Smrutichitre- Parishishte

November 2019
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[naoeÔ>| AZwH´$_oUH$m A.H´$

‡H$aUmM{ Zmd

[•> H´$.

[naoeÔ> EH$ ï

ÒdmJVm‹`jr` ^mfU

587 V{ 597

[naoeÔ> Xm{Z ï

A‹`jr` ^mfU

598 V{ 617

[naoeÔ> VrZ ï

VmÀ`mgmh{] H$m{ÎhQ>H$amß¿`m AmR>dUr

618 V{ 622

[naoeÔ> Mma ï

Hw$gw_mJ´OmßMr H$Î[Zm

623 V{ 628

[naoeÔ> [mßM ï

‡[yaH|

629

‡[yaH$ [ohb| ï H$mht KQ>Zm H$mht [°bw

630 V{ 639

‡[yaH$ Xwga| ï Q>r[m

640 V{ 660

‡[yaH$ oVga| ï Am{iI

661 V{ 699

‡[yaH$ Mm°W| ï b˙_rZmam`Umßgß]ßYr AmUIr Wm|S>{g|

700 V{ 733

[naoeÔ> ghm ï

H$Yt ? ... H$m` KS>b| ?... H$m` H{$b| ?...

734 V{ 739

[naoeÔ> AmR> ï

b˙_r]mB© oQ>iH$ ï Ï`o∫$ AmoU gmohÀ` ñ oZdS>H$ gßX^©

740 V{ 752

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 586$&&

[naoeÔ>-1 ZmerH$ `{W| 16 gﬂQ>|]a 1933 am{Ot S>m∞. _mYdamd [Q>dY©Z `mß¿`m A‹`jV{Imcr H$odgß_{cZ Pmc|, À`m ‡gßJtM| c˙_r]mB™M{

ÒdmJVm‹`jr` ^mfU o‡` ]›Yw^oJZtZm{, AmO Am[U `{W| H$emgmR>t O_cm| Amhm| h{ gdm™Zm odoXV Amh{M. AmO `{W| H$od d aogH$ `mßMm Jm{S> gßJ_ Pmcm Amh{. ¯m [w `[d©UrH$aVmß Am[U `{W| EH$Ã O_cm| Amhm|. [wÓH$imßZm hm cm^ [ydv o_imcm Ag{c. [U _mPm hm [ohcmM ‡gßJ Amh{. ¯m [d©UtV `{Wrc H$mßht dmç`‡{_r H$od d aogH$OZ `ßmZrß _cm o]Jmar Ynac| Amh|. o]JmË`mM{ H$m_ H$m` AgUma ? _mcmM{ ]m{O{ AÒVmÏ`ÒV Q>mH$md`mM{. V{ ]m{O{ Ï`dpÒWV[U| cmdU| MVwa H$mamoJamM| H$m_ Amh{. ¯m _ßS>irZ| _cm H$mß oZdS>c| `mM| H$maU _cm H$iV Zmht. `{W| _m¬`mhˇZ l{> Ag{ ]ßYw^oJZrdJm™V kmV{ AmoU d∫{$ oH$VrVar Amh{V. _cm dmQ>V|, À`mßZt _m¬`m hmcÀ`m _mZ{H$S>{ [mhˇZ _cm hm PwcVm _mZ oXcm Ag{c. H$odaogH$mßM| ÒdmJV H$aU`mM| H$m_ H$cm oXc| Amh{, ÂhUyZ Am[Umß gdm™M| ¯m _ßS>ir¿`m dVtZ| _r _Zï[yd©H$ ÒdmJV H$naV|ó Am[U Amcmß ]a| Ohmc|, _›_Z [mhwoZ Ymc| ! H$odaogH$mßM| ÒdmJV H$a `m gagmdwoZ _r Amc| ! Ia| gmßJV|, _cm ¯mßVc| kmZ _wir V| Zmht; MwH{$Z V{W| j_moh H$naoVc ^oJZr _mP{ ^mB© $&& c{IH$ Agm{ qH$dm H$od Agm{, Vm{ g•oÔ>gm¢X`© d _mZdr OrodV `mßM| [yU©[U| oZarjU H$naVm|. À`m¿`m g^m|dma O{ dmVmdaU AgV| V| Vm{ Am[Î`m ˆX`mßV gmßR>odVm{ d À`met Vm{ g_ag hm{Vm{. ZßVa odMma, H$b[Zm d ^mdZm ht [na[∑d hm{D$Z e„XÍ$[mZ| ‡oVq]o]V hm{VmV À`mcm Am[U H$mÏ` ÂhUVm|.

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 587$&&

H$mÏ` Xm{Z ‡H$maM| Amh{. EH$ AÎ[m`w d Xwga| oMam`w. EImXr Ï`pŒH$ O›_mcm `{V{, ZrQ>Z{Q>H$m gßgma WmQ>V{ d EH$ oXdg Vr _Í$Z OmV{. Vg|M h| _•V H$mÏ` hm{`. ¯mßV Jm`Z, dmXZ, ZV©Z ¯m H$cm Oar Am{V‡m{V ^aÎ`m AgÎ`m Var À`mßV Am{OpÒdVm ZgV{. ¡`mßV ‡mU Zmht Ag| H$mÏ` AÎ[m`w. H$drMm ÒdmZw^d d À`m¿`m ^m|dVmcMr [napÒWoV À`m¿`m H$mÏ`mMm [na[m{f H$naVmV. À`m¿`m dmVmdaUmßV Amd{e Ag{c. V| [odÃ Ag{c Va Vt H$dret gßcΩZ hmD$Z H$mÏ`Í$[mZ| ‡oVq]o]V hm{VmV. dmVmdaUmßV [odÕ`, em°`© Zg{c Va V| H$mÏ`mßV H$g| `{Uma ? dmVmdaUmßV B©úar gmp›Z‹`, Y_©MMm©, H$mÏ`mMm D$hm[m{h, X{emMr H$iH$i, ]ßYw‡{_, H$m`© H$a `mMm CÀgmh, og’mßVmßda MMm©, em°`© Ag{c Va h{ JwU Aem dmVmdaUmßVrc H$dt¿`m H$mÏ`mßV ‡oVq]o]V hm{VmV d À`mcmM Am[U oMam`w H$mÏ` ÂhUVm|. H$mÏ` ÂhUO{ g^m|dVmcMm OrdZH´$_ hm{`. H$od H$mim‡_mU| O›_mg `{Vm{. gw]Œm{¿`m d emßVr¿`m H$mimßV H$od Vg{M oZ_m©U Pmc{. ^∫$s¿`m H$mimßV H$od-^∫$ oZ_m©U Pmc{. À`m ^∫$_ßS>irMm d{T>m W{Q> [ßT>a[ya¿`m X{dimcm [S>cm. em°`m©¿`m H$mimßV em°`m©Mt H$mÏ`| oZ_m©U Pmct. hÑt ‡JVrMm H$mi Amh{. À`m‡_mU| gwYmaU{Mt H$mÏ`| hm{V Amh{V. AmO À`mM H$dtM| gß_{cZ Amh{. H{$di H$dtM| h| gß_{cZ ZÏh{, Va H$od d aogH$ `mßM{ h| gß_{cZ hm{`. H$maUó —Ô>rodZm —Ì` H$arc H$m` ? M°V›` O| À`modU aÂ` H$m` agkhm{ H$m` VwÂhmßodZm _r H$Íß$ OJt K{CZ H$mÏ` Zm_r ? —oÔ> Zmht Va —Ì` Zmht. M°V›` Zgc| Va gwßXa eara H$m` H$m_mM| ? agk Zgc{ Va H$od Am[cr gwßXa H$mÏ`| K{D$Z H$m` H$aUma ? [a_{úamZ| H$dr¿`m [wT>| hró "g•oÔ>gwßXar H$mÏ`Í$o[Ur H$od¿`m [wT>Vr R>{cr' H$dr[wT>| h| YmXmßV H$mÏ` oZ_m©U H{$c| Amh{. ZrcdU© AmH$me, M_H$Uma{ Vma{, oX[odUma{ Mß–-gy`©, YmßdUmam dmam, JS>JS>Umam _{K, M_H$Umar M[cm, df©Umam [O©›`, gﬂVaßJr YZwÓ`, Am[Î`m d°^dmZ| ZQy>Z JJZmcm ^{Xyß [mhUma{ oJna-_hmoJna, À`mß¿`m MaUmßOdi cm{iUmË`m Agßª` Xar, À`mßMm [nadma ÂhUO{ chmZ _m{R>Ám Q>{H$S>Ám, À`m_YyZ gigiUmar Om˘`mPwS>[| d JdV, À`mßV Òd°aJVrZ| gßMma H$aUma{ Agßª` d ZmZmodY dZ[ew, PwiPwi dmhUma{ Pa{, dH´$JVrZ| dmhUmË`m Z⁄m, Ym| Ym| AmdmO H$aUma{ Y]Y]{,

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 588$&&

JO©Zm H$aUmam gmJa, À`m¿`m AßV^m©Jr amhUma{ Agßª` OcMa, dmË`mda VaßJUma{ qdhJ, ZmMUma{ _m{a, Sw>cUmam ZmJ, PwcUmam JO, _{hZVr _wßJr, Jm{S> JmUmam H$m{H$si, \w$cmß\$imßZr Z_´ Pmc{Î`m dZcVm, C_cUmat \w$c| d H$_i|, JwßOmad H$aUmam ^´_a... H$dr¿`m —oÔ>j{[mßVyZ d c{IUr¿`m Q>m{H$mßVyZ H$m{UVm [XmW© _{Í$[d©Vm[mgyZ gmJam¿`m a{Vr[`™V-MwHy$Z amohcm Amh{ ? oZOudmcm gOrd H$aUma{ d gOrdmcm oZOud H$aUma{ Ag{ O{ V{ H$od hm{V.

Am_M{ ‡mMrZ H$od Am[Î`m g•oÔ>gm¢X`m©Mm C[^m{J K{Uma{, Hß$X_wi| ImD$Z [U©Hw$Q>tV amhUma{,X{dmM{ gmp›Z‹` H$Í$Z X{Uma{, AmoU Am[Î`m hmVmßV H$mÏ`^mßS>ma X{Uma{ h{ F$of, _hmF$of, h{ Am[c{ ‡mMrZ H$od hm{V. Ï`mg, dmoÎ_H$s, ewH$ BÀ`moXH$mßZt AR>am [wamU{ d BVa Y_©J´ßW oZ_m©U H{$c{. À`m H$mir gßÒH•$V ‡MocV AgÎ`m_wi| À`mßZr gßÒH•$VmßV J´ßWaMZm H{$cr. [wT>| ]h˛OZg_mOmMr ^mfm o^›Z PmÎ`m_wi{ ‡À`{H$mg `m J´ßWmßMm \$magm \$m`Xm hm{B©Zmgm Pmcm. ZßVa ^o∫$_mJ© oZ_m©U Pmcm. gßÒH•$VmßVyZ ‡mH•$VmßV AmUUma{ lr kmZ{úamßZ| ]wo’gm_œ`© gdm™Zm gmaI|M oXc| Amh{. [a_{úam¿`m oR>H$mUt OmVJm{V Zmht, AR>am[JS> OmVtVrc pÒÃ`m d [wÍ$f `mßZr ^o∫$[a H$mÏ`| oZ_m©U H{$ct, [a_{úamZ| ]wo’ dmQ>cr V{Ïhmß hm CÉ hm ZrM Agm ^{X À`mZ| H{$cm Zmht. VwH$mam_, am_Xmg, Zm_X{d, Jm{am Hwß$^ma, gmdVm _mir, gyaXmg, Mm{Im _{im, am{ohXmg Mmß^ma, BÀ`moX AZ{H$ OmVt¿`m [wÈf H$dtZr d H$do`oÃ OZm]mB©, _w∫$m]mB©, ]ohUm]mB© AmoU amOKam `mßVrc _ram]mB© `m pÒÃ`mßZr Agßª` cm{H$ ^pŒH$_mJm©cm cmodc{. H$dr_‹`| VrZ JwU AgVmV. Vm{ kmVm, XmVm d Z{Vm AgVm{. `m gßV_ßS>irZ{ H$mÏ` oZ_m©U H$Í$Z (XmVm) cm{H$mßZm ^o∫$_mJm©H$S>{ diodc| (Z{Vm). À`mZßVaM{ H$od lrYa, dm_Z[ßoS>V, _m{am{[ßV AmoU A_•Vam` `m H$dtZr gßÒH•$VmßVyZ _amR>tV H$mÏ` AmUyZ gm{oS>c| d H$mßht ÒdVßÃ _amR>r H$mÏ`|oh ocohct. À`m_wi| _amR>rMm ]amM \$m`Xm Pmcm. VwH$mam_ d am_Xmg h{ EH$mM d{ir oedmOt¿`m H$mimßV hm{D$Z J{c{. VwH$m{]mßMr dmUr ‡gmX[yU© d ‡oV^memcr Amh{. am_Xmg h{ _•Àg‘r d Y_m©o^_mZr hm{V{. [{edmB©V d [{edmB©¿`m AI{arg H$mßhr emhraó‡^mH$a, hm{ZmOr, gJZ^mD$, am_Om{er dJ°a{ oZ_m©U Pmc{. À`mßZr Am[cr H$m_oJar ]Omodcr. H$m]mS>H$Ô> H$aUmË`m d e{VH$m_mßV oXdg^a I[UmË`m cm{H$mß¿`m _Zmcm odlmßoV o_imdr, amÃr Xm{Z KQ>H$m H$a_UyH$ Ïhmdr hm ¯mß¿`m H$mÏ`mMm _yc C[`m{J hm{`. H$Q>md, cmd `m, Rw>ß]Ë`m AgÎ`m ‡H$maM{ H$mÏ` _ZwÓ`m¿`m _mZogH$ d emarnaH$ d WH$Ï`mMm [nahma H$naV|. H$mÏ`m¿`m `m C[`m{JmßM{ && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 589$&&

