Spelling Rules Presentation By Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

By: Dr. Shadia Y. Banjar

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

http://www.kau.edu.sa/SBANJAR http://wwwdrshadiabanjar.blogspot.com

1

1. Almost no English words end in "v" and none in "j". Exception:
spiv.

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

2

2. "q" is always written as "qu". It never stands by itself. Examples:


quick,
queen,
quarrel.

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

3

3. A. "i" comes before "e" when it is pronounced " ee". B. "i" before "e" except after " c “, C. or when sounding like "a" as in "neighbour, or weigh".

Examples:

A.
brief,
field,
priest.

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

Exceptions:

B.
receive,
deceive,
ceiling.

neither, foreign, sovereign, seized, counterfeit, forfeited, leisure. 4

Rule for -ie and -ei The rule is summarized as:

The rule for ie and ei is in three parts:
Usually spell the combination -ie, as in believe.
However, spell -ei when the combination follows the letter -c, as in receive.
Also, spell -ei when the combination has the sound of a long -a, as in weigh (wa). Exceptions to this rule include words in which the combination should be spelled -ie but is spelled -ei: caffeine, either, foreign, height, leisure, neither, protein, their, and weird. There are also words in which the combination follows -c and should be spelled -ei but is spelled -ie. In these words, -c is pronounced -sh: ancient, conscience, deficient, efficient, proficient, and sufficient. Remember to spell -ie rather than -ei after c when c spells the sound of -sh.

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

5

4."able" or "ible" endings. Use "able": After root words. e.g. available, dependable. After root words ending in "e". e.g. desirable, believable, usable (drop the "e"). After "i". e.g. reliable, sociable. When other forms of the root word have a dominant "a" vowel. e.g. irritable, durable, abominable. After a hard "c" or "g". e.g. educable, practicable, navigable.  Exceptions: formidable, inevitable, memorable, probable, portable, indomitable, insuperable. Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

6

Use "ible"
After non-root words. e.g. audible, horrible, possible.
When the root has an immediate "ion“ form. e.g. digestible, suggestible, convertible.
After a root ending in "ns" or "miss". e.g. responsible, comprehensible, permissible.
After a soft "c" or "g". e.g. legible, negligible, forcible, invincible.
Exceptions: contemptible, resistible, collapsible, flexible. Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

7

5. "ceed", "sede" and "cede".
Three "ceed" words; succeed, exceed, proceed.
One "sede" word; supersede.
All others "cede“ e.g. intercede, antecede, precede.

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

8

6.We double "l, f, and s" after a single short vowel at the end of a word. Examples: Exceptions:  call,  tall, toss, miss,  stiff,  stuff.

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar


us,
bus,
gas,
if,
of,
this,
yes,
plus,
nil,
pal. 9

7. For words ending in a single "l" after a single vowel, double the "l" before adding a suffix, regardless of accent.

Examples: cancelled, traveller,  signalling,  metallic.

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

10

8. "all" and "well" followed by another syllable only have one "l".

Examples:  also,  already,  although, welcome, welfare.

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

11

9. The Word + Word Rule The Word + Word Rule explains how to join words to form compound words such as fireworks. Usually join two words without changing their spellings.

Examples: book + keeper = bookkeeper room + mate = roommate fire + arms = firearms

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

Exceptions:
almost,
already,
although,
altogether,
always,
oneself,
pastime, and
wherever. 12

10. The Prefix + Word Rule Join a prefix and a word without changing the spelling of the prefix or the word.

Examples:

mis + spell = misspell un + necessary = unnecessary dis + appear = disappear There are

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

to the Prefix + Word Rule.

13

11. The Word + Suffix Rule Usually join a word and a suffix without changing the spelling of the word or the suffix.

Examples:

usual + ly = usual clean + ness = cleanness poison + ous = poisonous

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

14

Final -e Rule 1. The Word + Suffix Rule is not used when adding suffixes to words that end in silent e. 2. When a word ends in silent -e, usually drop the -e if you are adding a suffix that begins with a vowel, but retain the -e when you are adding a suffix that begins with a consonant.

Examples: Silent -e is an -e such as the one in love, which you do not hear when love is pronounced. Since love ends in silent e and the suffix -able begins with a vowel, drop -e when joining love and -able:
love + able = lovable However, since the suffix -less begins with a consonant, retain the -e in love when joining love and -less:
love + less = loveless Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

15

Exceptions to this rule include words in which -e should be retained but is dropped:
acknowledgment,
argument,
awful,
duly,
judgment,
ninth,
truly,
wholly, and
wisdom. Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

16

include words ending in -ce or -ge in which -e is not dropped when you add able or -ous:
courageous,
manageable,
noticeable,
outrageous,
peaceable,
serviceable, and
traceable.

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

17

•We have to understanding why -e is not dropped from words ending in -ce or -ge when adding the suffixes -able and -ous. • The letters -c and -g are usually pronounced -s and -j before the letters -e and -i, but -k and -g before the letters -a and -o. •The incorrect spelling noticable would mean that you would pronounce the -c as a -k rather than as an -s (you would say notikable rather than notisable). •Similarly, the incorrect spelling couragous would mean that you would pronounce the -g as a -g rather than as a -j (you would say couragous rather than courajous). •The -e is retained to preserve the -s and -j pronunciations of -c and -g.

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

18

Final -y Rule 1. The Word + Suffix Rule is not used when adding suffixes to words that end in -y. 2. When a word ends in -y, usually change the -y to -i when you are adding a suffix if the -y is preceded by a consonant, but do not change it if the -y is preceded by a vowel or if you are adding the suffix -ing.

Examples:

study+ -ed = studied destroy + -ed = destroyed

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

study+ -ing = studying destroy + -ing = destroying

19

Final Consonant Rules A. The Word + Suffix Rule is not used to join suffixes to words that end in one consonant preceded by one vowel. B. Final Consonant Rule No. 1 explains how to join suffixes to one-syllable words that end in the cvc combination. C. When a one-syllable word ends in the cvc combination, usually double the final consonant when adding a suffix that begins with a vowel but do not double it when adding a suffix that begins with a consonant.

Examples:

Ship is a one-syllable word that ends in the cvc combination.

ship + -ing = shipping

(a suffix begins with a vowel)

ship + -ment = shipment

(a suffix that begins with a consonant)

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

20

Rule No. 2 A. Final Consonant Rule No. 2 explains how to join suffixes to words of more than one syllable that end in the cvc combination. B. When a word of more than one-syllable ends in the cvc combination and it is accented on the last syllable, usually double the final consonant when adding a suffix that begins with a vowel but do not double it when adding a suffix that begins with a consonant.

Examples: Commit is accented on the last syllable and ends in the cvc combination. commit+ -ing = comitting (a suffix begins with a vowel)

commit+ -ment = commitment (a suffix that begins with a consonant)

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

21

Works Cited Eight Essential Spelling Rules http://academic.cuesta.edu/acasupp/AS/803.htm Some Spelling Rules: http://www.amity.org.uk/Training/Spelling%20Rules/Spelling%20Rules.htm Reading from Scratch, Spelling Rules: http://www.dyslexia.org/spelling_rules.shtml Rules for Irregular Plural Formation of Nouns http://www.gsu.edu/~wwwesl/egw/pluralsl.htm

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

22