Solar Hydroelectric Power
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CH EN 1002 – Sustainable Energy
Conventional Energy Technology: Hydroelectric October 5, 2007
Reminders ¾ Homework #4 • Due Today
¾ Project assignment coming Friday…
2
1
Hydroelectric Power ¾ 715,000 (715 GW) production worldwide ¾ 20% of world electricity ¾ U.S. Production: 79 GW • Can reasonably expand by 30 to 70 GW
3
Major Hydropower Countries
Country
Annual Production (TWh)
Installed Capacity (GW)
Load Factor
China Canada Brazil
417 350 350
129 69 69
0.37 0.59 0.56
USA Russia Norway
290 157 120
79 45 28
0.42 0.42 0.49
Total World Capacity: 715 GW 4
2
Hydropower Technology ¾ Large-scale hydropower • Dams hold back water and create a "head" (height difference) of water – potential energy • Water flows through turbines ("propellers") causing them to spin • Shaft connects turbine and electrical generator used to make electricity • Turbines can be "spun down" or turned off when power is not needed
5
Hydroelectric Turbine + Generator
Source: Wikipedia.Com
6
3
Hydroelectric Dam
Source: Wikipedia.Com
7
Pumped-Storage power ¾ Operates "in reverse" during low demand periods ¾ 75-80% recovery of pumping energy upon discharge
8
4
Small-Scale ("mini") Hydro ¾ Uses existing water flow, no dams ¾ Different classifications • Small hydro: less than 25 MW • Mini hydro: less than 1 MW • Micro hydro: less than 0.1 MW
¾ Local production and usage ¾ Global small-scale hydro production: 66 GW ¾ China small-scale hydro: 39 GW 9
Micro Hydro
Micro Hydroelectric generation in NW Vietnam village. Set-up involves bamboo and wooden sluices channelling water into oil drums fitted with handcarved bamboo turbines. Electricity generation was via motorbike alternators. Interestingly, high-tension power lines ran through the middle of the village, but clearly were not used by the villagers. Source: Wikipedia.Com
10
5
Notable Hydroelectric Power Plants
11
Cragside, Rothbury, England ¾ World's first hydroelectric power plant ¾ Installed 1870 ¾ Used a Siemens dynamo generator ¾ Initially used for machines (elevator, laundry equipment) ¾ Cragside manor first house lit by electric lighting • Arc lamp 1878 • Joseph Swan's incandescent lamps 1880
12
6
Fox River, Appleton, Wisconsin ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾
First hydroelectric plant in U.S. World's first commercial hydro power plant Built 1882 Supplied power for lighting two paper mills and one house
13
Robert Moses Niagara Power Plant ¾ Constructed 1895 ¾ 2,500 Megawatts today ¾ Diverts water from above Niagara Falls to reservoir in parallel with river • More than half of water diverted • Majority of water diverted at night • Uses pumped-storage technique
14
7
James Bay Hydro Project, Canada ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾
Constructed in 1970s in northeastern Quebec Multiple dams provide 16,000 MW of power Flooded total of 3,800 square miles Flooded 10% of the huting and fishing grounds of the indiginous Cree of Chisasibi ¾ Initial increase in mercury levels in fish by a factor of 4 to 5 • Decomposition of organic material under water; mercury in this material results primarily from coalfired power plants in northeastern U.S. • Subsequent slow decrease in mercury levels 15
Grand Coulee Dam ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾
Eastern Washington state, Columbia River Largest hydroelectric plant in U.S. Built 1942 1 mile long, 550 feet high 6.8 GW generating capacity
16
8
Hoover (Boulder) Dam ¾ On Colorado River, Nevada-Arizona ¾ Built 1931-1936 ¾ 1250 feet long, 726 feet high ¾ 2 GW (2,000 MW) power output
17
Three Gorges Dam, China ¾ Construction complete 2009 ¾ 7700 feet long, 616 feet high, 400 feet wide at bottom ¾ Reservoir 370 miles long ¾ 22,500 MW (22.5 GW) generating capacity
18
9
Stairs Hydroelectric Plant ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾
Big Cottonwood Canyon Began operation 1896 Still in use today 1.2 Megawatts
19
Consequences of Hydro ¾ Damage fish habitat, loss of population ¾ Silt buildup ¾ Greenhouse gases ¾ Population displacement ¾ Risk of accident
20
10
1975 Banqiao Flood, China ¾ Dam built in 1950s • Designed to withstand "1 in 1000 year flood"
¾ August 1975 • "1 in 2000 year flood" occurred • 15 inches of rain in 1 hour • 40 inches of rain in 1 day
¾ Dam burst • 79,000 m3/s outflow • 16 billion tons water released • Wave 6 miles wide, 20 feet high
¾ Consequences • 145,000 dead • 6 million buildings collaped
21
Pros? Cons?