`edßV H$dtZr Am[Î`m "[mU[m{B©'V ""lm›V [m›Wm! ]mßYcr hr VyoP`mgmR>r gamB©'' Ag{ dU©Z H{$c{ Amh{. Am[Umßg ‡À`{H$mg _mhrV Amh{ H$s® _mZdr ‡mUr oH$Vroh XwïIr Agcm Var Vm{ H$mßhr JwUJwU H$arV AgVm{. _J JwUJwUcr OmUmar H$odVm ÒdVïMr Agm{ AJa XwgË`mMr Agm{. ‡À`{H$ _ZwÓ` H$od Amh{. Vm{ H$gm V{ Am[U [mhˇß. amdm[mgyZ Vm| aßH$m[`™V Wm{a-[m{a, ÒÃr[wÈf,ÂhUO{ AdKr _mZdOmV H$od Amh{. ¡`mMr Oer oZarjUeo∫$ Ag{c, À`m‡_mU{ À`mM{ H$mÏ` gag ]ZV{ß; _J Vm{ gmja Agm{ qH$dm oZaja Agm{. CXmhaUmW© H$mßht H$mÏ`‡H$ma Am[U [mhˇß ïó _m{Q>dmcm _m{Q> MmcodVmßZm Or JmUt JmVm{ Vt oH$Vr H$U©_Ywa dmQ>VmVmV ! AmoU Vr d{ioh oH$Vr ‡g›Z AgV{! ‡^mVH$mir ohadtJma e{V| gigiV AgVmßZm, MmH$mMm d H$ `mMm AmdmO E{Hyß$ `{V AgVmß, _m{Q>dmcm Am[Î`m ]°cmßg Wm{[odVm{ Vm{ ‡gßJ oH$Vr AÎhmXXm`H$ d V{ß H$mÏ`oh oH$Vr aÂ` Ag{c! KwßJyamMr Hß$R>r amOm-[aYmZm¿`m Jimß $&& o[H$dm VwÂht e{V|, [mIa| hm{Vr Jm{imß $&& h{ _m{Q>dmÎ`mM| JmU| ! oH$Vr amOm H$Um©gmaI| Am°Xm`© h| ! "VwÂhr _im o[H$dm, [mIa| Jm{im hm{Vrc' Ag| Vm{ ÂhUVm{. _mPmM Wmim ^Íß$ ⁄m Ag{ Vm{ ÂhUV Zmht. `m¿`m CcQ> h| JmU| ]Km "^cß a{ XmXm, C[Q> Om|Yim' V{ h| H$mÏ` Pmc| ! hr Am{i l_odZm{XZmgmR>t ÂhQ>c{cr Ag{c Ag| ÂhUm [mohO{ Va. AmVmß pÒÃ`m d H$mßht H$od `mßMt JmUt [mhˇ. _r _mJ| gmßoJVc|M Amh{ H$s® H$od kmVm, XmVm d Z{Vm AgVm{ ÂhUyZ. nÒÃ`mßMr JmUt [hmïó _mir hmßH$s _m{Q> _mirU Yar Xma $& Xm{Kmß¿`m odMmamZ| _im oXg{ ohadmJma $&& ¯m_‹`| oH$Vr CŒm_ oeH$dUyH$ Amh{ ! Vm{ _mir Am[Î`m _˘`mgmR>r X{hmMr [dm© Z H$aVmß C›hmßV I[Vm{. _mirU Xma| YaV{ d oVcm H$mßQ>ÁmoMIcmMr XmX ZgV{. Vr BH$S>Mm oMIc oVH$S>{ cmdV{. `mM{ß H$maU H$m` ? Am[cm _im dmT>mdm; `mdÍ$Z pÒÃ`mßgmR>t Agm ]m{Y oZKVm{ H$s® "]mB© VwPm Zdam [°g{ o_iodVm{. Vyß gßgmamcm O[. Am[Î`m ]mimßM{ gßJm{[Z H$a.' AmVmß da¿`mgmaI{ H$drM{ H$mÏ` [hm ïó o^›Z _yVu_oY oMŒm EH$ O{W| $& ^m{oJ XwïImV| AZw^dr gwImV| ! ÒdmW©H$[Q>mßMm c{e Zg{ O{W| $& OJr C[_m H$m{UVr À`m J•hmV| $? && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 590$&&

h{ pÒÃ`mßM{ OmÀ`mdaM{ Xwga{ JmU{ [hm ïó C›hm˘`mM{ C›h g[© VU{ VUm_‹`| $& c{H$sM| Zmht ]a| _m` Oi{ _Zm_‹`| ! `m Am{itet OwiUmË`m Jm{odXmJ´Omß¿`m Am{ir [hm ïó V| ˆX` H$g| AmB™M{ _r CJmM gmßJV Zmht $& O| AmZßX|hr aS>V| XwïImßV H$g| V| hm{B© $&& _t _mJ| gmßoJVc| Amh{M H$s® H$mÏ`Í$o[Ur g•oÔ> H$dr[wT>| C^r Amh{. Imcrc Am{ir _amR>m pÒÃ`m XiVmßZm Jm `mß_Yrc A∑H$S>H$S>d| ÂhUyZ ÂhUVmV. ¡`m‡_mU| H$dt¿`m H$mÏ`mßV Y´wd[X AgV| Vg|M gm‹`m ]m`mß¿`m Jm `mßV h| A∑H$S>H$S>d| AgV|. Amcm J Amcm ]mB© È_mc CS>drVm{ Amcm J Amcm ]mB© JJqZ JO©Vm{ $& AmVmß h| H$dtM| [mhmïó d{S>m Ohmcm dmam _{Km o]cm{Hy$Zr W`W` W`W` ZmMV gwQ>cm Yy_ YS> YS> Yy_ YS> YS> ^rfU _{K Z^t Amc{ JoO©V E{Hw$Z ˆX` Cc{ h| AmVmß _wctM| Pm{[m˘`mdarc JmU| [hm. ]m[mOr hm{ ]m[m, \$ma c{H$s ÂhUyß ZH$m $& OUwß oM_ `mßMm Vm\$m CSw>Zr OmB© $&& Pm|[m˘`mda _wcr ]gÎ`m AgVmßZm oM_ `m CS>mÎ`m AgVrc Vm{M h| JmU| gwMc|. ]m[ OdiM Agcm Va À`m¿`m AßVïH$aUmcm oH$Vr Pm{H$m ]gcm Ag{c. `mM AWm©M| EH$m ‡m°T> Ï`ŒH$sM| JmU| [hmïó AmpÂh H$›`H$m AgwoZ cmS>∑`m H$mß _J dXVm \$ma ? ‡{_i VmVm, dgßV `{Vmß `m oM_ `m CS>Uma $&& A_yH$ H$od A_yH$ H$dr¿`m Vmc_rVcm Amh{, d A_wH$mM| oeÓ`Àd A_wH$mZ| [ÀH$ac| hm{V| Aer ^mfm [wÓH$iXmß E{Hy$ `{V{. `{W| ¯m AS>mUr _mUgmß[mgyZ od¤mZ H$dtZm Ò\y$oV© && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 591$&&

Pmcr oH$ßdm od¤mZmß[mgyZ e{VH$Ë`mßZt d ]m`m]m[S>ÁmßZt Ò\y$oV© K{Vcr ? Aem oH$VrVar H$od H$odo`Ãr qhXwÒWmZ¿`m H$mZmH$m{[Ë`mßVyZ aogH$mßZm gmßJV Amh{V H$s®, __ gIr H$odVm Vw_Mr o‡`m $& À`oOV Vr A[wÎ`m [ohÎ`m d`m; $& [na AOyoZ oVcm ^` dmQ>V|; $& AZwaVr Ona V›_qZ XmQ>V| && qhXwÒWmZ amhm{ [U AmO ZmerH$j{ÃmßV H$od d H$do`Ãr e|H$S>m| Amh{V. "[na AOyoZ oVcm ^` dmQ>V|.' ‡À`{H$ H$od-H$odo`Ãrcm ^` Amh{M. [°emM|, ocohVmß Z `{ `mM|, gmgwadmgmM| d OZqZX{M|, ‡À`{H$mM{ _mJ| ^` h| Amh{M. AgÎ`m AZ{H$ AS>MUt_wi| Am_¿`m ]wo’gm_œ`m©Mm Zme hm{V Amh{. _t _mJ|M gmßoJVb| Amh{ H$s® _mP| H$m_ ]m{O{ Q>mH$ `mM| Amh{. _m¬`m ^mfUmßV odgßJV[Um Agbm Var ]ßYw^oJZr _mP| ^mfU gwgßJV H$Í$Z K{Vrb Aer Amem Amh{. lr.ZmW oZ\$mS>H$a `mßZt _mJ| H$od[arjUmgmR>t OmJOmJt Am[b{ H$mJXr Òdma [mR>odb{ hm{V{. V{ _m¬`mH$S>{ Amb{ d _bmoh V|M H$m_ gmßJy bmJb{. _t V| ZmH$mnab|. _bm d{i Zmht ÂhUyZ gmßoJVb|. AmoU V| Ia| hm{V|. [U _wª` H$maU oZami|M hm{V|. _r [arjm oXÎ`m ZmhtV d H$m{Um¿`m K{VÎ`moh ZmhtV. V{Ïhmß _r H$dtMr [arjm H$er K{Uma? [U À`mß¿`m gwMZ{dÍ$Z _t _m¬`m AÎ[_Vr‡_mU| H$dtM{ VrZ dJ© H{$b{ Amh{V. ¡`mMr dmUr ‡gmX[yU© Amh{. ¡`m¿`m H$mÏ`mßV ‡oV^m Amh{. ¡`m¿`m H$mÏ`mMm Am{K Obm°Km‡_mU| gVV dmhV Amh{. ¡`m‡_mU| ZXrMm Am{K Wmß]odVmß `{V Zmht. V¤VM ‡[ßMmMm Yy_YS>mH$m MmbV Agbm Var ¡`mMr gmnaH$m JmVM amhV{ Agm EH$ dJ©. ¯m dJm™oVb H$od [napÒWVrMm Òdm_r hm{`. [napÒWoV À`mMr Òdmo_Zr ZÏh{. XwgË`m dJm™Vrb H$od dmÒVodH$ H$od ZgVm{. Va À`m¿`m AßVïH$aUmßVrb gßd{XZm À`mbm H$od ]ZodVmV. EIm⁄m ^mßS>Ámbm Y∏$m bmJVmßM À`mMm AmdmO hm{Vm{. KS>m˘`mbm oH$Ñr oXbr ÂhUO{ V| Mmbyß bmJV| Vg|M `m H$drM| hm{V|. À`m¿`m XwïImMm AoVa{H$ Pmb{bm AgVm|. À`mMt H$mÏ`| H$T>À`m AßVïH$aUmßVrb dm\$m hm{V. [w›hmß Vm{ gwIm{[^m{JmßV [S>bm H$s® JmU| ]ßX. _r _mJ| gmßoJVb|M Amh{ H$s® [roS>VmßMr gßOrdZr d lo_VmßMm odgmdm ÂhUO{ H$mÏ`X{dr! hm H$od Òd`ß^y ZgVm{ Va ÒWmo[d AgVm{. À`mbm [w›hmß Y∏$m bmJbm H$s® AmdmO gwÍ$ hm{Vm{. Y∏{$ ]gb{ ZmhtV Va À`mß¿`mVyZ ZmX oZKm`Mm Zmht. && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 592$&&

AmVmß oVgË`m dJm©¿`m H$dtodf`r Am[U odMma H$Íß$. _r H$m{UmMr qZXm AJa ÒVwoV H$a `mgmR>t `{W| C^r amohb| Zmht. O| _bm gÀ` oXgV| V| _r gmßJUma. À`m]‘b H$m{UtM amJ _mZyß Z`{. _r Oar od¤mZ Zgb| Var _m¬`m d`m¿`m _mZmZ| bhmZ o[T>rbm gmßJ `mMm _mPm AoYH$ma Amh{. oVgam H$od Òd`ßg{dH$ hm{`. Ò\y$oV©X{dr À`mOH$S>{ `{V ZgVmß, Vm{ oV¿`mH$S>{ OmV AgVm{. À`mbm oVMr AmdS> d ^o∫$ AgyZ, V{ oVMr _Zm{^mdmZ| g{dm H$a `mg og’ hm{Vm{. oV¿`mH$naVmß Vm{ amÃt¿`m amÃt OmJaU| H$naVm|. _bm _mhrV Amh{ H$s®, oH$À`{H$ `m H$maUmZ| AmOmar [S>VmV. Aem hm{VH$Í$ H$dtZm hmV Om{Sy>Z _mPr odZßVr Amh{ H$s®, VwÂhr `m ^mZJS>tV _wit [Sy>ßM ZH$m. odMmagmJambm ^aVr `{Dß$ ⁄m, _J VwÂhr _m{À`mßM{ hma Jwß\$m. Ag| Z Pmb| Va VwÂhr H{$di `_H{$ ]Zmb. _mgÎ`mH$naVmß Imbrb Mma e„XmßMr H$odVm [hm, _mir bmdrV hm{Vm H{$it $& Ahm{ H{$it $&& YZJa MmarV hm{Vm e{ir $& Ahm{ e{ir $&& qe[r oedrV hm{Vm Mm{ir $& Ahm{ Mm{ir $&& gmir KmbrV hm{Vr ]mir $& Ahm{ ]mir $&& (gmir ÂhUO{ H$m{Ô>r ZÏh{. gmir ZmßdmMr _wbJr) Mma e„X AoZdma $& VwP| _r E{Hw$oZ Pmbm| Jma $& h| H$m` H$mÏ` Amh{? [ohÎ`m dJm™Vrb H$drMt H$odVm ÂhUO{ H$mÏ`, XwgË`m dJm™Vrb H$drMr H$odVm ÂhUO{ H$odVmM d oVgË`m dJm™Vrb H$odVm ÂhUO{ _bm dmQ>V| "H$o[Vm'. _r Va ¯m H$mÏ`mbm H$o[Vm Ag|M g_OV|. ^ßS>rMm X{d gmMm, V{W| EH$ _m{S>H|$ Vm{S>H|$ X{D$i hm{V| À`mß_‹`| ZßoX ]wÉm $&& X{dim¿`m AdqV^dVt H$mßqh ]m{na H$mßqh ]m^ir À`mß_‹`| XmQ> qMMm $&& X{dim¿`m [moR>_mJ| V{W| EH$ ^gmoS>er odhra hm{Vr Vr_Y| Òd¿N> [mUr $&& Agbt H$mÏ`| H$am`m, BH$Sw>Z oVH$Sw>Z AmUb{br ]wo’ X{ MH´$[mUr$&& [.dm.JS>H$Ë`mßZt dU©Z H{$Î`m‡_mU| da dU©Z H{$b{Î`m oVgË`m dJm™Vrb H$dt¿`m H$odVm ÂhUO{ _m{ao[gmM{ S>m{i{ hm{V. ¯m S>m{˘`mßV ‡{_mMr M_H$ Zmht. ¯m S>m{˘`mßV && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 593$&&

XwïImM{ Alw ZmhtV. Agb{ S>m{i{ _wbm]mimß¿`m I{i `mßV em{^yZ OmVmV. H$odV{]‘bMr _mPr g_OyV Aer Amh{ H$s®, O| H$mÏ` _Zmbm hbdrV Zmht V| H$mÏ` ZÏh{. O| _Zmbm hbodV| V|M H$mÏ` hm{`. [a_{ ú a _w ∑ `mß Z m ]m{ b md`mg bmdVm{ , [mß J ˘`mß Z m Mmbmd`mg bmdVm{ . [.dm.Jm{qdXH$dtM| CXmhaU Am[Î`m[wT>| Amh{M. V{ \$mag{ oeH$b{b{ ZgyZ earamZ| [ßJw hm{V{. V{ Hw$Um¿`m \$mag{ Am{iIrM{ hm{V{ H$s® Zmht _bm gmßJVmß `{Uma Zmht. [aßVw _bm V{ AZm{iIr hm{V{ h| _r ‡mßOi[U{ H$]yb H$naV|. À`mß¿`m H$odVm _bm EH$m H$drZ| dmMyZ XmIodÎ`m. Wmß] MmßXm{]m, MmßXm{] ]m[m $& harMm K{CZ Om [m[m $&& Wmß] MmßXm{]m, MmßXm{]m X{dm, $& harMm E{Hw$oZ Om [mdm $&& oH$Vr gmY{, gai d ‡MmamßVrb e„X h{ ! _Zmbm AmZßX X{Uma| ‡oV^membr H$mÏ` h| hm{`. Aem H$mÏ`mg Zmßd| R>{dUmamßZt gm{[mZX{d Mm°Yar `mßM| Imbrb CŒma ‹`mZt AmU `mgmaI| Amh{. V{ ÂhUVmVó Í$[ Zmht, aßJ Zmht, JßY Zmht Hw$oU ÂhU{ $&& oZo_©Umam Vm{ odYmVm Ak R>abm H$m OZt? H$maUï ht oZïÌdogV| $& H$m{U gm{oS>V| $& H$odˆX`t V| $& odMmÈZr o^CZr À`mbm $& [wT>| H$am _J H$a Am[wbm $& [ohÎ`m dJm™Vrb H$dtMt H$mÏ`| Oa _Zmg hbdrV ZgVrb Va _r g_O{Z H$s®ó H$mÏ`m_•V[mÃmßVwZ ¡`m¿`m X°dmßV EH$ `{ H$Mam $&

