Social Engineering Fundamentals

Social Engineering Fundamentals, Part I: Hacker Tactics Sarah Granger 2001-12-18

References Ameritech Consumer Information “Social Engineering Fraud,” http://www.ameritech.com/content/0,3086,92,00.html Anonymous “Social engineering: examples and countermeasures from the real-world,” Computer Security Institute http://www.gocsi.com/soceng.htm Arthurs, Wendy: “A Proactive Defence to Social Engineering,” SANS Institute, August 2, 2001. http://www.sans.org/infosecFAQ/social/defence.htm Berg, Al: “Al Berg Cracking a Social Engineer,” by, LAN Times Nov. 6, 1995. http://packetstorm.decepticons.org/docs/social-engineering/soc_eng2.html Bernz 1: “Bernz’s Social Engineering Intro Page” http://packetstorm.decepticons.org/docs/social-engineering/socintro.html Bernz 2: “The complete Social Engineering FAQ!” http://packetstorm.decepticons.org/docs/social-engineering/socialen.txt Harl “People Hacking: The Psychology of Social Engineering” Text of Harl’s Talk at Access All Areas III, March 7, 1997. http://packetstorm.decepticons.org/docs/social-engineering/aaatalk.html Mitnick, Kevin: “My first RSA Conference,” SecurityFocus, April 30, 2001 http://www.securityfocus.com/news/199 Orr, Chris “Social Engineering: A Backdoor to the Vault,”, SANS Institute, September 5, 2000 http://www.sans.org/infosecFAQ/social/backdoor.htm Palumbo, John “Social Engineering: What is it, why is so little said about it and what can be done?”, SANS Institute, July 26, 2000 http://www.sans.org/infosecFAQ/social/social.htm Stevens, George: “Enhancing Defenses Against Social Engineering” SANS Institute, March 26, 2001 http://www.sans.org/infosecFAQ/social/defense_social.htm Tims, Rick “Social Engineering: Policies and Education a Must” SANS Institute, February 16, 2001 http://www.sans.org/infosecFAQ/social/policies.htm Verizon “PBX Social Engineering Scam” 2000 http://www.bellatlantic.com/security/fraud/pbx_scam.htm VIGILANTe “Social Engineering” 2001 http://www.vigilante.com/inetsecurity/socialengineering.htm

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Social engineering (security) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search This article is about manipulation of individuals. For social engineering in terms of influencing popular behavior, see Social engineering (political science). Social engineering is the act of manipulating people into performing actions or divulging confidential information. While similar to a confidence trick or simple fraud, the term typically applies to trickery or deception for the purpose of information gathering, fraud, or computer system access; in most cases the attacker never comes face-to-face with the victim.

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1 Social engineering techniques and terms o 1.1 Pretexting o 1.2 Phishing  1.2.1 IVR or phone phishing  1.2.2 Baiting o 1.3 Quid pro quo o 1.4 Other types 2 Notable social engineers o 2.1 Kevin Mitnick o 2.2 The Badir Brothers o 2.3 Others 3 United States law o 3.1 Pretexting of telephone records o 3.2 Federal legislation o 3.3 1st Source Information Specialists o 3.4 Hewlett Packard 4 In popular culture 5 See also

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6 References o 6.1 Notes o 6.2 Further reading

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7 External links

[edit] Social engineering techniques and terms All social engineering techniques are based on specific attributes of human decisionmaking known as cognitive biases.[1] These biases, sometimes called "bugs in the human hardware," are exploited in various combinations to create attack techniques, some of which are listed here:

[edit] Pretexting Pretexting' is the act of creating and using an invented scenario (the pretext) to persuade a targeted victim to release information or perform an action and is typically done over the telephone. It is more than a simple lie as it most often involves some prior research or set up and the use of pieces of known information (e.g. for impersonation: date of birth, Social Security Number, last bill amount) to establish legitimacy in the mind of the target. [2] This technique is often used to trick a business into disclosing customer information, and is used by private investigators to obtain telephone records, utility records, banking records and other information directly from junior company service representatives. The information can then be used to establish even greater legitimacy under tougher questioning with a manager (e.g., to make account changes, get specific balances, etc). As most U.S. companies still authenticate a client by asking only for a Social Security Number, date of birth, or mother's maiden name, the method is effective in many situations and will likely continue to be a security problem in the future. Pretexting can also be used to impersonate co-workers, police, bank, tax authorities, or insurance investigators — or any other individual who could have perceived authority or right-to-know in the mind of the targeted victim. The pretexter must simply prepare answers to questions that might be asked by the victim. In some cases all that is needed is a voice that sounds authoritative, an earnest tone, and an ability to think on one's feet.

