Software Testing Faq

Software Testing FAQ 1.Software Quality Assurance (1) A planned and systematic pattern of all actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that an item or product conforms to established technical requirements. (2) A set of activities designed to evaluate the process by which products are developed or manufactured.

2.What's difference between client/server and Web Application? Client/server based is any application architecture where one server application and one or many client applications are involved like your mail server and MS outlook Express, it can be a web application as well, where the Web Application is a kind of client server application that is hosted on the web server and accessed over the internet or intranet. There are lots of things that differs between testing of the two type above and can’t be posted in one post but you can look into the data flow, communication and server side variable like session and security etc

3.Software Quality Assurance Activities

Application of Technical Methods (Employing proper methods and tools for developing software)

Conduct of Formal Technical Review (FTR)

Testing of Software

Enforcement of Standards (Customer imposed standards or management imposed standards)

Control of Change (Assess the need for change, document the change)

Measurement (Software Metrics to measure the quality, quantifiable)

Records Keeping and Recording (Documentation, reviewed, change control etc. i.e. benefits of docs).

4.What's the difference between STATIC TESTING and DYNAMIC TESTING? Answer1: Dynamic testing: Required program to be executed static testing: Does not involve program execution The program is run on some test cases & results of the program’s performance are examined to check whether the program operated as expected E.g. Compiler task such as Syntax & type checking, symbolic execution, program proving, data flow analysis, control flow analysis Answer2: Static Testing: Verification performed with out executing the system code Dynamic Testing: Verification and validation performed by executing the system code

5.Software Testing Software testing is a critical component of the software engineering process. It is an element of software quality assurance and can be described as a process of running a program in such a manner as to uncover any errors. This process, while seen by some as tedious, tiresome and unnecessary, plays a vital role in software development. Testing involves operation of a system or application under controlled conditions and evaluating the results (e.g., 'if the user is in interface A of the application while using hardware B, and does C, then D should happen'). The controlled conditions should include both normal and abnormal conditions. Testing should intentionally attempt to make things go wrong to determine if things happen when they shouldn't or things don't happen when they should. It is oriented to 'detection'. Organizations vary considerably in how they assign responsibility for QA and testing. Sometimes they're the combined responsibility of one group or individual. Also common are project teams that include a mix of testers and developers who work closely together, with overall QA processes monitored by project managers. It will depend on what best fits an organization's size and business structure.

6.What's difference between QA/testing

The quality assurance process is a process for providing adequate assurance that the software products and processes in the product life cycle conform to their specific requirements and adhere to their established plans." The purpose of Software Quality Assurance is to provide management with appropriate visibility into the process being used by the software project and of the products being built

7.What black box testing types can you tell me about? Black box testing is functional testing, not based on any knowledge of internal software design or code. Black box testing is based on requirements and functionality. Functional testing is also a black-box type of testing geared to functional requirements of an application. System testing is also a black box type of testing. Acceptance testing is also a black box type of testing. Functional testing is also a black box type of testing. Closed box testing is also a black box type of testing. Integration testing is also a black box type of testing.

8.What is software testing methodology? One software testing methodology is the use a three step process of... 1. Creating a test strategy; 2. Creating a test plan/design; and 3. Executing tests. This methodology can be used and molded to your organization's needs. Rob Davis believes that using this methodology is important in the development and ongoing maintenance of his clients' applications.

9.What’s the difference between QA and testing? TESTING means “Quality Control”; and QUALITY CONTROL measures the quality of a product; while QUALITY ASSURANCE measures the quality of processes used to create a quality product.

10.Why Testing CANNOT Ensure Quality Testing in itself cannot ensure the quality of software. All testing can do is give you a certain level of assurance (confidence) in the software. On its own, the only thing that testing proves is that under specific controlled conditions, the software functioned as expected by the test cases executed.

11.How to find all the Bugs during first round of Testing?