‡mMrZ d Adm©MrZ H$mÏ`mßVrb \$aH$ Am_¿`m ‡mMrZ H$dtZr Am_¿`m hmVt H$mÏ`^mßS>ma oXb|. À`mMr dmT> Ïhmdr `mH$naVmß Q>rH$mH$mamßZt À`mdÍ$Z H$mÏ`JwUXm{fmßM| emÛ ]Zodb| d H$mÏ`m¿`m earamMroh EH$ È[a{fm AmßIyZ R>{odbr Amh{. Vr È[a{fm _amR>tV "d•ŒmX[©U' `m ZmßdmZ| ‡og’ Amh{. À`mßV JU_mÃmßMr gßª`m, _mßS>Ur dJ°a{]‘b oZ`_ oXb{b{ Amh{V. dmÒVodH$ [mhVmß O{Ïhmß H$Î[Zm d ^mdZm Vrd´ AgVmV V{Ïhmß JU_mÃm _m{OrV ]gU| Ae∑` AgV|. JU_mÃmßZt && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 594$&&

Ò\y$oV© odViyZ OmD$Z À`m OmJt XwgarM aMZm `{V{. _mPm Agm g_O Amh{ H$s®, AbrH$S>rb H$od d•ŒmX[©UmMm C[`m{J H$_t H$arV Agmd{. hm _mPm g_O H$XmoMV≤ MwH$sMm Ag{b. [ßoS>VH$dt¿`m H$odVm g_OyZ K{ `mg _|XyMm C[`m{J H$adm bmJVm{. `mM| H$maU V{ Oar d•ŒmX[©UmM{ oZ`_ VßVm{VßV [mirV Agb{ Var À`mßM| H$mÏ` _wª`Vï ]wo’‡YmZ AgV|. AmYwoZH$ H$mÏ` ˆX`mbm hbodV| Va [ßoS>Vr H$mÏ` _|Xybm erU X{V|.Adm©MrZ H$dtM{ H$mÏ` ˆX`mbm hbodV| Va [ßoS>Vr H$mÏ` _wª`Vï ]wo’‡YmZ AgV|. AmYwoZH$ H$mÏ` ‡m`ï ^mdZm‡YmZ AgV|. Agb{ AmYwoZH$ H$od Am[Umß gdm™Zm _mhrV AgyZ, À`mßM| H$mÏ`oh Am[Î`m S>m{˘`mg_m{a Amh{M. hÑt gw]Œm{Mm H$mi Zmht. V{Ïhmß H$odaogH$mßZm d{i o_iV Zmht. H$od ]m{bVmß ]m{bVmß H$odVm H$aVm{ d aogH$ MmbVmß MmbVmßM Vr dmMyZ H$mT>Vm{. _r Oa AmYwoZH$ H$od-H$do`ÃtMt Zmßd| X{B©Z Va JßJm[wÃmMr EH$ dhr-Zm_mdirM hm{B©b.

Jm{XmVQ>rMm JwßOmad Jm{X{Mm CJ_ hm{Vm{ V{W| Oar Vm{ bhmZ Agbm Var Vm{ [wT>| [wT>| odÒV•V hm{V OmVm{. AmO Am[U `m oR>H$mUt Jm{XmVQ>rMm JwßOmad E{H$ `mgmR>t O_bm| Amhm|. hm _wª` _w‘m ]mOybmM amohbm. hm _w‘m e{dQ>t K{ `mM| H$maU Vm{ gdm™¿`m b˙`mßV ahmdm h| hm{`. JwßOmad H$aUmamß[°H$s® Am⁄ H$od Am_M{ _woZ dmÎ_roH$ h{ hm{V. ZmerH$ h{ [ydu [Ÿ[ya ÂhUyZ ‡og’ hm{V|. [U [wT>| am_mZ| ey[©UI{M| ZmH$ `{W| H$m[Î`m[mgyZ ZmerH$ h| Zmßd ‡m· Pmb|. À`mdÍ$Z `{Wrb Am⁄ H$od dmpÎ_oH$ hm{V, Ag| ÂhUmd`mg haH$V Zmht. AWm©V≤ dmX H$arV Zgmb VaM _r _mP| _V gmßJUma. H$mÏ`m_wi| _yi¿`m ZmßdmßV oH$VrVar \$aH$ KSy>Z Ambm. oedmOr¿`m H$mit hm{D$Z J{b{b{ am_Xmg `mßMm Zm_oZX}e H$aU| AmdÌ`H$ oXgV|. À`mZßVaMr _bm [mohO{ Ver _mohVr Zmht. Jm{XmVQ>t O{ ‡mMrZ H$od hm{D$Z J{b{ V{ emÛr, [ßoS>V, X{d^∫$, oZaßOZ_mYd d X{d_m_b{Xma Ag{ hm{V{. ¯mßMm CÑ{I H{$bm [mohO{. Vg|M AmOoh `{W| od¤mZ, X{d^∫$ d [ßoS>V H$od Am{hV. `mßZt H$mÏ`X{drMr AZ{H$ ‡H$ma| g{dm H$Í$Z _hmamÔ≠>-H$od_ßS>imßV ÒWmZ o_iodb| Amh{. _amR>r ^mf{Mr d H$odV{Mr g{dm H$a `mgmR>r ZmerH$_‹`| H$mßht dmç`_ßS>i| ÒWm[Z Pmbt Amh{V. AmOM| g_{bZ `eÒdr hm{ `mgmR>t `{Wrb Xhm ]mam dmç`gßÒWmßZt _XV H{$br Amh{. H$mßht _ßS>imßV\}$ H$mÏ`mMt H$mßht [wÒVH{$ ‡og’ Pmbt Amh{V. [ŸXb (22 H$od d 2 H$do`Ãr), _mYdr (26 H$od d 2 H$do`Ãr) JwßOmad (31 H$od d 5 H$do`Ãr) && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 595$&&

AmoU [mnaOmV (14 H$od d 4 H$do`Ãr) ht [wÒVH|$ aogH$OZmßZm _mhrV AgVrbM. lr.od.Zm.dmS> `mßZt Am[Î`m H$odV{Mt H$mßht [wÒVH|$ ÒdßVÃ[U| ‡og’ H{$Î`mM| E{H$V|. lr.Mm°Yar `mßM| "H$mÏ`H{$VH$s', lr. oeadmS>H$a (Hw$gw_mJ´O) `mßM| "OrdZbhar' d Jm{qdX emohamß¿`m H$odVm Aet VrZ [wÒVH|$ ÒdVßÃ[U{ ‡og’ Pmbt Amh{V. hr Jm{Ô> darb H$dtg ^yfUmdh Amh{. amd]hmXya [m‹`{ d lr.ZmW oZ\$mS>H$a ¯mß¿`m [nal_mZ| ‡og’ Pmb{b| Jm{XmVQ>rMm JwßOmad h| [wÒVH$ Va E_≤.E.¿`m [arj{bmoh Z{_ `mßV Amb{b| Amh{. ‡m{.[m‹`{ d•’ Amh{V Var À`mßMr H$V©]Jmar Ao^ZßXZr` Amh{. ‡m°T> d ‡og’ H$dt]am{]a ¯mßZt hm{VH$Í$ H$dtZmoh Am[Î`m dOZmZ| E_≤.E ¿`m od⁄mœ`m™[wT>{ [arj{g Z{D$Z ]godb|. H$mÏ`g{d{gmR>t À`mßZt Am[b| VZ, _Z d YZoh IMu KmVb| Amh{. ZmeH$mg 1928 gmbt EH$Xm H$od H{$edamd gm{ZmiH$a ¯mß¿`m A‹`jV{Imbt Mma oOÎ¯mßM{ H$odgß_{bZ ^ab| hm{V| À`m d{it `{Wrb H$dtMr H$mÏ`mgß]ßYt AmÒWm oXgyZ AmbrM Amh{. `mdÍ$Z Am[Umßg Ag| oXgyZ `{B©b, H$s® ZmerH$¿`m H$dtZt H$mÏ`m¿`m ]m]VtV Ò[•hUr` H$m_oJar ]Omodbr Amh{ d `{WyZ [wT>|oh AoYH$moYH$ g{dm À`mß¿`m hmVyZ hm{B©b Aer Amem H$aU| dmdJ| hm{Uma Zmht. Am_¿`m odZßVrg _mZ X{D$Z Amb{Î`m [mh˛U{_ßS>irM| _r _Zï[yd©H$ Am^ma _moZV|. o^ﬁ^md ^md gma| odgÍß$ $& [aÒ[amßMm hmV YÍß$ $& Ò\y$oV©X{odbm OqJ odVÍß$ $& gß_{bZ h| [yU© H$Íß$ $& AmVmß AmOM{ oZ`m{oOV A‹`j ‡m{. _mYdamd [Q>dY©Z `mßMr _r Am[Umßg Am{iI H$Í$Z X{V|. h| EH$ Amß„`mM| PmS> Amh{. À`mMr N>m`m XmQ> Amh{. C›hm¿`m Vm[mZ| gßÃÒV Pmb{b{ oH$À`{H$ bm{H$ À`m¿`m N>m`{bm ]gVmV. dgßVF$VyßV À`mbm _m{hm{a `{Vm{, À`mda H$m{oH$im JmVmV, À`mbm _Ywa \$i| `{VmV, À`m \$imßH$naVmß Wm{a, [m{a, d•’, VÈU À`mda XJS> \|$H$VmV, h| Oa _t Am[Umßg gmßoJVb|ß Va Am[U _bm _yIm™V H$mT>mb. H$maU À`m PmS>mßM{ JwUY_© gdm™g _mhrVM Amh{V. Vg{M AmO¿`m A‹`jmßMr Am{iI Am[Umßbm H$Í$Z ⁄md`mbm hdr Ag| Zmht. od¤Vm, aogH$Vm, AmoU ‡oV^m `m oV›hr JwUmßMm gwßXa

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 596$&&

gßJ_ À`mM| oR>H$mUt Pmb{bm Amh{. N>›Xm{aMZm AmoU \$magr _amR>r H$m{f ht [wÒVH|$ À`mß¿`m od¤Œm{Mr gmj [Q>dUmat Amh{V. odahVaßJ, gwYmaH$ AmoU JÇmbmßOob ht [wÒVH|$ Va aogH$mßg gw[naoMVM Amh{V. _amR>r H$odV{bm H$mßht Var ZdrZ diU bmd `mgmR>t À`mßZt _Zm[mgyZ ‡`ÀZ H{$b{ Amh{V. À`mß¿`mßV \$∫$ H$m` Zmht h| Am[Umßg [hmd`mM| Amh{. _ZwÓ`mßVrb _wª` XwJw©U Om{ Amig Vm{ À`mß¿`mßV Zmht V{ Amier Ag{V Va ‡m{\{$ga Pmb{ ZgV{; V{ Amier AgV{ À`mßZm AmÂht `{W| ]m{bmodb| ZgV|. V{ H$g{ Amh{V, Va Mm°H$m{Zr oMË`mgmaI{ Amh{V. [U À`mßZm XJS>mMr C[_m H$m{Ut ⁄mdr? AmÂht À`mßZm fQ≤>H$m{Zr ohamM g_OVm|. Ag| od¤mZ aogH$ d ‡oV^membr A‹`j Am[Umßg bm^b{ hm Am[bm gw`m{JM hm{` ! BVH|$ ]m{byZ _r Am[br aOm K{V|.*

*EH$ZmW `mXd oZ\$mS>H$a gß[moXV "dmL≤>_`' _mogH$mdÍ$Z && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 597$&&

[naoeÔ>-2 ZmJ[ya `{W| 28 oS>g|]a 1933 am{Ot Pmb{Î`m _amR>r oºÒVr gmohÀ`gß_{bZmßVrb b˙_r]mB™M|

A‹`jr` ^mfU o‡` ]ßYw^oJZtZm{ ! Am[U _bm A‹`j[X X{D$Z _mPm Om{ g›_mZ H{$bm, À`mbm _r _witM [mÃ Zmht, h| _bm AJm{Xa gmßoJVb{ [mohO{. _m¬`m dmç`g{d{]‘b Am[br \$ma _m{R>r H$Î[Zm Pmb{br oXgV{. [aßVw _bm h| H$]yb H$a `mßV H$mßht H$_r[Um dmQ>V Zmht, H$s® _mPr dmç`g{dm Hy$[_ßSw>H$m‡_mU| Amh{. Am[Î`m g_mOmßV O{ kmV{ d d∫{$ Amh{V À`mß¿`m[wT>| _r EIm⁄m aOïH$Um‡_mU| Amh{. _bm ¯m d{ir EH$m H$hmUrMr AmR>dU hm{V{. amOmMr EH$ amUr hm{Vr. oVMm H$hmUr gmßJ `mMm oZ`_ hm{Vm. H$hmUr gmßoJVÎ`mdmßMyZ oVbm O{dmd`mM| Zg{. EH$ oXdg oVMm oZ`_ AJXt _m{S>m`¿`m ]{VmßV Ambm. MwHy$Z odgÍ$Z Vr H$hmUr Z gmßJVmß [mQ>mda OmD$Z ]gbr. [U ]gÎ`mda Am[b| H$hmUr gmßJ `mM| d´V amohb| h| oV¿`m b˙`mßV Amb|. H$hmUr gmßJUmar C[mer Agmdr bmJ{ Ver Vr E{H$Umaroh C[mer Agmdr bmJ{. oVZ| OmgyXmßZm h˛Hy$_ H{$bm, hmßH$m a{ S>mßJm{am, o[Q>m a{ ZJmam, H$hmUr E{H$ `mH$naVmß H$m{Ur O{dbr Zg{b Aer ]mB© em{YyZ AmUm. AmVmß gmË`m am¡`mßV C[mer ]mB© À`mßZm o_i{Zm. e{dQ>t EH$m Im{[Q>ÁmßV EH$ am{Jr H$Ô>r o_Mo_M —oÔ> Aer C[mer ÂhmVmar IwS>IwS>V [S>br hm{Vr. ø`m a{ ø`m ÂhU{ ohbm AmoU R>{dm amUr¿`m g_m{a. AmUbr oVbm [H$Sy>Z AmoU R>{dbr amUr[wT>| Z{D$Z. amOmMr amUr H$hmUr gmßJVr Pmbr d ZßVa [m{Q>^a O{dbr. _mP| Vg|M Pmb| Amh{. Am[b| h| gß_{bZ amOmMr amUr Amh{ d _bm ÂhmVmarbm C[mer ÂhUyZ _m¬`m ImQ>Î`mdÍ$Z `{W| oºÒVr gmohÀ`mMr am_H$hmUr E{H$ `mg AmUyZ ]godb| Amh{. hr H$_©H$hmUr _mÃ amUrZ| ÂhmVmarbm gmßJm`Mr ZgyZ oºÒVr gmohÀ`mMm BoVhmgM Vr Am[Umß gdm™Zm gmßJUma Amh{. Am[Umß Xm{KmßZmoh Vr E{H$md`mMr Amh{ EdT>|M. && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 598$&&

