shop’ maka:n ‘a house’ p’a:l  ‘a cup’ kul ‘tree’

(ii) yim/hum chi --duka:n ‘shops’ maka:n ‘houses’ p’a:l  ‘cups’ kul’ ‘trees’

(iii) yi/h cha ---. ‘key’ k  d j ‘handkerchief’ tu:p’ ‘cap’ b  niya:n ‘pullover’

(iv) yim /hum cha --k  ‘keys’ daji ‘handkerchiefs’ ‘caps’ to:pi b  niya:n  ‘pullovers’

II. Transformations drill yi chu kul. yi chu maka:n. hu chu p’a:l  . hu chu ko:t h. yi cha d  :r. yi cha alm :r’ . h  cha ka:pi:. h  cha cit 

> > > > > > > >

yim chi kul.’ yim chi maka:n. hum chi p’a:l  . hum chi ko:t h. yim cha da:ri. yim cha alma:ri. hum cha ka:piyi. hum cha cithi.

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Exercises I.

Fill in the blanks using Kashmiri equivalents of the words given in brackets yi chu ---(pen) hu chu---(cup) h ! cha ---(window)

hu chu ---(tree) hum chi ---(doors) hum" cha ---(caps)

II. Answer the following questions yi k’a: chu? (darva:z " ) hu k’a: chu? (ko:t# h) hu k’a: chu? (p’a:l $ ) h ! k’a: cha? (alm % :r’) h ( k’a: cha? (k ) *,+

yi chu drava:z" . hum k’a: chi? (kalam) hum k’a: chi? (pard $ ) hum& k’a: cha? (t' o:pi) hum- k’a: cha? (ka:piyi)

III. Write down 20 sentences using words from the table below: yi, hu yim, hum h 1 , hum0

chu chi cha

kita:b, v. :j, k/ * k/ * 0 , alma:ri pard - , dav. :ts, d . :r, daji, p’a:l 0 , 2to:pi, da:ri, ka:piyi

Notes In this lesson, we lave introduced. pimple declarative and interrogative sentences using demonstrative pronouns, forms of the copular verb in the present tense and an interrogative word k’a: ‘what’. Dernonstrative pronoun Kashmiri has the following three term system of demonstrative pronouns in the nominative case. Masculine Sg. Pl.

Feminine Sg. Pl.

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SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Prox Rem II. Rem. II

yi ‘this’ hu ‘that’ su ‘that’

yim hum tim

yi h4 s4

yim3 hum3 tim3

These demonstrative pronouns can be used with both animate and inanimate subjects. The third category of demonstrative pronouns has not been used in this lesson. The term ti can also be used alternately with su or s 4 in case the subject is inanimate. The masculine plural forms yim, hum and tim are used for honorific singular subjects as well. Word-order In Kashmiri, the verb usually comes in the second position. The surface word order of a simple declarative sentence is subject +verb+object. The word-order of a question word interrogative sentence is: subject + interrogative word + verb+ remaining constituents, e.g., yi chu me:z yi k’a: chu?

‘This is a table.’ ‘What is this?’

Copular verb The copular verb agrees with the subject in both number and gender. Following are forms of the copular verb in present tense used with third person subject: Masculine Sg. Pl. chu cha

Feminine Sg. Pl. cha chi

Gender There are two genders in Kashmiri: masculine and feminine. All the inanimate nouns (as well as animate ones) are assigned to one of the two genders.

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Number There are two numbers: singular and plural. There are different types of rules for plural formation which apply according to the phonological structure of the words. Some of these rules are indicated below: (1) Most of the consonant ending and vowel / 5 / ending masculine nouns do not change in their plural form: me:z duka:n

‘table( s)’ ‘shop (s)’

kalam pard 6

‘pen(s)’ ‘curtain(s)’

(2) The vowels /o:/ and /o/ changes into /e:/ and /a/ respectively and the word final non-palatal consonants are palatalized: kul ‘tree’ mo:l ‘father’ not8 ‘pitcher’ kot8 ‘a boy’

> > > >

kul’ m7 :l’ n 7 t9;: k7 t9;:

‘trees’ ‘fathers’ ‘pitchers’ ‘boys’

(3) Palatal consonants do not change in plural forms: bo:y ‘brother’

>

b 7 :y

‘brothers’

(4) The second vowel /u/ in disyllabic words changes to /a/ in plural forms: k< kur ‘cock’ batukh ‘duck’

> >

k< kar ‘cocks’ batakh ‘ducks’

(5) Most of the feminine plurals are formed by adding suffixes -6 or -i depending on the phonological structure of the word. After these suffixes are added, certain other changes may take place

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-= -i

Sg. kita:b kami:z k@A ka:pi: gB r citC h’ Ctu:p’

‘book’ ‘shirt’ ‘key’ ‘copy’ ‘watch’ ‘letter’ ‘cap’

+ + + + + + +

> >

= i i i i

> > > > > > >

Pl. kita:b > k? mi:z> k@A > ka:piyi gari citC hi Cto:pi

(6) Besides certain changes in vowels, the consonants /th/, /tC / and /dC / change into /ts/, /c/ and /j/ respectively, e.g., ra:th dava:th p ? tD l ? ndC

‘night ‘inkpot’ ‘plank’ ‘branch’

> > > >

r B :ts ‘nights’ dav? :ts ‘inkpots’ paci ‘planks of wood’ lanji ‘branches’

(7) In one case there is a change of only vowel: ga:v ‘cow’

>

gB :v ‘cows’

(8) The /i/ ending feminine nouns do not change in their plural forms, e.g., beni ‘sister(s). Vocabulary yi hu yim hum hE hum= chu chi cha cha

m m m f f m m f.s. f.p.

this that/he these those that/she those is are is are

kursi: duka:n maka:n p’a:l = kul k@A dB j Ctu:p’ b B niya:n ko:tC h

f m m m m f. f. f. f. m.

chair shop house cup tree key handkerchief cap pullover coat

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k’a: me:z ka:kaz kalam beni l H ndG darva:zI pankh I pard K kita:b kH mi:z dava:th gH r

m m m f m m m f f f f

what table paper pen sister branch door fan curtain book shirt inkpot watch

almF :r’ citG h’ ka:pi: mo:l notG kotG bo:y kJ kur batukh ra:th p H tL ga:v vH :j

f. f. f. m m. m m f f f

almirah letter copy father pitcher boy brother cock duck night a plank cow ring

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SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Lesson 2 1. yi kus chu? yi chu dob. yi chu s M ts. yi chu cha:n. yi chu mozu:r.

Who is this? This is a washerman. This is a tailor. This is a carpenter. This is a laborer.

2. hu kus chu? hu chu n N yid. hu chu d N sil. hu chu duka:nda:r. hu chu gru:s.

Who is that? That is a barber. That is a mason. That is a shopkeeper. That is a farmer.

3. yim kam chi? yim chi dob’. yim chi s M ts. yim chi cha:n yim chi mozu:r.

Who are these? These are washermen. These are tailors. These are carpenters. These are laborers.

4. hum kam chi? hum chi n N yid. hum chi d N sil. hum chi duka:nda:r. hum chi gr M :s’.

Who are those? Those are barbers. Those are masons, Those are shopkeepers. Those are farmers.

5. yim kam chi? yim chi dO a:ktO ar s N :b. yim chi ma:stO arji: yim chi vN ki:l s N :b. yim chi inji:niyar.

Who is this? This is a doctor. This is a teacher. This is an advocate. This is an engineer.

6. hum kam chi? hum chi dar s N :b. hum chi khan s N :b.

Who is that? That is Mr. Dhar. That is Mr. Khan.

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hum chi r P :na: s P :b. hum chi mohanji:

That is Mr. Raina. That is Mohanji.

7. yim cha: ko:l s P :b? a:, yim chi ko:l s P :b yim cha: sohanji? na, yim chin Q sohanji: yim chi ša:mji:

Is this Mr. Koul? Yes, this is Mr. Koul. Is this Sohan? No, this is not Sohan. This is Sham.

8. hum cha: ma:stR arji:? na, hum chin S ma:stR arji: hum chi dR a:ktR ar. humS cha: n P rs Q ? a:, humQ cha n P rs Q .

Is that a teacher? No, that is not a teacher. That is a doctor. Are those nurses? Yes, those are nurses.

Drills I.

Substitution drill 1. yi/hu chu --s T nur ‘goldsmith’ kha:r ‘blacksmith’ cu:k’dar ‘chowkidar’

2. yim/hum chi --swan Q r’ kha:r cu:k’dar

3. yim/hum cha: ---? me:jar ‘major’ sipa:h ‘soldier’ duka:nda:r

4. yim/hum chi --ma:stR arji: dR a:ktR ar sU :b vP ki:l s P :b

II. Transformations drill yi chu sonur. > yi chu kha:r. > hu chu cu:k’dar. > hu chu sipa:h. > su chu mozu:r. > su chu d P sil. > s T cha n P r Q s. >

yam chi sorn Q r’. yim chi kha:r. hum chi cu:k’dar. hum chi sipa:h. tim chi mozu:r. tim chi d P sil. timS cha n P rs Q .

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Exercises I. Fill in the blanks using Kashmiri equivalents of the words given in brackets: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

yim chi dV a:ktV ar, yim chin W --(lawyer) yim chi mozu:r, yim chin W --(masons) yi chun X n Y :yid, yi chu --(carpenter) yi chan W n Y r W s, yi cha --(teacher) hu chu duka:nda:r, hu chun W --(soldier) hu chu kha:r, hu chun W --(goldsmith) s Z cha dV a:ktV ar, s Z chan W --(nurse) s Z cha dob’ba:y, s Z chan W --(tailor) tim chi s W ts, tim chin W --(washermen) timW cha ma:stV arba:yi, timW chan W ---(nurses)

II. Answer the following questions: 1. yim cha: dV a:ktV ar s Y :b? 2. yim cha: va ki:l s a :b? 3. yim china: mozu:r? 4. humb cha: n a rs c ? 5. humc cha: ma:std arba:yi? 6. tim cha: duka:nda:r?

(a:) (na) (a:) (na) (a:) (na)

a:, yim chi dV a:kt[ \^]`_ a :b.

III. Write down 20 sentences using words from the table below: yi/yim hu/hum su/tim s g /timc

chu/chun c chi/chin c cha/chan b

gru:s/mozu:r cha:n/cu:k’dar n e r c s/ dd a:ktf \^] ma:stf h^ikjhml n

Notes In this lesson demonstrative pronouns and question words have been used for animate subjects, along with the forms of

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copular verb. Question words Following question words are used with animate subjects agreeing with the subject in number and gender: Masculine Sg Pl. kus kam

Feminine Sg. ko s

Pl. kamp

Yes-no answer type questions. ‘Yes-no’ answer type questions are formed by adding interrogative particle -a: to the (copular) verb. When this particle. is, added, the preceding vowel, if any, gets deleted, e.g., chu + a: = cha: chi + a: = cha: cha + a: = cha:

chun p + a: = chuna: chin p + a: = china: chan p +a: = chana:

Short answers to such questions can either be a: ‘yes’ or na ‘no’. These short answers may optionally be followed by a complete statement as in the following examples: yi cha: dq a:ktq ar? a:, yi chu dq a:ktq ar. yim cha: vr ki:l? na, yim chin p vr ki:l.

Is this a doctor? Yes, this is a doctor. Is this a lawyer? No, this is not a lawyer,

Negation The negative particle n s ‘not’ - is added after the copular verb in the negative statement, e.g., yim chi ma:stt ar. yim chin u ma:stt ar.

This is a teacher. This is not a teacher.

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SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Honorific titles The honorific titles s v :b (Hindi-Urdu sa:hib) and ji: are added with the names of persons for indicating respect or politeness. Whereas s v :b is added generally to the surnames of Hindus and Muslims, ji: is added to the first (and middle) names of Hindus only. dar s w :b mohanji:/mohanla:lji:

‘Mr. Dhar’ ‘Mohanji/Mohanlalji’

Both s v :b and ji: are used with the professional titles of persons belonging to both communities, e.g., dx a:ktx ar s w :b

ma:stx ar s w :b/ma:stx ar ji:

Vocabulary kus m.s. kam m.p. kas f.s. kam{ f.p. dob m.s. s { ts cha:n m mozu:r n w :yid m d w sil m duka:nda:r gru:s m dx a:ktx ar inji:niyar

who who who who washerman tailor carpenter laborer barber mason shopkeeper farmer doctor engineer

ma:stx ar nw ry s s z nur kha:r cu:k’dar me:jar sipa:h a: na n{ s w :b ji: vw ki:l

teacher, master nurse m goldsmith m blacksmith m chowkidar major soldier yes no not honorific title polite title lawyer

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Lesson 3 A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B.

yim k| ts šur’ chi? yim chi z} šur’. hum k| ts chi? hum chi tre šur’. hum} k| ts ko:ri cha? hum~ cha tso:r ko:ri tim k| :t’a:h l | d k} chi? tim chi pã:tsh l € d k} yim} cha: še zana:n } na, yim} cha sath. hum cha: | :t h mar } d? na, hum chi nav. yim} k| :tsa:h kursiyi cha? yim} cha d | h.

How many children are these? These are two children. How many are those? Those are three children. How many girls are those? Those are four girls. How many boys are those? Those are five boys. Are these six women? No, these are seven. Are those eight men? No, those are nine. How many chairs are these? These are ten.

2. yi chu akh ja:n ba:g. yi ja:y cha sa:ph. yi ja:y cha s’at ha: khu:bsu:rath. yim po:š chi saphe:d. hum po:š chi gul | :b’. ga:s } chu sab } z. yim z} kul’ chi ja:n. yi po:n’ chu sar } d. ca:y cha gar } m. ta:ph chu tot.

This is a good garden. This place is clean.

3. yi l | d k} chu tshot . hum z} l | d k} chin } tshot’. yi ku:r cha tshot . hum} zana:n } cha tsh  ci. yi chu n’u:l kapur. yim chi ni:l’ palav.

This boy is short. Those two boys are not short. This girl is short (in height). Those women are short. This cloth is blue. These clothes are blue.

This place is very beautiful. These flowers are white. Those flowers are pink. The grass is green. These two trees are good. This water is cold. The tea is hot. The sun is hot.

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SPOKEN KASHMIRI

yi cha ni:j k‚ mi:z. yimƒ cha ni:ji k‚ mi:zƒ .

This is a blue shirt. These are blue shirts.

Drills I.

Substitution drill (1) yim/hum kats ---? yinsa:n l ‚ d… kƒ kul’ ja:nvar

(2) yimƒ /humƒ k„ ts ---? kita:b ƒ kursiyi zana:n ƒ ko:ri

(3) yi/hu šur chu --ga:t‡ ˆŠ‰ tshotŒ z’u:tŒ  zŽ :v’ul

(4) yi/h † ku:r cha --tshot‹ zi:t‹ h zŽ :vij ga:tŒ  j

II. Transformations drill yi chu z’u:t‹ h kul. yi chu zŽ :v’ul kul. hu chu n’u:l po:š hu chu tshot‹ l d‹ k . h “ cha ga:tŒ  j ku:r. h “ zana:n cha zi:t‹ h. su l  d‹ k chu ga:tŒ ˆŠ‰–• su chu da:na:.

> > > > > > > >

yim chi zi:t‹ h’ kul’. yim chi zŽ :vil’ kul’. hum chi ni:l’ po:š. hum chi tshotŒ;‘’‰  d‹ k . hum cha ga:tŒ  ji ko:ri. hum” zana:n ” cha ze:chi. tim l Ž dk chi ga:tŒ  l’. tim chi da:na:.

Exercises I.

Fill in the blanks using Kashmiri equivalents of the words given in brackets: 1. yim chi pã:tsh ...(boys) 2. yim chi sath ... (men)

6. yim kul’ chi … (short) 7. hum‹  ko:ri cha ... (slim)

25

3. hum— chan — d ˜ h ...(women) 4. yi ba:g chu :…(beautiful) 5. yim po:š chi ...(white)

8. ca:y chan™ — ... (cold) 9. po:š chin™ — ... (blue) 10. yim™ — ko:ri cha ... (tall)

II. Answer the following questions: 1. yim k˜ :t’a:h chi? 2. yim k˜ ts maka:n™ — chi? 3. yi cha: z’u:t™ h kul? 4. hu cha: saphe:d po:š? 5. yi ca:y cha: gar — m? 6. ta:ph cha: tot? 7. po:n’ chuna: sar — d? 8. ga:s — chuna: sab — z? 9. yim china: sa:ph palav? 10. yim china: s’atš ›ŠœmŸž œm ¡ ¢ £ l’?

(d ˜ h) (še) (a:) (na) (a:) (na) (na) (a:) (a:) (a:)

yim chi d ˜ h.

II. Write down 20 sentences using words from the table below: yi/hu/h ¤ yim/hum/hum¥ £ su/s ¤ tim/tim£

šur/šur’ chu/chun £ sa:ph ba:g cha/chan £ ja:n maka:n £ chi/chin £ z¦ :v’ul/z ¦ :vil’ po:š z’u:t¢ § ¨ª©¬«­ ® ¯ §° ko:ri z± :vij/z± :viji kul’ n’u:l/ ni:l’/ni:j/ni:ji

Notes Numerals In this lesson cardinal numerals from 1 to 10 have been introduced. All the numerals have been given in the appendix.

z

26

SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Adjectival complements The copular verb a:sun ‘to be’ takes adjectival (adjectives/ adjective phrases) as complements besides nominal and adverbial. There are two kinds of adjectives: (1) those which are not inflected for number and gender of the. nouns they modify; and (2) those which are inflected. Adjectives like sab ² z ‘green’, saphe:d ‘white’, gul ³ :b’, ‘pink’, ja:n ‘good’, sar ² d ‘cold.’, da:na: ‘wise’ khu:bsu:rath ‘beautiful’ gar ² m ‘hot’ etc. fall in the first category of adjectives. Following are the forms of some of the adjectives which are inflected for number and gender of the nouns they modify: Masculine Sg. n’u:l v´ zul 1’odur kruhun z· :v’ul z’u:t¶ h v’ot¶ h ga:t¸ ¼Š½ tshot¶ tot

Pl. ni:l’ v´ zµ l’ led¶ µ r’ kr µ h µ n’ z· :vµ l’ zi:t¸ ¹º vet¸ ¹º ga:t¸ µ l’ tshot¸;º t · t’

Feminine Sg. ni:j v´ zµ j led µ r kr µ h µ n’ z· :vij zi:t¸ ¹ v’ » t¸ ¹ ga:t¸ µ j tshot¶ t · ts

Pl. ni:ji v´ zji ledri kr · hni z· :viji ze:chi vechi ga:t¸ µ ji tsh ´ ci tats µ

blue red yellow black slim tall fat wise short hot

Question word k¾ ts ‘how many’ The question word k¾ ts is used for both masculine and feminine objects. k¾ :t’a:h/ k¾ ts’ is used for masculine, and k¾ :tsa:h or k ¿ :ts ¿ for feminine objects only, e.g., kÀ ts l À dÁ k /ko:ri kà :t’a:h/k à ts l à dÁ k kÀ :tsa:h/k :ts  ko:ri

‘How many boys/girls’ ‘How many boys’ ‘How many girls’

27

Vocabulary kÄ ts kÄ :t’a:h m. kÄ :tsa:h f. kÄ :t’a:h m. kÆ :ts Æ f. khu:bsu:rath saphe:d ga:s É m sab É z kul m po:š po:n’ m sar É d ca:y f tshotÊ m n’u:l m kapur m. palav m da:na: ga:tÊ ul m.s. zË :v’ul m.s. ja:nvar m.

how many how many how many how many how many beautiful white grass green tree flower water cold tea short blue cloth clothes wise wise slim bird

ja:n ja:y f sa:ph s’atÅ ha: šur ku:r l Ä dÇ È É zana:n tot m mar É d akh zÉ tre tso:r ba:g m pã:tsh še sath Ë :tÌ Í nav dË h gul Ë :b’

good place clean very child girl boy woman hot man/men one two three four garden five six seven eight nine ten pink

28

SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Lesson 4 1. yi chu m’o:n pa:n. yi chu m’o:n kal Î . yi chu co:n buth. yi chu co:n ath Î .

This is my body. This is my head. This is your face. This is your hand.

2. yim chi me:n’ ath Î . yim chi me:n’ kh Ï r. yim chi c Ð :n’ kan. yim chi c Ð :n’ netÑ h.

These are my hands. These are my feet. These are your ears. These are your thumbs.

3. yi cha me:n’ nas. yi cha me:n’ õg Î j. yi cha c Ð :n’ gardan. yi cha c Ò :n’ z’av.

This is my nose. This is my finger. This is your neck. This is your tongue.

4. yimÑ Î yimÑ Î yimÑ Î yimÑ Î

These are my fingers. These are my eyebrows. These are you: legs. These are your eyes.

cha m’a:ni õg Î ji cha m’a:ni bum Î . cha ca:ni zangÎ . cha ca:ni Ð ch.

5. yi chu tuhund mas. yi chu tuhund kotÑ h. yi cha tuh Î nz h Ï Ó Ô Õ^Ö×Ø yi cha tuh Ù nz yadÚ .

This is your hair. This is your knee. This is your chin. This is your belly.

6. yim chi tuh Ù nd’ kotÚ h’. yim chi tuh Ù nd’ vutÚ h. yimÛ cha tuh Û nzÙ nari. yimÛ cha tuh Ù nzÙ Ü ch.

These are your knees. These are your lips. These are your arms. These are your eyes.

7. yi chu t Ý m’sund necuv. This is his/her son. yim chi t Ý m’s Ù nd’ mo:l m Ü :j. These are his/her parents.

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yimÞ cha tß m’s Þ nz Þ ko:ri. 8. yi chu tihund bo:y. yim chi tihà Þ nd’ á :šina:v yi cha tih Þ nz beni. yimÞ cha tih Þ nzÞ hamsa:yi.

These are his/her daughters. This is his/her/their brother These are his/her/their relatives. This is his/her/their sister. These are his/her/their neighbors.

Drills I.

Response drill

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

yi cha: tuhund ath Þ ? (a:) yi cha: tuh Þ nz n á r? (a:) yim cha: tuh Þ nd’ kh â r? (a:) yi cha: m’o:n ph’ok? (no) yi cha: m’o:n kan? (na) yimà Þ cha: tuh Þ nzÞ õgji? (na) yi cha: tuhund necuv? (na) yi cha: tuh Þ nz beni? (a:) yim china: tuh Þ nd’ b á :y? (na) yi chana: tuh Þ nz ku:r? (na)

a:, yi chu m’o:n ath Þ . a:, yi cha me:n’ n á r. a:, yim chi me.n’ kh â r. na, yi chun Þ tuhand ph’ok. na, yi chun Þ tuhund kan. na, yimÞ chan Þ m’a :ni õgji. na, yi chun Þ m’o:n necuv. a:, yi cha m:e:n’ beni. na, yim chin Þ me:n’ b á :y. na, yi chan Þ me:n’ ku:r.

II. Transformations drill 1. yi chu m’o:n kan. 2. yi chu co:n á :šina:v. 3. yi cha tuh Þ nz nß r. 4. yi cha tuh Þ nz zang. 5. hu chu t ß m’sund bo:y. 6. hu chu t ß m’sund do:s. 7. yi cha t ß m’s Þ nz ku:r. 8. yi cha t ß m’s Þ nz beni. 9. hu chu m’o:n do:s. 10. hu chu co:n necuv.

> > > > > > > > > >

yim chi me:n’ kan. yim chi c ß :n’ ß :šina:v yimÞ cha tuh Þ nzÞ nari yimÞ cha tuh Þ nzÞ zangÞ . hum chi t ß m’s Þ nd’ b á :y. hum chi t ß m’s Þ nd’ do:s. yimÞ cha tß m’s Þ nz Þ ko:ri. yimÞ cha tß m’s Þ nz Þ beni. hum chi me:n’ do:s. hum chi c ß :n’ neciv’.