Answer1: I understand the problems you are facing. I was involved with a web-based HR system that was encountering the same problems. What I ended up doing was going back over a few release cycles and analyzing the types of defects found and when (in the release cycle including the various testing cycles) they were found. I started to notice a distinct trend in certain areas. For each defect type, I started looking into the possibility if it could have been caught in the prior phase (lots of things were being found in the Systems test phase that should have been caught earlier). If so, why wasn't it caught? Could it have been caught even earlier (say via a peer review)? If so, why not? This led me to start examining the various processes and found a definite problem with peer reviews (not very thorough IF they were even being done) and with the testing process (not rigorous enough). We worked with the customer and folks doing the testing to start educating them and improving the processes. The result was the number of defects found in the latter test stages (System test for example) were cut by over half! It was getting harder to find problems with the product as they were discovering them earlier in the process -- saving time & money! Answer2: There could be several reasons for not catching a showstopper in the first or second build/rev. A found defect could either functionally or physiologically mask a second or third defect. Functionally the thread or path to the second defect could have been broken or rerouted to another path or physiologically the tester who found the first defect knows the app must go back and be rewritten so he/she proceeds halfheartedly on and misses the second one. I've seen both cases. It is difficult to keep testing on a known defective app. The testers seem to lose interest knowing that what effort they put in to test it, will have to be redone on the next iteration. This will test your metal as a lead to get them to follow through and maintain a professional attitude. Answer3: The best way is to prevent bugs in the first place. Also testing doesn't fix or prevent bugs. It just provides information. Applying this information to your situation is the important part. The other thing that you may be encountering is that testing tends to be exploratory in nature. You have stated that these are existing bugs, but not stated whether tests already existed for these bugs. Bugs in early cycles inhibit exploration. Additionally, a tester's understanding of the application and its relationships and interactions will improve with time and thus more 'interesting' bugs tend to be found in later iterations as testers expand their exploration (i.e. think of new tests). No matter how much time you have to read through the documents and inspect artifacts, seeing the actual application is going to trigger new thoughts, and thus introduce previously unthought of tests. Exposure to the application will trigger new thoughts as well, thus the longer your testing goes, the more new tests (and potential bugs) are going to be found. Iterative development is a good way to counter this, as testers get to see something physical earlier, but this issue will always exist to some degree as the passing of time, and exploration of the

application allow new tests to be thought of at inconvenient moments.

12.Is regression testing performed manually? The answer to this question depends on the initial testing approach. If the initial testing approach was manual testing, then the regression testing is usually performed manually. Conversely, if the initial testing approach was automated testing, then the regression testing is usually performed by automated testing.

13.How to choose which defect to remove in 1000000 defects? (because It will take too much resources in order to remove them all.)

Answe1: Are you the programmer who has to fix them, the project manager who has to supervise the programmers, the change control team that decides which areas are too high risk to impact, the stakeholder-user whose organization pays for the damage caused by the defects or the tester? The tester does not choose which defects to fix. The tester helps ensure that the people who do choose, make a well-informed choice. Testers should provide data to indicate the *severity* of bugs, but the project manager or the development team do the prioritization. When I say "indicate the severity", I don't just mean writing S3 on a piece of paper. Test groups often do follow-up tests to assess how serious a failure is and how broad the range of failure-triggering conditions. Priority depends on a wide range of factors, including code-change risk, difficulty/time to complete the change, which stakeholders are affected by the bug, the other commitments being handled by the person most knowledgeable about fixing a certain bug, etc. Many of these factors are not within the knowledge of most test groups. Answe2: As a tester we don't fix the defects but we surely can prioritize them once detected. In our org we assign severity level to the defects depending upon their influence on other parts of products. If a defect doesn’t allow you to go ahead and test the product, it is critical one so it has to be fixed ASAP. We have 5 levels as 1-critical 2-High 3-Medium 4-Low 5-Cosmetic Dev can group all the critical ones and take them to fix before any other defect. Answer3:

Priority/Severity P1 P2 P3 S1 S2 S3 Generally the defects are classified in above shown grid. Every organization / software has some target of fixing the bugs. Example P1S1 -> 90% of the bugs reported should be fixed. P3S3 -> 5% of the bugs reported may be fixed. Rest are taken in letter service packs or versions. Thus the organization should decide its target and act accordingly. Basically bug free software is not possible. Answer4: Ideally, the customer should assign priorities to their requirements. They tend to resist this. On a large, multi-year project I just completed, I would often (in the lack of customer guidelines) rely on my knowledge of the application and the potential downstream impacts in the modeled business process to prioritize defects. If the customer doesn't then I fell the test organization should based on risk or other, similar considerations.