[edit] Phishing Main article: Phishing Phishing is a technique of fraudulently obtaining private information. Typically, the phisher sends an e-mail that appears to come from a legitimate business—a bank, or credit card company—requesting "verification" of information and warning of some dire

consequence if it is not provided. The e-mail usually contains a link to a fraudulent web page that seems legitimate—with company logos and content—and has a form requesting everything from a home address to an ATM card's PIN. For example, 2003 saw the proliferation of a phishing scam in which users received emails supposedly from eBay claiming that the user’s account was about to be suspended unless a link provided was clicked to update a credit card (information that the genuine eBay already had). Because it is relatively simple to make a Web site resemble a legitimate organization's site by mimicking the HTML code, the scam counted on people being tricked into thinking they were being contacted by eBay and subsequently, were going to eBay’s site to update their account information. By spamming large groups of people, the “phisher” counted on the e-mail being read by a percentage of people who already had listed credit card numbers with eBay legitimately, who might respond. [edit] IVR or phone phishing This technique uses a rogue Interactive voice response (IVR) system to recreate a legitimate sounding copy of a bank or other institution's IVR system. The victim is prompted (typically via a phishing e-mail) to call in to the "bank" via a (ideally toll free) number provided in order to "verify" information. A typical system will reject log-ins continually, ensuring the victim enters PINs or passwords multiple times, often disclosing several different passwords. More advanced systems transfer the victim to the attacker posing as a customer service agent for further questioning. One could even record the typical commands ("Press one to change your password, press two to speak to customer service" ...) and play back the direction manually in real time, giving the appearance of being an IVR without the expense. The technical name for phone phishing, is vishing. [edit] Baiting Baiting is like the real-world Trojan Horse that uses physical media and relies on the curiosity or greed of the victim.[3] In this attack, the attacker leaves a malware infected floppy disk, CD ROM, or USB flash drive in a location sure to be found (bathroom, elevator, sidewalk, parking lot), gives it a legitimate looking and curiosity-piquing label, and simply waits for the victim to use the device. For example, an attacker might create a disk featuring a corporate logo, readily available off the target's web site, and write "Executive Salary Summary Q2 2009" on the front. The attacker would then leave the disk on the floor of an elevator or somewhere in the lobby of the targeted company. An unknowing employee might find it and subsequently insert the disk into a computer to satisfy their curiosity, or a good samaritan might find it and turn it in to the company.

In either case as a consequence of merely inserting the disk into a computer to see the contents, the user would unknowingly install malware on it, likely giving an attacker unfettered access to the victim's PC and perhaps, the targeted company's internal computer network. Unless computer controls block the infection, PCs set to "auto-run" inserted media may be compromised as soon as a rogue disk is inserted.

[edit] Quid pro quo Quid pro quo means something for something: •

An attacker calls random numbers at a company claiming to be calling back from technical support. Eventually they will hit someone with a legitimate problem, grateful that someone is calling back to help them. The attacker will "help" solve the problem and in the process have the user type commands that give the attacker access or launch malware.

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In a 2003 information security survey, 90% of office workers gave researchers what they claimed was their password in answer to a survey question in exchange for a cheap pen.[4] Similar surveys in later years obtained similar results using chocolates and other cheap lures, although they made no attempt to validate the passwords.[5]

[edit] Other types Common confidence tricksters or fraudsters also could be considered "social engineers" in the wider sense, in that they deliberately deceive and manipulate people, exploiting human weaknesses to obtain personal benefit. They may, for example, use social engineering techniques as part of an IT fraud. The latest type of social engineering techniques include spoofing or hacking IDs of people having popular e-mail IDs such as Yahoo, Gmail, Hotmail, etc. Among the many motivations for deception are: • •

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Phishing credit-card account numbers and their passwords. Hacking private e-mails and chat histories, and manipulating them by using common editing techniques before using them to extort money and creating distrust among individuals. Hacking websites of companies or organizations and destroying their reputation.