22
11
The End
23
12
Conventional Energy Technology: Hydroelectric October 5, 2007
Reminders ¾ Homework #4 • Due Today
¾ Project assignment coming Friday…
2
1
Hydroelectric Power ¾ 715,000 (715 GW) production worldwide ¾ 20% of world electricity ¾ U.S. Production: 79 GW • Can reasonably expand by 30 to 70 GW
3
Major Hydropower Countries
Country
Annual Production (TWh)
Installed Capacity (GW)
Load Factor
China Canada Brazil
417 350 350
129 69 69
0.37 0.59 0.56
USA Russia Norway
290 157 120
79 45 28
0.42 0.42 0.49
Total World Capacity: 715 GW 4
2
Hydropower Technology ¾ Large-scale hydropower • Dams hold back water and create a "head" (height difference) of water – potential energy • Water flows through turbines ("propellers") causing them to spin • Shaft connects turbine and electrical generator used to make electricity • Turbines can be "spun down" or turned off when power is not needed
5
Hydroelectric Turbine + Generator
Source: Wikipedia.Com
6
3
Hydroelectric Dam
Source: Wikipedia.Com
7
Pumped-Storage power ¾ Operates "in reverse" during low demand periods ¾ 75-80% recovery of pumping energy upon discharge
8
4
Small-Scale ("mini") Hydro ¾ Uses existing water flow, no dams ¾ Different classifications • Small hydro: less than 25 MW • Mini hydro: less than 1 MW • Micro hydro: less than 0.1 MW
¾ Local production and usage ¾ Global small-scale hydro production: 66 GW ¾ China small-scale hydro: 39 GW 9
Micro Hydro
Micro Hydroelectric generation in NW Vietnam village. Set-up involves bamboo and wooden sluices channelling water into oil drums fitted with handcarved bamboo turbines. Electricity generation was via motorbike alternators. Interestingly, high-tension power lines ran through the middle of the village, but clearly were not used by the villagers. Source: Wikipedia.Com
10
5
Notable Hydroelectric Power Plants
11
Cragside, Rothbury, England ¾ World's first hydroelectric power plant ¾ Installed 1870 ¾ Used a Siemens dynamo generator ¾ Initially used for machines (elevator, laundry equipment) ¾ Cragside manor first house lit by electric lighting • Arc lamp 1878 • Joseph Swan's incandescent lamps 1880
12
6
Fox River, Appleton, Wisconsin ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾
First hydroelectric plant in U.S. World's first commercial hydro power plant Built 1882 Supplied power for lighting two paper mills and one house
13
Robert Moses Niagara Power Plant ¾ Constructed 1895 ¾ 2,500 Megawatts today ¾ Diverts water from above Niagara Falls to reservoir in parallel with river • More than half of water diverted • Majority of water diverted at night • Uses pumped-storage technique
14
7
James Bay Hydro Project, Canada ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾
Constructed in 1970s in northeastern Quebec Multiple dams provide 16,000 MW of power Flooded total of 3,800 square miles Flooded 10% of the huting and fishing grounds of the indiginous Cree of Chisasibi ¾ Initial increase in mercury levels in fish by a factor of 4 to 5 • Decomposition of organic material under water; mercury in this material results primarily from coalfired power plants in northeastern U.S. • Subsequent slow decrease in mercury levels 15
Grand Coulee Dam ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾
Eastern Washington state, Columbia River Largest hydroelectric plant in U.S. Built 1942 1 mile long, 550 feet high 6.8 GW generating capacity
16
8
Hoover (Boulder) Dam ¾ On Colorado River, Nevada-Arizona ¾ Built 1931-1936 ¾ 1250 feet long, 726 feet high ¾ 2 GW (2,000 MW) power output
17
Three Gorges Dam, China ¾ Construction complete 2009 ¾ 7700 feet long, 616 feet high, 400 feet wide at bottom ¾ Reservoir 370 miles long ¾ 22,500 MW (22.5 GW) generating capacity
18
9
Stairs Hydroelectric Plant ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾
Big Cottonwood Canyon Began operation 1896 Still in use today 1.2 Megawatts
19
Consequences of Hydro ¾ Damage fish habitat, loss of population ¾ Silt buildup ¾ Greenhouse gases ¾ Population displacement ¾ Risk of accident
20
10
1975 Banqiao Flood, China ¾ Dam built in 1950s • Designed to withstand "1 in 1000 year flood"
¾ August 1975 • "1 in 2000 year flood" occurred • 15 inches of rain in 1 hour • 40 inches of rain in 1 day
¾ Dam burst • 79,000 m3/s outflow • 16 billion tons water released • Wave 6 miles wide, 20 feet high
¾ Consequences • 145,000 dead • 6 million buildings collaped
21
Pros? Cons?
22
11
The End
23
12
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