14.What is software quality? The quality of the software varies widely from system to system. Some common quality attributes are stability, usability, reliability, portability, and maintainability.

15.What are the five dimensions of the Risks? Schedule: Unrealistic schedules, exclusion of certain activities when chalking out a schedule etc. could be deterrents to project delivery on time. Unstable communication link can be considered as a probable risk if testing is carried out from a remote location. Client: Ambiguous requirements definition, clarifications on issues not being readily available, frequent changes to the requirements etc. could cause chaos during project execution. Human Resources: Non-availability of sufficient resources with the skill level expected in the project are not available; Attrition of resources - Appropriate training schedules must be planned for resources to balance the knowledge level to be at par with resources quitting. Underestimating the training effort may have an impact in the project delivery. System Resources: Non-availability of /delay in procuring all critical computer resources either hardware and software tools or licenses for software will have an adverse impact. Quality: Compound factors like lack of resources along with a tight delivery schedule and frequent changes to requirements will have an impact on the quality

of the product tested.

16.What is good code? A good code is code that works, is free of bugs and is readable and maintainable. Organizations usually have coding standards all developers should adhere to, but every programmer and software engineer has different ideas about what is best and what are too many or too few rules. We need to keep in mind that excessive use of rules can stifle both productivity and creativity. Peer reviews and code analysis tools can be used to check for problems and enforce standards.

17.How do you perform integration testing? To perform integration testing, first, all unit testing has to be completed. Upon completion of unit testing, integration testing begins. Integration testing is black box testing. The purpose of integration testing is to ensure distinct components of the application still work in accordance to customer requirements. Test cases are developed with the express purpose of exercising the interfaces between the components. This activity is carried out by the test team. Integration testing is considered complete, when actual results and expected results are either in line or differences are explainable, or acceptable, based on client input.

18.Why back-end testing is required, if we are going to check the frontend. What errros/bugs we are missing out by not doing back-end testing. Why we need to do unit testing, if all the features are being tested in System testing. What extra things are tested in unit testing, which can not be tested in System testing.

Answer1: Assume that you're thinking client-server or web. If you test the application on the front end only you can see if the data was stored and retrieved correctly. You can't see if the servers are in an error state or not. many server processes are monitored by another process. If they crash, they are restarted. You can't see that without looking at it. The data may not be stored correctly either but the front end may have cached data lying around and it will use that instead. The least you should be doing is verifying the data as stored in the database. It is easier to test data being transferred on the boundaries and see the results of those transactions when you can set the data in a driver. Answer2:

Back-End testing : Basically the requirement of this testing depends on project. like Say if your project is .Ticket booking system,Front end u will provided with an Interface , where u can book the ticket by giving the appropriate details ( Like Place to go, and Time when u want to go etc..). It will have a Data storage system (Database or XL sheet etc) which is a Back end for storing details entered by the user. After submitting the details ,U might have provided with a correct acknowledgement. But in back end , the details might not updated correctly in Database because of wrong logic development. Then that will cause a major problem. and regarding Unit level testing and System testing Unit level testing is for testing the basic checks whether the application is working fyn with the basic requirements.This will be done by developers before delivering to the QA.In System testing , In addition to the unit checks ,u will be performing all the checks ( all possible integrated checks which required) .Basically this will be carried out by tester Answer3: Ever heard about divide and conquer tactic ? It is a same method applied in backend and frontend testing. A good back end test will help minimize the burden of frontend test. Another point is you can test the backend while develop the frontend. A true paralism could be achieved. Backend testing has another problem which must addressed before front end could use it. The problem is concurrency. Building a scenario to test concurrency is formidable task. A complex thing is hard to test. To create such scenarios will make you unsure which test you already done and which you haven't. What we need is an effective methods to test our application. The simplest method I know is using divide and conquer. Answer4: A wide range of errors are hard to see if you don't see the code. For example, there are many optimizations in programs that treat special cases. If you don't see the special case, you don't test the optimization. Also, a substantial portion of most programs is error handling. Most programmers anticipate more errors than most testers. Programmers find and fix the vast majority of their own bugs. This is cheaper, because there is no communication overhead, faster because there is no delay from tester-reporter to programmer, and more effective because the programmer is likely to fix what she finds, and she is likely to know the cause of the problems she sees. Also, the rapid feedback gives the programmer information about the weaknesses in her programming that can help her write better code. Many tests -- most boundary tests -- are done at the system level primarily because we don't trust that they were done at the unit level. They are wasteful and tedious at the system level. I'd rather see them properly done and properly automated in a suite of programmer tests.