30

SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Exercises I.

Fill in the blanks using Kashmiri equivalents of the words given in brackets.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

yi cha me:n’… (nose) 7. yi chu tuhund … (friend) yi chan ã me:n’... (eye) 8. yi cha tuh ã nz … (mother) yi chu co:n … (knee) 9. yim chi tuh ã nd’ … (parents) yi chu tuhund … (thumb) 10. yimã cha tuh ã nzã …(sisters) yi chu tuhund … (brother) hum chi tuh ã nd’... (neighbor)

II. Answer the following questions: 1. yim kam chi? 2. hum kam chi? 3. yim cha: tuh ã nd’ hamsa:yi? 4. hum cha: tuh ã nd’ b ä :y? 5.yi cha: tuh ã nz ku:r? 6. h å cha: tuh ã nz beni? 7. yi kä m’sund bo:y chu? 8. hum kæ m’s ã nd’ do:s chi? 9. h å kæ m’s ã nz beni cha7 10. humã kæ m’s ã nzã ko:ri cha?

(do:s) yim chi me:n’ do:s. ( ä :šina:v) (na) (a:) (na) (a:) (m’o:n) (tuh ã nd’) (me:n’) (tuh ã nzã )

III. Write down 20 sentences using words given in the table below: yi/yim/yimã hu/h å /hum/humã su/s å /tim/timã

chu/chun ã m’o:n/co:n do:s chi/chin ã me:n’/c æ :n’ mo:l mæ :j cha/chan ã m’a:ni/ca:ni ko:ri/beni tuhund/tuh ã nd’ ä ch/kan tuh ã nz/tuh ã nzã t æ m’sund/t æ m’s ã nz

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Notes Possessive Pronouns Possessive pronouns have the following forms agreeing with the subject in number (and status) and with object in both number and gender: Subject Person 1st (sg) 1st (pl) 2nd (sg) 2nd (pl) 3rd (sg.) prox. 3rd (sg) rem. 3rd (pl) prox. Rem. Inter. (sg) (pl)

Masculine Sg. Pl.

Object

Feminine Sg.

m’o:n me:n’ me:n’ so:n s ç :n’ s ç :n’ co:n c ç :n’ c ç :n’ tuhund tuh è nd’ tuh è nz yé m’sund yé m’s è nd’ yé m’s è nz t é m’sund t é m’s è nd’ t é m’s è nz yimanhund yimanh è nd’ yimanh è nz yihund yih è nd’ yih è nz timanhund timanh è nd’ timanh è nz tihund tih è nd’ tih è nz ké m’sund kç m’s è nd’ kç m’s è nz kè hund kè h è nd’ kè h è nz

Pl. m’a:ni sa:ni ca:ni tuh è nzè yé m’s è nz è t é m’s è nzè yimanh è nzè yih è nzè timanh è nzè tih è nzè kç m’s è nzè kè h è nzè

Vocabulary m’o:n me:n’ me:n’ m’a:ni co:n c ç :n’ c ç :n’ ca:ni tuhund tuh è nd’

m.s. m.p. f.s. f.p. m.s. m.p. f.s. f.p. m.s. m.p

my my my my your your your your your your

kç m’s è nzè kè h è nzè pa:n kal è buth ath è kh ê r kan netë ì nas

f.p. f.p. m.s. m. m. m. m. m. m. f.

whose whose body, self head face hands foot/feet ear/ears thumb(s) nose

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SPOKEN KASHMIRI

tuh í nz tuh í nzí t î m’sund tihund t î m’s í nd’ tih í nd’ t î m’s í nz tih í nz t ñ m’s í nzí tih í nzí kñ m’sund kí hund kî m’s í nd’ kí h í nd’ kî m’s í nz kí h í nz ñ :šina:v

f.s. your f.p. your m.s. his/her m.s. his/her m.p. his/her m.p. his/her f.s. his/her f.s. his/her f.p. his/her f.p. his/her m.s. whose m.s. whose m.p. whose m.p. whose m.s. whose f.s. whose relatives

z’av õgí j gardan bum zang î ch mas kotï ð h ò óõô öø÷ù yadú vutï ð nñ r necuv beni mo:l mî :j hamsa:yi

f. f. f. f. f. f. m. m. f. m. m. f.

tongue finger neck eyebrow leg eye hair knee chin belly lip(s) arm son sister parents neighbor(s)

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Lesson 5 1. yim chi dar s û :b. dar s ü :b chi sü :n’ hamsa:yi. yi cha ru:pa:ji, dar s ü :b ý n’ a:šen’. yim chi d þ švay s’a tÿ 
 š û ri:ph. dar s ü :b chi d a:ktÿ
  rame:š chu yihund necuv. ši:l ý cha yih ý nz ku:r. uma: cha rame:š ý n’ zana:n. rame:š chu bank mane:jar. uma: cha ka:le:j lekcarar. sohn ý chu rame:šun do:s. su chu sarkü :r’ mul ü :zim. sohn ý n’ beni rama: cha ši:l ý n’ ves. yimý cha d þ švay an ý hü riši. sohn ý n’ pita:ji chi akh the:ký dar. tim chi s’at ha: ü mi:r. 2. dar sa:bun maka:n chu s’atÿ 
 bod . maka:nuk paš chu tÿ     

This is Mr. Dar. Mr. Dar is our neighbor. This is Rupaji, Mr. Dar’s wife. Both of them are very gentle. Mr. Dar is a doctor. Ramesh is his son. Shiela is his daughter. Uma is Ramesh’s wife. Ramesh is a bank manager. Uma is a college lecturer. Sohan is Ramesh’s friend. He is a government servant. Sohan’s sister Rama is Shiela’s friend. Both of them are unmarried. Sohan’s father is a contractor. He is very rich.

Mr. Dar’s house is quite big. The roof of the house is (made) of tin. maka:n ý k’ darva:z ý chi mazbu:t. The doors of the house are strong. maka:nci da:ri cha ši:šci The windows of the house are made of glass.

34

SPOKEN KASHMIRI

maka:n  c kira:y cha pã:tsh sa:s r  p  yi. so:n maka:n chu l  kut kul chi tso:r kamr  . co:k chu bod . šra:n  kut   . maka:nuk ã:gun chu ja:n.

The rent of the house is sa:s five thousand rupees. Our house is small. There are four rooms in all. The kitchen is big. There are two bathrooms. The compound of the house is good.

Drills I.

Transformation drill

yi chu maka:nuk darva:z . yi cha maka:n  c d :r. yi chu dar s  :bun do:s yi chu yihund hamsa:yi. yi chu sohnun bo:y.

> > > > >

yim chi maka:n  k’ darva:z  yim cha maka:n  ci da:ri. yim chi dar sa:b  n’ do:s. yim chi yih  nd’ hamsa:yi. yim chi sohn  n’ b  :y.

II. Response drill yi kuhnnd  :šina:v chu? (m’o:n) yi chu m’o:n  :šina:v yi cha: tuhund hamsa:yi? (a:) a:, yi chu so:n hamsa:yi. yim cha: tuh  nd’ do:s? (a:) a:, yim chi me:n’ do:s. yi k h  nz ku:r cha? (ra:mji:yin’) yi cha ra:mji:yin’ ku:r. yim k h  nd’ neciv’ chi? (dar s  :b  n’) yim chi dar s  :b  n’ neciv’. yim k hnz ko:ri cha? (ko:l s  :b  ni) yim cha ko:l s  :b  ni ko:ri. maka:n  k’ m  :likh kam chi? (b  ) b  chus maka:nuk m :likh Exercises I.

Fill in the blanks using Kashmiri equivalents of the words/phrases given in brackets: 1. dar s  :b chi … hamsa:yi. 2. ru:pa:ji: cha … a:šen’. 3. ša:mji: chi … neciv’

(our) (Mr. Dar’s) (Mr. Raina’s)

35

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

rame:š chu … do:s. rama: cha … beni. … pita:ji chi s’a t!" # $ mi:r. .... chu š $ ri:ph … cha n % mazbu:t … chi t&' ( ) * dar. … chu so:n hamsa:yi.

(Sohan’s) (Sohan’s) (Ram’s) . (owner of the house) (windows of the house) (my friend) (your friend)

II. Answer the following questions using cues: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

dar s + :b k* h * nd’ hamsa:yi chi? rame:š kuhund necuv chu? sohnl kus chu? rama: k, s cha? t- &' ( ) * dar kam chi? rame:š k’a: chu? uma: k, s cha? uma: k* h * nz ves cha? sohn * kuhund do:s chu rama: k* h * nz beni cha?

(me:n’) (dar s+ :bun). (rame:šun necuv) (sohn * n’ beni) (kha:n s+ :b) (lekcarar) (rame:š * n’ za na:n) (ši:l * n’) ( ramešun) (sohn * n’)

III. Write down 15 sentences using words from the table given below: rameš/sohn * chu/chun * so:n/s + :n’ rišt * da:r/d- . ( )0/ - .1 rama:/uma: cha/chan * m’o:n/me:n’ hamsa:yi/v2 ki:l dar s 2 :b chi/chin * tuhund/tuh * nd’ do:s Notes Possessive nouns Following suffixes are added to the animate nouns changing them in possessive nouns agreeing with the object in number and gender:

36

SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Masculine Sg. Pl -un -in’ Examples: ra:mun necuv ra:m3 n’ neciv’ ra:m3 n’ g 4 r ra:m3 ni gari

Feminine Sg Pl -in’ -ini ‘Ram’s son’ ‘Ram’s sons’ ‘Ram’s watch’ ‘Ram’s watches’

Vocabulary

5 mi:r a:šen’ wife d 6 švay both pita: š 4 ri:ph gentle bod7 yihund m.s his/her t8 9 : ; yih 3 nz f.s. his/her darva:z3 yih 3 nd’ m.p. his/her mazbu:t yih 3 nz3 f.p. his/her d 5 :r bank m. bank paš manejar manager ši:š 3 ka:le:j m. college kira:y lekcarar lecturer sa:s sarka:r f government r 6 p 3 yi l 6 kut7 m.s. small mul 5 :zim kamr 3 m. room do:s co:k3 m. kitchen ves ã:gun m compound an 3 hu:r an 3 h 4 riš f.s. unmarried t8 <= : > 3 dar šra:n 3 kut8 ?A@CB bathroom

rich father m. big m. tin m. door m strong f. window m. roof m. glass f. rent thousand f rupees employee friend girl’s girl friend m.. unmarried contractor

37

Lesson 6 1. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B.

toh’ kam chiv? bi chus rame:š. toh’ chiva: k D :šir’? a:, b E thus kD :šur. yim kam chi? yim chi ra:ke:š toh’ chiva: ba:r E n’? na, D s’ chi do:s. toh’ chiva: panj D :b’? na, b E chus n E panj D :b’, b E chus bangD :l’. me:n’ zana:n cha panj D :b’.

2. A. toh’ kam chiv? B. b E chas rama:. yi cha uma:. A. toh’ chava: ben E ni? B. na, F s’ cha ve s E . b E chas gujr D :t’. rama: cha kD :šir. A. b E ti chas kD :šir me:n’ bartha: chi mar D :tG h’. 3. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B.

ts E kus chukh? b E chus n D zi:r. ts E kH s chakh? b E chas ra:j E . yi cha sa:r E . toh’ chava: ves E ? na, F s’ cha ben E ni. ts E chukha: ga:muk? a:, b E chus ga:muk.

What’s your name? I’m Ramesh. Are you a Kashmiri? Yes, I’m a Kashmiri. Who is this? This is Rakesh. Are you brothers? No, we are friends. Are you a Punjabi? No, I am not a Punjabi, I’m a Bengali. My wife is a Punjabi. What’s your name? I’m Rama. This is Uma. Are you sisters? No, we are friends. I’m a Gujarati. Rama is a Kashmiri. I’m Kashmiri too. My husband is a Marathi. What’s your name? I am Nazir. What’s your name? I’m Raja. This is Sara. Are you friends? No, we are sisters. Do you belong to a village? Yes, I am.

38

SPOKEN KASHMIRI

A. toh’ chava: ša:hr I ci B. a:, J s’ cha ša:hr I ci.

Are you from the city? Yes, we belong to the city.

Drills I. Substitution drill 1. b I chus… bangK :l’ kJ :šur panj J :b’ gujr J :t’ ga:muk

2. J s’ chi … bangJ :l’ kJ :šir’ panj J :b’ gujr J :t’ ga:mI k’

3. b I chas… kN :šir ga:mO c ša:hr O ci panj M :b’ bangN :l’

4.L M s’ cha… ves O ben O ni kM :širi ga:mO ci ša:hr O ci

II. Transformations drill b O chus dP a:ktP ar. b O chus duka:nda:r. b O chas inji:niyar. b O chas vN ki:l ts O chukh dob. ts O chukh na:yid. ts O chakh nN r O s. ts O chakh ma:stP arba:y. su chu kM :šur. su chu panj M :b’. s Q cha ga:mO c. s Q cha ša:hr O c.

> > > > > > > > > > > >

M s’ chi dP a:ktP ar. M s’ chi duka:nda:r. M s’ cha inji:niyar. M s’ cha v M ki:l. toh’ chiv dob’. toh’ chiv n M :yid. toh’ chav O n M rs O . toh’ chav O ma:stP arba:yi. tim chi kM :šir’. tim chi panj M :b’. timO cha ga:mO c O . timO cha ša:hr O c O .

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Exercises I.

Fill in the blanks using Kashmiri equivalents of the words given in brackets: 1. b R chus … (l awyer) 11. b R chas… (Punjabi) 2. b R chus … (carpenter) 12. b R chas… (teacher) 3. S s’ chi … (Kashmiri) 13. toh’ chiv … (villagers) 4. ts R chukh … (shopkeeper)14. toh’ chiv … (friends) 5. ts R chukh … (Bengali) 15. toh’ chav R … (villagers) 6. ts R chakh …(Punjabi) 16. toh’ chav R … (sisters) 7. hu chu … (barber) 17. hum chi ... (barbers) 8. h T cha … (tailor) 18. humR cha … (friends) 9. su chu … (wise) 19. tim chi … (short boys) 10. s T cha … (wise) 20. timR cha … (tall girls)

II. Answer the following questions: 1. toh’ chiva: k S :šir’? 2. toh’ chiva: bang S :l’? 3. toh’ chiva: dU a:ktU ar? 4. toh’ chiv: duka:nda:r? 5. b R chusa: panj S :b’? 6. b R chusa: vS ki:l? 7. b R chasa: zi:tU h? 8. b R chasa: v’ S tV WYX 9. ts Z chukhna: k[ :šur? 10. ts Z chakhna: ga:t\ Z j? 11. su chuna: z’u:t\ h? 12. s ] chana: kr Z h Z n’ 13. tim china: panj [ :b’? 14. timZ chana: ja:n ko:ri?

(a:) (a:) (a:) (a:) (na) (na) (na) (na) (na) (na) (na) (na) (na) (na)

a: b R chus kS :šur.

na, toh’ chivn R panj S :b’.

na, b Z chusn Z k[ :šur.

III. Write down 20 sentences using words from the table below: b Z / ^ s’ ts Z /toh’

chus/chas chiv/cha/chu

k^ :šur/k^ :šir’/k ^ :šir/k^ :širi panj ^ :b’/bang ^ :l’

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SPOKEN KASHMIRI

su/tim s ` /tim_

chukh/chakh chiv/chav

ga:muk/ga:m_ k’/ga:m _ c/ga:m_ ci ša:hruk/š:hr _ k’/ša:hr _ c/ ša:hr _ ci

Notes In this lesson personal pronouns have been introduced in the nominative case along with the forms of the copular verb in the present tense. Personal pronouns in the nominative case Masculine Feminine Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl. st 1 per. b_ b_ a s’ a s’ 2nd per. ts _ toh’ ts _ toh’ 3rd per.(within sight) hu hum h ` hum_ 3rd per. (out of sight) su tim s` tim_ Note that second and third person masculine plural forms of personal pronouns are used for honorific singulars as well. e.g., toh’ chiv db a:ktb ar. hum chi va ki:l. tim chi ka :šir’.

You are a doctor. He is a lawyer. He is a Kashmiri.

Copular verb forms in the present tense Following are the forms of the copular verb ‘be’ in Kashmiri in present tense agreeing with the subject in person, number and gender: Masculine Feminine Sg. Pl. Sg: P1. 1st per. thus chi chas chi 2nd per. chukh chiv chakh chav_ rd 3 per. chu chi cha cha It is to be noted that second and third person masculine plural forms are used for honorific singulars as well. Examples are already given above.

41

Interrogative particle /-a: / The interrogative particle /-a:/ can be added to the negative copular verb form ending in -n c , e.g., b d chusn d ke :šur. b d chusna: ke :šur.

I am not a Kashmiri. Am I not a Kashmiri?

Vocabulary bd e s’ ts d s. toh’ p. chus m.s chas f.s. bange :l’ chukh m.s chakh f.s. chiv p. chavd f.p. ke :š d r f.s.

I we you you am am Bengali (you) are (you) are (you) are (you) are Kashmiri

gujre :t’ mar e :tf h’ do:s ke :šur m.s. bartha: ga:muk m šahruk m ben d ni panj e :b’ ke :širi f.p. ke :šir’ m.p.

Gujarati Marathi friend Kashmiri husband a villager belonging to a city sisters Punjabi Kashmiri Kashmiri

42

SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Lesson 7 A. namaska:r. Namaskar (Greetings) B. namaska:r. toh’ chiva: Namaskar. How are you? va:ray? A. ahan ma:hra: va:ray. I’m fine. B. toh’ k’a: chiv kara:n? What are you doing? A. bl chus kita:b para:n. I am reading a book. B. ši:l g k’a: cha kar a:n? What is Shiela doing’? A. ši:l g cha cith h’ le:kha:n? Shiela is writing a letter. B. šur’ cha: ginda:n? Are children playing? A. vi:n g cha re:dh iyo: bo:za:n. Vina is listening to radio. šan g cha palav chala:n. Shana is washing clothes. B. mi:n g kati cha? Where is Meena? A. mi:n g cha bat g rana:n. Meena is cooking food. B. k’a:zi? no:kar kati chu? Why? Where is the servant? A. su chu az be:ma:r. He is sick today. B. be:bi: kati cha? Where is Baby? A. be:bi: cha TV vucha:n. Baby is watching TV. *** A. toh’ kot i :sivg gatsha:n Where were you going ra:th? yesterday? B. b g o:sus ba:zar gatsha:n. I was going to the market. toh’ kati i :sivg ? Where were you? A. b g o:sus dava: heva:n. I was purchasing a medicine. B. n j zi:r s j :b kati j :s’? Where was Mr. Nazir? He was looking for A. tim j :s’ k kmlonpq npmr tshã:ds a:n. some papers. B. n t si:mu k’a: t :s kara:n? What was Nasim doing? A. s v w :s pan u n’ palav She was stitching her clothes. suva:n. A. ts u osukha: bat u kheva:n? Were you eating your food? B. na, b u o:sus ca:y cava:n. No, I was taking tea. A. rama: t :sa: bt niya:n Was Rama knitting a sweater?

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vo:na:n? B. na, s x y :s tasvi:r bana:va:n. A. ts z k’a: o:sukh kara :n? B. b z o:sus ky :m kara:n.

No, she was drawing a picture. What were you doing? I was doing some work.

Drills I. Substitution drill 1. b z chus /chas… bat z kheva:n ca:y cava:n kita:b para:n cit| }~€‚ ƒ „…}† ƒ ‡

2. y s’ chi/cha palav chala:n bat z rana:n saph{ :yi kara:n TV vucha:n

3. ts z chukh/chakh … re:dˆ iyo: bo:za:n ca:y bana:va:n ginda:n ba:zar gatsha:n

4. toh’ chiv/chav z .. ca.y bana:va:n b { niya:n vo:na:n palav suva:n palav chala:n

II. Transformations drill b z chus kita:b para:n. b z chas citˆ h’ le:kha:n. { s’ chi bat z kheva:n. ts z chukh ca:y cava:n. ts z chakh b{ niya:n vo:na:n. toh’ chiv palav chala:n. su chu re:dˆ iyo: bo:za:n. s x cha TV vucha:n. tim chi saph{ :yi: ka:ra:n

> > > > > > > > >

b z o:sus kita:b para:n. b z y :s z s cit| }~€‚ƒ „…}† ƒ ‡‰ { s’ { :s’ bat z kheva:n. ts z o:sukh ca:y cava:n. ts z { :s z kh b{ niya:n vo:na:n. toh’ { :sivz palav chala:n. su o:s re:dˆ iyo: bo:za:n. s x y :s TV vucha:n. tim y :s’ saph { :yi: kara:n.

44

SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Exercises I. Fill in the blanks using appropriate words: 1. b Š … kita:b … 2. toh’ … palav … 3. su … re:d‘ iyo:… 4. tim … ca:y … 5. rama: … palav …

6. ts Š … ci t‹ ŒŽ 7. toh’ … bat  … 8. s ’ … TV … 9. tim … ba:zar … 10. n“ si:m … dava: …

II. Answer the following questions using cues: 1. toh’ k’a: chiv kara:n? 2. toh’ k’a: chiv vo:na:n? 3. toh’ k’a: chiv cava:n? 4. ts  k’a: chukh para:n? 5. ts  k’a: chakh le:kha:n? 6. tim k’a: “ :s’ heva:n? 7. toh’ kot “ :siv gatsha:n? 8. toh’ k’a “ :siv bana:va:n? 9. toh’ k’a: “ :siv suva:n? 10. tim k’a: “ :s’ tshã:d‘ a:n?

(reading) b  chus para:n. (sweater) (tea) (book) (letter) (medicine) (market) (picture) (clothes) (papers)

III. Write down 20 sentences using words given in the table below: b  / “ s’/ts  /toh’ su/tim/s ’ /tim

Notes Main verb roots

chus/chas/chukh chakh/chu/chiv chi/cha/chav o:sus/ “ :s  s/ “ :s’ a:s  /o:sukh/“ :s  kh “ :siv /a:s  v /o:s

kita:b para:n cit‘ h’ le:kha:n bat  rana:n ca:y bana:va:n palav chala:n ginda:n/heva:n

45

In Kashmiri main verb roots are of two types : consonant ending roots and vowel ending roots. Most of the verbs have consonant ending roots and only a limited number of verbs (about seven) have vowel ending roots. Infinitives are formed by adding -un suffix to the roots: Verb roots 1. parkarle:kh2. kheceni-

Infinitive parun ‘to read’ karun ‘to do’ le:khun ‘to write’ kh’on ‘to eat’ con ‘to drink’ n’un ‘to take’

Notice that certain phonological changes take place while forming infinitive forms in the second category of verbs. Present progressive The present progressive is formed by adding the suffix -a:n to the main verb roots and by using the present auxiliary verbs agreeing with the subject, in person, gender and number. Present auxiliary verbs Note that the present auxiliary verb forms and the copular verb forms of the copular verb be are the same. Past auxiliary verbs Following are the forms of the past auxiliary verb a:s ‘be’ agreeing with the subject in person, gender and number.

1st Per. 2nd Per. 3rd Per.