Mmirg dfm™[yduMr Jm{Ô>. oQ>iH$ oºÒVr hm{ `mgmR>t ZmJ[ya gm{Sy>Z _wß]B©bm J{b{. _t _m¬`m _wbmbm H$mßIm{Q>rbm _mÍ$Z ZmJ[wamhˇZ oZKyZ ZmerH$Mm aÒVm Yabm. ¯m XrK© H$mbmZßVa AmO À`mM _wbmZ| _bm hmV YÍ$Z ZmerH$hˇZ ZmJ[wamg AmUb| Amh{! ZmJ[ya gm{S>VmßZm [w›hmß ZmJ[yabm Aer arVrZ| _r `{B©Z Ag| ÒdﬂZoh À`m d{it [S>b| ZÏhV|. À`m_wi| _bm ZmJ[wamg `{VmßZm \$ma AmZßX dmQ>bm. À`mßVÎ`m À`mßV AmUIr EH$m Jm{Ô>rMm _bm ode{f AmZßX dmQ>V Amh{. Vr Jm{Ô> ÂhUO{, AR>amd| _hmamÔ≠> gmohÀ`gß_{bZ d Am[b| h| Mm°W{ oºÒVr _amR>r gmohÀ` gß_{bZ ht ¡`m dfu EH$Ã Ambt À`mM dfu _bm `{W| `{ `mMr gßoY o_imbr ¯mM|. ht Xm{›hr gß_{bZ| EH$m d{i{g d EH$m Jmßdt ^amdt ¯m]‘b ‡ÒVmdZm J{Î`m dfu oZ[mUr `{W|M Pmbr hm{Vr. À`m ‡ÒVmdZ{ZßVa J´ßWaMZ{bm BV∑`m Vm]S>Vm{] gwÈdmV hm{B©b Ag| _mÃ _bm dmQ>b| ZÏhV|. Am[Î`m ¯m J´ßWmM| AmOM| [ohb| ‡H$aU, qH$]h˛Zm [ohb| [mZ, CKS> `mM| ^mΩ` _bm bm^b| ¯m]‘b _bm H$mß AmZßX hm{Uma Zmht? Aem arVrZ| oºÒVr gmohpÀ`H$mßM{ h| Oar MdW| gß_{bZ Agb|, Var `{W| ^a `mßV Amb{Î`m Xm{Z gß_{bZmßM| ¯m —Ô>rZ| h| [ohb|M gß_{bZ Amh{ d À`m —Ô>rZ|M ¯mbm _hŒdoh [ohÎ`m ‡VrM| Amh{. H$m{UÀ`mem EH$m ‡og’ g{ZmZm`H$mZ| Am[Î`m dna>mMr Amkm Z _m{S>Vmß Am[bm H$m`©^mJ CaHy$Z K{ `mgmR>t, \w$Q>∑`m S>m{˘`m[wT>| Xw]uU YÍ$Z À`m S>m{˘`mZ| [mohb| d h| [mhU| À`m¿`m [œ`mda [S>b| Aer Jm{Ô> _t E{H$br Amh{. VerM AmO EH$ bhmZer MyH$ Pmb{br Amh{. Vr [œ`mda [S>{b Ag| _bm dmQ>V|. AmO[`™VMr VrZ gß_{bZ| "_hmamÔ≠> oºÒVr gmohÀ` gß_{bZ' ¯m ZmßdmZ| Am{iIbt J{bt. AmoU h| "_amR>r oºÒVr gmohÀ` gß_{bZ' ÂhUyZ Am{iIb| OmUma Amh{. "_hmamÔ≠>' hm X{edmMH$ e„X OmD$Z À`mMr OmJm "_amR>r' ¯m ^mfmdmMH$ e„XmZ| K{Vbr hroh EH$ [œ`mda [S>b{br Jm{Ô> KS>br Amh{. _amR>r ¯m C[[Xm_wi| ¯mbm [ohb| _amR>r gmohÀ` gß_{bZ ÂhUmd`mM| Agb| Varoh haH$V Zmht. _hŒdm¿`m —Ô>rZ|oh [ohb|M R>a{b ! AmO[`™V _amR>r ^mf{Mm AmÒWm[yd©H$ A‰`mg [w `m-_wß]B©¿`m d ZJa-ZmerH$¿`m oºÒVr bm{H$mßZt H{$b{bm Amh{. ZmJ[yaH$S>{ Vgm A‰`mg \$magm H$m{Ut H{$Î`mM| E{oH$dmßV Zmht. Ag| AgyZ BH$S>¿`m bm{H$mßZt Om{ A[yd© CÀgmh ¯m ]m]VtV XmIod `m¿`m —Ô>rZ{|oh h| gß_{bZ _hŒdmM| R>aV|. ZmJ[ya-dËhmS>H$S>M{ oºÒVr bm{H$ dmç`m¿`m j{ÃmßV AmVmß [mD$b Q>mH$Uma ¯mM|oh h| EH$ [yd©oM›h Zg{b Ag| Zmht d À`moh —Ô>rZ| ¯m gß_{bZmbm _hŒd Amh{.

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 599$&&

ZmJ[ya od⁄m[rR> _wß]B©¿`m [wT>| ]mi Amh{. [aßVw _wß]B© od⁄m[rR>mZ| _amR>r¿`m ]m]VtV Jm{JbJm` JVrMr ‡JoV Mmbodbr Amh{. ZmJ[yaZ| _mÃ À`m ]m]VtV [wT>mab{Î`m _wß]B©bm [wÓH$i _mJ| Q>mH$b| Amh{. V|M ZmJ[ya¿`m oºÒVr dmç`m¿`moh ]m]VtV hm{Uma Ag{b. `{Wrb oºÒVr bm{H$mßgß]ßYmZ| _bm \$maer _mohVr Zmht, À`m_wi| darb odYmZmßV _mPr MyH$ Ag `mMm [wÓH$i gß^d Amh{. d _r AmOr]mB© ÂhUyZ VwÂhr À`m]‘b _bm _m\$s H$amb Aet _bm ImÃr ZgVr, Va _t V{ odYmZ H{$b|oh ZgV|. `{WÎ`m ¡`m oºÒVr b{IH$mßMt Zmßd| _m¬`m H$mZmßda Amb{bt Amh{V À`mßMm CÑ{I _mÃ _r H•$VkVm[yd©H$ H$aV|. ***** H$mßht H$mßht Zmßd|M _m¬`m Ò_aUmßV amohbt Amh{V. AmUIr H$mßht CX`m{›_wI H$od d b{IH$ ZmJ[ya-dËhmS>mßVrb oºÒVr bm{H$mßV ZgVrb Ag| _witM Zmht. dmç`mßV ‡À`j ^mJ Z K{Vmß, dmç`m{[mgH$mßZm gm¯ H$a `mM| Am[b| d´V Am[b{ ÒdmJVm‹`j am. gmid{ h{oh H$m`_ R>{dVrb h| À`mß¿`m AmO¿`m A‡oV_ CÀgmhmdÍ$Z oXgyZ `{V|. Agm{. ¯m gß_{bZmbm _hŒdm¿`m —Ô>rZ| [ohb| ÒWmZ H$mß ⁄md`mM| ¯mMr _t Wm{S>∑`mßV H$maU_r_mßgm da H{$br Amh{. À`mßVrb [ohb| d _hŒdmM| H$maU h| H$s®, gß_{bZ ZmJ[wamg ^aUmË`m Xm{Z gß_{bZmM| EH$ KQ>H$ Amh{. `{Wrb "_hmamÔ≠>' [ÃmßV EH$m b{IH$mZ| H$mßht oXdgm[ydv H{$b{br EH$ gyMZm À`m d{i{g _bm AmR>dV{ Vr Aer H$s®, oºÒVr bm{H$mßM| ÒdVßÃ gmohÀ`gß_{bZ H$embm? gmohÀ`gß_{bZmßV ^mJ K{ `mg oºÒVr bm{H$mßZm H$m` haH$V Amh{? ¯m eßH{$bm CŒma J{Î`m d{i¿`m A‹`jmßZt oZ[mUr `{W|M X{D$Z R>{db| Amh{. À`mMrM [Zwamd•oŒm H$aU| A[nahm`© AgÎ`mZ| _r Vr H$arV Amh{. À`m gß_{bZmM{ A‹`j oM. X{dXŒm ¯mßZt ¯m ]m]VtV Ag| ÂhQ>b| hm{V| H$s®, (1) AmÂhr oºÒVr bm{H$ dmç`—ÓQ>Ám \$ma _mJ| Amhm|; (2) dmç`—ÓQ>Ám AmÂhr _mJ| AgÎ`m_wi| À`m gß_{bZmßV Am_M| [wa{g| H$m°VwH$ hm{ `mMm gß^d H$_r; darb VrZ H$maUmß_wi{ d ode{fVï oVgË`m H$maUmß_wi{ AmÂhmßbm AOyZ oH$À`{H$ df~ Var hr Am_Mr Midi _m{Sy>Z Q>mHy$Z [yU©[U| _hmamÔ≠> gß_{bZmßV gm_rb hm{Vmß `{Uma Zmht. eß^a df~ AoVe` [nal_ H$Í$Z AOyZ ]m`]bMr _amR>r ^mfm [mohO{ Ver H$aVmß Ambr Zmht. À`m [wÒVH$mbm dmç`mßV ÒWmZ o_idyZ X{ `mgmR>t Am_¿`m b{IH$mßZm && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 600$&&

oZXmZ AmUIr 25 df~ Var I[md| bmJ{b. ]m`]b ÂhUO{ gß›`memMm gßgma Zmht h| oM.X{dXŒmmZ| J{Î`m gß_{bZmßV AmßH$S>{dmar X{D$Z og’ H{$b{ Amh{. Vg|M Am_Mt JmUt, Am_¿`m C[mgZm[’oV dJ°a{ Jm{Ô>tMm D$hm[m{h _hmamÔ≠> gmohÀ` gß_{bZmßV hm{U| e∑`oh Zmht d `w∫$oh Zmht. [aßVw Xm{›hr gß_{bZ| EH$m Jmßdt EH$m d{i{g ^aod `mMm Om{ ZmJ[yaH$a oºÒVr * ‡`ÀZ H{$bm, Vm{M ‡KmV [S>U| _mÃ AÀ`ßV BÔ> Amh{. [wT>mË`mßZr* Y_m©›Va ÂhUO{ X{em›Va Aer AJXt AobH$S>¿`m H$mim[`™V Am[Î`m [wÓH$iem oºÒVrVa _hmamÔ≠>r` gmohÀ`^∫$mßMr H$Î[Zm Amh{. À`m ]m]VtV V{M V{dT>{ Xm{fr Amh{V d Am[Î`mH$S>{ Xm{fmMm H$mhtM dmßQ>m Zmht Ag| _mÃ _r H$Xmo[ ÂhUUma Zmht. EH$m g_mOmZ| oVaÒH$mamZ| XwgË`mMm À`mJ H{$bm Agbm Va XwgË`mZ|{ gße`r d•ŒmrZ| [ohÎ`mMm À`mJ H{$bm. EH$mbm dmQ>b| H$s®, hm ^´Ô> Pmbm-]mQ>bm-AmVmß ¯m¿`met H$m{UVmoh gß]ßY R>{dbm Va Am[Î`m JmßR>M| [w ` gwQy>Z [S>m`M| Va XwgË`mbm dmQ>b| _r AoYH$ ew’ ! AmoU _r Oa gm{S>b{Î`m Am·{Ô>mßH$S>{ o\$Í$Z [mhˇß bmJbm| Va bm{Q>m¿`m ]m`H$m{‡_mU| o_R>mMm Imß] ]ZyZ OmUma. Xm{K|oh [yd©O qhXrM, Xm{KmßMm BoVhmg qhXrM, Xm{KmßZmoh EH$mM ^y_rZ| Vm{byZ Yab| Amh{. Xm{K{oh EH$M erVb OrdZXm`r dm`w Am[Î`m [m{Q>mßV K{D$Z ‡mUajU H$arV Amh{V. Xm{K{oh Am[Î`m _m`^y_rZ| [°Xm H{$b{b{ Aﬁ ImV Amh{V. EH$M gŒmm Xm{Kmßdaoh gmaIm AoYH$ma JmOdrV Amh{. Xm{Kmß[wT>{ oejUm¿`m AS>MUr gmaª`m Amh{V. g‹`mß¿`m ]{H$mar¿`m H$mbmßV Xm{KmßM{hr [wÃ d H$›`m gmaª`mM Vm[mZ| dUdU o\$aV Amh{V. Xm{K{oh EH$mM XwïImZ{ aS>Uma, EH$mM AmZßXmZ| Xm{K{oh hgUma, EH$mM VËh{Z| Xm{K{oh _aUma d EH$mM oR>H$mUt À`mßMt hmS>| H$mim¿`m AßVm[`™V [Sy>Z ahmUma. ‡À`j ¤{f^md qH$dm hmS>d°a [wadb|, [aßVw ¯mMr [wT>Mr, Or H$mbmßVamZ| pÒWoV ‡m· hm{V{ Vr \$ma ^`ßH$a AgV{. hr pÒWoV ]{[dm©B©Mr AgV{, OS>[UmMr AgV{. Ver pÒWoV ¯m g_mOmß¿`m EH$_{H$mßH$S>{ [mh `mMr Pmbr hm{Vr. Am_MtM [ohbt Xm{Z gß_{bZ| ø`m. _hmamÔ≠> gmohÀ`gß_{bZ [w `mg ^ab|. Va Am_M| gß_{bZ ZmeH$mg ^ab|; [wT>M| gß_{bZ Jm{Ï`mg ^ab| Va Am_M| gß_{bZ _wß]B©g ^ab|. oVgË`m gß_{bZm¿`m d{ir _mÃ V| gVamÏ`m _hmamÔ≠> gß_{bZmOdi ^ab|, Xm{›htV drg _°bmßM|M AßVa hm{V|. [U ¯m ‡À`{H$ gß_{bZm¿`m d{it AmÂhmßbm _hmamÔ≠> gß_{bZmOdi AmH$fy©Z Z{UmË`m Jm{Ô>r KS>Î`m. [ohÎ`m gß_{bZm¿`m d{it lr. lr[mX H•$ÓU H$m{ÎhQ>H$a ¯mßZt Am_¿`m gß_{bZmMm Am[Î`m ^mfUmßV Jm°ad[yd©H$ CÑ{I H{$bm. XwgË`m gß_{bZm¿`m d{it Jm{Ï`mg lr. dm_Z _Îhma Om{er AmÂhmßbm odgab{ ZmhtV AmoU oVgË`m gß_{bZmßV Va Vmß]{, * `mßV [wT>mH$ma _wª`Vï [r.H{$. C\©$ amdgmh{] gmid{ `mßMm. ÒdmJVm‹`joh V{M hm{V{. && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 601$&&