19.What is Software “Quality”?

Quality software is reasonably bug-free, delivered on time and within budget, meets requirements and/or expectations, and is maintainable. However, quality is a subjective term. It will depend on who the ‘customer’ is and their overall influence in the scheme of things. A wide-angle view of the ‘customers’ of a software development project might include end-users, customer acceptance testers, customer contract officers, customer management, the development organization’s management/accountants/testers/salespeople, future software maintenance engineers, stockholders, magazine reviewers, etc. Each type of ‘customer’ will have their own view on ‘quality’ - the accounting department might define quality in terms of profits while an end-user might define quality as user-friendly and bug-free.

20.What is retesting?

Answer1: Retesting is usually equated with regression testing (see above) but it is different in that is follows a specific fix--such as a bug fix--and is very narrow in focus (as opposed to testing entire application again in a regression test). A product should never be released after any change has been applied to the code, with only retesting of the bug fix, and without a regression test. Answer2: 1. Re-testing is the testing for a specific bug after it has been fixed.(one given by your definition). 2. Re-testing can be one which is done for a bug which was raised by QA but could not be found or confirmed by Development and has been rejected. So QA does a re-test to make sure the bug still exists and again assigns it back to them. when entire project is tested & client have some doubts about the quality of testing, Re-Testing can be called. It can also be testing the same application again for better Quality. Answer3: Regression Testing is, the selective retesting of a system that has been modified to ensure that any bugs have been fixed and that no other previously working functions have failed as a result of the reparations and that newly added features have not created problems with previous versions of the software. Also referred to as verification testing It is important to determine whether in a given set of circumstances a particular series of tests has been failed. The supplier may want to submit the software for re-testing. The contract should deal with the parameters for retests, including (1) will test program which are doomed to failure be allowed to finish early, or must they be completed in their entirety? (2) when can, or must, the supplier submit his software for retesting?, and (3) how many times can the supplier fail tests and submit software for retesting ñ is this based on time spent, or the number of attempts? A well drawn contract will grant the customer options in the event of failure of acceptance tests, and these options may vary depending on how many

attempts the supplier has made to achieve acceptance. So the conclusion is retesting is more or less regression testing. More appropriately retesting is a part of regression testing. Answer4: Re-testing is simply executing the test plan another time. The client may request a re-test for any reason - most likely is that the testers did not properly execute the scripts, poor documentation of test results, or the client may not be comfortable with the results. I've performed re-tests when the developer inserted unauthorized code changes, or did not document changes. Regression testing is the execution of test cases "not impacted" by the specific project. I am currently working on testing of a system with poor system documentation (and no user documentation) so our regression testing must be extensive. Answer5: * QA gets a bug fix, and has to verify that the bug is fixed. You might want to check a few things that are a “gut feel” if you want to and get away by calling it retesting, but not the entire function / module / product. * Development Refuses a bug on the basis of it being “Non Reproducible”, then retesting, preferably in the presence of the Developer, is needed.