Masculine Sg. Pl. o:sus ” :s’ o:sukh ” :siv• ” :s’ o:s

Feminine Sg. Pl. ” :s • s a:s • ” :s • kh a:s • v• ” :s a:s •

46

SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Note that the second and third person masculine plural forms are used for honorific second and third person singular subjects respectively, e.g., toh’ – :siv— cit˜ h’ para:n. you (hon.) were reading a letter. tim – :s’ kita:b para:n. He (hon.) was reading a book. Past progressive Sentences with past progressive are constructed by adding the progressive suffix -a:n. to the main verb and by using the auxiliary form of the verb agreeing with the subject in person, number and gender. Vocabulary namaska:r va:ray karun le:khun gindun bo:zun chalun re:d˜ iyo: kati bat — ranun az bema:r TV vuchun k› :m

a term of greeting kot used by a Hindu for gatshun a Hindu. dava: m alright h’on to do k™mš to write ka:kaz m to play tshã:d˜ un to listen panun m. to wash suvun m radio kh’on where con m food vo:nun to cook tasvi:r f to day bana:vun sick saph› :yi: f m television saph› :yi kar — n’ to see, to watch f work

where to go medicine to buy some paper(s) to search own to stitch to eat to drink to knit picture to make cleanliness to clean

47

Lesson 8 A. B. A. B. A. B.

toh’ kati chiv ro:za:n? b œ chus ro:za:n siri:n  gr œ . toh’ k’a: k  :m chiv kara:n? b œ chus ka:r œ ba:r kara:n. kam’uk ka:r œ ba:r?  s’ chi tsžŸ ¡  h’an hund ka:r œ ba:r kara:n. asi chu akh duka:n ami:ra: k dl œ . toh’ k’a: chiv kara:n? A. b œ chus ma:st¡ ar. B. toh’ kar chiv sku:l gatsha:n? A. b œ chus navi baji sku:l gatsha:n . B. va:pas kar chiv yiva:n? A. tso:ri baji. B. toh’ k’a: chiv par œ na:va:n? A. b œ chus hisa:b t œ ãgri:zi: par œ na:va:n. B. m’o:n necuv chu d  himi para:n. su chu sakh mehnath kara:n. me:n’ ku:r cha œ :t¢ £¤¦¥§¤¨©ª«© ¬ ­¯® s ° cha sil ± :y ti hecha:n. s ° cha s’at² ³´ µ·¶¸´ µ ¹»º…¼½´ µ ¹¯¾ A. acha:? b ¿ ti o:sus geva:n. m’o:n l À kutÁÃÂ Ä dÅ k¿ chu ha:ki: ginda:n. su chu nav¿ vuhur.

Where do you live? I live in Srinagar. What do you do? I am in business. Which business? We deal in apples. We have a shop at Amira Kadal. What do you do,? I am a teacher. At what time do you go to school? I go to school at 9 o’clock. At what time do you return? At 4 0’ clock. What subjects do you teach? I teach mathematics and English. My son studies in the tenth class. He works very hard. My daughter studies in the eighth class. She learns stitching (of clothes) too. She sings very well. Is it? I also used to sing. My younger son plays hockey. He is nine years old.

48

SPOKEN KASHMIRI

2. b Æ chus pã:tsi baji nendri vÇ tha:n. b Æ chus ath Æ buth chala:n. b Æ chus d Ç hay s È :r kara:n. b Æ chus šeyi baji šra:n kara:n b Æ chus È :tÉ ÊYËÌÍ ÎËÏÐÍ Ñ Ò§ÏÓÍÕÔÍ Ñ Ö b Æ chus navi baji daphtar ne:ra:n. b Æ chus d È hi baji daphtar va:ta:n. b Æ chus šeyi baji gar Æ yiva:n.

I get up at 5 0’ clock. I wash my hands and feet. I go for a walk daily. I take a bath at 6 0’ clock. I have my tea at 8 0’ clock. I start for my office at 9 0’ clock. I reach my office at 10 0’ clock. I come home at 6 0’ clock.

Drills 1. Substitutionl drill 1. b Æ chus/chas …ro:za:n. 2. b Æ chus/chas daphtar bambyi (Bombay) gatsha:n …. dili (Delhi) È :tÉ ÊYËÌÍ ÎË a:gra: (Agra) dahi baji anantna:gÆ (Anantnag) kahi baji jemi (Jammu) bahi baji 3. m’o:n necuv chu para:n.. doyimi treymi tsu:rimi × p Æ Ñ Ø ÙÚË¦Û§Ë šeymi

4. toh’ chiv parna:va:n … hisa:b ãgri:zi: kÈ :šur ‘Kashmiri’ ko:nu:n ‘law’ saynas ‘science’

II. Response drill toh’ chiva: ka:r Æ ba:r kara:n? toh’ chiva: no:kri: kara:n? toh’ chiva: geva:n?

(a:) a:, b Æ chus ka:r Æ ba:r kara:n. (a:) a:, b Æ chus no:kri: kara:n. (na) na, b Æ chusn Æ geva:n.

49

toh’ chiva: sir i:n Ü gr Ý ro:za:n?

(na) na, b Ý chusn Ý siri:n Ü gr Ý ro:za:n tuhund necuv cha: ha:ki: ginda:n? (a:) a:, su chu ginda:n. tuh Ý nz ku:r cha: geva:n? (a:) a:, s Þ cha geva:n. III. Transformation drill toh’ kati chiv ro:za:n? > b Ý chus/chas ro:za:n ga:mÝ . >

Ü s’ chi/cha ro:za:n ša:hr Ý . mohn Ý chun Ý ginda:n. tim chi sku:l gatsha:n timÝ cha geva:n.

> > > >

toh’ kati Ü :sivÝ ro:za:n? b Ý o:sus/ Ü :s Ý s ro:za:n ga:mÝ . Ü s’ Ü :s’/a:s Ý ro:za:n ša:hr Ý . mohn Ý o:sn Ý ginda:n. tim Ü :s’ sku:l gatsha:n. timÝ a:s Ý geva:n.

Exercises I.

Fill in the blanks using Kashmiri equivalents of the words given in brackets: I. Ü s’ chin Ý ga:mÝ ….. 2. b Ý chusn Ý … kara:n 3. b Ý chus … gar Ý gatsha:n. 4 Ü s’ chi va:pas …yiva:n. 5. m’o:n l Þ kutß bo:y chu ….para:n. 6. me:n’ beni cha … hecha:n. 7. mohn Ý chu …. vuhur. 8. b Ý chus/chas …. kara:n. 9. Ü s’ chi ….. daphtar va:ta:n. 10. toh’ chiv ….. s Ü :r kara:n.

(live) (business) (8 0’ clock) (10 0’ clock) (9th class) (stitching) (11) (working hard) (11 o’clock) (daily)

II. Answer the following questions: 1. toh’ kati chiv ro:za:n? 4. toh’ k Ü ts vÝ lh Ý r’ chiv? 2. toh’ k’a: k Ü :m chiv kara:n? 5. toh’ k’a: chiv hecha:n? 3. toh’ chiva: no:kri kara:n? 6. toh’ kar chiv nendri vÞ tha:n?

50

SPOKEN KASHMIRI

7. toh’ chiva: geva:n? 8. toh’ k’a: chiv ginda:n?

9. toh’ kar chiv daphtar/ sku:l gatsha:n? 10. va:pas kar chiv gar à yiva:n?

III. Write down 20 sentences using words given in the table below: b à / á s’ chus/chas/chi/o:sus/ á :s à s ts à /toh’ chukh/chakh/chiv o:sukh/ á :s à kh/ á :sivà su/s â chu/cha/o:s/ á :s tim/timà á :s’/ á :s à kh/a:s à và

kita:b para:n, le:kha:n, ha:ki: ginda:n,parlna:va:n hecha:n, gatsha:n šra:n kara:n, yiva:n s á :r va:ta:n, ne:ra:n daphtar

Notes Present and past indefinite construction The present and past indefinite constructions are formed by adding the suffix -a:n to the main verb, and by using the forms of present or past auxiliary verbs agreeing with the subject in person, gender and number. Adverbs of place The locative case markers - ã and -i are added to the consonant ending adverbs of place for indicating the location, e.g., siri:n á gà r + à = siri:n á gr à ‘in Srinagar’ amira: kad à l + à = ami:ra:ká dl à : ‘at Amira Kadal’ dil + i = dili ‘in Delhi’ A zero suffix is added to the -a: ending adverbs of place: a:gra: +Ø = a:gra: Adverbs of time

51

The suffix -i is added to all the constituents of adverbs of time phrases to indicate the definiteness, e.g., tre tso:r pã:tsh še

+i +i +i +i

baje + i baje + i baje + i baje + i

= treyi baji = tso:ri baji = pã:tsi baji = šeyi baji

‘at 3 o’clock’ ‘at 4 o’clock’ ‘at 5 o’clock’ ‘at 6 o’clock’

Notice that certain morphophonemic changes take place after these suffixes are added: The semi-vowel /y/ is added after the final vowel of monosyllabic roots, and the final vowel of the disyllabic words is elided before the suffix -i is added to it. Coordinate conjunction morpheme t ä ‘and’ The coordinate conjunction morpheme t å ‘and’ is used to conjoin two or more than two noun phrases, verb phrases or sentences which are of the similar structure, e.g., mohn ä t ä ra:j ä chi para:n. toh’ chiv k æ :šur t ä ãgri:zi: para:n mohn ä chu z’u:tç èoé ä ra:j ä chu tshotç¦ê

Mohan and Raj are studying. You study Kashmiri and English. ‘Mohan is tall and Raja is short.

Vocabulary ro:zun to live/stay ka:r ä ba:r m business ha:ki: f hockey vuhur m. years old nend ä r f sleep vî thun to get up ath ä -buth hands and face d î hay daily s æ :r m a walk par ä na:vun to teach

hechun gevun tsëì íé h m æ mi:ra:kæ d ä l m sku:l m baje va:pas yun va:pas yun hisa:b m

to learn to sing apple Amira kadal school hour, o’clock return to come to return mathematics

52

SPOKEN KASHMIRI

daphtar m ne:run va:tun gar ï m šra:n m

office to start to reach home bath

ãgre:zi: m English sakh very hard mehnath hard work sil ð :y stitching šra:n karun to take a bath

53

Lesson 9 1. buth chal. kñ :m kar. kita:b par. kalam an. citò h’ le:kh. sku:l gatsh. sabakh kar ya:d. ha:ki: gind.

Wash your face. Do your work. Read your book. Bring your pen. Write a letter. Go to school. Learn your lesson. Play hockey.

2. šra:n kñ riv. akhba:r p ñ riv. ca:y ceyiv. ba:zar gñ tshiv. sabzi: ñ niv. kñ :m kñ riv. palav badl ñ :viv. daphtar ni:riv.

Please take your bath. Please read the newspaper. Please take your tea. Please go to the market. Please bring vegetables. Please do your work. Please change your clothes Please start out for the office.

3. šo:r mó kñ riv, tsh ô p ó kñ riv. ca:y mó ceyiv, d ô d ceyiv. TV mó vuchiv, pan ó n’ k ñ :m kñ riv. tsõö ò÷ h’ m ó kheyiv, bat ó kheyiv. re:dò iyo: mó bu:ziv, gñ tshiv p ñ riv.

Do not make noise, keep quiet. Do not drink tea, drink milk. Do not watch TV., do your own work. Do not eat apples, eat your meals. Do not listen to radio, go (and) study.

4. darva:zó kart ó band. d ñ :r mó tsra:vt ó . bijli: za:lt ó . sabakh part ó . nov mazmu:n le:kht ó .

Close the door. Open the window. Switch on the light. Learn your lesson. Write down a new essay.

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SPOKEN KASHMIRI

n ø v kath bo:zna:vt ù . sku:l ù c kø :m ha:vt ù . vakh ù t mat ù kart ù za:yi.

Narrate a new story. Show your school assignment. Do not waste time.

5. ba:zar gø tsh’tav. sabzi: ø n’tav. tse:r mat ù kø r’tav jaldi: kø r’tav. mø :l ù palav ch ø l’tav n ø v’ palav tshun’tav. s ø :r kø r’tav. varziš kø r’tav.

Please go to the market. Please bring vegetables. Please don’t be late. Please hurry. Please wash dirty clothes. Please put on new clothes. Please go for a walk. Please do physical exercises.

Drills I. Substitution drill (1) kita:b par

(read) (see) (write) (buy) (bring)

(2) citú h’ li:khiv

(write) (bring) (see) (read) (take)

(3) tsûü úý h’ het ù

(buy) (see) (eat) (take) (bring)

(4) ha:ki gind’tav

(play) (see) (bring) (buy) (change)

II Transformation drill (1)

(2)

kita:b par. re:dú iyo: bo:z. TV vuch. tsûü úý h an. bat ù khe. kø :m kar.

> > > > > >

kita:b p ø riv. re:dú iyo: bu:ziv. TV vuchiv. tsûü úý h’ ø niv. bat ù kheyiv. ts ù kar kø :m.

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(3)

(4)

buth chal. sku:l ne:r. sabzi: ran. akhba:r par. tsh ÿ p þ k riv. palav heyiv. b niya:n vu:niv. tasvi:r ban :viv. šra:n k riv. gar þ g tshiv. ca:y cet þ .
      ts þ. d ÿ d ant þ . bat þ rant þ . k mi:z chalt þ .

> > > > > > > > > > > > > > >

ts þ chal buth. ts þ ne:r sku:l. ts þ ran sabzi:. ts þ par akhba:r. toh’ k riv tsh ÿ p þ . toh’ heyiv palav. toh’ vu:niv b niya:n. toh’ ban :viv tasvi:r. toh’ k riv šra:n. toh’ g tshiv gar þ . ca:y ceytav.
  ts h kheytav. d ÿ d n’tav. bat þ r n’tav. k mi:z ch l’tav.

Exercises I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

tsh ÿ p þ kar, šo:r ....... kita:b par, re:d iyo: mþ ....... pan þ n’ ......... kar, TV m þ ........ daphtar mþ g tshiv, gar þ ......... bat þ ........, ca:y mþ ........
  ts h ........ d ÿ d mþ .......... m :l þ palav ........., sa:ph …… tshuniv. d :r ........ band, darva:zþ ......... sabakh ....... ya:d, vakh þ t mat þ ........... za:yi. ba:zar ............, n v k mi:z ...........

II. Write down four types of imperative forms of the following verbs and use them in your own sentences: 1. kh’on 2. con 3. h’on 4. parun 5. le:khun 6. vuchun 7. gatshun 8. anun 9. šra:n karun 10. ya:d karun 11. tshunun 12. badla:vun 14. ranun

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SPOKEN KASHMIRI

15. vo:nun 19. gindun karun 1. k :m kar 3. k :m kart 

16. ha:vun 17. chalun 20. m tsra:vun 1 kar

2 3 k riv kart  2. k :m k riv 4. k :m k r’tav.

18. bo:zun 4 k r’tav

Notes Imperative constructions The imperative constructions are formed by using the imperative forms of the verbs and the second person subject can be dropped. Imperative verb forms are of two types: singular and plural. The singular non-honorific forms are derived by adding -Ø suffix to the verb root forms and the plural forms are derived by adding -iv suffix to the verb roots. Notice that in case the verb root ends in a vowel, /y/ glide is inserted between the two vowels. The plural forms are used for honorific singular person as well. The singular forms are thus used for non-honorific singulars alone. I lI Verb root Singular/Non- Plural/Honorific Sg honorific bo:z par le:kh khe ni

bo:z par le:kh khe ni

bu:ziv p  riv li:khiv kheyiv niyiv

Notice that when the suffix -iv is added to the root the vowel of the stem is raised in height as a result of vowel harmony rule, e.g., bo:z par

+ +

iv = iv =

bu:ziv p  riv

57

Jussiv imperatives In Kashmiri, besides the simple imperative forms indicated above, there are additional two forms of jussive imperative forms which are formed by adding the suffix -ti to the verb roots in their singular (non-honorific), and -ytav to the verb roots for forming the plural or honorific singular forms, e.g., I II Verb root Singular/Non-honorific Plural/Honorific parbo:zle:khnihe-

part  bo:zt  le:kht  nit  het 

p  r’tav bu:z’tav li:kh’tav niytav heytav

Notice that the initial /y/ of the suffix results in the palatalization of tine stem final consonant. It also causes the raising of the vowel of the stem in height. Semantically, jussive imperative forms carry extra emphasis, request or definiteness of the proposed action. Conjunct verbs A noun (or an adjective) and a verb are conjoined to form conjunct verbs. In this case the main verb takes all the inflexions required. Examples of the conjunct verbs introduced in the present lesson are as follows: šra:n karun ya:d karun

‘to take a bath’ ‘to memorize/to remember’

The negative particles m and mat  The negative particle m ‘don’t’ is used with simple imperative forms of the verbs and the negative particle mat  with the jussive imperative forms. These morphemes precede the imperative forms of verbs, e.g.,

58

SPOKEN KASHMIRI

kita:b m par. cit h’ m  li:khiv. philim mat  vucht  . re:d iyo: mat  bu:z’tav.

Don’t read the book. Don’t write the letter. Don’t watch the film. Don’t listen to radio.

Vocabulary sabakh m bijli: f ya:d m ya:d karun d  :r f vakh  t m za:yi m za:yi karun tse:r m tse:r karun jaldi: f varziš f jaldi: kar  n’ tsh  p  f tsh  p  kar  n’

lesson electricity memory to memorize window time waste to waste late to be late hurry exercise to hurry quiet to keep quiet

m tstra:vun to open za:lun to burn, to light mazmu:n m essay bo:z na:vun to narrate sabzi: f vegetable anun to bring band karun to close badla:vun to change band closed panun m.s.self šo:r m noise šo:r karun to make noise m :l  dirty tshunun to wear

59

Lesson 10 A. t  hi k’a: gatshi? B. me diyiv p    . b  hem k !#"$ %&"' (*) A. k :t’ p    ? B. hath r  p  yi diyiv. ba:k y p    an  va:pas. A. toh’ k’a: k’a:  niv? B. b  an  tomul, t  masa:l  . A. asi cha: ti:l? B. ti:l chu. ba:k y ci:z chin  . maslan nu:n, madre:r, ca:y, ka:phi: vag :r  .

What do you want? Please give me money. I will purchase some articles. How much money? Give me 100 rupees. I’ll bring back the balance. What would you bring? I’ll bring rice and spices. Do we have oil? Yes, we have. We do not have other things like salt, sugar, tea coffee etc.

A. tse k’a: gatshiy? What do you want? B. me gatshi dava: ra:mas I need medicine for Ram. k’uth. A. t  mis k’a: chu? What is the matter with him? B. t  mis chu kalas do:d. He has a headache. A. d+ a:kt+ ar s  :bas pr  tsh. Ask the doctor. B. d+ a:kt+ ar s  :b chin  The doctor is not at his shop. duka:nas p’at+ h. timan ti He is also not feeling well. chun  t  biyath +thi:kh. A. acha:. yim ni zi ph  l’ dava:. O.K. Take these two tablets. yim dava: ph  l’ kheyi su He will take these tablets with ca:yi s  :t’. su gatshi ša:m tea. He will be alright by ta:m t, -/.10 2 -354#6$0 7&698;: 6 <1=>-/. evening. He will go to (see) su d? a:kt@ 6 AB6=C8/.D4E3 the doctor in the evening. *** A. kamras manz kam chi? Who are in the room? B. kamras manz chi šur’. There are children in the room. A. tim k’a chi kara:n? What are they doing? B. mohn F chu kG mi:zi baTan Mohan is fixing buttons in his la:gan. ši:li cha palvan shirt.Shiela is ironing clothes.

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SPOKEN KASHMIRI

A. B. A. B. A. B.

kH IKJL'M N>M$O PQ yi k’a: chu me:zas p’at R S/T yi chu akh lipha:ph U . ath manz k’a: chu? ath manz chi p V WOX U . yath kursi: tal k’a: chu? kursi: tal chu gila:s.

What is this on the table? This is an envelope. What is in it? There is money in it. What is under this chair? There is a glass under the chair.

Drills I. Substitution drill 1. me diyiv p V WOX U (d’un) heyiv (h’on) h V :viv (ha:vun) V niv (anun)

2. me k’a: gatshi (me) gatshiy (tse) gatshivU (t Y hi) gatshi (t V mis)

3. me chun U t V biyath Zthi:kh (me) 4. ra:mas di kita:b (ra:m) tse chuyn U (tse) (ra:ji) t Y hi chun U (tohi) (ši:l U ) t V mis chun U (tamis) (sa:r U ) timan chun U (timan) (ku:r) II. Transformation drill 1. me diyiv akhba:r tse k’a: gatshiy? 3. t V mis chu kalas do:d 4. l V dZ kas di p V WOX U . 5. ko:ri an palav.

> > > > >

asi diyiv akhba:r t Y hi k’a: gatshiv U ? timan chu kalas do:d. l V dZ kan di p V WOX U . ko:r’an an palav.

III. Response drill 1. duka:nas p’atZ h kam chi? (dZ a:ktZ ar s [ :b) duka:nas p’atZ h chi dZ a:ktZ ar s V :b. 2. da:ri p’atZ h k’a: chu? (pard U ) 3. mezas tal k’a chu? (tomul)

61

4. kita:bi tal k’a: chu? 5. darva:zas niš k’a: chu? 6. kursiyi niš k’a: chu? 7. ba:gas manz kus chu? 8. na:vi manz kus chu?

(kalam) (sandu:kh) (lipha:phl) (ba:gva:n) (h \ ]^`_ba

Exercises I. Fill in the blanks using Kashmiri equivalents of the cues given in brackets. 1. t c hi k’a: . . . .? (want) 6. t \ mis cha: …? (headache) 2. me . . . tem’s d nz kita:b. (give) 7. timan . . . kus chu? (near) 3. asi . . . \ z’uk akhba:r. (bring) 8. .. . p’ate fg hjilk f$h/mon>i>f/prqs 4. tse . . . n t v gt r. (want) 9. . . manz kam chi? (house) 5. t u hi . . . . yi kursi:? (want) 10. gila:s chu . . . tal. (chair) II. Answer the following questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

tuh v ndis kalas p’atw h k’a: chu? tuh v ndis athas manz kt ts õgji cha? tuh v ndis maka:nas manz kt ts kamr v chi? t u hi niš kam chi ro:za:n? me:zas tal k’a: chu? tuh v ndis garas niš k’a: chu? tuh v ndis garas manz kam karn chi’? t u hi s v :t’ kam chi ro:za:n? toh’ k’a: t niv me k’uth? t u hi cha: t t biyath tx f/y1z g fjm

III. Write down sentences using the following words and phrases: manz, p’atw h, niš, k’uth, tal, s v :t’, k { |/}~$€`‚l ƒ$„$ƒj} t … biyath, k†‡Kˆ‰  Š ‹ n’, batŒ „'ƒŽ$€‘5„$ƒ*’ III. Write down the dative case forms of the following nouns:

62

SPOKEN KASHMIRI

gar “ , darva:z“ , mo:l, šur, d ” :r, ku:r, kursi:, kita:b, ši:l “ , d• a:kt– — ˜š™ Notes Personal pronouns in dative case Personal pronouns in dative case are as follows: Mas./Fem. Sg. Pl. 1st Person me asi nd 2 Person tse t › hi 3rd Person t ” mis timan Notice that the second and third person plural forms are used for honorific singulars as well. The pronouns do not change for gender. Demonstrative pronouns in dative case Following are the forms of the demonstrative pronouns used with inanimate and animate objects in date case: Inanimate Sg. Pl. yath yemis h › th human tath timan

Prox. Rem I (within sight) Rem II(out of sight)

Animate Sg. Pl. yiman yiman homis human t ” mis timan

The plural forms are used for honorific singulars as well. Dative case The subjects in dative case are formed by adding -as or -is suffixes to the masculine nouns and the feminine nouns which end in -i. The suffix -i is added to the feminine nouns: darva:z“ akhba:r

+ as + as

= =

darva:zas akhba:ras

63

ši:l œ kul šur mo:l ku:r zana:n kita:b kursi:

+ as + is + is + is +i +i +i +i

= = = = = = = =

ši:las kulis šuris m :lis ko:ri zana:ni kita:bi kursiyi

Notice that -as is added to the - ž vowel ending or the consonant ending masculine nouns preceded by low vowel. The suffix -is is added to the consonant ending masculine nouns which are preceded by a high or mid back vowel. The suffix -i is added to all other feminine nouns. As a result of adding of these suffixes, certain morphophonemic changes occur. Postpositions In Kashmiri postpositions are of two types: (1) Those which follow the nouns in dative case, and (2) those which follow the nouns in ablative case. In this lesson, we have used the postpositions: manz ‘in, inside’, tal ‘under’, niš ‘near, nearby’ p’atŸ   ‘on’, s ¡ :t’ ‘with’ and k’uth ‘for’. All these postpositions follow the subjects in dative case: me:zas p’at¢ h/tal/niš/ /s £ :t’/, /k’uth/ etc. kita:bi p’at¢ h/tal/niš/ s £ :t’ /k’uth/ etc. In case postpositions follow a subject noun phrase containing a determiner and noun, both the constituents of the phrase take the dative case form: akh l ¤ d¢ k£ m’o:n bo:y yi šur yi gar £ h ¦ ku:r h ¦ g¥ r

= = = = = =

¥ kis l ¤ d¢ kas me:nis b ¥ :yis yemis šuris yath garas homis ko:ri h ¦ th gari

64

SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Future forms of verbs The following suffixes are added to the consonant and vowel ending main verb roots for forming the future forms agreeing with the subject in person and number. Person Consonant ending Sg. Pl. 1st -§ -av 2nd -akh -iv 3rd -i -an

Vowel ending Sg. Pl. -m§ -may -kh -yiv -yi -n

Examples: b § kar § ‘I will do’. ¨ s’ karav. ts § karakh. toh’ k ¨ riv. su/s © kari. tim karan.

b § dim§ ‘I will give’. ¨ s’ dimav. ts § dikh. toh’ diyiv. su/s © diyi. tim/tim§ din.