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Hwß$Hy$ bmdb| Zmht d oQ>iH$mßZtoh AmJ´h H{$bm Zmht. _wbmßZm qhXr Zmßd| ⁄md`mMt ZmhtV, H$maU Vt qhXw X{dVmßMt Zmßd| AgVmV. _bm Am¸`© Ag| dmQ>V| H$s® Om∞Ou, Mmbu, oO_r ¯m ZmßdmßZm Var H$m{R>| AW© AgVm{? Om∞O© d Mmb©g≤ ht Zmßd| Var _t oºÒVr emÛmßV dmMb{bt AmR>dV ZmhtV. _J ¯m Zmßdmßda EdT>| ‡{_ H$m? H$m Vt AqhXw Amh{V EdT>|M À`mß¿`m odf`t¿`m ‡{_mM| H$maU? Zmßdmodf`t Pmb| V|M MmbrarVtodf`t. V|M qhXwÒWmZ¿`m gUmßodf`t. qhXwÒWmZmßVrb [yU© amÔ≠>r` Aem gUmßMm Am[U À`mJ H$mß H$amdm h| _bm g_OV Zmht. Xgam, [m{im, df©‡oV[Xm, gßH´$mßV dJ°a{ Y_©^{XmVrV R>{dVmß `{ `mgmaI{ gU oºÒVr bm{H$mßZm CMb `mg H$m` haH$V Amh{? Agm{. _bm `{W| gm_moOH$ odf`mßda Ï`mª`mZ X{ `mM| ZgÎ`m_wi{ Am[U Y_m©›Vam_wi{ amÔ≠>r` ]m]VtV Am[Î`m X{embm H$g{ [aH{$ ]ZV Mmbbm| Amhm|óhm{Vm| ÂhUm [mohO{ VaóV{dT>|M XmIod `m[waVm da oXb{bm CÑ{I Ambm. oedm` Am_¿`m H$_©R>mßZm qhXwÒWmZmßVrb gd©M Jm{Ô>tZm qhXw Y_m©Mm dmg `{V AgVm{. Vg| [mohb| Va Am[Î`m gm{B©gmR>r Am[Î`mbm qhXw d qhXr dmç` Ag| ¯m dmç`mM{ ^mJ [mS>Vmß `{Vrb. oºÒVr dm∂S>≤_` hmoh EH$ ‡˝ darb EH$ ‡˝ gm{S>odVmßZm odMmamdm bmJ{b. oºÒVr Y_m©gß]ßYr O| dmç` V| oºÒVr dmç` H$m oºÒVr b{IH$mZ| obohb{b| O| V| oºÒVr dmç`? [.dm.a{. ]´yg ¯mßZt earaemÛmda EH$ CŒm_ J´ßW obohbm hm{Vm; AmoU _m{ÎÒdW© d H±$S>r ¯mßZt e„XH$m{e obohb{. S>m∞.o]gb ¯mßZt ZjÃ_ßS>i obohb|. ht gmat [wÒVH|$ oºÒVr dmç` ÂhUVmß `{Vrb H$m? oQ>iH$mßM{ "oºÒVm`Z' oºÒVr dmç` ÂhUVmß `{B©b. [aßVw "oQ>iH$mßMr H$odVm' qH$dm _m¬`m _wbmM| J{Î`m AmR>dS>ÁmßV ‡og’ Pmb{b| "Am_Mr o_Ã_ßS>ir' ht [wÒVH|$ oºÒVr dmç` ÂhUVmß `{Vrb H$m? Vg{M qhXw dmç` Var H$embm ÂhUm`M|? lwoV, Ò_•oV, [wamU| BÀ`moX qhXwY_©odf`H$ J´ßW ÂhUO{ qhXw dmç` H$m ¡`mßMm odf` qhXw Y_© Zmht Ag| qhXw Ï`∫$s®Zr obohb{b{ gma{M J´ßW qhXw dmç`? ¯m XwgË`m ‡H$ma¿`m dmç`mbm Am[U gm{B©gmR>t qhXr dmç` ÂhUyß. h| gm{S>Î`mg amohb{b| qhXw dmç` À`m¡` Amh{ H$m? H$_©R> ÂhUVrb AmÂhr qhXr dmç`mgß]ßYt ]m{bV Zmht. [U h{ Xwga| dmç` VwÂhr Xya R>{dm. dmç`mßV hm H$_©R>[Um H{$Î`m_wi| Am[U Am[Î`m amÔ≠>r` dmç`mbm _wHyß$ bmJbm| hm{Vm| d Am[br ^mfm o]KS>md`mM|oh V|M ‡_wI H$maU Amh{. [.dm.a{ bm{Q>brH$a ¯mßZt ]mam-[ßYam dfm™[ydv EH$ oZ]ßY obohbm Amh{. À`mßV Am[Î`mbm qhXw dmç`mMm A‰`mg H{$Î`moedm` H$mßht dm∑‡Mma gw’mß H$iU| Ae∑` Amh{ Ag| ÂhQ>b| Amh{ V| AJXt ]am{]a Amh{. CXmhaUmW© h| dm∑‡Mma ø`mó && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 603$&&

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&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 604$&&

amÔ≠>mßMr JwUJ´mhH$Vm d ‡^w `{eyM|{ da oXb{b| dMZ ¯mß_wi| J´rH$ [wamUmßVrb Jm{Ô>r hiyß hiyß `wam{o[`Z dmç`mV ÒWmZ o_idyZ ]gÎ`m. _m`H{$b _YwgyXZ XŒm d Vm{Í$ XŒm ¯m ]ßJmbr oºÒVr H$dtZt d oJ´o\$W ¯m AmßΩbmZ{ Am[Î`m X{emßVrb [wamUmßZm `wam{o[`Z ^mf|V ^mfmßVa H$Í$Z ZdrZ OJ _m{H$i| H$Í$Z oXb| d ¯m oºÒVr ]mßYdmßZt qhXw [wamUmßMr qH$_V `wam{[bm [Q>odbr hr Jm{Ô> oºÒVrVa gmohpÀ`H$mß¿`m Ò_aUmßVyZ J{br Agbr Var gÀ` Amh{. Am[bm g_mO Oar qhXw [wamUmßZm [wÓH$igm [maIm Pmbm Agbm Var Am[Î`mM oºÒVr X{e]ßYyßZt Am[Î`m `wam{o[`Z Y_©]ßYyßZm X{emßVrb EH$m CŒm_ dmç`mMr Am{iI H$Í$Z oXbr Amh{ hr Ao^_mZmMr Jm{Ô> [a_{úar `m{OZ{Z| KS>br h| b˙`mßV R>{d `mgmaI| Amh{. qhXw [wamUmßVrb [wÓH$iem Jm{Ô>r Aem Amh{V H$s® À`m oZdS> H$Í$Z Am[Î`m _wbmß_wbtZm gmßJVmß `{Vrb. [oVoZ>{gß]ßYt JmßYmarM| CXmhaU oH$Vr gwßXa Amh{. Y•VamÔ≠> O›_m›Y hm{Vm. JmßYmarM| bæ PmÎ`mZßVa oVZ| Am[Î`m [Vrbm oXgV Zmht ÂhUyZ, O›_^a Am[Î`moh S>m{˘`mßbm [≈>m ]mßYyZ K{Vbm. ‹`{`oZ>{gß]ßYmZ| Y´wdmMr Jm{Ô> oH$Vr CŒm_ Amh{! ]m[mZ| hmH$byZ oXÎ`mZßVa Y´wd[X o_iod `mMm oZ¸` H$Í$Z Vm{ ]mi oZKmbm, ZßVa H$m{UVmoh _m{h À`mZ| AmS> `{Dß$ oXbm Zmht, d e{dQ>r Y´wd[X ÂhUO{ AT>i[X o_iodb|. H$m{UV|oh gßH$Q> Amb|, Var Am[b{ dMZ _m{S>md`mM| Zmht. ""VwP| ÂhUU| hm{` Va hm{` d Zmht Va Zmht,'' Aer d•oŒm ]miJm`Mr. ¯mgß]ßYt hnaÌMß–mMr Jm{Ô>. amI{gmaª`m À`m¡` [XmWm©H$Sy>Z CÀ[ﬁ H{$b{Î`m _mUgmbm AoYH$ma oXbm d À`m]am{]aM _ZmMm CXma[Um `{Umar gßÒH•$oV Zgbr, Va À`m AoYH$mamMm Vm{ H$gm XwÈ[`m{J H$aVm{ h| XmIodUmar ^Ò_mgwamMr Jm{Ô>. gÀ`mJ´hr ‡ÎhmXMr Jm{Ô>; EH$[pÀZd´V am_mMr Jm{Ô> ¯m Jm{Ô>tMm Am[U Am[Î`m dmç`mV C[`m{J H{$bm, Va Am[bm Y_© H$m{R>| ]wS>{b, h| _bm g_OV Zmht. odÌd‡{_ d À`mgmR>r AmÀ`ßoVH$ ÒdmW©À`mJ hr Am[Î`m Y_m©Mt erS> d gwH$mUyß Amh{V.Am[Î`m ‡^w oºÒVmZ| Am[Î`m d°Ë`mßgmR>tgw’mß ÒdVïM{ ‡mUm[©U H{$b|. ¯mgß]ßYt Am[Î`m qhXr [wamUmßV Xm{Z BV∑`m gwßXa Jm{Ô>r Amh{V H$s®, Vem _bm dmQ>V| H$m{UÀ`moh `wam{o[`Z [wamUmßV gmß[S>Uma ZmhtV. EH$ XYroM F$frMr Jm{Ô> d Xwgar H$[m{V [˙`mMr Jm{Ô>. ¯m Jm{Ô>r _bm BV∑`m ]m{Y‡X dmQ>VmV, H$s® À`m gmßJ `mM _m{h _bm AmdaVmß `{V Zmht. d•Ãmgwa ZmßdmMm EH$ amjg \$ma _mObm hm{Vm. À`mMm Ãmg bm{H$mßZm hm{Dß$ bmJbm. Vm{ oOdßV amohÎ`mg [•œdrMm b` hm{B©b Aer oM›h| oXgyß bmJbt. [aßVw Vm{ H$emZ|oh _mabm OmB©Zm. e{dQ>t XYroM F$fr¿`m hmS>mßM| dO´ ]ZdyZ Oa À`m amjgmbm _mab| VaM Vm{ && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 605$&&

_a `mgmaIm Amh{ Ag| oXgyZ AmÎ`m_wi| XYrMrH$S>{ `mMZm H$a `mßV Ambr. Am[Î`m hmS>mßZt bm{H$mßM| Oa H$Î`mU hm{V Ag{b Va Am[U Vt _m{R>Ám AmZßXmZ| X{Dß$ Ag| XYroM F$frZ| gmßJyZ Am[bm X{h R>{dbm. XYroM F$frMt hmS>{| H$mTy>Z ZßVa À`mßM| dO´ ]Zod `mßV Amb| d À`m dO´mZ| d•ÃmgwamMm gßhma H$a `mßV Ambm. Xwgar Jm{Ô> oe]r amOm d H$[m{V [˙`mMr Amh{, EH$Xm EH$m H$[m{Vm¿`m ([maÏ`m¿`m) _mJ| EH$ Ì`{Z [jr (ggmUm) bmJbm. [U Vm{ bhmZgm Ord Ì`{Z [˙`m[wT>| oH$Vrgm oQ>H$md YaUma? Vm{ X_yZ J{bm. V{Ïhmß Aml`mgmR>t oe]r amOmH$S>{ À`mZ| Ymßd K{Vbr. oe]r amOm À`m d{it Xa]mamßV ]gbm hm{Vm. H$[m{V `{D$Z À`m¿`m _mßS>rda ]gbm. _mJm{_mJ Ì`{Zoh Xa]mamßV oeabm d oe]r amOmOdi Am[b| ^˙` _mJyß bmJbm. _m¬`m Vm|S>Mm J´mg H$mTy>Z Vyß _bm C[mer _maUma H$s® H$m`? Ag| Vm{ amOmbm ÂhUyß bmJbm. amOmbm _m{R>m [|M [S>bm. H$[m{V [jr Ì`{Z [˙`m¿`m hdmbt H$amdm Va À`mMm ‡mU OmVm{. ]a| Z H$amdm Va Ì`{Z ^wH{$Z| _aVm{. V{Ïhm oe]r amOmZ| H$[m{Vm¿`m ^maß^ma Am[Î`m _mßS>rM| _mßg H$mTy>Z X{ `mM| R>aodb|. H$[m{Vmbm EH$m VmJS>tV Kmb `mßV Amb| d amOm¿`m _mßS>rM{ _mßg XwgË`m VmJS>rV KmVb|. [aßVw H$mßht C[`m{J hm{B©Zm. H$[m{VmM| dOZ dmT>b| d amOm¿`m AßJM| _mßg H$mT>md| bmJb| Aem arVrZ| Am[Î`m AßJmda{Mß gd© _mßg À`mZ| H$[m{VmMm ‡mU dmßMod `mgmR>t oXb|. Am[Î`m qhXr [wamUmßH$S>{ [mh `mMm AmUIr EH$ —oÔ>H$m{U Amh{. ¯m —Ô>rZ| [mhVmß, YwH|$ hiyß hiyß odÍ$Z OmDß$ bmJb| ÂhUO{ g•Ô>rM| ÒdÍ$[ Og| ^mgV|, Vg| ¯m Jm{Ô>rM| ÒdÍ$[ ^mgy bmJV|. a{. oQ>iH$mßZt ]S>m{⁄m¿`m gmohÀ`gß_{bZmßV "[wamUm›VJ©V H$mÏ`' ZmßdmMm EH$ oZ]ßY dmMbm hm{Vm. [wT>| À`mßVrb ]amMgm ^mJ À`mßZt kmZm{X`mßV N>m[bm hm{Vm. [wamUmßVrb [wÓH$iem Jm{Ô>r ht Í$[H|$ Amh{V, H$mÏ`| Amh{V Ag| À`mßZr XmIodb| hm{V|. À`mßZr gmßoJVb{br H$mßht CXmhaU{ [wT>| X{V|. 1-XŒmO›_mMr H$Wm ø`m. AoÃ F$of d AZgy`m hr À`mMr [ÀZr. AZgy`{M| gŒd [mh `mgmR>t ]´˜m, odÓUw, _h{e h{ oVK{ X{d oV¿`m Kat o^jm _mJ `mg J{b{. À`mßZr oVbm gmßoJVb| H$s®, Vy Zæ hm{D$Z AmÂhmßbm o^jm Kmbm. oVZ| V| H$]yb H{$b|; [U À`m oVKmßMr VrZ ]mi| Pmbt ! AmVmß ¯m H$W{Vrb AW© [hm. AoÃ ÂhUO{ AoÃ. A ÂhUO{ Zmht. ÂhUO{ ¯m¿`m R>m`t Ã°Jw ` Zmht Agm gÀ[wÈf. AgÎ`m gÀ[wÈfmMr [ÀZr AZgy`mM Agm`Mr. ÂhUO{ ¡`m oR>H$mUt Ã°Jw `m Zmht d Agy`moh Zmqh, d ¡`m oR>H$mUt Zæ d•oŒm Amh{óoZïÒ[•hVm Amh{óÀ`m oR>H$mUt _r _r ÂhUUmË`m ]´˜m, odÓUw, _h{emßM| Z{UV| ]mi Pmb| Va À`mßV && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 606$&&