How to establish QA Process in an organization? 1.CURRENT SITUATION The first thing you should do is to put what you currently do in a piece of paper in some sort of a flowchart diagram. This will allow you to analyze what is being currently done. 2.DEVELOPMENT PROCESS STAGE Once you have the "big picture", you have to be aware of the current status of your development project or projects. The processes you select will vary depending if you are in early stages of developing a new application (i.e.: developing a version 1.0), or maintaining an existing application (i.e.: working on release 6.7.1). 3. PRIORITIES The next thing you need to do is identify the priorities of your project, for example: - Compliance with industry standards - Validation of new functionality (new GUIs, etc) - Security - Capacity Planning ( You should see "Effective Methods for Software Testing" for more info). Make a list of the priorities, and then assign them values of (H)igh, (M)edium and (L)ow. 4. TESTING TYPES Once you are aware of the priorities, focus on the High first, then Medium, and finally evaluate whether the Low ones need immediate attention. Based on this, you need to select those Testing Types that will provide coverage for your priorities. Example of testing types: - Functional Testing - Integration Testing - System Testing - System-to-System Testing (for testing interfaces)

- Regression Testing - Load Testing - Performance Testing - Stress Testing Etc. 5. WRITE A TEST PLAN Once you have determined your needs, the simplest way to document and implement your process is to elaborate a "Test Plan" for every effort that you are engaged into (i.e.: for every release). For this you can use generic Test Plan templates available in the web that will help you brainstorm and define the scope of your testing: - Scope of Testing (defects, functionality, and what will be and will not be tested). - Testing Types (Functional, Regression, etc). - Responsible people - Requirements tractability matrix (match test cases with requirements to ensure coverage) - Defect tracking - Test Cases DURING AND POST-TESTING ACTIVITIES Make sure you keep track of the completion of your testing activities, the defects found, and that you comply with an exit criteria prior to moving to the next stage in testing (i.e. User Acceptance Testing, then Production Release). Make sure you have a mechanism for: - Reporting - Test tracking

What is software testing? 1) Software testing is a process that identifies the correctness, completeness, and quality of software. Actually, testing cannot establish the correctness of software. It can find defects, but cannot prove there are no defects. 2) It is a systematic analysis of the software to see whether it has performed to specified requirements. What software testing does is to uncover errors however it does not tell us that errors are still not present.

Any recommendation for estimation how many bugs the customer will find till gold release?

Answer1: If you take the total number of bugs in the application and subtract the number of bugs you found, the difference will be the maximum number of bugs the customer can find. Seriously, I doubt you will find any sort of calculations or formula that can answer your question with much accuracy. If you could reference a previous application

release, it might give you a rough idea. The best thing to do is insure your test coverage is as good as you can make it then hope you've found the ones the customer might find. Remember Software testing is Risk Management! Answer2: For doing estimation : 1.)Find out the Coverage during testing of your software and then estimate keeping in mind 80-20 principle. 2.)You can also look at the deepening of your test cases e.g. how much unit level testing and how much life cycle testing have you performed (Believe that most of the bugs from customer comes due to real use of lifecycle in the software) 3.)You can also refer the defect density from earlier releases of the same product line. by doing these evaluation you can find out the probability of bugs at an approximately optimum estimation. Answer3: You can look at the customer issues mapping from previous release (If you have the same product line) to the current release ,This is the best way of finding estimation for gold release of migration of any product.Secondly, till gold release most of the issues comes from various combination of installation testing like cross-platform,i18 issues,Customization,upgradation and migration. So ,these can be taken as a parameter and then can estimation be completed.

When the build comes to the QA team, what are the parameters to be taken for consideration to reject the build upfront without committing for testing ?

Answer1: Agree with R&D a set of tests that if one fails you can reject the build. I usually have some build verification tests that just make sure the build is stable and the major functionality is working. Then if one test fails you can reject the build. Answer2: The only way to legitimately reject a build is if the entrance criteria have not been met. That means that the entrance criteria to the test phase have been defined and agreed upon up front. This should be standard for all builds for all products. Entrance criteria could include: - Turn-over documentation is complete - All unit testing has been successfully completed and U/T cases are documented in turn-over - All expected software components have been turned-over (staged) - All walkthroughs and inspections are complete - Change requests have been updated to correct status