Vocabulary gatsh p ¨ «¬­ § m sa:ma:n m hath m r © pyi f ba:k§ y va:pas anun tomul m masa:l § m ti:l m maslan nu:n m m¨ dre:r m ka:phi: f

want, desire money things hundred rupees remaining to bring back rice spices oil for example salt sugar coffee

ªthi:kh

acha: phol s § :t’ ša:m ta:m niš manz bat® ¯$° h ¨ «¬`± la:gun k²/³K´µ'¶ · § n’ tal lipha:ph §

m m

m m

m

well alright tablet with evening up to near in, inside button boatman to fix to iron under envelope

65

k’uth kal ¸ do:d pr ¸ tshun p’at¹ h

for m headache to ask on, at

gila:s ba:gva:n na:v t º biyath

m m f m

glass gardener boat health

66

SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Lesson 11 A toh’ kar g » tshiv dili? B. b ¼ gatsh ¼ paga:h. toh’ kar yiyiv? A. b ¼ yim¼ k» :l’k’ath. B. t ½ hi s ¼ :t’ kam gatshan? A. rameš a:si me s ¼ :t’. t » mis chu » kis do:stas khã:dar. B. toh’ g » tshiva: basi (k’ath) kin ¼ re:li? A. » s’ gatshav basi. va:pas yimav re:li. B. az cha s’at¾ ha: garmi:. maka:nas andar chu dam h’uh. p » kiv, nebr ¼ kani behmav. A. v½ n’ gatshi tse:r. b ¼ ne:r ¼ . paga:h vun’k’an » :siv toh’ dili. B. a:, » s’ ne:rav sub ¼ han » :t¿ À/Á'ÂÃ1Ä ÁÆÅÈÇ'ÁÉDÁ ÊÃ'Ë ÌÍÃEÊ!Î#Ï baje: ša:m ta:m. A. ra:me:š kati a:si vun’k’an? b ¼ so:z ¼ t » mis šech. B. tim a:san gari. toh’ k » riv timan t¿ ÏÈɏÁÐË Ñ$ÀÒKË`Ó*Å A. acha:ji. t ½ hi s ¼ :t’ sapdi v½ n’ dili mula:ka:th. t ½ hi cha: m’o:n pata: dili hund? B. me chun ¼ pata:. toh’ li:khiv

When will you go to Delhi? I’ll go tomorrow. When will you come? I’ll come day after tomorrow. Who will accompany you? Ramesh will accompany me. A friend of his is getting married. Will you go by bus or by train? We’ll go by bus. We’ll come back by train. It is very hot today. It is suffocating inside the house. Come on, let us sit outside. Now it will be late. I’ll leave. You’ll be in Delhi tomorrow at this time. Yes, we’ll start at 8 o’ clock in the morning. We’ll reach Delhi by 6 o’clock in the evening. Where will be Ramesh at this time? I’ll send him a mes sage. He’ll be at home. Ring him up. Alright. I’ll now see you in Delhi. Do you have my address in Delhi? I do not know. (Please) write

67

yath dÔ ayri: p’atÔ h. A. t Õ hi brõh kani k’a: chu? B. yi chu akh sandu:kh. A. ath andar k’a: chu? B. yath manz chi kÖ ×;ØbÙ ÚÐÛÜ`ÚBÝ1Ü ka:kaz. A. t Õ hi d Þ chin’ kin’ k’a: cha? B. yi cha almÞ :r’. ath manz cha kita:b ß . A. me:zas kho:vß r’ kin’ k’ a chu? B. yi chu akh dÔ ab ß . A. dÔ abas tal ß kani k’a: chu? B. yi chu tavliya:. A. me:zas pat ß kani k’a chu? B. yi chu šra:puc.

in this diary. What is in front of you? This is a box. What is inside it? There are some important papers inside it. What is on your right hand side? It is an almirah. There are books inside it. What is on the left hand side of the table? It is a box. What is under the box? It is a towel. What is behind the table? It is a knife.

Drills I. Substitution Drills 1. toh’ kar g Þ tshiv gar ß ? 2. b ß a:s ß paga:h dili. vÞ :tiv (va:tun) Þ s’ a:sav yiyiv (yun) ts ß a:sakh ni:riv (ne:run) toh’ Þ :siv ban Þ :viv (bana:vun) su a:si

( Þ s’) (ts ß ) (toh’) (su)

3. maka:nas brõh kani chu ba:g. pat ß kani d Þ chin’ kin’ kho:vß r’ kin’ nebr ß kani II. Response drill l.

t Õ hi broàá×â'Ù ã/Ý'â*äÙ$Ürå ×'Û/æoçÆè&é$Ü`Øbêè&éìë$Ú>í àá×â'Ù ãjÝå9×$Ûè&é$Ü`Ø î

68

SPOKEN KASHMIRI

2. 3. 4. 5.

t ï hi pat ð kani k’a: chu? (darva:z ð ) t ï hi d ñ chin’ kin’ k’a: cha? (d ñ :r) t ï hi kho:vð r’ kin’ k’a: cha? (kursi:) me:zas tal ð kani k’a: chu? (sondu:kh)

Exercises I. Fill in the blanks using suitable words: 1. 3. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

toh’ kar…. gar ð ? 2. gari k’a: ….? me …. a:san me:n’ do:s. 4. ñ s’ … paga:h dili. b ð … re:li, va :pas … basi. t ï hi …. sapdi paga:h … yath al ð ma:ri …. kani k’a: chu? kursiyi …. kani chu me:z. s ñ :nis maka:nas …. kani chu ba:g.

II. Answer the following questions using cues: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5: 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

toh’ kar yiyiv va:pas? (paga:h) b ð yimð va:pas paga:h. t ï hi s ð :t’ kam yin? (me:n’ do:s) toh’ kith ð kð n’ g ñ tshiv? (ka:ri manz). toh’ kati ñ :siv paga:h vun’ka’n? (gari) t ï hi s ð :t’ kar sapdi mula:ka:th? (k quiet.:l’k’ath) tuh ð ndis garas brõh kani k’a: chu? (sku:l) tuh ð indis daphtaras pat ð kani k’a: chu? (ba:g) tuh ð nd’ do:s kar a:san yeti? (ša:man) t ï hi cha: m’o:n pata:? (a:) b ð kar yimð tuhund gar ð ? (paga:h)

III. Use the following words/phrases in sentences: paga:h, kñ :l’k’ath, khã:dar, bas i k’ath, garmi:, tse:r gatsh un, vun’k’an, šech so:z ð n’, mula:ka:th sapdun, zaru:ri: Notes

69

Auxiliary verb in presumptive or future tense Following are the forms of the auxiliary verb a:s ‘be’ in presumptive or future tense agreeing with the subject in number and person in the nominative case: 1st person 2nd person 3rd person

Sg. a:s ò a:sakh a:si

Examples: b ò a:s ò para:n ó s’ a:sav paka:n. ts ò a:sakh para:n. toh’ ó :siv paka:n. su/s ô a:si para:n. tim/timò a:san paka:n.

Pl. a:sav ó :siv a:san I will be reading. We will be walking. You will be reading. You’ll be walking. He/she will be reading. They will be walking.

The second and third person plural forms are used for honorific singular subjects as well. In case the subject is in dative case, following are the forms of the verb a:s ‘have’ agreeing with the subject in person and with object in number: Person 1st 2nd (sg) 2nd (pl.) 3rd

Sg. a:si a:siy a:sivò a:si

Examples: me a:si/a:san asi a:si/a:san tse a:siy/a:snay t ô hi a:sivò /a:snav t ó mis a:si/a:san timan a:si/a:san

Pl. a:san a:snay a:snav a:san ‘I’ll have’ ‘We will have’ ‘You will have ‘You will have ‘He will have’ ‘They will have’

70

SPOKEN KASHMIRI

The coordinate conjunction morpheme kin õ ‘or’. The coordinate conjunction morpheme kin ö is used to conjoin two sentences of similar structure after the deletion of repeated elements in the second sentence. Examples: 1. 2. 3.

toh’ g ÷ tshiva: basi k’ath? toh’ g ÷ tshiva: re:li k’ath? toh’ g ÷ tshiva: basi k’ath kin õ re:li?

Adverbs In this lesson certain adverbs indicating direction like brõh kani ‘in front’ d ø chin’ kin’ ‘right hand side’, kho:v ö r’ kin’ ‘left hand side’, tal õ kani ‘underneath’, pat ö kani ‘behind’ have been used. When these adverbs are used (as postpositions), the subject noun or noun phrase which immediately precedes them is put in the dative case using the dative case markers. Vocabulary tomorrow dù ab õ day after pakun tomorrow tal õ kani khã:dar m marriage tavliya: bas f. bus pat õ kani kin õ or šra:puc re:l f. rail bihun garmi: f. hot dam tse:r gatshun to be late nebr õ kani vun’k’an at present dù ayri: šech f message brõh kani so:zun to send sondu:kh ùteli:pho:n m telephone zaru:ri: kho:võ r’ kin’ towards left mula:kath pata: m address sapdun paga:h k÷ :l’k’ath

m.

f. m. m f. m. m

box to walk underneath towel behind knife to sit suffocation outside diary in front box important meeting to happen

71

Lesson 12 A. t ú hi porva: akhba:r? B. a:, me por. A. k’a: cha n û v khabar? B. kha:s n ü ký þ*ÿ
rþ û riv. A. acha: diyiv. B. r û tiv. A. azkal chu ša:hras manz s û rkü s. t ú hi vuch ü va:? B. šur’av vuch. me m’u:l n ü vakh ü t. A. t ú hi h’otva: nov maka:n ü mû l’? B. na, vuni ni. me vuch u:tri akh, magar yi chu drog.

Did you read the newspaper? Yes, I read. What is new (Any new news)? Nothing in special. Read it. OK. Give it to me. (Please) take it. There is a circus in the city these days. Did you see it? The children saw it. I could not get time. Did you purchase the new house? No, not yet. I saw one day before yesterday, but it is expensive. A. ko:ta:h kü :math chus? How much is the price? B. lagbag vuh lach r ú p ü yi. About twenty lakh rupees. A. maka:n ko:tah bod chu? How big is the house? B. maka:n chun ü z’a:d ü bod . The house is not very big. It ath manz chi tre kamr ü , has three (bed) rooms and a akh b û :t hakh, co:kü t ü zü sitting (drawing) room, a šra:n ü kut þ1ÿ  ka:nci kitchen and two bathrooms. da:ri t ü darva:z ü chi ja:n The windows and doors of the l û kri h ü nd’. house are made of good timber. A. ã:gun cha:? Is there a compound? B. a:, akh l ú kut ã:gun ti Yes, it has a small compound chus t ü gara:j ti. maka:n a:v and a garage too. I liked the me pasand. house. A. t ú hi k’a korv ü az? What did you do today? B. az û :s chut i:. me kû r It was a holiday today. I did a va:riya:h kû :m. me on lot of work. I purchased ba:zr ü sa:ma:n. me ch û l’ (certain) things from the palav. me le:chi ký þ hi market. I washed clothes.

72

SPOKEN KASHMIRI

do:stan. me 1’uk:h akh mazmu:n akhba:r  kh  :tr  . sub  han k r me ba:gas manz k :m. t  hi k’a: korv  ? A. sub  han go:s b  : s  :ras. va:pas a:s  :t hi baji. me li:ch  kis do:stas cit h’. me k d
  manz p  "!#  . sarl  t  b  g yi ba:zar kahi baji. asi h’ot palvan k’uth kapur. kapur d’ut s  tsas. b  go:s r  ši:dun gar  . su o:s n  gari. b  a:s gar  t  šõgus  kis gant as. b  go:s hušiya:r tso:ri baji. me ceyi ca:y t  t  a:s t  hi niš yo:r. B. yeti p’at h  kot g tshiv? A. b  gatsh  va:pas gar  . sar:l  asi me pra:ra:n.

I wrote some letters to friends. I wrote an article for the newspaper. I worked in the garden in the morning. What did you do? I went for a walk in the morning. I came back at 8 o’clock. I wrote a letter to a friend. I drew money from the bank. Sarla and I went to market at 11. We purchased cloth for clothes. (We) gave the cloth to the tailor. I went to Rashid’s house. He was not at home.I came home and slept for an hour. I woke up at 4 o’clock. I had tea and came to see you here. Where will you go from here? I’ll return. home. Sarla will be waiting for me.

Drills I. Repetition drill 1. me por akhba:r. me p  r’ akhba:r. me p  r kita:b. me pari kita:b  .

2.

3. tse onuth akh me:z. 4. tse  nith z me:z. tse  nith kursi:. tse an’ath kursiyi.

me l’u:kh mazmu:n. me li:kh’ mazmu:n. me li:ch ciTh’. me 1echi ciThi. tse h’otuth kapur. tse hetith palav. tse hets  th g$ r. tse hetsath gari.

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5. t % t% t% t%

hi cholv& buth. 6. hi ch ' liv& palav. hi ch ' jiv& d ' j. hi chajiv& daji.

t% t% t% t%

hi n’uv & hi niyiv& hi niyiv& hi niyiv&

akh akhba:r. palav. k' mi:z. k' mi:z& .

II. Substitution drill 1. b & go:s gar & a:s tsa:s dra:s

(gatshun) (yun) (atsun) (ne:run)

2. b & g' yas ba:zar. a:yas tsa:yas dra:yas

3. ' s’ g ' yi daphtar. a:yi tsa:yi dra:yi

4. ts & go:kh sku:l. a:kh tsa:kh dra:kh

5. toh’ g ' yivi gar & . a:yiv& tsa:yiv& dra:yiv&

6. su gav gar & . a:v tsa:v dra:v

7. s % g' yi gar & . a:yi tsa:yi dra:yi

8. tim/tim& g' yi gar & . a:yi tsa:yi dra:yi

III. Response drill 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7

toh’ kot g ' yiv& ? (gar & ) toh’ kar a:yiv & ? (ra:th) ts & kar a:kh? (u:tr & ) ts & kar g' yakh? (sub & han) su kot gav? (dili) s % kot g' yi? (gar & ) tim kar dra:yi? (ša:man)

b & go:s/g' yas gar & . b & a:s/a:yas ra:th. b & a:s/a:yas u:tr & b & g' yas sub & han. su gav dili. s % g' yi gar & . tim dra:yi ša:man.

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Exercises I.

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of the verbs given in brackets: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

t ( hi k’a: ….? (parun) tse k’a: ….? (le:khun) tse …. kita:b? (anun) tse …. akhba:r? (vuchun) t ) m’ …. mazmu:n? (le:khun ) t ) m’ …. cit * h’? (parun) su …. gar + ? (gatshun) s ( …. daphtar? (yun) tim …. ba:zar? (ne:run) timav … akhba:r? (h’on)

II. Answer the following questions using cues: 1. ts + kar a:kh? 2. ts + kar a:yakh? 3. t ( hi k’a: porv + ? 4. t ( hi k’a: 1’u:khv + ? 5. t ( hi k’a: ch ) liv+ ? 6. t ( hi k’a: h’otv + ? 7. t ( hi k’a: on + vi? 8. t ( hi k’a: vuch + v+ ? 9. toh’ kot g ) yivi? 10. toh’ kar šõgiv + ?

(ra:th) b + a:s ra:th. (u:tri) (akhba:r) (mazmu:n) (palav) (kapur) (pankh + ) (s ) rks) (daphtar) ( ) :t* hi baji)

III. Use the following words/phrases in sentences: 1. khabar 2. azkal 3. vakh + t me:lun 4. drog a:sun 5. lagbag 6. chut,.-0/213/4 + n’ 7. s ) :ras gatshnn 8. š ( 576983: 9. hušiya:r gatshun 10. pra:run.

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Notes Past tense In this lesson both intransitive and transitive verbs are used in simple past tense. Intransitive verbs in the past tense The forms of verbs agree with the subject in person, gender and number. Following are the forms of some intransitive verbs: Person Masculine 1st Sg. Pl. yun a:s a:yi gatshun go:s g; yi šõgun šõgus šõg’ p’on p’o:s peyi va:tun vo:tus v; :t’ 2nd a:kh a:yivi. go:kh g; yivA šõgukh šõgivA p’o:kh peyA vA vo:tukh v; :tivA 3rd a:v a:yi gav g; yi šõg šõg’ p’av peyi vo:t v; :t’

Feminine Sg. Pl. a:yas g; yas šõjis peyas v; :ts A s a:yakh g; yakh šõjikh peyakh v; :ts A kh a:yi g; yi šõj peyi v; :ts

a:yi g; yi š < =?>
@ peyi va:ts A a:yivi g; yivi š < =?>
@B A peyivA va:ts A vA a:yi g; yi š < =?>
@ peyi va:ts A

Transitive verbs in the past tense In case the subject is Ist or 3rd person, the forms of transitive verbs agree with the object in gender and number. Following are the forms of some transitive verbs:

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Object Person Masculine 1st /3rd Sg. Pl. parun por p C r’ le:khun 1’u:kh li:kh’ anun on C n’ karun kor kC r’ ha:vun ho:v h C :v’ vuchun vuch vuch kh’on khev kheyi con cav ceyi

Feminine Sg. Pl. pC r pari li:ch 1e:chi ani C n’ kC r kari h C :v ha:vi vuch vuchi kheyi kheyi ceyi ceyi

In case the subject is in second person, forms of verbs agree with it in number and/or status, and with the object in gender and number:

2nd Per (sg/non-hon)

2nd Per (pl/hon. sg)

Masculine Sg. poruth l’u:khuth onuth koruth ho:vuth vuchuth kh’o:th co:th porvD 1’u:kh D vD on D vD kor D vD ho:vD vD vuchivD kh’o:v D co:vD

P1. p C rith li:khith C nith kC rith h C :vith vuchith kheyath ceyath p C rivD li:khivD C niv D karivD h C :yivD vuchivD kheyivD ceyivD

Feminine Sg. p C rIth li:chith C nith kC r D th h C :vD th vuch D th kheyath ceyath p C rvD li:chivD C niv D kC r D vD h C :vD vD vuchivD kheyivD ceyivD

Pl. pareth le:chath aneth kareth ha:veth vucheth kheyath ceyath parivD D le:chivD anivD karivD ha:yivD vuchivD kheyivD ceyivD

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Vocabulary akhba:r m newspaper nov m.s.new f.s. new n FHG kha:s special d’un to give ratI un to hold/catch šra:n J kutI h m bathroom l FML J r f timber yo:r here gara:j m garage pasand yun to like gantI J magar drog ko:ta:h pra:run p’on

m hour but m expensive m. how much to wait to fall

kE :math m lach m p’atI h J z’a:d J b K :tI hakh f azkal s K rkJ s m me:lun mK l’ h ’on vun’ u:tr J

price lakh from more living room now-a-days circus to get to purchase right now day before yesterday hušiya:r m awake chutI i: f holiday va:riya:h a lot kh K :tr J for subuh m morning šõgun to sleep

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Lesson 13 A. B. A. B. A. B.

A. B.

A. B.

A.

t N hi k’a: chu na:v? What’s your name? me chu na:v r O hma:n. My name is Rahman. toh’ k’a: chiv kara:n? What do you do? b P chus ka:r P ba:r kara:n. I am in business. kam’uk ka:r P ba:r? What do you deal in? asi chi zP duka:n. akh We have two shops. In chu kO :širen dastka:ren one of the shops we sell hund. t P b’a:kh chu me:vun Kashmiri handicrafts, and hund. fruits in the other. toh’ kam ci:z chiv k P na:n? Which items do you sell? We deal in Kashmiri O s’ chi k O :šir’ k O :li:n, ša:l, ri:šmi: do:ti, dus P , carpets, shawls, silken pe:par mO :ši h P nd’ ci:z kP na:n. saris, blankets, and yim s O :ri: ci:z chi kO ši:ri papier mache items. All bana:n. these are made in Kashmir. me:vP duka:nas manz kam Which items are there in the ci:z chi? fruit shop (for sale)? We sell apples, walnuts and O s’ chi z’a:d P tar tsQR S T UWV?X dY u:n’ t P ba:da:m kP na:n. almonds mostly. We keep bakP y mu:smi: me:vP ti other seasonal fruits as chi O s’ thava:n. maslan well. For example, cherry, gila:s, Ytang, tse:r P , o:luv pears, appricots, plums bukha:r P , dach vagO :r P . grapes etc. Besides these, ami ala:vP chi O s’ kZ
U we sell some dry fruits like kh N šik me:vP yane: na:rji:l, coconuts, dates, raisin, kh O z P r, kišmiš, ka:ju: cashew nuts etc. Alright, vagO :r P ti kP na:n. acha:, t N hi you didn’t tell me about vonlvP n P ki toh’ k’a: chiv your profession. kara:n? b P chus sarkO :r’ no:kri: I am in government service. kara:n. b P chus puli:sas manz. I am in police (department). b P chus so:po:r P ro:za:n. I live at Sopore. My

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m’o:n l [ kut\ bo:y ti chu duka:nda:r. su chu kirya:ni k] na:n. toh’ diyiv me panun pata: b ] yim] tuh ] ndis duka:nas p’at\ h. me chi k^
_ ci:z hen’ ` kis nebrimis do:stas kith’. B. zaru:r li:hiv pata:. toh’ kar yiyiv? A. b ] anan panun do:s ti pa:nas s ] :t’. acha: diyiv me yija:zath. me chu daphtar gatshun. B. b a d\ iv, kh [ da:yas hava:l ] !

brother too is a shopkeeper He sells grocery. Please give me your address.I will visit your shop. I have to buy certain items for my friend from outside (the valley). Certainly.Please write down the address. When will you come? I’ll bring my friend also. OK. Please permit me to leave. I have to go to the office. Please go. May God protect you !

Drills I.