Zdb H$m`? AoÃ AmoU AZgy`m ¯mß¿`m ‡^mdmM| [wamUH$dtZt H{$b{b|{ EHß$Xa dU©Z ¯m —Ô>rZ| [hmd| ÂhUO{ EH$ ‡H$maMm odbjU AmZßX dmQ>{b d Agb| gwßXa H$mÏ` aMUma{ H$od Am_¿`m X{emßV hm{D$Z J{b{ ÂhUyZ Ao^_mZoh dmQ>{b. 2. Y´wdmª`mZ ø`m. ¯m H$mÏ`mßVbm CŒmmZ[mX hm _Zw[wÃ ÂhUO{ó_ZwOóÂhUO{ _mZd Amh{. hm _ZwÓ` CŒmmZ[mX ÂhUO{ [m` [gÍ$Z ]gUmam, AWm©V≤ ]{[dm© Amh{. gwZroV ÂhUO{ CŒm_ ‡H$maMr ZroV hr À`mMr [ohbr dS>rb ghYo_©Ur Amh{, [U [wT>| ¯mM| gwÈoM ÂhUO{ AÀ`ßV CÀH$Q> odf`mo^bmfm-odf`mg∫$set gmhM`© KS>Î`m_wi| hm gwZrVrMm À`mJ H$aVm{ d Am{KmZ|M oVM| \$i O| Y´wd À`mbm _wH$Vm{. AY´wdm¿`m ZmXmZ| À`m¿`m hmVM| Y´wd, _wo∫$gwI OmV|. 3- AmVmß XemdVmamgß]ßYt H$mÏ` [hmï J^©gß^dt _ÀÒ`, [wT>| Xm{Z VrZ _oh›`mßZt H$¿N>, _J damh, O›_H$mit ÒVß^^{X H$aUmam Zaqgh, [wT>| dm_Z, ]Qw>-]mb, À`mZßVa Imß⁄mda [aew ÂhUO{ Hw$ËhmS> K{D$Z JwÈJ•ht go_Ym dJ°a{ Jm{im H$a `mgmR>t qhS>Umam [aewam_, [wT>| J•hÒWml_r PmÎ`mda gmam odf`[gmam AmH$fy© [mhUmam H•$ÓU, ZßVa AZw^dmZ| pÒWaVm [mdb{bm, ‡m· pÒWVtV a_b{bm am_, ZßVa d•’[Ut gd©k ]w’ d H$ÎH$ ÂhUO{ [m[ K{D$Z J{b{bm d [wZï V|M K{D$Z `{Umam H$ÎH$s Aem _ZwÓ`m¿`mM Xhm AdÒWmßM{ h| Í$[H$ Zmht Ag| H$g| ÂhUVmß `{B©b? 4-eßH$am¿`m H$Î[Z|Vrb H$mÏ`oh \$ma Jm{S> Amh{. ¡`m¿`m[wT>| gX°d a_UmË`m ZßXrMr ÂhUO{ Jm{YZmMr AmYt [yOm H$amdr bmJV Amh{, ¡`m¿`m _ÒVH$mdÍ$Z ÂhUO{ oh_mb`mdÍ$Z JßJ{Mm ‡dmh bm{Q>mßJU| K{V EH$gmaIm Imbt CS>Ám Q>mH$V Amh{. ¡`m¿`m AßH$‡X{et qd‹`mo– [d©VmMr lr, ÂhUO{ [md©Vr odbgV Amh{, Vm{ eßH$a ÂhUO{ Am[bm qhXwÒVmZ X{e H$mß Zmht? 5-H•$ÓUï H•$ÓU ÂhUO{ odÓUyMm AdVma. odÓUw ÂhUO{ gy`©. AoY^m°oVH$ gŒm|Vb| —Ì` _hmgÀd-gd©Jm_r Jm{[m (OJmM| [mbZ H$aUmam). [•œdrbm H$Yt ]m{bm`bm bmdm`M| Pmb| Va oVbm JmB©M| ÒdÍ$[ X{ `mMr gmË`m [wamU-H$dtMr [’V Amh{. Jm{ ÂhUO{ Jm`. oVM| [mbZ H$aUmam Vm{ Jm{[m qH$dm Jm{[mb. ¯m Jm{[m e„XmZ| CÀ[ﬁ hm{UmË`m Ìb{fmMm [yU©[U| C[`m{J H$Í$Z K{D$Z H$od H•$ÓUbrb{M| Í$[H$ ]ZdrV Amh{. Vm{ ¯m Jm{[mbm¿`m hmVmßV _wabr X{D$Z oV¿`m _Ywa ZmXmda Jm{[Jm{[tZm Am[Î`mH$S>{ AmH$f©yZ K{V Amh{. EH$m JmßdMm AoYH$mar Vm{ ÒWm`wH$ qH$dm [mQ>rb d [wÓH$i JmßdmßMm AoYH$mar Jm{[ qH$dm X{e_wI. ¯m Jm{[m¿`m _wabradmZ| Xwga{ Jm{[ gma{ À`mbm de Pmb{ Amh{V.

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 607$&&

H$m{UÀ`moh Jm{bm¿`m H$bm gm{im, qH$dm H´$_mZ| gm{ime| gm{im hOma! ¯m odÌdJm{bm¿`m H$bmoh VemM gm{im qH$dm ghÛdoY gm{im AmoU ¯m odÌdH$bmßMm [oV Vm{ gH$b odÌdmMm [oV! H$drZ| H$pÎ[b{Î`m H•$ÓUm¿`m gd© H$bmß¿`m gm{im hOma ]m`H$m ÂhUO{ ¯m AZßV odÌdH$bm qH$dm g_wÉ`{H$Í$Z gH$b odÌd H$mß ZÏh{? am{_Z AmoU J´rH$ OJ h∑`©ybrg AmoU hm`S≠>m (EH$ ‡H$maMm AOg≥ g[©) `mß¿`m `w’mbm X°ohH$ `w’ g_OV Amh{V. VWmo[, gd© Í$[H$mßda [yU©[U| gŒmm Amh{, À`m ÏhOubbm À`mMm Iam AW© g_OyZ Vm{ À`mbm AmpÀ_H$ `w’ g_OV Amh{. Am_¿`m [wamU-H$dtZt oZo_©b{Î`m H$mob`m-_X©ZmMm Iam AW© H$m` Ag{b ]a|? OJmßVÎ`m ]h˛V{H$ gd© ‡og’ [wamUmßZt gm[ hm _yV© qH$dm A_yV© Vm_gmMm ‡oVoZoY H$pÎ[bm Amh{. Am_¿`moh [wamUmßMr H$Î[Zm VrM Agbr [mohO{. À`mdmßMyZ Vt Jm{[m ÂhUO{ OJmM| [mbZ H$aUmam `mOH$Sy>Z H$mob`mM| _X©Z H$adrV ZmhtV. oºÒVrVa b{IH$mßMm AbrH$S>{ oºÒVr Y_m©H$S>{ [mh `mMm —oÔ>H$m{Z ]Xbyß bmJbm Amh{ d O| Am[U À`mßZm gmßJ `mMm oH$Vroh ‡`ÀZ H{$bm AgVmß V{ E{H$ `mg V`ma Pmb{ ZgV{ V| V{M ÒdVï gmßJy bmJb{ Amh{V. J{Î`mM _oh›`mßV _m¬`m [mh `mßV H$_tV H$_t Aet [mßM-gmV Var CXmhaU| Ambt Amh{V. am. VidbH$amßZr "Amoe`mM{ Y_©Xr[' ¯m * [wÒVH$mßV AJXt g_Vm{b _ZmZ| oºÒVr Y_m©M| dU©Z H{$b{bß gmß[S>{b, oH$bm}ÒH$a* _mogH$mßV ZwH$VrM _mPr oºÒVO›_mdarb EH$ H$odVm AJXt [ohÎ`m [mZmda N>m[br Amh{. Ûr _mogH$m¿`m ¯mM _oh›`m¿`m AßH$mßV ]m`]b AmoU oÛ`m hm b{I EIm⁄m oºÒVr _mUgmZ| obhˇZ oºÒVrM _mogH$mßV N>m[Î`mgmaIm oXg{b, BV∑`m AmÀ_r`V{Z| obohb{bm AmT>i{b. "R>m{R>mdm ÂhUO{ CKS>{b' ¯m oºÒVr erf©H$mImbt [admß¿`mM EH$m gZmVZr [ÃmßV AJ´b{I Amb{bm Amh{. Hw$_mar _Zm{a_m Im]S>{, ]r.E.¯m oºÒVr Hw$_mnaH{$bm EH$m oºÒVrVa [ÃmZ| Am[br Ûr-gß[moXH$m ÂhUyZ Z{_b| Amh{. H$mßht dfm™[ydu aÀZmH$amßV ^JdX≤JrVm d ]m`]b ¯mß¿`mVrb oeH$dUtVrb V\$mdV XmIodUmar EH$ b{I_mbm dmMÎ`mM| AmR>dV|. À`m b{I_mb{Mm b{IH$ oºÒVrVa AgyZoh À`mZ| ]m`]b¿`m oeH$dUrMr ]mOy Am{Ty>Z YaÎ`mgmaI| À`m b{ImdÍ$Z dmQ>b|. Am[Î`m dmç`mMr dmT> H$Í$Z ø`md`mMr Ag{b Va qhXw dm∑‡MmamßodÈ’ qH$dm [wamU-dmç`modÈ’ d•oŒm R>{dyZ MmbUma Zmht d _bm gmßJm`bm AmZßX d Ao^_mZ dmQ>Vm| H$s®, od¤mZ o_eZatZtoh Vg| H{$b| Zmht. a{. O{. E\≤$. ES≤>dS>©g, a{. S>m∞.S>{q_J, o[Vm[wÃ S>m∞.¯z_, S>m∞. _∞p∑ZH$b, a{.\$mXa od›Òbm{ d gdm™M{ _wHw$Q>_oU [.dm.S>m∞.A∞]Q> ht Ot AJXt Wm{S>tet CXmhaU| S>m{˘`mß[wT>| Ambt V{dT>t gmßoJVbt Varoh _m¬`m da¿`m * Ûr _mogH$ ï Am∞JÒQ> 1933 && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 608$&&

odYmZmbm ]iH$Q>r AmU `mg Vt [wa{et Amh{V. [ydv¿`m o_eZatZm qhXr MM©gmR>t JmUt [mohO{ hm{Vt. Vt Vm]S>Vm{] o_iU| e∑` ZÏhV|, V{Ïhmß À`mßZr Vt BßJ´Or Mmbr H$m`_ R>{dyZ _amR>rV CVabt. [U V|M Am[br MyH$ ‹`mZmßV `{VmßM À`mß¿`m[°H$s® ¡`mßZm e∑` hm{V| À`mßZt ÒdVï OmVrZ| qhXr MmbtdaMt JmUt ÂhU `mg d oeH$od `mg gwÈdmV J{br. _bm `{W| [.dm.a{.o]gbgmh{]mßM{ CXmhaU AmR>dV|. o]gbgmh{]mßMr ^OZ-H$sV©Zmda \$ma ^o∫$ hm{Vr. V{ ^OZmßV VÑrZ hm{D$Z PmßO oM[˘`m K{D$Z VmgM| Vmg qhXr Mmbtda oºÒVr [X| ÂhUV d À`mßM| [mhˇZ À`mßM{ H$m_Jma bm{H$ À`mßM| AZwH$aU H$Íß$ bmJb{! ZJaH$S>{ o_eZatZt gßJrVmM| qhXrH$aU H$a `mßV [wT>mH$ma K{Vbm ZgVm Va AmO oVH$S>{ ¯m —Ô>rZ| gwYmaUm Pmb{br oXgV{ Vr oXgbr ZgVr. H$mßht amÔ≠>r` d•Œmr¿`m oºÒVr bm{H$mßZm o_eZatM| F$U AJXt H$]yb ZgV|. AmVmßM _t a{. h∞ar o]gb ¯mßMm CÑ{I H{$bm Amh{. Ag{ AmUIroh [wÓH$i o_eZar hm{D$Z J{b{ H$s®, À`mßZt dmç`mgmR>t AoVe` [nal_ H{$b{ Amh{V. À`mß¿`modf`t Am[U H•$VkVm hr XmIodbrM [mohO{ d d{i‡gßJt À`mßMm ¯m F$Um]‘b `m{Ω` g›_mZoh H{$bm [mohO{. qhXr gßÒH•$Vrodf`t Ao^_mZ ]miJU| ÂhUO{ [mÌMmÀ`mßMm d À`mß¿`m ‡À`{H$ H•$VrMm oVaÒH$ma H$aU| ZÏh{. Am[U OmDß$ Z`{ Aem EIm⁄m AdKS> oR>H$mUt [m{hm|Mbm|, Va V{WyZ [aVVmßZm KgaVmß C[`m{Jt Zmht. [aVVmßZm Am[b| ‡À`{H$ [mD$b odMma[yd©H$ [S>b| [mohO{. ZmhtVa AmUIr oVgË`mM oR>H$mUt OmD$Z Am[U AmXim`M{. Am[Î`m AßJt _wab{br [mÌMmÀ`Vm Kmbod `m¿`m ZmXmßV Oa Am[U gd©M [mÌMmÀ` gßÒH•$VrMm d [mÌMmÀ`mßMm oVaÒH$ma H$Íß$ bmJbm|, Va V| _witM CoMV hm{Uma Zmht. Vg| [mohb| Va [wÓH$iM o_eZatZt ZwgÀ`m oºÒVrM ZÏh|, Va oºÒVrVa dmç`mda Am[b{ C[H$ma H$Í$Z R>{odb{ Amh{V. ¯m [aX{er`mßM| _amR>rdarb ‡{_ BVH|$ CÀH$Q> hm{V| H$s® À`m ‡{_m_wi|M _amR>rMr H$soV© oXJßVt [m{hm|Mbr. [mÌMmÀ`mßZm _amR>rMr `m{Ω`Vm ¯mß¿`mM [nal_mß_wi| H$ibr. \$mXa ÒQ>r\$ZZ| Am[Î`m oºÒV[wamUmßV "O°er haimß_mOr aÀZoH$im $& H$s® aÀZm_mOr oham oZim $& V°er ^mfm_mOr Mm{Iim $& ^mfm _amR>r $&&'' Aem VËh{M| Am[Î`m ¯m _m`]m{brM| dU©Z H{$b{b| Amh{. a{.S>m∞._a{ o_Mb≤ ¯m BßJ´O J•hÒWmZ{ _amR>rgß]ßYt Am[Î`m X{e]mßYdmßZm _mohVr Ïhmdr, ÂhUyZ BßJOtV EH$ oZ]ßY obohbm. À`mdÍ$Z À`mM| _amR>r ^mf{darb ‡{_ d _amR>r ^mf{Mm A‰`mg hr ‡H$Q> hm{VmV. 1843 gmbMr hr Jm{Ô> Amh{. Am[U ¡`m oR>H$mUr g‹`mß && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 609$&&