- Configuration Management and build information is provided, and correct, in turn-over The only way we could really reject a build without any testing, would be a failure of the turn-over procedure. There may, but shouldn't be, politics involved. The only way the test phase can proceed is for the test team to have all components required to perform successful testing. You will have to define entrance (and exit) criteria for each phase of the SDLC. This is an effort to be taken together by the whole development team. Developments entrance criteria would include signed requirements, HLD doc, etc. Having this criteria pre-established sets everyone up for success Answer3: The primary reason to reject a build is that it is untreatable, or if the testing would be considered invalid. For example, suppose someone gave you a "bad build" in which several of the wrong files had been loaded. Once you know it contains the wrong versions, most groups think there is no point continuing testing of that build. Every reason for rejecting a build beyond this is reached by agreement. For example, if you set a build verification test and the program fails it, the agreement in your company might be to reject the program from testing. Some BVTs are designed to include relatively few tests, and those of core functionality. Failure of any of these tests might reflect fundamental instability. However, several test groups include a lot of additional tests, and failure of these might not be grounds for rejecting a build. In some companies, there are firm entry criteria to testing. Many companies pay lipservice to entry criteria but start testing the code whether the entry criteria are met or not. Neither of these is right or wrong--it's the culture of the company. Be sure of your corporate culture before rejecting a build. Answer4: Generally a company would have set some sort of minimum goals/criteria that a build needs to satisfy - if it satisfies this - it can be accepted else it has to be rejected For e.g.. Nil - high priority bugs 2 - Medium Priority bugs Sanity test or Minimum acceptance and Basic acceptance should pass The reasons for the new build - say a change to a specific case - this should pass Not able to proceed - non - testability or even some more which is in relation to the new build or the product If the above criterias don't pass then the build could be rejected.

What is software testing? Software testing is more than just error detection; Testing software is operating the software under controlled conditions, to (1) verify that it behaves “as specified”; (2) to detect errors, and (3) to validate that what has been specified is what the user actually wanted. Verification is the checking or testing of items, including software, for conformance and consistency by evaluating the results against pre-specified

requirements. [Verification: Are we building the system right?] Error Detection: Testing should intentionally attempt to make things go wrong to determine if things happen when they shouldn’t or things don’t happen when they should. Validation looks at the system correctness – i.e. is the process of checking that what has been specified is what the user actually wanted. [Validation: Are we building the right system?] In other words, validation checks to see if we are building what the customer wants/needs, and verification checks to see if we are building that system correctly. Both verification and validation are necessary, but different components of any testing activity. The definition of testing according to the ANSI/IEEE 1059 standard is that testing is the process of analyzing a software item to detect the differences between existing and required conditions (that is defects/errors/bugs) and to evaluate the features of the software item. Remember: The purpose of testing is verification, validation and error detection in order to find problems – and the purpose of finding those problems is to get them fixed.

What is the testing lifecycle? There is no standard, but it consists of: Test Planning (Test Strategy, Test Plan(s), Test Bed Creation) Test Development (Test Procedures, Test Scenarios, Test Cases) Test Execution Result Analysis (compare Expected to Actual results) Defect Tracking Reporting

How to validate data? I assume that you are doing ETL (extract, transform, load) and cleaning. If my assumption is correct then 1. you are building data warehouse/ data mining 2. you ask right question to wrong place

What is quality? Quality software is software that is reasonably bug-free, delivered on time and within budget, meets requirements and expectations and is maintainable. However, quality is a subjective term. Quality depends on who the customer is and their overall influence in the scheme of things. Customers of a software development project include end-users, customer acceptance test engineers, testers, customer contract officers, customer management, the development organization's management, test engineers, testers, salespeople, software engineers, stockholders and accountants. Each type of customer will have his or

her own slant on quality. The accounting department might define quality in terms of profits, while an end-user might define quality as user friendly and bug free.

What is Benchmark? How it is linked with SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle)? or SDLC and Benchmark are two unrelated things.? What are the components of Benchmark? In Software Testing where Benchmark fits in? A Benchmark is a standard to measure against. If you benchmark an application, all future application changes will be tested and compared against the benchmarked application.

Which of the following Statements about generating test cases is false? 1. Test cases may contain multiple valid conditions 2. Test cases may contain multiple invalid conditions 3. Test cases may contain both valid and invalid conditions 4. Test cases may contain more than 1 step. 5. test cases should contain Expected results.