[edit] Notable social engineers [edit] Kevin Mitnick

Reformed computer criminal and later, security consultant Kevin Mitnick popularized the term 'social engineering', pointing out that it is much easier to trick someone into giving a password for a system than to spend the effort to hack into the system.[6] He claims it was the single most effective method in his arsenal.

[edit] The Badir Brothers Ramy, Muzher, and Shadde Badir - brothers, all of whom were blind from birth, managed to set up an extensive phone and computer fraud scheme in Israel in the 1990s using social engineering, voice impersonation, and Braille-display computers.[7]

[edit] Others Other noted social engineers include Frank Abagnale, Dave Buchwald, David Bannon, Peter Foster, Stanley Mark Rifkin and Steven Jay Russell.

[edit] United States law The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. In common law, pretexting is an invasion of privacy tort of appropriation.[8]

[edit] Pretexting of telephone records In December 2006, United States Congress approved a Senate sponsored bill making the pretexting of telephone records a federal felony with fines of up to $250,000 and ten years in prison for individuals (or fines of up to $500,000 for companies). It was signed by president George W. Bush on January 12, 2007.[9]

[edit] Federal legislation The 1999 "GLBA" is a U.S. Federal law that specifically addresses pretexting of banking records as an illegal act punishable under federal statutes. When a business entity such as a private investigator, SIU insurance investigator, or an adjuster conducts any type of deception, it falls under the authority of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). This federal agency has the obligation and authority to ensure that consumers are not subjected to any unfair or deceptive business practices. US Federal Trade Commission Act, Section 5 of the FTCA states, in part: "Whenever the Commission shall have reason to believe that any such person, partnership, or corporation has been or is using any unfair method of competition or unfair or deceptive act or practice in or affecting commerce, and if it shall appear to the Commission that a proceeding by it in respect thereof would be to the interest of the public, it shall issue and serve upon such person, partnership, or corporation a complaint stating its charges in that respect."

The statute states that when someone obtains any personal, non-public information from a financial institution or the consumer, their action is subject to the statute. It relates to the consumer's relationship with the financial institution. For example, a pretexter using false pretenses either to get a consumer's address from the consumer's bank, or to get a consumer to disclose the name of his or her bank, would be covered. The determining principle is that pretexting only occurs when information is obtained through false pretenses. While the sale of cell telephone records has gained significant media attention, and telecommunications records are the focus of the two bills currently before the United States Senate, many other types of private records are being bought and sold in the public market. Alongside many advertisements for cell phone records, wireline records and the records associated with calling cards are advertised. As individuals shift to VoIP telephones, it is safe to assume that those records will be offered for sale as well. Currently, it is legal to sell telephone records, but illegal to obtain them.[10]

[edit] 1st Source Information Specialists U.S. Rep. Fred Upton (R-Kalamazoo, Michigan), chairman of the Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet, expressed concern over the easy access to personal cell phone records on the Internet during Wednesday's E&C Committee hearing on "Phone Records For Sale: Why Aren't Phone Records Safe From Pretexting?" Illinois became the first state to sue an online records broker when Attorney General Lisa Madigan sued 1st Source Information Specialists, Inc., on 20 January, a spokeswoman for Madigan's office said. The Florida-based company operates several Web sites that sell cell telephone records, according to a copy of the suit. The attorneys general of Florida and Missouri quickly followed Madigan's lead, filing suit on 24 January and 30 January, respectively, against 1st Source Information Specialists and, in Missouri's case, one other records broker - First Data Solutions, Inc. Several wireless providers, including T-Mobile, Verizon, and Cingular filed earlier lawsuits against records brokers, with Cingular winning an injunction against First Data Solutions and 1st Source Information Specialists on January 13. U.S. Senator Charles Schumer (D-New York) introduced legislation in February 2006 aimed at curbing the practice. The Consumer Telephone Records Protection Act of 2006 would create felony criminal penalties for stealing and selling the records of mobile phone, landline, and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) subscribers.

[edit] Hewlett Packard Patricia Dunn, former chairman of Hewlett Packard, reported that the HP board hired a private investigation company to delve into who was responsible for leaks within the board. Dunn acknowledged that this company used the practice of pretexting to solicit the telephone records of board members and journalists. Chairman Dunn later apologized for this act and offered to step down from the board if it was desired by board members.[11]

Unlike Federal law, California law specifically forbids such pretexting. The four felony charges brought on Dunn were dismissed[12].