O_bm| Amhm|, Vm{ hm∞b ]mßYÎ`mda VrZM dfm™Zt h| obohb| Amh{. o_Mb≤ ÂhUVm{,""_amR>r dmL>≤_` gOrd Amh{ Ag{ ÂhQ>Î`mg V| `WmW© hm{B©b.'' S>m∞. o_Mb≤ ¯mßZt _amR>tV ]mam [wÒVH|$ obohbt Amh{V. À`mßVrb gw]m{Y gßÒH•$V Ìbm{H$ó¯mßV gßÒH•$V Ìbm{H$ X{D$Z Imbt À`mßMr _amR>r d BßJ´Or ^mfmßVa{ oXbt Amh{V. S>m∞.odÎgZ h{ AmUIr EH$ Zmßd K{ `mOm{J{ [aX{er` o_eZar hm{D$Z J{b{. ‡mMrZ dmç`, H$m{ard b{Ut, OwZt ZmUt, OwZm BoVhmg, ¯mgß]ßYt À`mßZr AÀ`ßV AmÒWm[yd©H$ A‰`mg H{$bm hm{Vm. Z{g]rQ>, ‡mBg, ÌdmQ>©, \$ama, S>m∞.pÒQ>Ïh›g≤ dJ°a{ oH$VrVar Aet Zmßd| gmßJVmß `{Vrb H$s®, ¯mß¿`m _amR>rdarb ‡{_m¿`m eVmßemZ|oh Am_¿`m [wÓH$iem qhXr oºÒVr bm{H$mßM{ ‡{_ Vr Am_Mr _m`]m{br AgyZoh oVOda Zg{b. ¯m bm{H$mß[°H$s® H$m{Uroh, qH$dm AmO _hmamÔ≠>mßV H$m_ H$arV Agb{b{ oH$À`{H$ o_eZar, _m¬`m OmJt `{W| h| A‹`j[UmM| H$m_ H$a `mg H$Ytoh AoYH$ `m{Ω` R>ab{ AgV{. [ohbm _amR>r Q>mB[ o_eZatZt [mS>bm, [ohbm N>m[ImZm À`mßZtM _mßS>bm d [ohÎ`mßXm _amR>tV [wÒVH|$ À`mßZtM H$mT>bt. O{Ïhmß Am[U Am[Î`m dmç`mMm [aH$s[Um Kmbod `mgmR>t H$_am ]mßYyß bmJyß V{Ïhmß dmç`mMm [aH$s[Um Kmbmd`mM|M \$∫$ Am[b| H$m_ Amh{. À`m dmç`mda ‡{_ H$aUmË`m d À`mMr g{dm H$aUmË`m [aH$s`mßZm AY©Mß– X{ `mM| Zmht, h| odgaVmß H$m_mß Z`{. [.dm.S>m∞.A∞]Q>gmaª`m _mUgmbm Oa Am[U Xya R>{dyß ÂhQ>b| Va Vm{ Am[bmM _yI©[Um R>a{b. ohQ>ba O_©Z Zmht, VgmM Z{[m{ob`Z \´|$M ZÏhVm; Var O_©Zr d \´$m›g ¯m X{emßZt ¯m Xm{KmßM| F$U \|$S> `mgmR>r Am[b| Z{V•Àd À`m¿`m hdmbt H{$b|. À`mßZr Vg| H{$b| ZgV|, Va ¯m O]aXÒV _mUgmßZt V{ß ohamdyZ K{Vb| AgV|. BVH$m O]aXÒV [aH$s` _amR>r dmç`mßV AOyZ [wT>| Amb{bm Zmht, Vr Jm{Ô> d{Jir; [aßVw [wT>| Oa H$Yt Vm{ CÀ[ﬁ Pmbm Va À`mM| `m{Ω` ÒWmZ À`mbm X{ `mßV oZXmZ _r Var OJb| dmMb| Va [wT>mH$ma K{B©Z. BVH$m d{i[`™V Am[U gmYmaUVï oºÒVr dmç`mMm qhXw dmç`met H$m` gß]ßY Agmdm ¯m odf`t odMma H{$bm. AmVmß oºÒVr C[mgZm[’VtV qhXr gßJrV d qhXr H$mÏ` ¯mMm oH$Vr d H$gm C[`m{J H$naVmß `{B©b, ¯mgß]ßYr Wm{S>m odMma H$Íß$. Am[Î`m C[mgZm[’VtV J{Î`m drg dfm™V H$mßhtgm BÔ> [naUm_ Pmbm Agbm, Var AOyZ Ïhmdm oVVH$m ]Xb Pmb{bm Zmht h| Am[U À`m odf`mM| ]maH$mB©Z|{ oZarjU H{$Î`mg Am[Î`mbm oXgyZ `{B©b. gmYmaUVï C[mgZm[’oV Xm{Z ‡H$maMr AgV{. EH$ MM© Am∞\$ BßΩbßS>¿`m gmYmaU ‡mW©Z{V oXb{br d EH$ Zm∞ZH$›\$m∞o_©ÒQ> MM©¿`m bm{H$mßMr. && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 610$&&

¯mßV gmYmaU ‡mW©Z|V H$mßht ]Xb hm{V Ag{b Va Vm{ AJXt _wßJr¿`m [m`mZ| hm{V Amh{. ]mH$s®¿`m MM©_‹`|oh \$aH$ Pmbm Ag{b Va Vm{ qhXr [’Vr¿`m Jm `mßgß]ßYtM. ]mH$s® ]h˛V{H$ [’oV [mÌMmÀ` YVr©da [ydm©[ma MmbV Amb{br Amh{ Vr Amh{. [admß ZmVmi Pmbm. Am_¿`m ZmeH$mg [mÌMmÀ` [’VrMr "oºÒV_g H∞$ab' oZKmbr hm{Vr. Xm{ZMma [m{amßZt EH$Ã O_md|, hmVmßV "ode `y h∞[r oºÒV_g≤'¿`m ]{JS>r [mQ>Ám ø`mÏ`m d Jmßd^a ^rH$ _mJV o\$amd|. hr [’V Amh{ Ver [wÓH$i df~[`™V Mmby oXÎ`mZ| oV¿`mßVrb _yiM| [mÌMmÀ` ÒdmaÒ` Zmhtg| hm{D$Z V| EH$ d{i ^rH$ _mJ `mM| gmYZ hm{D$Z ]gb| Amh|. H$maU H∞$ab hr qhXr _Zm{aMZ{Mm odMma H$Í$Z À`mß¿`mda bmX `mßV Amb{br Zmht. Am[Î`mbm Am[Î`m C[mgZm[’VtV qH$dm Aem H$mßht MmbrarVtV ]Xb hm{ `mg hdm Ag{b Va Am[U qhXr _Zm{d•ŒmrMm A‰`mg H{$bm [mohO{. hOmam| dfm™¿`m EH$m odoeÔ> oejUmZ| qhXr _ZmMr R>{dU Aer Pmb{br Amh{ H$s®, À`m_wi| [mÌMmÀ`mßZm qhXr bm{H$mß¿`m [wÓH$iem dV©ZmMm CÑ{I H$aU| H$R>rU hm{V|, CXmhaUmW© e{H$S>m| _°bmdÍ$Z EH$gmaI| gmÔ>mßJ Z_ÒH$ma KmbrV EImXr ]mB© [ßT>a[yabm OmV{. oV¿`m _ZmMr AmÀ`ßoVH$ CÀH$Q>Vm oVbm h| H•$À` H$a `mg ‡d•Œm H$aV{. [aßVw [mÌMmÀ`mbm oVMm Vm{ _yI©[Um dmQ>Vm{. V|M ^OZmgß]ßYr ÂhUVmß `{B©b. ^OZ, H$sV©Z ¯m ^∫$s¿`m ‡H$mamßZm Vm{ Hß$Q>miyZ OmB©b, [U qhXr _mUyg Vmg¿`m Vmg amÃt¿`m amÃt À`mßV OmJyZ KmbodVm{. "oºÒVXmg Pmbm|, o^jm dmT>m _mB©' hr Am{i Vmg¿`m Vmg ÂhUVmßZm _t E{H$br Amh{. À`mßV _t ÒdVï ^mJoh K{Vb{bm Amh{. Jm `mMm C[`m{J H$m`? V|M V|M ÂhUyZ VwÂhmßbm \$m`Xm H$m` hm{Vm{ d X{dmbm Vw_M| ÂhUU| EH$XmM gmßoJVb| V| E{Hyß$ `{V Zmht H$m`? Agm ‡˝ [mÌMmÀ` bm{H$ H$naVmV. À`mßZm CŒma h|M H$s® ohË`mbm V{OÒdr H$am`M| Agb| ÂhUO{ Og| À`mbm À`mM À`m oR>H$mUt Kmgmd{ bmJV|, V¤V≤ _ZmMm [a_{úamM{ oR>H$mUt b` bmd `mgmR>t hr ^∫$sMr JwßJr À`mbm C[`m{Jr [S>V{. Am[Î`m _amR>r Mmbrda¿`m JrVmßZm Y´wd[X AgV| d Km{iyZ Km{iyZ ÂhU `mMm ‡KmV Amh{. ht JrV| ÂhUO| "Ïh{Z na[roQ>eZ' Amh{V Ag| BßJ´OtV gmßJyZ, EH$ [miH$ V{dT>Ámda Am[Î`m C[mgZ{¿`m d{it BßJ´Or Mmbrdarb JrV|M [gßV H$arV AgVmV. ¯m qhXr oºÒVr _mUgm¿`mM _Zm{aMZ{Mm Wm{S>m d{i odMma H{$bm Va Am[Î`mbm Ag| oXgyZ `{B©b H$s®, Vr [mÌMmÀ` [’VrMr ]Zbr Amh{.

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 611$&&

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CÀ[›Z hm{ `mcm, ÂhUO{ gß_{cZmßV AmÂht [yU©[U| gm_rc hm{D$Z Am_Mr ‡Wm _m{Sy>Z Q>mH$ `mg, AOyZ [wÓH$i AdoY Amh{. Ver d{i `{Uma Zmht qH$dm `{Dß$ Z`{ Ag{ß Am_M| _witM ÂhUU{ Zmht. Ver d{i `{B©c d `mdr Ag|M Am_M| ÂhUU| Amh{, d oZ[mUr¿`m gß_{cZmßV À`m d{i¿`m A‹`jmßZt Vg{ Ò[Ô>[U| gmßoJVc| hm{V|. VwÂhr ht OmVrMt gß_{cZ| ^aodVmß ÂhUyZ _hmamÔ≠> gß_{cZmßV oºÒVr cm{H$ ^mJ K{V ZmhtV Agm Am_¿`mda Xwgam Amj{[ Amh{. _mP| ÂhUU| Ag| Amh{ H$s®, Am_M| gß_{cZ ^aod `mg Amaß^ PmÎ`m[mgyZM Am_¿`m cm{H$mßM{ _hmamÔ≠> gmohÀ` gß_{cZmH$S>{ c˙` OmDß$ cmJc| d oºÒVrVa gmohÀ`^∫$mßM{ Am_¿`mH$S>{ c˙` OmDß$ cmJc|. Am_¿`m ‡À`{H$ gß_{cZmMm CÑ{I À`m À`m d{it ^ac{Î`m _hmamÔ≠> gmohÀ`gß_{cZmßV Pmc{cm Amh{. Am_Mt gß_{cZ| ^Íß$ cmJ `m¿`m AmYt oI´ÒVr dmç`mMm _hmamÔ≠> gmohÀ`gß_{cZmßV H$m{R>| H$Yt CÑ{Ioh Pmc{cm _m¬`m E{oH$dmßV Zmht. _hmamÔ≠> gmohÀ`[nafX|V g‹`m O{ VrZ oºÒVr g^mgX Amh{V V| Am_Mt gß_{cZ| ^Íß$ cmJÎ`mZßVaM{M Amh{V Ag| _cm dmQ>V|. EH$ Va Am_¿`m g_|cZmßZt Am_¿`m ¯m gmohpÀ`H$mßZm _hmamÔ≠> gmohÀ` [nafX{H$S>{ [mh `mg cmdc{ Ag{ c . Zmht Va Am_¿`m gß _ { c Zmß _ w i | [nafX{ ¿ `m _VXmamß M | Am_¿`m gmohpÀ`H$mßH$S>{ c˙` d{Yc| Ag{c. Agm ‡˝ odMma `mßV `{B©c H$s®, VwÂhmßcm Vw_Mr _amR>r ^mfm [yU©[U| gwYma `mMr CÀH$Q> B¿N>m Amh{. [wT>| _mJ| Vw_Mt gß_{cZ| AoO]mV Wmß]dyZ _hmamÔ≠> gmohÀ`gß_{cZmßV [yU©[U| ^mJ K{ `mMr Vw_Mr V`mar Ïhmdr Ag|M Am_¿`m‡_mU| VwÂhmßcmoh dmQ>V Amh{. _J AmOM, Vw_Mm oZam˘`m gß_{cZmMm h≈> H$mß? ¯mcm CŒma Ag| H$s®, Am_M| h{ gß_{cZ ZÏhV| V{Ïhmß oH$Vrem oºÒVr cm{H$mßZt _hmamÔ≠> gmohÀ` gß_{cZmßV ^mJ K{Vcm ? ]a|, AmO h| ]m{cU{ oZKmÎ`mda Var ZmJ[wamßVÎ`m ZmJ[wamßV ^ac{Î`m gß_{cZmg oH$Vr oºÒVr cm{H$ hOa hm{V{ ? V{ßM AmO oºÒVr gmohÀ`gß_{cZmg oH$VrVar oºÒVr cm{H$ hOa Amh{V [hm. ¯mMr H$maU| Ò[Ô> Amh{V. [ohcr B`Œmm PmÎ`moedm` _yc XwgatV MmcV Zmht. Am_Mr hr gß_{cZ| ÂhUO{ o]Jmar qH$dm [ohcrM{ dJ© Amh{V. da¿`m dJm©V Om `mMr V`mar hm{VmßM AmÂhr _m{R>Ám AmZßXmZ{ da¿`m dJm©V OmDß$ H$s®. _ZwÓ` CÀgdo‡` AgVm{. Am_¿`m gß_{cZm¿`m oZo_ŒmmZ| dfm©VyZ H$mßht oXdg H$mß hm{B©Zm, À`m odf`mgß]ßYmZ| AmÂhmßcm EH$ CÀgmh oZ_m©U H$aVmß `{Vm{. dmç`, gmohÀ` dJ°a| e„X À`m Jmßdt gmaI{ H$mZt H$[mit Am{aS>Vmß `{VmV. ¡`mZm _amR>rMr AJXt Jm{S>r Zmht Aem Am_¿`mßVrc [wÓH$i cm{H$mßet AmÂhmßcm _m{H$i{[UmZ| À`m odf`mda ]m{cVmß && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 616$&&

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&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 617$&&

[naoeÔ>-3 c˙_r]mB© oQ>iH$-ocoIV

VmÀ`mgmh{] H$m{ÎhQ>H$amß¿`m AmR>dUr * 1. _mPr d VmÀ`mgmh{]mßMr [ohcr ^|Q> _r H$m{UmM| H$mßht dmMc| H$s® À`m Ï`∫$scm [mh `mMr _cm B¿Nm hm{V{. _cmM Zmht [U ]h˛V{H$mßZmM Aer B¿N>m hm{V Ag{c. _t VmÀ`mgmh{]mßM{ gwXmÂ`mM{ [m{h| dmMÎ`m[mgyZ _cm À`mßZm ^{Q>md|g| dmQy>ß cmJc|. [U `m ^{ßQ>rMm `m{J H$gm `mdm ? [wÈfmßZm dmQ>{c V{Ïhmß ^{ßQ>Vmß `{V| Vg| AmÂhm pÒÃ`mßM| Zmht. VmÀ`mgmh{] ‡og’ J•hÒW; V{ H$m _OgmaIrcm ^|Q>Uma ! [U AZw^dmdmßMyZ H$iV Zmht. À`mß¿`m ^|Q>rMm `m{J AMmZH$ KSy>Z Amcm Vm{ Zdc H$a `mOm{Jm >Amh{. oM. gm° H$_cm [mQ>UH$a hr VmÀ`mgmh{]mßMr EHw$cVr EH$ _wcJr. V{ Am[Î`m _wcr¿`m cΩZmH$naVmß ZmerH$ _w∑H$m_r Amc{. À`mßM{ Om_mV ‡m{\{$ga [mQ>UH$a ÂhUO{ _mPm ]m]y. _mPm _wcJm d ]m]y `mßMr ]mi[Um[mgyZMr _°Ãr. ÂhUyZ AmÂhmßcm À`m¿`modf`t [aH{$[Um dmQ>cm Zmht d dmQ>V Zmht. _r cΩZm¿`m AmYt À`m¿`m Kat amh `mg J{c| hm{V|. ]m]yMr Wm{acr ]hrU oM.gm°._mB© d oVM{ [oV lr ]m[yamd A‰`ßH$a `mßZr KamßV H$m{UrVar _m{R>| _mUygAgmd| ÂhUyZ _cm AmYt[mgyZM ahmd`mg Z{c| hm{V|. H$m`m™V H$mßhtVar H$m_ H{$c| [mohO{. [U _r H$m` H$aUma ? gm°._mB©Z| _m¬`mOm{J| H$m_ _cm oXc|. VrZ| _cm H$m{R>r oXcr d _r H$m{R>rdmcr Pmc|. ]m]y¿`m cΩZmM| YwarUÀd lr ]m[yamd A‰`ßH$a `mßOH$S>{ hm{V{. cΩZm¿`m AmYÎ`m oXdet VmÀ`mgmh{] ]m[yamd `mßOH$S>{ Amc{. [wÈf_ßS>ir ]mh{a¿`m XmcZmßV ]gcr hm{Vr. V{W|M Am_¿`m KamßVrc gd© _ßS>itMm \$m{Q>m{ Q>mßJc{cm hm{Vm. _r Am[Î`m _ZmetM odMma H$arV hm{V| H$s®, AmVmß H$m` ? Am[cr H$Yt Var VmÀ`mgmh{]mßMr ^|Q> hm{UmaM. ]mh{a ]m{cVmß ]m{cVmß VmÀ`mgmh{]mßMr ZOa Am_¿`m \$m{Q>m{da J{cr. À`mßZt ]m]ycm odMmac| H$s®, hm \$m{Q>m{ H$m{UmMm ? "Vmam BßΩcßS>cm J{cr, À`m d{it K{Vc{cm hm \$m{Q>m{ oQ>iH$mß¿`m `m AmR>dUr [ohÎ`m Amd•ŒmtV Ò_•oVoMÃmßV g_modÔ> Pmc{Î`m hm{À`m. && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 618$&&