Substitution drill 1. b ] chus ka:r ] ba:r kara:n. no:kri: k` :m duka:nd ` :ri 3. k` ši:ri chi dus ] t ] ša:l bana:n ri:šmi: do:ti pe:par m` :ši: h ] nd’ ci:z dastka:ri 4. me chi ci:z hen’. (ci:z hen’) k` :m kar ] n’ ša:l k] n ] n’ me:v] an ] n’

2. ` s’ chi ša:l k ] na:n. k` :širi dastka:ri l ` kri h ] nd’ ci:z kiriya:n ]

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II. Transformation drill me chu akhba:r parun. me chu mazmu:n le:khun. asi chu maka:n vuchun. asi chu me:z kb nun t c hi chuv patlu:n suvun. me cha kita:b par b n’. me chi gd r hen’. t c hi chav va:j an b n’. t c hi chav kd mi:z chal b n.’ timan cha citl h’ le:kh b n’ .

> > > > > > > > > >

me chi akhba:r par b n’. me chi mazmu:n le:kh b n’. asi chi maka:n vuch b n’. asi chi me:z kb n b n’. t c hi chiv patlu:n suvb n’. me cha kita:b b par b ni. me cha gari heni. t c hi chav va:ji an b ni. t c hi chavb k egfih0j.k b chal b ni. timan cha citl hi le:kh b ni.

III. Response drill toh’ k’a: chiv k b na:n? (kiriya:n b ) toh’ k’a: chiv kara:n? t c hi kot chu gatshun? t c hi s b :t’ kam chi? t c hi k’a: chu h’on ba:zr b ? t c hi kb man kith’ chi yim ci:z?

b b chus kiriya:n b kb na:n (no:kri:) (gar b ) (me:n’ do:s) (dastka:ren h b nd’ ci:z) (do:stas kith’)

Exercises I. Fill in the blanks using suitable words 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

toh’ kam’uk . . . . chiv . . . .? asi chu akh . . . . me:van hund t b . . . . kiriya:nuk. d s’ chi . . . . h b nd’ t b . . . . hind’ ci:z k b na:n. yim s d :ri: . . . . chi kd ši:ri . . . . d s’ chi . . . . manz kd :m . . . . me cha do:stas citl h’ . . . . t c hi cha: panun maka:n b . . . .? me chun b akhba:r . . . ., me cha citl h’ . . . . t c hi cha: kita:b b md l’ . . . . . kin b . . . . yija:zath . . . . , me chu daphtar . . . .

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II. Answer the following questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

toh’ k’a: k m :m chiv kara:n? toh’ kati chiv k m :m kara:n? km :širi dastka:ri k’a: k’a: cha? km ši:ri manz kam kam me:vn chi a:sa:n? km ši:ri kam kam dastka:ri cha bana:n? kh o š n k me:van h n nd’ na:v li:khiv.

IV. Use the following words/phrases in sentences: 1. ka:r n ba:r 2. km :širi dastka:ri 3. me:vn 4. kiriya:n n 5. nebrim 6. yija:zath d’un 7. z’a:d n tar 8. no:kri: kar n n’. Notes Verbs in infinitive from In this lesson, infinitive forms of verbs are used along with the subject nouns or pronouns in dative case. The forms of the verb a:sun ‘to have’ agree with the subject in person, gender and number. Vocabulary na:v m ci:z m dastkm :r’ f. b’a:kh kam kam kn nun km :li:n m. ša:l m. ri:šim f. du:t’ f. dus n m.

name thing(s) handicraft other,second which ones to sell carpet shawl silk sari stole

thavun gila:s m. m. ptang tse:r f. o:luv bukha:r n m. dach m vagm :r n ala:vn ami ala:vn na:rji:l m. kh o š n k

to keep cherry pear appricot plum grape (s) etc. extra besides this coconut dry

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ya:ne: like, as banun kh q z r r m. date(s) yija:zath d’un me:vr m fruit kišmiš m. z’a:d r tar mostly kaju: m. nebrim of outside acha: ds u:n m. walnut vanun ba:da:m m. almond ha:va:l r kh t da: m God puli:s m mu:sim season l t kuts m.s nebar outside panun pa:n m.s bads un to move kirya:nl m pe:par mq :ši: f papier mache

to be available to permit raisin cashew nut(s) alright to say custody, care police young, small self grocery

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Lesson 14 A. B. A. B.

toh’ chiva: k u ši:ri gu :mv t’? Have you visited Kashmir? a:, b v chus go:mut. Yes, I have gone. toh’ kar chiv g u :mv t’? When have you gone? b v o:sus ka:leji para:n, I was studying in college, when yeli b v gw dxv nici latx i I went to Kashmir for the first ku ši:ri go:s. u s’ g u yi time. We went from the college ka:leji p’atx h s u :r karni. on tour. We were in all ten students. Our professor was u s’ a:s’ kul d u h l u dx kv . s u :n’ profesar s u :b u :s’ with us. We stayed is Kashmir asi s v :t’. u s’ ru:d’ k u ši:ri for ten days. d u han d w han. A. t w hi k’a: k’a: vuch v vv Which places did you visit in ku ši:ri? Kashmir? B. u s’ g u yi gulmarag, We went to Gulmarg, Sonmarg, son v marag, pahalga:m Pahalgam, Verinag and ve:rnag, t v kw karna:g. asi Kokarnag. We saw all places in vuchi siri:n u gr v sa:rey ja:yi, Srinagar, especially Mughal kha:s kar mw gal ba:g: gardens: Shalimar, Nishat ša:l v ma:r, niša:t, Cashmashahi, and Nehru Park casmv š u :hi: t v nehru: pa:rk etc. The Mughal gardens are vagu :r v . mw gal ba:g chi indeed very beautiful. We went p u z’ p u :tx h’ khu:bsu:rath. for a boat-ride in Dal. We asi kor dx al ji:las manz ti stayed in a houseboad for na:vi s u :r. u s’ ru:d’ d w n for two days. We liked d w han havv s bo:tx as manz, Kashmir very much. asi a:yi ku ši:r s’atx ha: pasand. doyimi latx i chus b v go:mut The second time I have gone (to Kashmir) on the occasion u kis do:st v s v ndis khã:dras p’atx h. me:n’ of the wedding ceremony of ky z|{~}3 € v y do:s ti u :s’ a friend of mine. khã:dras p’atx h Some of my other friends had ku ši:ri a:mv t’. yi o:s also come to Kashmir at this harduk mu:sim. wedding. It was autumn. It

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k ši:ri  :s s’at‚ ha: t ƒ :r ti:k’a:zi ba:lan p’at‚ h o:s ši:n p’o:mut. k  :ši:ri: manz cha vandas s’at‚ ha: t ƒ :r a:sa:n. sõ:tas manz ti chu ru:d peva:n, magar ret ƒ k :lis manz chu mu:sim s’at‚ ha: ja:n a:sa:n. garmi: chan ƒ a:sa:n. va:riya:h s  :l  :ni: chi o:r gatsha:n ret ƒ ka:li.

was very cold in Kashmir, because it had snowed on the mountains. The winter is very cold in Kashmir. It rains in spring as well, but the weather remains good during the summer. The summer is not hot. A numer of tourists visit Kashmir during Kashmir during summer.

Drills I. Repetition drill 1. b ƒ chus go:mut.  s’ chi g  :mit’. b ƒ chas g :mits.  s’ cha gamts ƒ . 2. b ƒ chus a:mut.  s’ chi a:m ƒ t’. b ƒ chas a:mƒ ts.  s’ cha a:m ƒ ts ƒ . 3. b ƒ chus vothmut.  s’ chi v  th’m ƒ t’. b ƒ chas v tshmƒ ts.  s’ cha vatshmats ƒ .

4. b ƒ o:sus dra:mut.  s’  :s’ dra:m ƒ t’, b ƒ  :s ƒ s dra:mƒ ts,  s’ a:s ƒ dra:mts ƒ . 5. b ƒ o:sus vo:tmut.  s’  :s’ v  :t’m ƒ t’. b ƒ  :s ƒ s v :tsmƒ ts.  s’ a:s ƒ va:ts ƒ mats ƒ . 6. b ƒ o:sus šõgmut.  s’  :s’ šõg’m ƒ t’. b ƒ  :s ƒ s šõjmƒ ts.  s’ a:s ƒ š „ …?†
‡‰ˆŠŒ‹0 ƒ .

II. Substitution drill 1. ts ƒ chukh a:mut. (yun) 2. toh’ chiv a:m ƒ t’. (yun) ts ƒ chukh go:mut.(gatshun) toh’ chiv dra:m ƒ t’. (ne:run) ts ƒ chukh vo:tmut.(va:tun). toh’ chiv v  :t’m ƒ t’. (vatun) ts ƒ chukh šõgmut.(š „ )gun) toh’ chiv g  :mƒ t’. (gatshun) 3. su chv dra:mut. (ne:run) 4. tim chi dra.mƒ t’. (ne:run)

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su chu šõgmut. (š Ž )gun) su chu p’o:mut. (p’on) su chu vo:tmut. (va:tun)

tim chi a:m t’. (yun) tim chi g :m t’ (gatshun) tim chi v :t’m  t’ (va:tun)

III. Transformation drill b  chus a:mut. b  chas a:m ts.  s’ chi g  :m t’. ts  chukh vo:tmut. ts  chakh v :tsm ts. toh’ chiv dra:m  t’. su chu šõgmut. s Ž cha šõjm ts. tim chi g :m t’.

> > > > > > > > >

b  o:sus a:mut. b   :s  s a:m ts.  s’  :s’ g  :m t’. ts  o:sukh vo:tmut. ts   :s  kh v :tsm ts. toh’  :siv dra:m t’. su o:s šõgmut. s Ž  :s šõjm ts. tim  :s’ g  :m t’.

Exercises I.

Fill in the blanks using appropriate forms of the verbs given in brackets: 1. toh’ chiva: yo:r . . . .? (yun) 2. b  chusn  to:r . . . . . (gatshun) 3.  s’ chi gar  . . . . (ne:run) 4. toh’ kot . . . . gari p’at‘ h  ? (gatshun) 5. toh’ kar . . . . yo:r? (va:tun) 6.  s’  :s’ k  ši:ri d Ž yi lat‘ i . . (gatshun) 7.  s’  :s’ dahi baji ka:le:j . . . .? (va:tun) 8. tim  :s’ kahi baji daphtar . . . . (yun) 9. t Ž hi k’a: k’a: . . . . k  :ši:ri? (h’on) 10. toh’ kot kot chiv . . . .? (gatshun)

II. Answer the following questions: 1. toh’ chiva: k  ši:ri g :m t’? 2. toh’ kar chiv g  :m t’? 3. toh’ kot kot chiv k  ši:ri manz g :m t’?

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4. toh’ k ’ :tis ka:las chiv k“ ši:ri ru:d’m ’ t’? 5. t ” hi kam kam b “ d• ‘ šahar chiv vuchm’ t’? 6. t ” hi kus kus šahar chuv pasand? 7. vandas manz k’uth mu:sim chu k “ ši:ri a:sa:n? 8. ret ’ k“ :lis manz k’uth mu:sim chu ro:za:n? 9. k“ ši:ri p’at• h ’ kar a:yiv’ toh’ va:pas? 10. toh’ kot g “ tshiv yeti p’at• h ’ ? III. Use the following words/phrases in sentences: 1. g” d•’ nici lat• i 4. d• al ji:l 7. harud 10. ret ’ ko:l 13. ba:k’ y

2. doyimi lat• i 5. pasand yun 8. vand ’ 11. ši:n p’on 14. tik’a:zi

3. s “ :r karni 6. khã:dar 9. sõ:th 12. ba:l 15. garmi:

Notes Present perfect tense Sentences with the present perfect tense are formed by using present forms of the auxiliary verb and by adding the following suffixes to main verb roots agreeing with the subject in number and gender in subjectival constructions (where main verbs are intransitive). Mas. Sg. Pl. -mut -m’ t’

Fem. Sg. Pl. -m’ ts -mats ’

b ’ chus a:mut. ts ’ chukh gomut

“ s’ chi a:m ’ t’. toh’ chiv g “ :m’ t’.

Past perfect tense In the construction of sentences with the past perfect tense, the past forms of the auxiliary verb a:sun ‘be’ are used.

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b – o:sus go:mut

— s’ — :s’ g — :m– t’.

Vocabulary k— ši:r f. m˜ gal g˜ d™ – n’uk m.s. lat™ h d˜ h m. gul – marg m son – marg m pahalga:m m kokarna:g m ve:rna:g m siri:n — g– r m kha:s kar ša:l – ma:r m ni:ša:t m cašmaša:hi: ja:n a:sun

Kashmir Mughal first’ turn day Gulmarg Sonamarg Pahalgam Kokarnag Verinag Srinagar especially Shalimar Nishat Chashmashahi to be good

poz m p — z’ p — :t™ h’ ba:l m d™ al ji:l m hav– s bo:t™ m doyum m vand – m. harud m. s — :l — :ni: m t – :r f tik’a:zi ši:n m. sõ:th m. ru:d m. ret – ko:l m. nahru: pa:rk f

true really mountain(s) Dal lake houseboat second winter autumn tourist(s) cold because snow spring rain summer Nehru Park

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Lesson 15 A. t š hi chava: yi kita:b p › rmœ ts? B. na, vuni n œ . yi kœ mav chi li:chmœ ts? A. yi cha mi:r s › :ban li:chmœ ts. yi cha k› ši:ri mutalakh. yath manz chi k› ši:ri: h œ nz mš khsar siy› :si: t › :ri:kh. yath manz chu k› ši:ri manz vuchanas la:yakh sa:rin œ y ja:yan hund ti zikir. B. me chu yemi kita:bi hund riviv kath ta:m akhba:ras manz pormut. toh’ yel œ mš kl › :yiv p › rith, pat œ diz’av me parn œ kh › :tr œ . A. paga:h chu yeti akh k› :šur d ra:ma:. B. a:, me chu pata:. me:n’ › k’ do:stan cha tikt œ hetsmats œ . toh’ ti vuchiva:? A. me chu yš hay d ra:ma: parus vuchmut. k› :m karan v› :l’ ti chi timay. agar me phursat me:li, b œ ti vuch œ duba:r œ . ada:ka:rav cha ath manz ja:n k› :m k› rmœ ts. B. azkal cha akh ja:n ãgri:zi: film ti cala:n. A. a: me ti chi amik’ t › :ri:ph bu:z’m œ t’. › s’ vuchav yi

Have you read this book? No, not yet. Who has written it? Mr. Mir has written it. It is about Kashmir. It presents brief political history of Kashmir. It also mentions all the worth seeing places of Kashmir. I have read the review of this book in some news paper. After you have read it, please lend it to me to read. A Kashmir pay will be staged over here tomorrow. Yes, I know about it. One of my friends has purchased tickets. Will you also watch it? I have seen the same play last year.The performers too are the same. If I get time, I’ll see it again. The artists have done a good work in it. There is a good English movie being shown these days. Yes, I have heard its praise. We will watch this film

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philm yikž vat ž kŸ :l’keth.

together day after tomorrow. B. ti chu  ti:kh, philim vuchith That is good. After watchgatshav Ÿ s’ rame:šun gar ž ti, ing the film, we will visit t Ÿ m’sund gar ž chu n Ÿ zdi:kh Ramesh’s house. From tati p’at  h ž . there, his house is close by. A. toh’ yiyiv daphtar ž yith so:n Please come to my house ša:man šeyi baji. b ž a:s ž on return from the office taya:r. at 6 o’c lock. I will be ready. B. acha: me gav tse:r. me chu Alright. I am late. I have ba:zar gatshun: me cha to go to market. I have to ba:zr ž sabzi: an ž n’. sabzi: bring vegetables from the market. After bringing Ÿ nith chu me haspata:l ti gatshun. vegetables, I have to go to hospital. A. ad ž s Ÿ : teli samkhav paga:h OK. We’ll meet ša:man. toh’ k Ÿ r’zev tomorrow in the evening. ku:šiš vakhtas p’at  h You should try to come on yin ž c. time. Drills I. Substitution drill 1. me cha yi kita:b p Ÿ rmž ts. (parun) (h’on) (anun) (le:khun)

2. tse chuth nov ko:t  h suvmut. (suvun) (tshunun) (bana:vun) (h’on)

3. t ¡ hi chiv palav het’m ž t’. (h’on) (vuchun) (kž nun) (bana:vun)

4. timav o:s mazmu:n 1’u:khmut (le:khun) (parun) (vuchun) (d’un)

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5. b ¢ gatsh ¢ gar ¢ k£ :m k£ rith. (k£ m kar ¢ n’) (kita:b par ¢ n’) (cit¤ ¥¦¨§ª©« ¬­¥ ¢ n’) (khabar bo:z¢ n’) II. Transformation drill me cha yi philim vuchm¢ ts.> me £ :s yi philim vuchm¢ ts. me chu d® ra:ma: 1’u:khmut.> me o:s yi d® ra:ma: 1’u:khmut. me cha yi khabar bu:zm¢ ts.> me £ :s yi khabar bu:zm¢ ts. asi chu maka:n ¢ k¢ n ¢ mut. > asi o:s maka:n ¢ k¢ n ¢ mut. tse chuth bat ¢ ron ¢ mut. > tse o:suth bat ¢ ron ¢ mut. tse chith mo:z ¢ het’m ¢ t’. > tse £ :sith mo:z ¢ het’m ¢ t’. tse chath b £ niya:n > tse £ :s ¢ th b¯ niya:n tshunim¢ ts. tshunim¢ ts. t ° hi chuv¢ kal ¢ cholmut. > t ° hi o:s ¢ vi kal ¢ cholmut. t ° hi chiv p £ ±"«² ¢ £ n’m ¢ t’. > t ° hi £ :s ¢ v¢ p £ ±"«² ¢ £ n’m ¢ t’. t ° hi chav¢ g£ r ši:rm¢ ts. > t ° hi £ :s ¢ v¢ g£ r ši:rm¢ ts. t £ m’ chu bu:t® h šu:rmut. > t £ m’ o:s bu:t® h šu:rmut. timav cha ka:r £ n’m ¢ ts. > timav £ :s ka:r £ n’m ¢ ts. Exercises I. Fill in the blanks using suitable words: 1. t ° hi chuva: yi d® ra:ma: . . . .? 2. t ° hi kar chav yi kita:b . . . . .? 3. yi kita:b cha: k£ ši:ri . . . . .? 4. k£ ši:ri manz cha vuchanas. . . . va:riya:h. . . . 5. yi k£ :m. . . . yiyiv so:n gar ¢ . 6. yi akhba:r. . . . g£ tshiv ba:zar. 7. me diyiv kita:b . . . . . . kh £ :tr ¢ . 8. rne cha yi philim parus . . . . . 9. t ° hi chava: n £ v ka:r . . . .? 10. b ¢ yim¢ tuhund gar ¢ , agar me phursat . . . ..

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II. Answer the following questions using cues: 1. t ³ hi cha: n ´ v’ palav suv’m µ t’? (a:) 2. t ³ hi cha: yi mazmu:n pormut? (a:) 3. tuh µ nd’ do:stan cha: yi d¶ ra:ma: vuchmut? (a:) 4. t ³ hi cha: ka:lij µ c k´ :m k´ rmµ ts? (na) 5. yim k´ m’ chi palav ch ´ l’m µ t’? (ši:lan) 6. tuh µ nd’ do:stan cha: nov saykal h’otmut? (na) 7. t ³ hi chava: pan µ n’ k ´ :m mokl ´ :vmµ ts? (na) 8. s µ tsan cha: n ´ v’ palav suv’m µ t’? (na) 9. t ³ hi kar m³ kl ´ :viv ki:ta:b p ´ rith? (paga:h) 10. t ³ hi cha: yeti panun makam bano:vmut? (a:). III. Use the following words/phrases in sentences: 1. mutlakh 2. siy´ :si: 3. zikir 4. m³ kla:vun 5. phursat me:l µ n’ 6. ada:ka:r 7. t ´ :ri:ph 8. n ´ zdi:kh 9. tse:r gatshun 10. samkhun. 11. ku:šiš kar µ n’ Notes Present and perfect tense In this lesson, sentence constructions with the present and past perfect tenses have been used in objectival constructions (using transitive verbs). In case main verbs are transitive, the forms of auxiliary verb a:sun ‘be’ are used in ergative. The present and past forms of the auxiliary verb are used in the present and past perfect constructions respectively. Auxiliary verbs in ergative Following are the present and past forms of the auxiliary verb in the ergative agreeing with the subject in person, and with object in gender and number: Present

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Person 1st /3rd 2nd (non-hon sg.) 2nd (pl./hon. sg.)

Masculine Sg. Pl. chu chi chuth chith chuv chiv

Past 1st/3rd o:s a:s’ 2nd (non-lion. sg.) o:suth ¸ :sith 2nd (pl./hon. sg.) o:slv· ¸ :siv·

Feminine Sg. cha chath chav ¸ :s ¸ :s · th ¸ :s · v ·

Pl. cha chath chav· a:s · a:sath a:s · v·

Personal pronouns in ergative Following are the forms of the personal pronouns in ergative: Person 1st 2nd 3rd (within sight) (out of sight)

Masculine Sg. P1. me asi tse t ¹ hi hom’ humav t ¸ m’ timav

Feminine Sg. me tse homi tami

Pl. asi t ¹ hi humav timav

Demonstrative pronouns in ergative Person Proximate Remote (within sight) (out of sight)

Masculine Sg. Pl. yem’ yimav hom’ humav t ¸ m’ timav

Feminine Sg. Pl. yemi yimav homi humav tami timav

Nouns in ergative case The following suffixes are added to the nouns in ergative case:

Examples

Masculine Sg. Pl. -an -av

Feminine Sg. Pl. -i -av

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l º d» k¼ +an l º d» k¼ + av ku:r +i ko:ri +av

= = = =

l º d» kan l º d» kav ko:ri ko:r’av

(yem’ l º d» kan p º r yi kita:b.) (yimav l º d» kav p º r yi kita:b.) (yemi ko:ri p º r yi kita:b.) (yimav ko:r’av p º r yi kita:b.)

Vocabulary mutalakh m mokhsar siyº :si: t º :ri:kh f zikir m riviv m kath ta:m m½ kla:vun f »tikat» h y½ hay bu:t» h m phursat f phursat me:l ¼ n’ duba:r ¼ ada:ka:r philim f calun t º :ri:ph f še:run suvun

about brief political history mention review some to complete ticket the same shoes leisure to get time second time artist film to be on praise to repair to stitch

ka:r f yik¼ vat ¼ n º zdi:kh so:n m.s taya:r taya:r a:sun pata: a:sun d» rama: m sabzi: f haspata:l m ad ¼ s º : teli samkhun ku:šiš f ku:šiš kar ¼ n’ bat ¼ m mo:z¼ m parus saykal m

car together near, close by our ready to be ready to know play vegetable(s) hospital OK. then to meet try to try flood socks last year cycle

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Lesson 16 A. r ¾ :na: s ¾ :b kati chi? B. timan chun ¿ az t ¾ biyath Àthi:kh. timan o:s sub ¿ han taph. beyi ¾ :s ¿ kh tsa:s yiva:n. ami kin’ hek’ n ¿ yo:r yith. A. tim g¾ ya: dÀ a:ktÀ ars niš? B. a: tim g¾ yi. dÀ a:ktÀ ar s Á :ban d’ut timan dava:. tim karan d  has a:ra:m. A. me ti chu kalas do:d. b ¿ hek¿ n ¿ az k¾ :m k¾ rith. B. dava: kheyiv. jal ¿ d g¾ tshiv Àthi:kh. me o:s ra:th zuka:m. me kh’av dava: t ¿ go:s Àthi:kh. A. azkal chun ¿ yeti mu:sim Àthi:kh. aksar chi lu:kh bema:r peva:n. B. t  hi onva: sa:ma:n m¾ l’ ba:zr ¿ ? A. me het’ k Ã
ÄÅÆ0Ç.È­ÉÅ"Æ0Ç.È ¾ :s’ gob’. me hek ’ n ¿ yo:r ¾ nith. B. t  hi k’a: k’a: h’otv ¿ ? A. me h’ot tomul, o:tÀ , m¾ dre:r, masa:l ¿ , nu:n, ti:l, beyi kapur vag¾ :r ¿ . B. b ¿ gatsh ¿ ša:man ba:zar. me ti chi kà ÄÅ"Æ0Ç.ÈËÊ
Ì ¿ n’ gar ¿ kith’. A. teli gatshav ¾ s’ yik ¿ vat ¿

Where is Mr. Raina? He is not feeling well today. He had fever in the morning and wassuffering from cough. Therefore; he could not come here. Did he go to the doctor? Yes, he did. The doctor gave him medicine. He will take rest for the day. I too have headache. I cannot work today. Take medicine. You will be alright soon. I had badcold yesterday. I took medicine and got well. The climate over here is not good these days. People be become sick mostly. Did you buy things from the market? I bought a few things. They were heavy (in weight). I could not bring them here. What items did you buy? I bought rice, flour, sugar, spices, salt, oil, and cloth etc. I’ll go to the market in the evening. I too have to bring a few things for home. Then we will go together after

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daphtar Í yith. B. acha: bihiv. ca:y ceyiv. A. na, me gatshi tse:r. b Í heki n Í panun daphtar vakhtas p’atÎ h vÏ :tith. B. acha: b Í pra:r Í t Ð hi ša:man.

coming from the office. OK. Please sit down. Have (a cup of) Tea. No,.I’ll be late. I cannot reach my office in time. OK. I’ll wait for you in the evening.