[edit] In popular culture •

In the film Hackers, the protagonist used a form of social engineering, where the main character accessed a TV network's control system by telephoning the security guard for the telephone number to the station's modem, posing as an important executive. Although the film is not highly accurate, the particular method demonstrates the power of social engineering when applied to criminal behavior.

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In Jeffrey Deaver's book The Blue Nowhere, social engineering to obtain confidential information is one of the methods used by the killer, Phate, to get close to his victims.

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In the movie Live Free or Die Hard, Justin Long is seen pretexting that his father is dying from a heart attack to have a BMW Assist representative start what will become a stolen car.

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In the movie Sneakers, one of the characters poses as a low level security guard's superior in order to convince him that a security breach is just a false alarm.

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In the movie The Thomas Crown Affair, one of the characters poses over the telephone as a museum guard's superior in order to move the guard away from his post.

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In the James Bond movie Diamonds Are Forever, Bond is seen gaining entry to the Whyte laboratory with a then-state-of-the-art card-access lock system by "tailgating". He merely waits for an employee to come to open the door, then posing himself as a rookie at the lab, fakes inserting a non-existent card while the door is unlocked for him by the employee.

[edit] See also • • • • • • •

Phishing Confidence trick Certified Social Engineering Prevention Specialist (CSEPS) Media pranks, which often use similar tactics (though usually not for criminal purposes) Physical information security Vishing SMiShing

[edit] References [edit] Notes 1. ^ Mitnick, K: "CSEPS Course Workbook" (2004), unit 3, Mitnick Security Publishing. 2. ^ "Pretexting: Your Personal Information Revealed," Federal Trade Commission 3. ^ http://www.darkreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=95556&WT.svl=column1_1 4. ^ Office workers give away passwords 5. ^ Passwords revealed by sweet deal 6. ^ Mitnick, K: "CSEPS Course Workbook" (2004), p. 4, Mitnick Security Publishing. 7. ^ http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.02/phreaks.html 8. ^ Restatement 2d of Torts § 652C. 9. ^ Congress outlaws pretexting, Eric Bangeman, 12/11/2006 11:01:01, Ars Technica 10. ^ Mitnick, K (2002): "The Art of Deception", p. 103 Wiley Publishing Ltd: Indianapolis, Indiana; United States of America. ISBN 0-471-23712-4

11. ^ HP chairman: Use of pretexting 'embarrassing' Stephen Shankland, 2006-09-08 1:08 PM PDT CNET News.com 12. ^ Calif. court drops charges against Dunn

[edit] Further reading • • •

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Boyington, Gregory. (1990). Baa Baa Black Sheep Published by Bantam Books ISBN 0-553-26350-1 Leyden, John. April 18, 2003. Office workers give away passwords for a cheap pen. The Register. Retrieved 2004-09-09. Long, Johnny. (2008). No Tech Hacking - A Guide to Social Engeering, Dumpster Diving, and Shoulder Surfing Published by Syngress Publishing Inc. ISBN 978-159749-215-7 Mann, Ian. (2008). Hacking the Human: Social Engineering Techniques and Security Countermeasures Published by Gower Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0566087731 or ISBN 978-0-566-08773-8 Mitnick, Kevin, Kasperavičius, Alexis. (2004). CSEPS Course Workbook. Mitnick Security Publishing. Mitnick, Kevin, Simon, William L., Wozniak, Steve,. (2002). The Art of Deception: Controlling the Human Element of Security Published by Wiley. ISBN 0-471-23712-4 or ISBN 0-764-54280-X

[edit] External links • • •

Social Engineering Fundamentals - Securityfocus.com. Retrieved on August 3rd, 2009. Social Engineering, the USB Way - DarkReading.com. Retrieved on July 7th, 2006. Should Social Engineering be a part of Penetration Testing? - Darknet.org.uk. Retrieved on August 3rd, 2009.

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"Protecting Consumers' Phone Records" - US Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Retrieved on February 8th, 2006. Plotkin, Hal. Memo to the Press: Pretexting is Already Illegal. Retrived on September 9th, 2006. Striptease for passwords - MSNBC.MSN.com. Retrieved on November 1st, 2007.

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