Answer1: all the conditions mentioned are valid and not a single condition can be stated as false. Here I think, the condition means the input type or situation (some may call it as valid or invalid, positive or negative) Also a single test case can contain both the input types and then the final result can be verified (it obviously should not bring the required result, as one of the input condition is invalid, when the test case would be executed), this usually happens while writing scenario based test cases. For ex. Consider web based registration form, in which input data type for some fields are positive and for some fields it is negative (in a scenario based test case) Above screen can be tested by generating various scenario's and combinations. The final result can be verified against actual result and the registration should not be carried out successfully (as one/some input types are invalid), when this test case is executed. The writing of test case also depends upon the no. of descriptive fields the tester has in the test case template. So more elaborative is the test case template, more is the ease of writing test cases and generating scenario's. So writing of test cases totally depends on the indepth thinking of the tester and there are no predefined or hard coded norms for writing test case. This is according to my understanding of testing and test case writing knowledge (as for many applications, I have written many positive and negative conditions in a single test case and verified different scenario's by generating such test cases) Answer2:

The answer to this question will be 3 Test cases may contain both valid and invalid conditions. Since there is no restriction for the test case to be of multiple steps or more than one valid or invalid conditions. But A test case whether it is feature ,unit level or end to end test case ,it can not contain both valid and invalid condition in a unit test case. Because if this will happen then the concept of test case for a result will be dwindled and hence has no meaning.

What is “Quality Assurance”? “Quality Assurance” measures the quality of processes used to create a quality product. Software Quality Assurance (‘SQA’ or ‘QA’) is the process of monitoring and improving all activities associated with software development, from requirements gathering, design and reviews to coding, testing and implementation. It involves the entire software development process - monitoring and improving the process, making sure that any agreed-upon standards and procedures are followed, and ensuring that problems are found and dealt with, at the earliest possible stage. Unlike testing, which is mainly a ‘detection’ process, QA is ‘preventative’ in that it aims to ensure quality in the methods & processes – and therefore reduce the prevalence of errors in the software. Organizations vary considerably in how they assign responsibility for QA and testing. Sometimes they’re the combined responsibility of one group or individual. Also common are project teams that include a mix of testers and developers who work closely together, with overall QA processes monitored by project managers or quality managers.

Quality Assurance and Software Development Quality Assurance and development of a product are parallel activities. Complete QA includes reviews of the development methods and standards, reviews of all the documentation (not just for standardization but for verification and clarity of the contents also). Overall Quality Assurance processes also include code validation. A note about quality assurance: The role of quality assurance is a superset of testing. Its mission is to help minimize the risk of project failure. QA people aim to understand the causes of project failure (which includes software errors as an aspect) and help the team prevent, detect, and correct the problems. Often test teams are referred to as QA Teams, perhaps acknowledging that testers should consider broader QA issues as well as testing.

Which things to consider to test a mobile application through black box technique?

Answer1: Not sure how your device/server is to operate, so mold these ideas to fit your app. Some highlights are: Range testing: Ensure that you can reconnect when leaving and returning back into range. Port/IP/firewall testing - change ports and ips to ensure that you can connect and disconnect. modify the firewall to shutoff the connection. Multiple devices - make sure that a user receives his messages with other devices connected to the same ip/port. Your app should have a method to determine which device/user sent the message and only return to it. Should be in the message string sent and received. Unless you have conferencing capabilities within the application. Cycle the power of the server and watch the mobile unit reconnect automatically. Mobile unit sends a message and then power off the unit, when powering back on and reconnecting, ensure that the message is returned to the mobile unit. Answer2: Not clearly mentioned which area of the mobile application you are testing with. Whether is it simple SMS application or WAP application, you need to specify more details.If you are working with WAP then you can download simulators from net and start testing over it.