Drills I. Repetition drill 1. b Í hekÍ gar Í gÏ tshith. Ï s’ hekav yi k Ï :m kÏ rith. ts Í hekakh yo:r yith. toh’ hekiv yi kita:b p Ï rith. s Ð heki citÎ h’ li:khith. tim hekan palav ch Ï lith. 2. b Í chus/chas heka:n kÏ :šur p Ï rith. Ï s’ chi heka:n akhba:r p Ï rith. ts Í chukh/chakh heka:n bat Í r Ï nith toh’ chiv heka:n ka:r cal Ï :vith. su chu heka:n gÏ r ši:rith. s Ð cha heka:n b Ï niya:n vu:nith. tim chi heka:n ca:y ban Ï :vith. timÍ cha heka:n palav suvith. II. Transformation drill. b Í chus heka:n yo:r yith. > > Ï s’ chi heka:n gar Í gÏ tšith. ts Í chukh heka:n saph Ï :yi: kÏ rith:> ts Í chakh heka:n ts Ð ci ban Ï :vith. > toh’ chiv/chav Í heka:n n Ï tsith. > su chu heka:n du:rith. > s Ð cha heka:n ts Ï lith. >

b Í o:sus heka:n … Ï s’ Ï :s’ heka:n … ts Í o:sukh heka:n … ts Í Ï :s Í kh heka:n … toh’ Ï :sivi/a:s Í vÍ … su o:s heka:n . s Ð Ï :s heka:n …

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tim chi heka:n kulis kh Ñ sith. timÒ cha heka:n ga:d Ò r Ñ tÓ.ԉÕ?ÖØ×

> >

tim Ñ :s’ heka:n …. timÒ a:s Ò heka:n ….

III. Response drill toh’ hekiva: az yith? tsi hekÒ kha: n Ñ tsith? toh’ hekiva: gar Ò gÑ tshith? so hek’a: te:z du:rith? tim hekna: yi citÙ h’ p Ñ rith? timÒ hekna: ga:dÙ Ò t Ñ lith?

(na) (na) (na) (na) (na) (na)

na, b Ò hekÒ n Ò (yith). na, b Ò hekÒ n Ò (n Ñ tsith). na, Ñ s’ hekav n Ò . na, su heki n Ò . na, tim hekan n Ò . na, timÒ hekan n Ò .

Exercises I. Fill in the blanks using suitable words: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

me chun Ò az ….. tÙ hi:kh. b Ò ….. daphtar g ÚMÕ0ÛÜÖ~ԉÕ?ÖØ× t Ý hi chav tsa:s ….. toh’ g Ñ tshiv ….. niš. me o:s ….. dÙ a:ktÙ ar s Ñ :ban ….. me dava: toh’ k Ñ riv ….. a:ra:m, toh’ hekiv n Ò kÑ :m… t Ý hi cha: kalas …..? dava: … sa:ma:n Ò o:s gob. me ….. tulith. b Ò ….. az ša:man ….. gÑ tshith. toh’ g Ñ tsh’va:? t Ý hi govÒ vÒ tse:r. toh’ ….. daphtar vakhtas … v Ñ :tith? toh’ pr Ñ :riv. b Ò ….. ša:man va:pas … Ñ s’ … yik Ò vatÙ Ò … g Ñ tshith?

II. Answer the following questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

toh’ chiva: heka:n gevith? toh’ chiva: heka:n n Ñ tsith? toh’ chiva: heka:n bat Ò r Ñ nith? toh’ chiva: heka:n vakhtas p’atÙ h daphtar gÑ tshith? toh’ chiva: heka:n palav suvith? toh’ chiva: heka:n te:z du:rith? toh’ chiva: heka:n ka:r cal Ñ :vith?

97

III. Use the following words/phrases in sentences: 1. amikin’ 2. a:ra:m 3. tÞ ß~à0á.â­ßã­ä
å0æÜß3ç3è 4. mu:sim 5. bema:r p’on 6. k’uth 7. vakhtas p’até h 8. taph a:sun 9. kal ê do:d 10. zuka:m a:sun. Notes The modal verb ‘hekun’ In this lesson the modal verb hekun ‘can, be able to’ is used in different types of sentences. When the modal verb hekun is used, the suffix -ith is added to the main verb stem. The verb hekun takes all the person, gender, number, and tense markers, like all other verbs in different types of constructions, e.g., b ê chus heka:n yith. me h’ok yith. tse h’okuth yith. t ë m’ h’ok yith.

I am able to come. I could come. You could come. He could come.

The modal verb hekun can be used with the subject in nominative or dative/ergative. Vocabulary taph m tsa:s f tomul m hekun khasun a:ra:m m a:ra:m karun do:d m natsun jal ê d éthi:kh gatshun pra:run

fever cough rice to be able to to climb rest to rest pain, ache to dance soon to be ok to wait

kì ß amikin’ më l’ anun o:té më dre:r masa:l ê nu:n ti:l beyi kapur raté un ga:dé ê

m m m m m m f

some therefore to purchase flour sugar spices salt oil and cloth to catch fish

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SPOKEN KASHMIRI

zuka:m aksar talun do:run tsalun

m bad cold mostly to fry to run to run away

ka:r f cala:vnn bema:r p’on lu:kh f tsotí f

car to drive to be ill people bread

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Lesson 17 A. yimtiha:n chu n î zdi:kh. The exams are not far off. t ï hi pazivð sakh mehnath You should work very hard. kar ð n’. t ï hi pazivð n ð vakh ð t You should not waste time. za:yi karun. B. me chu pata:. b ð chus yatsha:n I know it. I want to study, parun, magar me chun ð z’a:d ð but I don’t get much time. vakh ð t me:la:n. A. toh’ chivn ð dil diva:n parnas You are not paying attenmanz. tuh ð nz lagi n ð šara:rath tion to your studies. You kar ð n’. toh’ chiv v ï n’ should not do mischief. You samð jda:r. are wise. B. b ð chusn ð šara:rath kara:n. I am not doing mischief. No kã:h chun ð yatsha:n one wants to fail in yimtiha:nas manz phe:l examination, or obtain low gatshun, ya: kam nambar n’un. marks. A. teli k’a: d î li:l cha? Then what is the matter (with you)? B. t ï hi chun ð pata: so:n gar ð You don’t know. Our house chu yeti p’atñ h ð s’a:tñ ha: du:r. is far away from here. I me chu peva:n pã:tsh mi:l have to travel five miles d ï hay saykalas p’atñ h yun. by bicycle daily. A. toh’ kath mazmu:na manz In which subject are you chiv kamzo:r? weak? B. b ð chus hisa:bas manz I am weak in mathematics. kamzo:r. ãgri:zi, t î :ri:kh, I get good marks in English, jagra:phi t ð hendi vagî :r ð history, geography, Hindi mazmu:nan chi me ja:n etc. nambar yiva:n. A. agar t ï hi hisa:b chun ð pu:r ð If you do not know maths pu:ri yiva:n, tuhund gatshi well, you should ask me. me pr ð tshun. B. acha. me h î :viv toh’ muškil Alright. Please help me in muškil sava:1. bakð y tagan difficult questions, the rest I me pa:nay kar ð n’. b ð a:s ð can do myself. I will be

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SPOKEN KASHMIRI

t ò hi niš d ò hay yiva:n. t ò hi peyivi takli:ph karun. A. kã:h phikir chan ó . azkal chan ó me pan ó n’ z’a:d ó kô :m. b ó chus yatsha:n toh’ g ô tshiv ja:n nambar nin’. agar n ó azkal mehnath kô riv, pat ó peyivó pachta:vun. badõ ’an kala:san manz chun ó a:s ô :ni: sa:n d ô :khl ó me:la:n. B. b ó kar ó s’atõ ha: mehnath. toh’ m ó b ô riv parva:y.

coming to you daily. You will have to take trouble (for my sake). Don’t worry at all. I don’t have much work of my own these days. I want you to obtain good marks. If you’ll not work hard these days, you’ll have to repent later on. It is not easy to get admission in higher classes. I’ll work very hard. Please don’t worry (for me).

Drills I. Repetition drill 1. me pazi mehnath kar ó n’. asi pazi kô :m kar ó n’ . tse paziy gar ó gatshun. 2. b ó chus/chas yatsha:n ba:zar gatshun. ô s’ chi yatsha:n maka:n bana:vun. ts ó chukh/chakh yatsha:n šõgun. 3. me/asi lagi tihund gatshun. tse lagiy n ó tsi:r’ yun. t ò hi lagivó n ó šara:rat kar ó n’. t ô mis/timan lagi yo:r yun. 4. me/asi gatshi kath van ó n’. me/asi gatshan p ô ö"÷ø ó hen’. tse gatshiy r ò pay d’un. timan gatshan kita:b ó dini. II. Transformation drill

t ò hi pazivó yo:r yun. t ô mis pazi maka:n h’on. timan pazi va:pas yun. toh’ chiv yatsha:n asun. su chu yatsha:n natsun. s ò cha yatsha:n do:run. tim chi yatsha:n gevun. timó cha yatsha:n tsalun. me/asi peyi ba:zar gatshun. tse peyiy paydal gatshun. t ò hi peyivó pa:nay yun. t ô mis/timan peyi yo:r yun. t ò hi gatsh ó nav palav din’. t ô mis gatshi kita:b din’. tse gatshnay palav a:s ó n’.

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b ù chus yatsha:n yun. > ú s’ chi yatsha:n gatshun. > toh’ chiv yatsha:n k ú :m kar ù n’. > su chu yatsha:n saph ú :yi: kar ù n’. > tim chi yatsha:n kita:b le:kh ù n’. > s û cha yatsha:n citü h’ vuch ù n’. > timù cha yatsha:n yimtiha:n d’un.>

b ù o:sus yatsha:n yun. ú s’ ú :s’ yatsha:n gatshun. toh’ ú :sivi yatsha:n .... su o:s yatsha:n .... tim ú :s’ yatsha:n .... s û a:s yatsha:n ... timù a:s ù yatsha:n ...

Exercises I. Fill in the blanks using suitable words: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

t û hi pazivù gar ù ….. t û hi ….. tse:r. timan ….. pan ù n’ k ú :m ….. vakh ù t gatshi n ù za:yi ….. ú s’ chi yatsha:n kita:b ….. asi gatshi ….. me:l ù n’. tim ….. yatsha:n citü h’ ….. timan chun ù ….. me:la:n. t û hi ….. peva:n paydal ….. tuhund ….. chu du:r. me ….. peva:n ba:zar ….. b ù chus sayklas p’atü h ….. tuhund gatshi sava:l ma:stü aras ... .. me gatshi pan ù n’ kita:b ….. me tagan yim sava:l …..

II. Answer the following questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

t û hi k’a: pazi karun? toh’ k’a: chiv yatsha:n karun? t û hi lag’a: šara:rath kar ù n’? t û hi cha: taga:n kú :šur parun? t û hi cha: peva:n daphtar paydal gatshun? t û hi paz’a: vakh ù t za:yi karun? toh’ chivna: yatsha:n ja:n k ú :m kar ù n’? t û hi pazina: vakhtas p’atü h kú :m kar ù n’?

III. Use the following words/phrases in sentences:

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1. n ý zdi:kh 5.paydal 8. pr þ tshun 11. pachta:vun

2. mehnath 3. za:yi karun 4. dil d’un 6. šra:rath 7. kamzo:r 9. takli:ph karun 10. phikir kar þ n’ 12. a:s ý :ni: sa:n 13. parva:y barun.

Notes Modal verbs The modal verbs pazi, gatshi, p’on, yatshun and tagun have been introduced in this lesson. When these modal verbs are used, the main verbs are put in infinitive form. They take the gender, number, person and tense markers, and the main verb in infinitive agrees with the object in gender and number. Vocabulary yimtiha:n m nambar nin’ pazi sakh phikir f mehnath f mehnat kar þ n’ takli:ph m yatshun pa:n m sava:1 m dil m dil d’un lagun šara:rath f samþ jda:r vÿ n’ kã:h phe:l m pach þ ta:vun karun tagun

examination phe:l gatshun to obtain marks kam should nambar m hard, strong d ý li:l f worry du:r m hard work mi:l m to work hard kamzo:r pain, trouble hisa:b m to want t ý :ri:kh f self jagra:phi: f question hendi: m heart parva:y m to show interest tagun should d ý :khl þ m mischief parva:y barun wise pu:r þ now gatshi any (one) muškil m fail pat þ to repent kala:s m to be able to do a:sa:n

to fail less marks matter far away mile weak maths history geogrphy Hindi worry to know admission to worry complete should difficult later on class easy

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Lesson 18  

A. toh’ k :t’a: zi:t
B. b chus pã:tsh phut
 še inc. toh’ k :t’a: chiv? A. b chus tuh ndi kh  t z inc      tshot
  t   vet
   hi ko:tah chu vazan? B. b chus satath kilo. toh’ :siv  pã:ts h :t
!  " A. na, b chus tsuh :t
mohanji: cha: t  hi $  ' zit# h’ kin k &% $  '( B. tim chi me akh v ri: k &%  magar tim chi me zit
ba:sa:n. A. toh’ chiv t m’s ndi kh  t z :vil’. t m’s nz beni ši:l t rama: cha hišay šakli. B. mohan ti chu timn y h’uh. rama: cha sa:r v y kh  t l  k t
 s  cha ca:la:kh ti  s’at
)%  cha hame:š pan nis kala:sas manz sa:riv y kh  t z’a:d nambar h :sil kara:n. *,+,-  + A. tuhund su:t
% 
kh  t drog. tuh nz g r ti cha m’a:ni gari kh  t droj.

What’s your height? I am six feet and six inches (tall). How about you? I am shorter than you by two inches. You are fatter than me. How much do you weigh? I am seventy kilos. You will be sixty-five kilos. No, I am sixty-four kilos. Is Mohanji elder to you or younger? He is younger to me by one year, but looks older to me. You are slimmer than him. His sisters Shiela and Rama look alike. Mohan is also like them. Rama is youngest of all. She is very clever too. She always obtains highest marks in her class. Your suit is more expensive than mine.Your watch also is more expensive than mine

B. me cha tuh nz tsa:dar pasand. I like your blanket. It is yi cha saphe:d ši:n hiš. as white as snow.

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SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Drills I.

Repetition drill

1. b . chus tuh . ndi kh / t . bod0 . toh’ chiv m’a:ni kh / t . l / k. t132&4 b . chus tuh . ndi kh / t . z’u:t1 54 toh’ chiv m’a:ni kh / t . tshot132&4 b . chus tuh . ndi kh / t . z 6 :v’ul. 2. ra:m. chu mohnas h’uh i:ma:nda:r. ši:l . chan . rama:yi hiš ca:la:kh. ra:j . chu aslamas h’uh mehnti: sa:r . cha pha:tas hiš z6 :vij. ša:m. chu r 6 hi:mas h’uh ak . lmand. 3. yi tsa:dar cha saphe:d ši:n hiš. h / tsa:dar cha kr . h . n’ k . t1 . ka:l hiš. yi ts78 09 h chu v/ zul na:r h’uv. h / tse:r cha ni:j ka:ts hiš. su chu 1’odur k / :<;=523>,54 yi sangtar chu modur kand h’uh. 4. ra:m. chu mohn . ni kh / t . ga:t1 > ?&4 ši:l . cha kã:tni kh / t . pr 6 n’. ra:j . chu aslamni kh / t . da:na:. sa:r . cha pha:t . ni kh / t . khu:bsu:rath. ša:m. chu r 6 hi:mni kh / t . z’a:d . be:vku:ph. sarl . cha ra:da:yi h . ndi kh / t . ga:t1 . j. 5. toh’ chiv sa:riv . y kh / t . ja:n. ra:m. chu sa:riv. y h . ndi kh / t . ga:t1 > ?@4 mohn . chu sa:riv. y h . ndi kh / t . hušiya:r. ši:l . cha sa:riv. y kh / t . ja:n geva:n. ra:da: cha sa:riv. y kh / t . z’a:d . ja:n natsa:n. mohn . chu sa:r . v. y kh / t . mehnath kara:n.

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II. Sustitution drill 1. b A chus tuh A ndi kh B t A z’u: tC h. zD :v’ul v’otC h gD ri:b 3. ra:mA chu ša:mni kh B t A … da:na: š D ri:ph ca:la:kh mehnti:

2. toh’ chiv m’a:ni kh B t A … ca:la:kh da:na: ga:tC A l’ 4. ši:l A cha kã:tni kh B t A … pr D n’ ga:tC A j khu:bsu:rath D mi:r

V. Respons drill toh’ chiva: m’a:ni kh B t A zi:tC h’? na, b A chus tuh A ndi kh B t A tshotC . toh’ chiva: ša:mni kh B t A z D :vil’? ša:mA cha: mohn A ni kh B t A bodC ? ši:l A cha: kã:tni kh B t A te:z? toh’ chiva: sa:riv A y kh B t A tshotC ‘? toh’ chiva: sa:riv A y kh B t A D mi:r?

(tshotC ’) (v’otC h) (l B kutC ) (š D ri:ph) (z’u:tC h) (gD ri:b)

B. Exercises I.

Fill in the blanks using suitable words.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

b A chus . . . kh B t A z’u: tC h. b A chusn A tuh A ndi . . . tshotC . ts A chukh m’a:ni . . . . v’otC h, ts A . . . . m’a:ni . . . . toh’ chiv . . . . kh B t A D mi:r, toh’ . . . .m’a:ni kh B t A . . . . ra:mA . . . . mohn A ni . . . . z’u:tC h, su chun A t D m’s A ndi . . . . mohn A . . . . ra:mA ni . . . . bodC , su . . . . tas A ndi . . . . ši:l A . . . kã:tni . . . . zi:tC h, s B . . . . tshotC . kã:t A . . .ši:lni . . . pr D n’, s B .... khu:bsu:rath. mohn A . . . . sa:rivA y . . . . ga:tC ul, . . . . chun A be:vku:ph.

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SPOKEN KASHMIRI

lI. Answer the following questions: toh’ k E :t’a: zi:tF h’ chiv? toh’ k E ts ba:r G n’ chiv? toh’ chiva: sa:riv G y kh H t G zitF h’? toh’ chiva: pan G nis l H ktF is b E :y s G ndi kh H t G zi:tF h’ kin G tshotF ’? tuh G ndis daphtaras manz kam chi sa:rivG y kh H t G vetF h’? tuh G ndis garas manz kam chi sa:rivG y kh H t G z E :vil’? tuh G ndis daphtars manz kam chi sa:rivG y kh H t G z’a:d G š E ri:ph? IKJMLN'O 8. toh’ chiva: garas manz sa:riv G y kh H t G zitF h’ kin G kG 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

III. Use the following words/phrases in sentences: 1. m’a:ni kh H t G 4. sa:rivG y kh H t G 8. saphe:d ši:n

JML

2. z’utF h kin G kP 3. z’u:tF h kin G tshotF 5. h’uvuy. 6. hišay 7. h E :sil karun 9. kr G hun kG Ft G ka:l 10 n’u:l ka:ts.

Notes Comparatives Sentences with comparative degree constructions are formed by adding -i suffix to the genitive or possessive forms of the subject noun or pronoun with whom the comparison is made, which is followed by the comparative morpheme kh H t Q . When the suffix is added the forms undergo some morphophonemic changes. Examples are given below. + i = m’a:ni kh H t G (toh’ chiv m’a:ni kh H t G zi:tF h’.) + i = ca:ni kh H t G (b G chus ca:ni kh H t G zE :v’ul.) + i= mohn G ni kh H t G (toh’ chiv mohn G ni kh H t G ca:la:kh.) ra:mun + i = ra:mG ni kh H t G (su chu ra:mG ni kh H t G bodF ) l R dF kG sund + i = l R dF kG s G ndi kh H t G (toh’ chiv yemis l R dF kG s G ndi kh H t G zi:tF h’) ko:ri hund + i = ko:ri h G ndi kh H t G m’o:n co:n mohnun

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(s S cha yemis ko:ri h T ndi kh S t T zi:tU h.) Superlatives Sentences with superlative degree of comparison constructions are formed by adding the suffix -v V y to s W :riy ‘all’ or by adding genitive marker hund to sa:rin V y which is followed by kh X t Y . sa:ri: + vZ y = sa:rivZ y kh [ t Z sa:rin Z y hund + i = sa:rin Z y h Z ndi kh [ t Z toh’ chiv sa:riv Z y kh [ t Z š \ ri:ph. toh’ chiv sa:rin Z y h Z ndi kh [ t Z š \ ri:ph. Interrogoitve pro-adjective ku:t ‘how much’ Following are the forms of the interrogative pronoun ku:t ‘how much’ agreeing with the subject in gender and number: Mas. Sg. ku:t/ko:ta:h

Pl. kZ :t’/k \ :t’a:h

Sg. kZ :ts

Fem. Pl.

kZ :ts Z /k\ :tsa:h

ts Z ku:t/ko:ta:h z’u:t] h chukh? toh’ k Z :t’/k \ :t’a:h zi:t] h’ chi v? ts Z kZ :ts zi:t] h chakh? toh’ k Z :ts Z /k\ :tsa:h ze:chi chavZ ? The masculine plural forms are used for honorific singulars as well. Vocubulary z’u:t] h phut] inc kh [ t Z modur kand

m.s. tall m foot/feet m inch in comparison m sweet m a sweetener

sa:rivZ y kwhat Z ca:la:kh m s \ :ri: hame:š Z vazan m satath

of all clever all always weight seventy

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SPOKEN KASHMIRI

sangtar m orange kilo m h ^ :sil karun to obtain pã:ts _ h ^ :t` h su:t` h m suit tsuh ^ :t` h drog m.s expensive z’ut` h m.s tsa:dar f. blanket kacbMd m.s. pasand a:sun to like v’ot` h m.s v^ ri: m year ke f
kilogram sixty-five sixty-four elder younger fat suffron slim yellow idiot honest jet black wise shy deep red

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Lesson 19 so:n ša:har chu l h kutijlkm n a:b o :di: cha lagbag akh lach tsatji: sa:s. yeti chu akh re:lve: stp e:šan. yeti chi tre b o di3q sarko :ri: ka:le:j.zr l o dp kan h r nd’ t r akh ko:r’an hund. yimav ala:vr chi zr go :r sarko :ri: ka:le:j ti, yeti chi va:riya:h soku:l yeti chi va:riya:h sarko :ri: daphtar ti. yiman manz chi dp a:kh kha:n r , ta:rgar, ti stn'u&v w,xyzv { mo hkamr , haspata:l, bank, puli:s mo hkamr , t o hsi:l ada:lath š o :mil. yath šahras manz chi k|x l h kr ti }~3€  k‚ tƒ }„…,† ‡ˆ„‰…,† Š ‚ ti. yeti chi k‹‰*Œ,…KˆŽ@…„…,† ‡,Ž@ bana:n. yetici vu:ni b ‘ niya:n ‚ , ša:l t ‚ kaml ‚ cha maš ‚ hu:r.

Our city is small. Total population is about one lakh forty thousand. There is a railway station. There are three big collages Two for boys and one for girls. Besides these, there are two private colleges. There are a number of schools. There are many government offices over here. They include post offices, telegraph office hospitals, banks, police department, tehsil, court etc.

There are some small factories in this city. Some handicrafts are also made here. The woollen sweaters, shawls and blankets of this place are famous. yath ša:hras manz chi ro:za:n People belonging to different mukhtaliph mazhaban h ‚ nd’ religions live in this city. They lu:kh. yiman manz chi hend’, include Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs musalma:n, sikh, t ‚ yis ‘ :y and Christians. There are š ‘ :mil. yeti chi mandar, temples, mosques, temples, masjid ‚ , t ‚ girja:gar. lu:kh chi gurdwaras and churches here. pa:n ‚ v‘ :n’ amn ‚ t ‚ mil ‚ tsa:r ‚ The people live (here) with sa:n ro:za:n. yi ša:har chu peace and amity. This city is khu:bsu:rath t ‚ sa:ph. yeti chi beautifiul and clean. There are z‚ ja:n ba:g. yo:r chi va:riya:h two good gardens. Many saya:h ti yiva:n. so:n gar ‚ chu visitors too visit this city. Our ba:zras n ‘ zdi:kh. so:n gar ‚ chu house is near the market. Our

110

SPOKEN KASHMIRI

na z’a:d ’ bod“ t ’ na z’a:d ’ l ” kut“ . • s’ ch i kul še b • :ts yath garas manz ro:za:n. • s’ chi mohnas athi ba:zr ’ sabzi: t ’ ba:k’ y ci:z an ’ na:va:n. s • :nis garas n • zdi:kh chi z’ duka:n. akh chu s ’ ts ’ sund t ’ b’a:kh chu dob’ sund. • s’ chi s ’ tsas athi palav suv’ na:va:n. dobis athi chi palav chal ’ na:va:n. yeti cha ba:k’ y suhu:liy• ts ti maysar.

house is neither too big nor too small. We are total six members living in this house. We make Mohan bring vegetables and other things from the market. There are two shops near our house. One is of a tailor and the other of a washerman. We get our clothes stitched by the tailor. We get our clothes washed by the washerman. There are all other facilities available over here.

Drills I. Repetition drill 1. b ’ chus/chas t ” hi athi k• :m kar ’ na:va:n. b ’ chus/chas timan athi cit“ h’ le:kh ’ na:va:n. toh’ chiv me athi sa:ma:n an ’ na:va:n. toh’ chiv timan athi palav suv ’ na:va:n. tim chi me athi šech so:z’ na:va:n. tim chi t ” hi athi bat ’ ran ’ na:va:n. 2. me an ’ na:v’ no:v t ” hi athi sa:ma:n ’ . asi an ’ na:v’ no:v su saykal. tse le:kh ’ na:v’ no:vuth t • mis athi mazmu:n. t ” hi so:z’ n • :viv’ t • mis athi p • –K—M˜ ’ . t • m’ d’a:v ’ na:v’ na:vi me sa:rey kita:b ’ . timav do:r ’ na:v’ no:v su s’at“ ha: te:z. 3. b ’ an ’ na:v’ t • mis athi d ” d. • s’ an ’ na:vav t • mis athi ka:kaz. ts ’ kar ’ na:vakh kamr ’ sa:ph. toh’ kar ’ n • :viv t • mis athi s • :r ’ y k• :m. su kh’a:v ’ na:vi t ” hi bat ’ .

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tim ca:v™ na:van t š hi tre:š. I.

Substitution drill

1. b ™ chus t š hi athi k› :m kar ™ na:va:n. (k› :m kar ™ n’) (sa:ma:n anun) (ca:y bana:v™ n’) (palav chal ™ n’) (citœ h’ par ™ n’) 2. toh’ › :siv™ me athi b › niya:n vo:n ™ na:va:n. (vo:n ™ n’ ) (k™ n ™ n’ ) (m› l’ hen’) (an ™ n’) (chal ™ n’) VI. Transformation drill b ™ chus palav chala:n. › s’ chi citœ hi le:kha:n. su chu maka:n bana:va:n. toh’ chiv sabzi: ana:n. su chu k› mi:z suva:n. s š cha bat ™ rana:n. tim chi saph › :yi: kara:n.

> > > > > > >

b ™ chus palav chal ™ na:va:n. › s’ chi citœ hi le:kh ™ na:va:m. su chu maka:n bana:v™ na:va:n. toh’ chiv sabzi: an ™ na:va:n. su chu k› mi:z suv™ na:va:n. s š cha bat ™ ran ™ na:va:n. tim chi sapha:yi kar ™ na:va:n.

Exercises I.

Fill in the blanks using suitable words: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

sa:ni šahr ™ c . . . . cha . . . . lach t ™ . . . . sa:s. yeti chi variya:h sark› :r’ . . . . yeti chi kž Ÿ š k™ œt’ . . . . yeti chi . . . . mazhaban h ™ nd’ lu:kh . . . . lu:kh chi amn ™ t ™ . . . . sa:n . . . . ba:zar chu na z’a:d ™ bodœ t ™ .... › s’ chi dobis athi palav . . . . t ™ s ™ tsas athi palav . . . .

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SPOKEN KASHMIRI

8. toh’ chiv me . . . . cit¡ h’ . . . 9. b ¢ chus t £ hi . . . . šech . . . . 10. me . . . . t ¤ mis athi saph ¤ :yi. II. Answer the following questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

toh’ chiva: ga:m ¢ ro:za:n kin ¢ šahr ¢ ? tuh ¢ ndi ga:m¢ c/ šahr ¢ c a:b ¤ :di: k¤ :tsa: chi? toh’ k ¤ ts b ¤ :ts chiv kul garas manz? toh’ k ¤ mis athi chiv gar ¢ c k¤ :m kar ¢ na:va:n? toh’ k ¥§¦©¨'ª¬«®­°¯ ¨ ±¯ ¨M²³«t´µ«² ª·¶,² ¢ na:va:n? tuh ¢ ndis ša:hras manz kam kam sarka:r’ daphtar chi? tuh ¢ ndis ša:hras/ga:mas manz kam kam ka:rkha:n ¢ chi? toh’ kati p’at¡ h ¢ chiv sa:ma:n an ¢ na:va:n?

III. Use the following words/phrases in sentences: 1. l £ kut¡ m£ kut¡ 2. lagbag 3. dastka:ri 4. mukhtaliph maz¢ hab. 5. mil ¢ tsa:r 6. chal ¢ na:nvun 8. kar ¢ na:vun 9. ca:v¢ na:vun 10. kh’a:v ¢ na:vun. Notes Causal constructions The causative suffixes – ¸ na:v and - ¸ na:v ¸ na:v are added to ‘the verb stem for forming the first and second causative forms respectively. Verb

1st causal

2nd causal

an ‘bring’ le:kh ‘write’ kh’a:v ‘feed’ ca:v ‘give to drink’

an ¢ na:v le:kh ¢ na:v kh’a:v ¢ na:v ca:v¢ na:v

an ¢ na:v¢ na:v le:kh ¢ na:v¢ na:v kh’a:v ¢ na:v¢ na:v ca:v¢ na:v¢ na:v

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In case the postposition athi ‘through’ is used the causative agent is put in dative case, e.g.,

¹ s’ chi s º tsas athi palav suvº na:va:n. In case the postposition -z » riyi ‘through’ is used, the causative agent is put in ablative case, e.g., ¹ s’ chi mohn º ni z¹ riyi sa:ma:n anº na:va:n. Vocabulary šahar a:b ¹ :di: vu:ni: kamal maš º hu:r mukhtaliph maz º hab h’ond saya:h š ¹ :mil suhu:liyath masjid gurdva:r º pa:n º v ½=¾-¿À miltsa:r

m city banun f population lach m woollen sa:s m f blanket re:lve: m m famous st¼ e:šan m different sark¹ :ri: m religion musalma:n m Hindu sikh m visitor(s) yis ¹ :y included mandar f facility b ¹ :ts f mosque maysar m gurdwara girj º mutual amº n m togetherness

to be available lakh thousand railway station of government m Muslim m Sikh m Christian m temple members of family m available m church m peace

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SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Lesson 20 A. yus l Á d kà bema:r o:s, su kot gav? B. su gav haspata:l dava: an à n à kh Ä :tr à . A. yes ku:r tsi:r’ a:yi, s Å kati cha? B. s Å gÄ yi gar à va:pas. A. yim šur’ šo:r Ä :s’ kara:n, tim kati chi? B. tim chi kala:sas manz. A. yimà ko:ri yeti para:n cha, timà cha: sa:rey ho:st alas manz ro:za:n? B. na, sa:rey chan à ho:st alas manz ro:za:n. kÆÇ*ÈÇÉËÊÉÌÍ p’at h à yiva:n. A. toh’ kot kot g Ä tshiv? B. yot yot toh’ g Ä tshiv, b à ti gatsh à tot tot. A. mohnun saykal cha: tuh à ndis saykalas niš? B. yet’an m’o:n saykal chu, tat’an chun à mohnun. A. me:n’ palav kath alma:ri manz chi? B. yath alma:ri manz me:n’ palav chi, tath alma:ri manz chin à tuh à nd’. A. toh’ kap Ä :r’ g Ä tshiv cakras? B. yap Ä :r’ t oh’ cakras g Ä tshiv, b à gatsh à n à tap Ä :r’.

Where is the boy who was: sick? He has gone to hospital for bringing medicine. Where is the girl who came late? She returned home. Where are the children who were making noise? They are in the class. Do all the girls, who study here, reside in the hostel? No, all of them do not stay in the hostel. Some of them come from their homes. Where will you go? Wherever you go, I will also go over there. Is Mohan’s bicycle near your bicycle? Mohan’s bicycle is not at that place where mine is. In which almirah are my clothes? Your clothes are not in the same almirah in which my clothes are. In which direction will you go for a walk? I will not go for a walk in the direction you’ll go .

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A. yem’sund yi duka:n chu, t Î m’sund gar Ï kati chu? B. me chun Ï pata: ki yi kÎ m’sund duka:n chu. b Ï kar Ï mo:lu:m. A. toh’ kar yiyiv duba:r Ï yo:r? B. yuthuy toh’ šech su:ziv, b Ï yimÏ tithuy.

Where is the house of the person who owns this shop? I don’t kn ow whose shop this is. I will find it out. When will you come here again? The moment you will send (me) a message, I will come at the same moment.

Drills I. Repetition drill 1. yus suli a:v, su gav gar Ï . 2. yÐ s tsi:r’ a:yi, s Ð cha yetiy. 3. yimÏ ko:ri para:n cha, timÏ gatshan pa:s.

4. yemis duka:nda:ras me p"ŠV dit’, t "mis ditiv t1hi ti. 5. yem’sund yi maka:n ch u, t Ñ m’sund chu hu duka:n ti. 6. yap Ñ :r’ toh’ gatshiv, b Ò ti gatsh Ò tap Ñ :r’. 7. yet’ath tuhund me:z chu, tat’ath chun Ò m’o:n. III. Transformation drill la. mohn Ò chu m’o:n do:s. lb. mohn Ò chu dili ro:za:n. 1. mohn Ò , yus dili chu ro:za:n, chu m’o:n do:s. 2a. m’o:n do:s yiyi az. 2b. m’o:n do:s chu dÓ a:ktÓ ar. 3a. yim šur’ chi šo:r kara:n. 3b. yim šur’ chi kala:sas manz 4a. salmÒ gÑ yi haspata:l. 4b. salmÒ Ñ :s bema:r. 5a. yi almÑ :r’cha me:n’. 5b. yath alma:ri manz chi palav. 6a. yi maka:n Ò chu m’o:n. 6b. yi maka:n Ò chu bodÓ . III. Response drill 1. yÔ s ku:r bema:r cha, s Ô kati cha? (gari) s Ô cha gari. 2. yÔ s ku:r natsa:n cha, s Ô kati cha? (ba:gas manz) 3. yus šur šara:rti: chu, su kati chu? (kala:sas manz)

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4. 5. 5. 6. 7.

SPOKEN KASHMIRI

yus l Õ dÖ k× dili p’atÖ h × a:mut chu, su kati chu? (ba:gas manz) yim l Õ dÖ k× phe:l gatshan, tim k’a: karan? (yimtiha:n din) yim šur’ šo:r Õ :s’ kara:n tim kati chi? yim× ko:ri geva:n cha, tim× kati cha? (para:n) yim× zana:n × van × na:van, tim× kati cha? (ca:y bana:va:n)

Exercises I.

Fill in the blanks using sutiable words: yØ s ku:r gar × gÕ yi ….. chan × ….. yim l Õ dÖ k× kÕ :m chi kara:n ….. kati …..? yim yath ….manz ro:za:n chi ….. cha s Õ :riy ….. yot yot toh’ g Õ tshiv ….. gats × ….. ti.. yap Õ :r’ yap Õ :r’ b × go:s ….. a:yiv × toh’ ti. yem’sund yi me:z chu ….. chu yi sondu:kh ti. …. toh’ šech su:ziv, tithuy yim × b × . yath maka:nas manz b × chus ro:za:n …. n Õ zdi:kh chun × kã:h … 9. yet’an tuhund gar × chu … chun × … 10. yeti toh’... ro:za:n ... chu m’o:n do:s ti… 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

IV. Complete the following sentences using co-relative pronouns: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

yithuy toh’ to:r g Õ tshiv .... yet’an toh’ bihith chiv ..... yap Õ :r’ toh’ g Õ tshiv ..... yath kulis me:v× chi ..... yem’sund yi kalam chu ....

III. Use the following correlative pronoun forms in sentences : 1. yus ….. su 2. yØ s ….. s Ø 3. yim ….. tim 4.yim× ….. tim × 5. yus yus ….. su su 6. yas yas ….. s Ø s Ø 7. yim yim ….. tim tim 8. yim× yim× ….. tim × tim× .

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Notes Relative clause constructions. Relative clause constructions are formed by the use of relative and correlative pronouns : yus . . . su, yim . . . tim, y Ù s . . . s Ù , yim Ú . . . tim Ú , yath . . . . tath etc. as examplified above. The relative forms are used in the first clause and the correlative in the second. Vocabulary va:pas gatshun kap Û :r’ ho:stÜ al m niš tap Û :r’

to return yeti which direction s Û :ri: hostel yap Û :r’ near yet’an the same tat’an direction pa:s gatshun mo:lu:m karun to enquire duba:r Ú šara:rti: mischievous yithuy tithuy at that moment suli

here all this direction where at there at to pass next time, again the moment early

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APPENDIX Classified Vocabulary in Kashmiri Nouns 4.1 Parts of body

Ý

Ý ch :s ath Þ õgÞ j kal Þ kan kamar kotß h kh à r gal gardan gõ:tsh zang z’av tu:n Ý d :r dand dema:g dil

f. m. m. f. m. m. m. m. m. f. f. f. f. f. m. f. m. m. m.

‘eye’ ‘mouth’ ‘hand’ ‘finger’ ‘head’ ‘ear’ ‘waist’ ‘knee’ ‘foot’ ‘cheek’ ‘neck’ ‘moustache’ ‘leg’ ‘tongue’ ‘navel’ ‘beard’ ‘teeth’ ‘brain’ ‘heart’

Ý

n r nam nas netß h dß ‘akÞ pa:n ph’ok buth bum mas manz ath Þ mà mÞ yadß vach vutß h ša:n Þ hots hotß h à á<âãäå

f. m. f. m. m. m. m. m. f. m. m. m. f. m. m. f. m. m. f.

‘arm’ ‘nail’ ‘nose’ ‘thumb’ ‘forehead’ ‘body’ ‘shoulder’ ‘face’ ‘eyebrow’ ‘hair’ ‘palm’ ‘breast’ ‘belly’ ‘chest’ ‘lips’ ‘back’ ‘wrist’ ‘throat’ ‘chin’

patlu:n p à ša:k Ý pheran b niya:n makhmal ma:l malmal

m. m. m. f. m. f. m.

‘pants’ ‘dress’ ‘a dress’ ‘sweater’ ‘velvet’ ‘garland’ ‘muslin’

1.2. Clothes and Ornaments ãgo:c Ý Þ m. k mi:z f. kapur m. kambal f. kor m. ko:tß h m. kurt Þ m.

‘towel’ ‘shirt’ ‘cloth’ ‘blanket’ ‘metal bracelet’ ‘coat’ ‘loose shirt’

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gæ hn ç gunus gulo:band p æ :ja:mç tavliya: dasta:r du:t’ nor tsa:dar

m. m. m. m. f. m. f. m. f.

‘ornaments’ ‘bracelet’ ‘muffler’ ‘trousers’ ‘towel’ ‘turban’ ‘saree’ ‘sleeve’ ‘blanket’

mo:zç ye:r ri:šim ruma:l væ :j šilva:r ša:l sa:ph ç phira:k

m. m. m. m. f. m. m. m. m

‘socks’ ‘wool’ ‘silk’ ‘hanky’ ‘ring’ ‘trousors’ ‘ shawl’ ‘turban’ ‘frock’

1.3. Jewels, Metals and Minerals gandukh c æ éKêìë"í tra:m ti:n mè kht ç la:l

m. f. m. m. m. m.

‘sulphur’ ‘silver’ ‘copper’ ‘tin’ ‘pearls’ ‘ruby’

lè y ši:š ç šašt ç r sartal sè n hi:r ç

f. m. m. f. m. m.

‘bronze’ ‘glass’ ‘iron’ ‘brass’ ‘gold’ ‘diamond’

1.4. Animals, birds and insects katî h ka:v kã:tî ur k’om kè kur ko:tur kukil khar khargo:š gæ éKê îï h ga:v gur gagur gæ :dî ts æ r tsar

m. m. n. m. m. n. f. m. m. f.

‘sheep’ ‘crow’ ‘sparrow’ ‘insect’ ‘roost, cock’ ‘pigeon’ ‘cuckoo’ ‘donkey’ ‘rabbit’ ‘eagle’ ‘cow’ ‘horse’ ‘mouse’ f. ‘fish’ f. ‘sparrow’ m. ‘bed-bug’

tul ç r to:t ç dã:d poz bro:r mæ ch mæ :š mo:r ra:t ç mè gul rey ru:s’k æ ît vðcê îï h sç h so:r ha:put hã:gul

f. m. m. m. f. f. m. m. f. f. m. m. m. m. m.

‘butterfly’ ‘parrot’ ‘bull’ ‘monkey’ ‘cat’ ‘fly’ ‘buffalo’ ‘peacock’ ‘owl’ ‘ant’ ‘deer’ ‘camel’ ‘lion’ ‘pig’ ‘bear’ ‘stag’

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tsha:vul gñ b

m. ‘goat’ f ‘sheep’

hos h ñ :r

m. f.

‘elephant’ ‘maina’

1.5. Flowers gula:b guliaphta:b came:li: ja:ph ò r’po:š

m. m. f. m.

‘rose’ ‘sun-flower’ ‘jasmine’ ‘marigold’

pampo:š m. po:š m. yamb ò rzal f.

‘lotus’ ‘flower’ ‘narcissus.’

‘ginger’ ‘potato’ ‘bottle gourd’ ‘bitter gourd’ ‘carrot’ ‘onion’ ‘turnip’ ‘beet root’ ‘tomato’ ‘coriander’ lotus root ‘spinach’ ‘green garlic’ ‘cucumber’

ruhun m. ‘garlic’ pud ò n ò m. ‘mint’ phua gu:bi: m. ‘cauliflower band gu:bi: m ‘cabbage bindó i: f. ‘ladyfinger’ matô õö m. ‘peas’ marts ò vã:gun m. ‘chilli’ muj f. ‘radish’ ra:zma:h m. ‘beans’ ruvò vã:gun m. ‘tomato’ vã:gun m. ‘brinjal’ šakarkand m. ‘sweetpotato’ ha:kh m. ‘sweeds’

1.6. Vegetables adrakh o:luv kñ :šir al kare:l ò ga:zò r gãdó ò g÷ gò j cukandar ótama:tó ar da:nival nadur pa:lakh pra:n l ñ :r

f. m. f. m. f. m. f. m. m. f. m. f. m m

1.7. Fruits m. ‘plum’ ñ :r amb f. ‘mango’ o:luvbukha:r m. ‘black plum’ amru:d m. ‘guava’ ka:ju: m. ‘cashewnut’ kišmiš m. ‘raisin’ ke:l ò m. ‘banana’ kh ñ z ò r m. ‘date’

tul m. d ñ :n m. dach m. na:rji:l m. n’om m. papi:t ò m. pist ò m. ba:da:m m.

‘mulbery’ ‘pomegranate’ ‘grapes’ ‘coconut’ ‘lemon’ ‘papaya’ ‘pistachionut’ ‘almond’

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kharbuz khu:pr û ja:nun tse:r tsýþ ÿ h tang du:n

m. m. m. f. m. m. m.

‘melon’ ‘coconut’ ‘jambo’ ‘appricot’ ‘apple’ ‘pear’ ‘walnut’

mø ù<ú û phol m. munkû m. yenji:r f. l ü :r m. sangtar û m. sup ü :r’ f. hend û vend m.

‘ground nut’ ‘raisin (big)’ ‘big’ ‘cucumber, ‘orange’ ‘betal nut’ ‘watermelon’

1.8. Eatables and Spices

ü :l f. ‘cardamom’ ã:ca:r m. ‘pickles’ o:t m. ‘flour’ kû n û kh m. ‘wheat’ kaba:b m. ‘minced meat’ kulici m. ‘a breadcake’ kø rmû m. ‘a mutton dish’ kø ù<ú m. ‘saffron’ khir m. ‘a sweet dish’ g’av m. ‘purified butter can û m. ‘gram’ ca:y f. ‘tea’ tsa:man f. ‘cheese’ tsot f. ‘a thin bread’ tsa:man f. ‘cheese’ za:mut d ø d m. ‘curd’ thu:l m. ‘egg’ dabal tsot f. ‘bread’ ti:l m. ‘oil’ tembar hendi: f. ‘tamirind’ tomul m. ‘rice’ th ü n’ f. ‘butter’ da:l f. ‘pulses’

dø d neni na:t û nu:n pa:n bat û mü dre:r ma:z masa:l û mar û ts ma:ch mith ü :y yakh û n’ r ø ng 1ed û r 1 ü s’

m. f f m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. f. f m. f. f

š ø ùKþ ÿ h sabzi: s’un h ø ga:d û hedar da:lci:n

‘milk’ ‘meat’ ‘meat’ ‘salt’ ‘betal leaf’ ‘cooked rice’ ‘sugar’ ‘mutton’ ‘spices’ ‘pepper’ ‘honey’ ‘sweets’ ‘a meat dish’ ‘cloves’ ‘turmeric’ ‘a beverage of milk/curds’ m. ‘ginger’ f. ‘vegetable’ m. ‘mutton’ f. ‘dry fish’ m. ‘mushrooms f ‘cinnamin’

cith’

f.