What is the general testing process? The general testing process is the creation of a test strategy (which sometimes includes the creation of test cases), creation of a test plan/design (which usually includes test cases and test procedures) and the execution of tests. Test data are inputs that have been devised to test the system Test Cases are inputs and outputs specification plus a statement of the function under the test. Test data can be generated automatically (simulated) or real (live). The stages in the testing process are as follows: 1. Unit testing: (Code Oriented) Individual components are tested to ensure that they operate correctly. Each component is tested independently, without other system components. 2. Module testing: A module is a collection of dependent components such as an object class, an abstract data type or some looser collection of procedures and functions. A module encapsulates related components so it can be tested without other system modules. 3. Sub-system testing: (Integration Testing) (Design Oriented) This phase involves testing collections of modules, which have been integrated into sub-systems. Sub-systems may be independently designed and implemented. The most common problems, which arise in large software systems, are sub-

systems interface mismatches. The sub-system test process should therefore concentrate on the detection of interface errors by rigorously exercising these interfaces. 4. System testing: The sub-systems are integrated to make up the entire system. The testing process is concerned with finding errors that result from unanticipated interactions between sub-systems and system components. It is also concerned with validating that the system meets its functional and non-functional requirements. 5. Acceptance testing: This is the final stage in the testing process before the system is accepted for operational use. The system is tested with data supplied by the system client rather than simulated test data. Acceptance testing may reveal errors and omissions in the systems requirements definition( user - oriented) because real data exercises the system in different ways from the test data. Acceptance testing may also reveal requirement problems where the system facilities do not really meet the users needs (functional) or the system performance (non-functional) is unacceptable. Acceptance testing is sometimes called alpha testing. Bespoke systems are developed for a single client. The alpha testing process continues until the system developer and the client agrees that the delivered system is an acceptable implementation of the system requirements. When a system is to be marketed as a software product, a testing process called beta testing is often used. Beta testing involves delivering a system to a number of potential customers who agree to use that system. They report problems to the system developers. This exposes the product to real use and detects errors that may not have been anticipated by the system builders. After this feedback, the system is modified and either released fur further beta testing or for general sale.

What's normal practices of the QA specialists with perspective of software? These are the normal practices of the QA specialists with perspective of software [note: these are all QC activities, not QA activities.] 1-Desgin Review Meetings with the System Analyst and If possible should be the part in Requirement gathering 2-Analysing the requirements and the design and to trace the design with respect to the requirements 3-Test Planning 4-Test Case Identification using different techniques (With respect to the Web Based Application and Desktop Applications) 5-Test Case Writing (This part is to be assigned to the testing engineers) 6-Test Case Execution (This part is to be assigned to the testing engineers) 7-Bug Reporting (This part is to be assigned to the testing engineers) 8-Bug Review and their Analysis so that future bus can be removed by designing

some standards

From low-level to high level (Testing in Stages) Except for small programs, systems should not be tested as a single unit. Large systems are built out of sub-systems, which are built out of modules that are composed of procedures and functions. The testing process should therefore proceed in stages where testing is carried out incrementally in conjunction with system implementation.

The most widely used testing process consists of five stages

Unit Testing Component testing Module Testing

Subsystem Testing

Verification (Process Oriented)

White Box Testing Techniques (Tests that are derived from knowledge of the program's structure and implementation)

Validation (Product Oriented)

Black Box Testing Techniques (Tests are derived from the program specification)

Integrated testing System Testing

User testing

Acceptance Testing

However, as defects are discovered at any one stage, they require program modifications to correct them and this may require other stages in the testing process to be repeated. Errors in program components, say may come to light at a later stage of the testing process. The process is therefore an iterative one with information being

fed back from later stages to earlier parts of the process.

How to test and to get the difference between two images which is in the same window?

Answer1: How are you doing your comparison? If you are doing it manually, then you should be able to see any major differences. If you are using an automated tool, then there is usually a comparison facility in the tool to do that. Answer2: Jasper Software is an open-source utility which can be compiled into C++ and has a imgcmp function which compares JPEG files in very good detail as long as they have the same dimensions and number of components. Answer3: Rational has a comparison tool that may be used. I'm sure Mercury has the same tool. Answer4: The key question is whether we need a bit-by-bit exact comparison, which the current tools are good at, or an equivalency comparison. What differences between these images are not differences? Near-match comparison has been the subject of a lot of research in printer testing, including an M.Sc. thesis at Florida Tech. It's a tough problem.