1.9. Household articles

ü :n û

m. ‘mirror’

‘letter’

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:nakh akhba:r alm
:r’ k
:li:n  kamr kap kalam kanguv ka:pi: ka:kaz kita:b kuluph k’ul kursi: k kho:s g
r  gab  gar gila:s ca:rpa:y cas  p
 

paš  pankh  p’a:l bat un ba:l ba:g ba:zar ba:nl bijli: me:z bistar bohgun brã:d m
:da:n

m. m. f. m. m. m. m. m. f. m. f. m. m. f. f. m. f. m. m. m. f. m. m. m. m. m. m. f. m. m. m. f. m. m. m. m. m.

 ‘spectacles’ co:k  ‘newspaper’ ch
t r’ ‘almirah’ chat  ‘carpet’ the:1 ‘room’ d ab  ‘cup’ d ab ‘pen’ t
:v ‘comb’ ta:r ‘copy’ tasvi:r ‘paper’ ta:s ‘book’ tham ‘lock’ tha:l ‘nail’ d
:r  ‘chair’ darva:z ‘key’ duk
:r ‘a cup’ dava:h ‘watch’ de:va:r ‘woollen carpet’duka:n  ‘home’ namd ‘tumbler’ na:r ‘cot’ not ‘chess’ ‘money’ mi:l ‘roof’ raz
:y ‘fan’ l
r ‘cup’ le:ph ‘button’ lu:r  ‘ball’ lipha:ph ‘garden’ vaguv ‘market’ vath ‘vessel’ ši:š ‘electricity’ šra:puc  ‘table’ sat r
nd ‘bedding’ sandu:kh ‘a vessel’ sad ak ‘varandah’ sa:ma:n  ‘an open field’ s tsan

m. f. m m. f. m. f. f. f m. m. m. f. m. f. m. m. m. m. m. m. f. f. f. f. f. m. m. f. m. m. f. m. f. m. f.

‘kitchen’ ‘umbrella’ ‘roof’ ‘bag’ ‘balcony’ ‘ ‘box’ ‘iron pan’ ‘wire’ ‘picture’ ‘playing cards’ ‘pillar’ ‘plate’ ‘window’ ‘door’ ‘scissors’ ‘medicine’ ‘wall’ ‘shop’ ‘a carpet’ ‘fire’ ‘earthern pitcher’ ‘ink’ ‘quilt’ ‘house’ ‘quilt’ ‘stick’ ‘envelope’ ‘mat’ ‘way, path’ ‘glass’ ‘knife’ ‘cotton carpet’ ‘box’ ‘road’ ‘goods’ ‘needle’

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maka:n

m. ‘house’

he:r

f.

‘staircase’

1.10. Nature, time and seasons aphta:b asma:n a:b a:bša:r obur kul k :l’keth

m. m. m. m. m. m.

k l kh  phtan ga:š

‘sun’ ‘sky’ ‘water’ ‘waterfall’ ‘clouds’ ‘tree’ ‘day after tomorrow’ f. ‘stream’ m. ‘dusk’ m. ‘light’

po:n’ m. paha:d m. ba:l m. ret ko:l m. reth m. ra:th f. ra:m ra:m b  dr n’ du:n’ f. ru:d m. v ri: m. v hra:th f.

ga:s jangul tse:r z mi:n zu:n zu:n ga:š digar ta:rukh ta:ph t :r d  riya:v d h d h dup h  :r nab harud hava:h

m. m. m. m. f. m. m. m. m. f. m. m. m. m. m. m. m.

van vand vuz mal vunar šabnam šab ša:m ši:n sahar sabza:r samandar sõ:th siriyi subuh sul hapht s   

‘grass’ ‘forest’ ‘late’ ‘land’ ‘moon’ ‘moon-light’ ‘afternoon’ ‘star’ ‘sunshine’ ‘cold’ ‘river’ ‘smoke’ ‘day’ ‘noon’ ‘sky’ ‘autumn’ ‘air’

m. m. f. f. m. m m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. f. m. f.

‘water’ ‘mountain’ ‘mountain’ ‘summer’ ‘month’ ‘night’ ‘rainbow’ ‘rain’ ‘year’ ‘rainy season’ ‘forest’ ‘winter’ ‘lightning’ ‘mist’ ‘dew’ ‘night’ ‘evening’ ‘snow’ ‘dawn’ ‘greenery’ ‘ocean’ ‘spring’ ‘sun’ ‘morning’ ‘early’ ‘week’ ‘rainbow’

1.11. Occupations aphsar

m. ‘officer’

duka:nda:r m. ‘shopkeeper’

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akt ar (y)inji:nar kal  :rk kamišnar kã:dur m. k :r’gar m kuli: kha:r gra:kh g d i:sa:z ga:d i vo:l gru:s capr  :s’ cu:k’dar cha:n d a:kt ar d a:k vo:l til  vo:n’ tha:n  da:r

m. m. m. m m m. m. m. m. m. m. m.

‘actor’ ‘engineer’ ‘clerk’ ‘commissioner’ ‘bakeryman’ ‘artisan’ ‘coolie,porter’ ‘blacksmith’ ‘customer’ ‘watch maker’ ‘vehicle driver’ ‘farmer’ ‘peon’ ‘watchman’ ‘carpenter’ ‘doctor’ ‘postman’ ‘oilman’ ‘police officer’

1.12. Relationships ku:r ‘daughter, girl’ k lay ‘wife’ khã:da:r ‘husband’ khã:da:ren’ ‘wife’ kha:vand ‘husband’ z :mi: ‘husband’s sister’s husband’ zana:n ‘wife’, za:m ‘husband’s sister’ za:m tur ‘son-in-law’ zur ‘grandson’/ ‘granddaughter’ tr  y ‘wife’ do:s ‘friend’ dušman ‘enemy’ druy ‘husband’s brother’

dob m. n  :yid m. no:kar phe:rivo:l m. ba:gva:n m. ba:p  :r’ m :likh m. m :li: m. mozu:r mul  :zim v :zi:r v zi:ri az m va:tul m. va:z v sta:d s  ts s  nur m. h  ki:m hal  vo:y m.

‘washerman ‘barber’ ‘servant’ ‘hawker’ ‘gardener’ ‘businessman’ ‘master’ ‘gardener’ ‘labourer’ ‘employee’ ‘minister’ ‘prime minister‘ ‘cobbler’ ‘cook’ ‘teacher’ ‘tailor’ ‘goldsmith’ ‘Unani doctor’ ‘sweets seller’

b  yka:kan’ ‘brother’s wi fe’ bad  na:n’ ‘great grand mother’ bad  bud’bab‘great grandfather’ benth  r ‘sister’s son’ beni ‘sister’ be:m bo:y mo:l m :j ma:s ma:suv

‘sister’s husband’ ‘brother’ ‘father’ ‘mother’ ‘mother’s sister’ ‘mother’s sister’s husband’

125

necuv na:n’ n š pit  r beni.

‘son’ ma:stur bo:y ‘mother’s sister’s son’ ‘grandmother’ ma:st  r beni ‘mother’s sister’s ‘daughter-in-law’ daughter’ ‘father’s ma:m ‘mother’s brother’ brother’s daughter’ pitur bo:y ‘father’s ru:n ‘husband’ brother’s son’ l  d k ‘boy, son’ pet  r ‘paternal uncle’ ves ‘girl’s girl friend’ vo:r1 beni ‘step sister’ pecan’ ‘paternal aunt’ vo:r  m :j ‘step mother’ p  ph ‘father’s sister’ vo:r  mo:l ‘step father’ p  phuv ‘father’s sister’s vo:r  bo:y ‘step brother’ daughter’ v:or  necuv ‘step son’ p  pht  r beni ‘father’s sister’s daughter’ p  phtur bo:y ‘father’s sister’s son’ potsh ‘guest’ vo:r  ku:r ‘step daughter’ bartha: ‘husband’ šur ‘child’ ba:p  th  r ‘brother’s son’ sa:l ‘wife’s sister’ haš ‘mother-in-law’ h  har ‘wife’s brother’ 1.13 Days of the week ts  nd  rva:r bomva:r b  dva:r brasva:r

f. f. f. f.

‘Monday’ ‘Tuesday’ ‘Wednesday’ ‘Thursday’

šok rva:r juma:h bat  va:r a:th  va:r

f. m. f. f.

‘Friday’ ‘Friday’ ‘Saturday’ ‘Sunday’

katakh rn  njiho:r p h ma:g pha:gun tsith  r

m. m. m. m. m. m.

Oct-Nov. Nov-Dec. Dec.-Jan. Jan-Feb. Feb-March Mar.-April

1.14. Months of the year vayakh m. April-May ze:t h m. May-June ha:r m. June-July šra:vun m. July-August b  :d  r m. August-Sept. m. Sept-Oct.  :šid

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1.15 Miscellaneous aphsu:s ada:lath a:ra:m k :math kira:yi khabar khoši: kha:h gam galti: ga:m tama:š  dar  m d kh do:kh  duniya:h nema:z

m. f. m. m. f. f. f. m. m. f. m. m. m. m. m. m. f.

neth  r pu:za: b chi maksad maz  maza:kh madath mandar masjid mohbath

m. f. f. m. m. m. m. m. f. m.

‘regret’ ‘court’ ‘rest,comfort’ ‘price’ ‘rent, fare’ ‘news’ ‘happiness’ ‘field’ ‘sorrow’ ‘mistake’ ‘village’ ‘show’ ‘religion’ ‘grief’ ‘fraud’ ‘world’ ‘prayer of Muslims’ ‘marriage’ ‘worship’ ‘appetite’ ‘aim’ ‘pleasure’ ‘joke’ ‘help’ ‘temple’ ‘mosque’ ‘love’

java:b m. tsa:s f. zaba:n f. zil  m. tala:kh m. t  hsi:l m. t  :ti:l m. t  :ri:ph. m. takdi:r m. takli:ph m. taph m. muškil f. mus  :phir m. mi:l m. yazath m. ya:d m. yintiza:r m. šukriya: yela:j m. vakh  t m. varta:v m. šahar m. šika:yath f. šo:kh m. šra:n m. sava:l m. saph  :yi: f. haspata:l m.

‘answer, reply’ ‘cough’ ‘language’ ‘district’ ‘divorce’ ‘tehsil’ ‘holiday’ ‘praise’ ‘luck’ ‘pain’ ‘fever’ ‘difficulty’ ‘traveller’ ‘mile’ ‘respect’ ‘memory’ ‘wait’ ‘thanks’ ‘treatment’ ‘time’ ‘behaviour’ ‘city’ ‘complaints’ ‘fondness’ ‘bath’ ‘question’ ‘cleanliness’ ‘hospital’

2. Pronouns

 s’ k’a: k!#" kus kus ta:m

‘we’ ‘what ‘some, a few’ ‘who’ ‘somebody’

panun b m’o:n yi yus

‘one’s own’ ‘I’ ‘my, mine’ ‘this, it, he, she’ ‘who/that’

127

co:n ts $ t % m’sund tim timan hund tihund tuhund

‘your’ ‘you’ ‘his, her’ ‘he, they’ ‘his/her, their’ ‘his/her,their’ ‘your’

so:n su s& hu hum hum$

f.

‘our’ ‘he,that’(out of sight) ‘she,that’(out of sight) ‘he,that’(within sight) ‘he (hon), they’ ‘they’

3. Adjectives

% ji:b % mi:r % :kh $ ri: a:sa:n odur od' kam kamzo:r kun kul k$ :mti: koc kruhun kh % :li: khara:b kha:s khul $ kho:vur g% ri:b gand $ gar $ m galath gob gon go:l gul % :b’ z% :v’ul

m. ‘strange’ ‘rich’ ‘last’ ‘easy’ ‘wet’ m. ‘half’ ‘less’ ‘weak’ m. ‘single’ ‘whole’ ‘expensive’ m. ‘unripe, raw’ m. ‘black’ ‘empty’ ‘bad’ ‘special’ ‘open, loose’ ‘left’ ‘poor’ ‘dirty’ ‘hot, warm’ ‘wrong’ ‘heavy’ ‘dense, thick’ ‘round’ ‘pink’ ‘slim, thin’

bad badšakal band be:vku:ph bod' m. 't’ot' h m. 'thand' $ 'thi:kh d' ‘ol ta:z$ te:z turun thod dochun drog namki:n nar $ m nov n’u:l patl $ pop pu:r $ pro:n ca:la:kh ja:n tsok v& zul

‘bad’ ‘ugly’ ‘closed’ ‘fool’ ‘big’ ‘bitter’ ‘cold’ ‘correct’ ‘loose’ ‘fresh’ ‘sharp, fast’, ‘cold’ ‘high’ ‘right’ ‘expensive ‘salty’ ‘soft’ ‘new’ ‘blue’ ‘thin’ ‘ripe’ ‘complete’ ‘old’ ‘clever’ ‘good’ ‘sour’ ‘red’

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zakhmi: z’a:d ) z’u:t* h rut la:jv( r’ 1’odur l + kut* modur mot* mul ( :yim va:riya:h vult* )

‘wounded’ ‘much, more’ ‘tall’, long’ ‘good’ ‘purple’ ‘yellow’ ‘small’ ‘sweet’ ‘fat’ ‘soft’ ‘many’ ‘opposite’

s ( hi: sakh ) t saphe:d sab ) z sast ) sa:d ) s’od m. s + ndar hokh m. hol m. halk) hava:da:r

‘correct’ ‘hard’ ‘white’ ‘green’ ‘cheap’ ‘simple’ ‘straight’ ‘beautiful’ ‘dry’ ‘bent, crooked’ ‘light’ ‘airy’

2. z) 6. še 10. d ( h 14. ts + da:h 18. arda:h 21. z) to:vuh 26. šat ) vuh 30. tr ) h 34. ts + yitr ) h 38. ar ) tr ) h 42. d + yit ( :ji: 46. šeyit ( :ji: 50. pantsa:h 54. tsuvanza:h 58. arvanza:h 62. duh ( :t* h 66. šuh ( :t* h 70. satath 74. tsusatath

3. tre 7. sath 11. ka:h 15. panda:h 19. kun ) vuh 23. tro:vuh 27. sato:vuh 31. aktr ) h 35. pã:tstr ) h 39. kun ) t ( :ji: 43. teyit ( :ji 47. sat ) t ( :ji: 51. akvanza:h 55. pã:tsvanza: 59. kunh ( :t2 3 63. truh ( :t* h 67. sat ) h ( :t* h 71. ak) satath 75. pã:ts ) satath

4. tso:r 8., ( :t* h 12. ba:h 16. šura:h 20. vuh 24. tso:vuh 28. at2 35476 8:9:3 32. d + yitr ) h 36. šeyitr ) h 40. tsatji: 44. ts + yit ( :ji: 48. ar ) t ( :ji: 52. duvanza:h 56. švanza:h 60. še:t2 3 64. tsuh ( :t* h 68. arh ( :t* h 72. dusatath 76. šusatath

4. Numerals 4.1 Cardinals 1. akh 5. pã:tsh 9. nav 13. truva:h 17. sada:h 21, ak) vuh -/.10 25. p ) ) h 29. kun ) tr ) h 33. teyitr ) h 37. sat ) tr ) h 41. ak) t ( :ji: 45. pã:tst ( :ji: 49. kunvanzah 53. truvanza:h 57. satvanza:h 61. ak) h ( :t* h 65. pã:ts ) h ( :t* h 69. kun ) satath 73. trusatath

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77. sat ; satath 78. ar ; satath 81. ak; ši:th 82. d < yiš ; :th 85. pã:ts ; ši:th 86. šeyiši:th 89. kun ; namath 90. namath 93. trunamath 94. tsunamatli 97. sat ; namath. 98. ar ; namath 101 akh hath t ; akh 1000 sa:s 1001 akh sa:s t ; akh 10,000 d = h sa:s

79. kun ; ši:th 83. treyiši:th 87. sat ; ši:th 91. ak; namath 95.pã:tsnamath 99. namnamath 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000

80. ši:th 84. ts < yiši:th 88. ar ; ši:th 92. dunamath 96. šunamath 100. hath lach dah lach karo:r

4.2. Ordinals

= ki:m doyim treyim tsu:rim > ? @1A/BDC p; šeyim s = tim BDC ; :tE F n = vim d = him

‘first’ ‘second’ ‘third’ ‘fourth’ ‘fifth’ ‘sixth’ ‘seventh’ ‘eighth’ ‘ninth’ ‘tenth’

k= him b = him truv= :him ts < d = :him pand = :him šur = :him sad = :him ar ; d = :him kun ; vu:him vuhim

‘eleventh’ ‘twelfth’ ‘thirteenth’ ‘fourteenth’ ‘fifteenth’ ‘sixteenth’ ‘seventeeth’ ‘eighteenth’ ‘nineteenth’ ‘twentieth’

4.3. Fractions pa:v odG s < :d s < :d ; z; du:n du:n ; z ; dG < dG dG a:yi sa:dG ; tre sa:dG ; tso:r

‘quarter’ (¼) ‘half’ (½) ‘one and a quarer’ (1¼) ‘two and a quarter (2 ¼) ‘three quarters (¾) ‘one and three quarters’ (1¾) ‘one and half’ (1 ½) ‘two and half’ (2 ½) ‘three and half’ (3 ½) ‘four add half’ (4 ½)

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5. Verbs asun a:sun anun a:lav karun a:vra:vun kJ K LNM:O:P kadI un kama:vun karun kH nun khasun kho:lun kh’on gJ KQSRTO:P g’avun ga:brun guza:run grakun i. grakH na:vun t. con chalun cha:pun chupun i. prazlun i. prazna:vun pr H tshun phatI un phe:run phutI un i. phutI H ra:vun t. b J :gra:vun barun baca:vun badI a:vun bana:vun

‘to laugh’ tsalun ‘to be’ tsa:pun ‘to bring’ tsu:r kar H n’ ‘to call’ tshã:dI un ‘to cover’ tshnuun ‘to shiver’ za:nun ‘to take out’ za:lun ‘to earn’ ze:nun ‘to do’ to:lun ‘to sell’ tulun ‘to climb tra:vun ‘to open’ daba:vun ‘to eat’ dazun ‘to count’ d’un ‘to sing’ do:run ‘to be afraid’ ne:run ‘to spend (time)’ tI h J hrun ‘to boil’ dI U LVXW:OYP ‘to boil pakun ‘to drink’ parun ‘to wash’ p’on ‘to print’ pišun ‘to hide’ tsatI un ‘to shine’ yun ‘to recognise’ ranun ‘to ask’ ratI un ‘to sink/drown’ ra:van ‘to turn, travel’ ro:zun ‘to be broken’ ladI un ‘to break’ lamun ‘to distribute’ labun ‘to fill’ la:yun ‘to save’ vanun ‘to increase’ valun ‘to make/build’ vasun

‘to run away’ ‘to chew’ ‘to steal’ ‘to look for’ ‘to wear’ ‘to know’ ‘to burn’ ‘to win’ ‘to weigh’ ‘to lift’ ‘to leave’ ‘to press down’ ‘to burn’ ‘to give’ ‘to run’ ‘to get out’ ‘to stay’ ‘to see’ ‘to walk’ ‘to read/study’ ‘to fall’ ‘to grind’ ‘to cut’ ‘to come’ ‘to cook’ ‘to catch/hold’ ‘to loose’ ‘to reside’ ‘to quarrel’ ‘to pull’ ‘to get/acquire’ ‘to beat’ ‘to say’ ‘to wrap’ ‘to get down’

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basun bihun bud[ un bo:zun ma:h karun m\ šra:vun mašun i. marun ma:run mangun ma:nun yatshun

‘to inhabit’ ‘to sit’ ‘to become old’ ‘to listen’ ‘to kiss’ ‘to forget ‘to forget’ ‘to die’ ‘to kill’ ‘lo ask for’ ‘to admit’ ‘to desire’

vZ thun vuchun vuphun še:run samjun so:zun sõ:cun suvun ha:run hechun h’on yi:run

‘to stand up’ ‘to see’ ‘to fly’ ‘to serve/set right’ ‘to understand’ ‘to send’ ‘to think’ ‘to stitch’ ‘to loose’ ‘to learn’ ‘to buy’ ‘to flow’

6. Adverbs

\ :kh ] r aksar aca:nakh az azkal k\ :l’k’ath kar kati kith ] k] n’ gZ d[ ] jal ] d tsh Z p ] k\ rith tik’a:zi teli du:r n \ zdi:kh be:šakh nebar zaru:r paga:h pat ] pat ] kani

‘after all’ ‘often,generally’ ‘suddenly’ ‘to day’ ‘now-a-days’ ‘day after tomorrow’ ‘when’ ‘where’ ‘how’ ‘in the beginning’ ‘quickly’ ‘silently’ ‘because’ ‘then’ ‘away.’ ‘near’ ‘of course’ ‘outside’ ‘certainly’ ‘tomorrow’ ‘after’ ‘behind’

bilkul bZ n brõh brõh kani manz manz]

‘quite’ ‘down’ ‘before’ ‘in front of ‘among’ ‘sometimes’

yeti yeli yith ] k] n’ yu:t ra:th va:riya:h va:r ] va:r ] vun’ vZ n’ ša:yad s’at[ ha: siriph hame:š ] heri h’or hoti

‘here’ ‘when’ ‘in this way’ ‘as much as’ ‘yesterday’ ‘plenty’ ‘slowly’ ‘just now’ ‘now’ ‘perhaps’ ‘much, enough’ ‘only’ ‘always’ ‘above’ ‘upward’ ‘there’

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7. Cojunctions agar amikin’ ki b ^ l’ki

‘if’ ‘hence, so’ ‘that’ ‘but, on the contrary’

beyi magar ya: ya..ya:.. kin _

‘and’ ‘but’ ‘or’ ‘either.. or’ ‘or’

niši p’at` h p’at` h _ manz manz_

‘from’ ‘on’ ‘from’ ‘in, inside’ ‘from within’

8. Postpositions

^ ndr _ andar tal tal _ p’at` h _ niš

‘from within ‘in, inside’ ‘under from bottom’ ‘near’

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References Bailey, T.Grahme 1937. The Pronunciation of Kashmiri. London: Royal Asiatic Society. Bhat, Roop Krishen 1986. A Descriptie Study of Kashmiri. New Delhi: Amar Prakashan. Grierson, George A. 1911. Standard manual of the Kashmiri language. 2 Vols. Oxford; Reptd. Rohtak: Light and Life Publishers, 1973. Grierson, George A. 1919. The Linguistic Survey of India. vol. VIII, Part II. Calcutta: Royal Asiatic Society. Reptd., Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas 1968. Hook, Peter Edwin and Omkar N Koul (forthcoming). Kashmiri: A Study in Comparative Indo-Aryan. Tokyo: IAAS. Kachru, Braj B. 1969. A Reference Grammar of Kashmiri. Urbana: University of Illinois. Kachru, Braj B. 1973. An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri. Urbana: University of Illinois. Koul, Omkar N. 1977. Linguistic Studies in Kashmiri. New Delhi: Bahri publications. Koul, Omkar N. 1985. An Intensive Course in Kashmiri. Mysore: CIIL. Koul, Omkar N 1994. An Intermediate Course in Kashmiri Mysore: CIIL. Koul, Omkar N. 2003. Kashmiri. In Cardona, George and Dhanesh Jain (eds.) The Indo-Aryan Languages. London: Routledge. Koul, Omkar N. and Ruth L. Schmidt 1983. Kashmiri: A Sociolinguistic Survey. Patiala: IILS Koul, Omkar N. and Peter Edwin Hook (Eds.) 1984. Aspects of Kashmiri Linguistics. New Delhi: Bahri Publications. Schmidt, Ruth Laila and Omkar N. Koul 1983. Kohistani to Kashmiri: An Annotated Bibliography of Dardic languages. Patiala: IILS. Wali, Kashi and Omkar N Koul 1997. Kashmiri: A CognitiveDescriptive Grammar. London, New York: Routledge.