Hw$Qw>ß]mMm Amh{' Ag| gmßJyZ ]m]yZ| À`mßZm À`mßVrc gd© _ßS>irMr _mohVr H$Í$Z oXcr. À`mda VmÀ`mgmh{]mßZr odMmac|, ""hÑt c˙_r]mB© H$m{R>| Amh{V ?'' ""`{W|M Amh{V.'' ""_J, À`mßMm [Œmm H$m` ?'' ""[Œmm ? _mJ¿`m _mS>tV H$m{R>rMr Im{cr'' ""Iaß ? _J À`m ^|Q>Vrc H$m ?'' ""hm{, Z ^|Q>m`cm H$m` Pmcß ?'' BVH|$ PmÎ`mda _cm ]m]yZ| ""H$mHy$'' ÂhUyZ hmßH$ _macr. ]m]y _cm H$emcm hmßH$ _maVm{ Amh{ h| _cm _mhrV ZÏhV|. _r Am{ßMm [Xa ]mßYyZ [rR> _m{OrV hm{V|. VerM ]mh{a Amc|. _r VmÀ`mgmh{]mßZm H$YtM [mohc| ZÏhV| AmoU _mPr H$Î[Zmoh ZÏhVr H$s® h{M lr H$m{ÎhQH$a AgVrc ÂhUyZ. hmßH$ E{H$VmM _r VerM ]mh{a J{c|. _mPm hm Agm AdVma [mhˇZ VmÀ`mgmh{]mßZt VmS>c| d Z_ÒH$ma H{$cm. _toh Vg|M o[R>mM{ hmV Om{S>c{. À`m d{iMm _mPm \$m{Q>m{ K{ `mgmaIm hm{Vm. lr ]m[wamd A‰`ßH$a `mßZt Am{iI H$ÈZ oXcr H$s®, "h{ VmÀ`mgmh{].' AmÂhmßcm À`m d{it hÒVrXßVr Z_ÒH$mamdmßMyZ ]m{c `mg d{iM ZÏhVm. Og| À`mß¿`m H$_iM| cΩZ C⁄mßda Amc| hm{V|. Vg|M _m¬`m ]m]yM|oh hm{V|. 2. _wß]B©¿`m gmohÀ`gß_{cZm¿`m d{it lr_ßV gaXma _mYdamd oH$]{ `mß¿`m A‹`jV{Imct _wß]B© gmohÀ`gß_{cZ ^ac| hm{V|. V{Ïhmß _r d XŒmy _wß]B©gM hm{Vm|. AmÂhmßcm oZ_ßÃU| Amct hm{Vt. AmÂhr gß_{cZm¿`m XwgË`m oXdgm¿`m H$m`©H´$_mg hOa hm{Vm|. _cm gm°.H$_cm]mB© oH$]{ `mßM{Odi ]godc{ hm{V|. gß_{cZmgmR>t VmÀ`mgmh{] OiJmßdhˇZ [aÒ[a _wß]B©g Amc| hm{V{. _r _wß]B©g AmÎ`mM| À`mßZm _mhrV ZÏhV| d V{ AmÎ`mM| _cm _mhrV ZÏhV|. V{ `{VmßM _r À`mßZm oXgc{. Am_M{ Z_ÒH$ma dJ°a{ Pmc{. VmÀ`mgmh{] A‹`jmß¿`m ‡^mditV OmD$Z ]gc{. V{ V{WyZM H$mßht H$mßhr _O]am{]a ]m{cV hm{V{. g^{cm gwÈdmV Pmcr V{Ïhmß Am_M| ]m{cU| Wmß]c|. "C[a Vm{ ]h˛ ]Z{ AßXaH$s am_ OmZ{' Aer Am_Mr pÒWoV Pmcr hm{Vr. À`mßZm _OOdi O| H$mßht ]m{cm`cm hd| hm{V| V| ]m{cVmß Amc{ß Zmht d _cmoh Vg|M. À`mM d{it AmUIroh EH$m J•hÒWmg ^{Q> `mMr _cm \$ma B¿N>m hm{Vr. À`m¿`m H$odVm _t dmMÎ`m hm{À`m. À`mMt EH$Xm{Z [Ã|oh _cm Amct hm{Vt; [U _t À`mßZm qH$dm À`mßZr _cm ‡À`j [mohc| ZÏhV|. g^|V À`mßM| Zmßd E{H$VmßM _cm AmZßX dmQ>cm. À`m¿`m ^mfUmßV À`mZ| Am[Î`m H$qdVm ÂhUyZ XmIodÎ`m. À`mcm _r H{$Ïhmß ^{Q>{Z Ag| _cm Pmc|. _t À`mcm Am{iIc| Zmht. && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 619$&&

AmVmß g^m gß[Î`mda À`m J•hÒWmet Am{iI H$Í$Z ø`m`Mr d VmÀ`mgmh{]mßet _m{H$˘`m _ZmZ| ]m{cm`M| Agm odMma _r Am[Î`m _Zmet H$arV hm{V| Vm|M H$m`©H´$_ AmQ>m{[cm. VmÀ`mgmh{]mßZmoh _m¬`met ]m{cm`M| hm{V| ÂhUyZ g^m gß[VmßM V{ _m¬`mH$S>{ Amc{. [U _r _m¬`m J•hÒWm¿`m ^|Q>rgmR>t [wT>| Mmcc|, H$maU Vm{ OmB©c _J _mPr ^|Q> H$er hm{Uma ? BV∑`mßV H°$.AZßVVZ` À`m J•hÒWmßZm _OH$S>{ K{D$Z Amc{ d ÂhUmc{, "‡´m{._m`X{d, ¯mM c˙_r]mB© oQ>iH$.'' V{ Z_ÒH$ma H$Í$Z ]m{c `mg gwÍ$dmV H$aUma Vm| VmÀ`mgmh{] _m¬`m _mJ| C^{. À`mßZm _m¬`met H$mßht ode{f ]m{cm`M| hm{V|. [U VmÀ`mgmh{]mßet ]m{c `mH$naVmß À`mßM{oh _mJ| ]amM Km{iH$m hm{Vm. `m JXvV À`mßZm d _cm H$mßhtM ]m{cVmß Amc| Zmht. AI{a À`mßZt XŒmycm Am_Mm [Œmm odMmÍ$Z K{Vcm. `m ^|Q>r¿`m d{it ]h˛V{H$mßMm Agm g_O Pmcm Agmdm H$s® hr EH$ \$ma OmS>r odXwfr ]mB© Amh{. H$maU VmÀ`mgmh{]mßgmaI{ gw‡og’ J•hÒW _m¬`met ]m{c `mH$naVmß Amc{ AgyZ À`mßZm d _cm ]m{c `mcm d{i Z o_imÎ`m_wi| À`mßZr Am_¿`m KaMm [Œmm odMmÍ$Z K{Vcm. "`{Z H{$Z ‡H$ma{U' ¯m‡_mU| _mPr À`mß¿`met ^|Q> d OJmMm g_O Pmcm. À`mßMm _m¬`met emßV[U| ]m{c `mMm h{Vw Agm H$s® _r Amc{cr ZmerH$hˇZ. V{Ïhmß À`mßZm _wcrMr d Omd`mMr I]a ø`md`mMr B¿N>m. Vet À`mßZm [Ã| OmV AgVM. [U _r ZmerH$Mr, AmoU À`mßVyZ Am[Î`m Omd`mMr H$mHy$. Am[Î`m o‡` _mUgm¿`m JmßdM| Hw$Ã|X{Irc o‡` dmQ>V|. _J _r Va ]m{cyZ MmcyZ _mUyg. _mP| _mÃ ^|Q> `mM| H$maU Xwga|M hm{V{.`m ^|Q>r¿`m AmYt¿`m C›hm˘`mßV _mÃ VmÀ`mgmh{] ZmeH$mg Amc{ hm{V| V{Ïhmß À`mß¿`m S>m{˘`mßV _m{oVq]Xw [S>Î`mM| _cm H$ic|. _m¬`moh S>m{˘`mßV EH$Xm _m{oV]nßXw [S>cm hm{Vm d Vm{ lr.H$a_aH$a `mß¿`m "gwcm{MZm' Jm{irZ| Zmhtgm Pmcm hm{Vm. _r Pmc| cmJctM S>m∞∑Q>a, d VmÀ`mgmh{]mßZm H{$c| [{eßQ>; À`mßZm gwcm{MZm Jm{ir H$er dm[am`Mr, [œ`[mUr H$amd`mM| h| gd© gmßoJVc|. VmÀ`mgmh{]mßZr OmdB©]m[yßMr H$mHy$ gmßJV{ ÂhUyZ Jm{ir _mJdyZ K{Vcr hm{Vr. _m¬`m gwcm{MZmZ| À`mß¿`m cm{MZmßV H$mßht \$aH$ Pmcm H$s® Zmht h| odMma `mMr _cm CÀHß$R>m cmJyZ amohcr hm{Vr. Xwga{ oXdet VmÀ`mgmh{] Amc{ d AmÂhr À`modf`t ]a|M ]m{ccm|. 3. _mPr Ò_•oVoMÃ| ï À`mßZm [ßI H$g{ \w$Q>c{ _m¬`m oeamdarb ‡[ßMmM| Am{P| ¡`m d{i{g gwZ{Z| Am[Î`m oeamda K{Vb|, V{Ïhmß _r BVa H$m_| H$a `mg _m{H$ir Pmb|. ÒdVï¿`m H$a_UwH$sH$aVmß _r _m¬`m AmR>dUr obhˇß bmJb|. XŒmybm oQ>iH$mßM{ EH$ _m{R>| MnaÃ obhmd`mM| hm{V| V{Ïhmß Vm{ ÂhUmbm,"AmB© Vyß AmVmß Am[Î`m AmR>dUr obhˇZ H$mT> H$er, _bm À`mßMm C[`m{J hm{B©b.' _t obhmd`mg Om{amZ| gwÈdmV H{$br. XŒmy d ]m]y EImX| [mZ dmMrV d \$maM MmßJb| Amh|; hß [wT>| Mmbyß X{' && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 620$&&

Ag| _bm AYyZ _YyZ CŒm{OZ X{V. VmÀ`mßMr H$_bm doS>bmßgmaIrM odZm{Xr Amh{. Vroh _m¬`m AmR>dUr dmMr. oVbm À`m \$ma AmdS>V. Vr [m{amßgmaIr Q>rH$m H$arV Zg{. [U ÂhU{ "Am_¿`m gmgy]mB™M| obohU| H$g| [mZ ^Í$Z AgV| H$maU _r obohVmßZm _moO©Z gm{S>rV Zmht. _r oVbm ÂhUm`Mr,""_r [mZ ^Í$Z O{dV|, [mZ ^Í$Z obohV| d Vm|S> ^Í$Z ]m{bV|.'' `m gdm™¿`m CŒm{OZmMr ^a [S>Î`m_wi| _r AmVmß gmaª`m AmR>dUr obhˇZ H$mTy>ß bmJb|. À`m N>m[ `mMm _yiMm h{Vw ZÏhVm, [U À`m N>m[ `mg VmÀ`mgmh{]mßMr gyMZm H$maU Pmbr. _‹`ßVat _r ]{]rH$S>{ (_m¬`m _wbrH$S>{) _wß]B©g ahmd`mg J{b| hm{V|. C›hm˘`mMr gwQ>r gwÍ$ Pmbr V{Ïhmß Í$W AmOmar AgÎ`m_wi| XŒmy _wb| _mUg| K{D$Z _hm]i{Ìdamg J{bm. ]{]rM| H$bH$Œ`mg Omd`mM| EH$mEH$s® R>ab|. AmVmß amhVmß amohb| _rM. BV∑`mßV ]m]yM| ]{]rbm [Ã Amb| H$s® Vyß d H$mHy$ `m gwQ>tV _m¬`mH$S>{ `m. _r [S>À`m \$imMr Amkm _mZyZ À`m¿`m Kat ahmd`mg J{b|. À`m gwQ>tV VmÀ`mgmh{] d ]m[yamd H$m{ÎhQ>H$a ]m]yH$S>{ Amb{ hm{V{. _r _m¬`m AmR>dUr obhrV Amh| h| VmÀ`mgmh{]mßZm ]m]y d H$_bm `mßOH$Sy>Z H$ib| hm{V|. À`m d{it VmÀ`mßZm dmM `mBVH|$ oXgV ZÏhV|. EH$ oXdg V{ ]m]ybm ÂhUmb{,"]m]yamd H$mHyß$¿`m AmR>dUr dmMyZ XmIdm.' ]m]ybmoh À`mßZm À`m dmMyZ XmIdmd`mMr B¿N>m hm{VrM. V{Ïhmß À`mZ| À`m oOV∑`m obhˇZ PmÎ`m hm{À`m oVV∑`m dmMyZ XmIodÎ`m. VmÀ`mgmh{]mßZm À`m \$ma AmdS>Î`m d À`mßZt _bm odMmab| H$s®,"H$mHy$ h| O| VwÂht obohbß V| gd© IßaM Amh{, H$m H$Î[Zm Amh{V?'' _r ÂhUmb|,"Am[Umßg Agß dmQ>Vß H$m H$s® _r H$Î[Z{Z| V| obhrZ BVH$s h˛fma Amh{? O| H$mßht obohbß V| AJXt Iaß Amh{.'' ""V| Va _bm EIm⁄m H$mXß]ar‡_mU| dmQ>Vß. `m AmR>dUr AdÌ` N>m[m. \$maM gwßXa Amh{V.'' ]m]y O{Ïhmß VmÀ`mgmh{]mßZm AmR>dUr dmMyZ XmIdr V{Ïhm ]m[yamd H$m{ÎhQ>H$a V{W|M AgÎ`m_wi| À`mßZtoh À`m Am{PaÀ`m E{H$Î`m hm{À`m. [wT>| VmÀ`mgmh{]mßMr O{Ïhmß O{Ïhmß XŒmyet JmßR> [S>{ V{Ïhmß V{Ïhmß V{ À`mbm gmßJV,""XŒmm{[ßV, H$mHyß$¿`m AmR>dUr N>m[m ]aß H$mß.'' [wT>| ]m[yamd H$m{ÎhQ>H$amßZt "gßOrdZt [Ã gwÍ$ H{$b| V{Ïhmß À`mßM| XŒmybm EH$ [Ã Amb| H$s® _m¬`m gßOrdZtV _r H$mHyß$Mr Ò_•oVoMÃ| N>m[Vm|. XŒmyZ| h| _bm gmßoJVb| hm{V|. EH$ oXdg gß‹`mH$mit ]m[yamd H$m{ÎhQ>H$a Amb{. À`m d{it _r Am_¿`m ]mJ{¿`m Pm|[m˘`mda ]ßgb| hm{V|. _t ]m[yamdmßZm Z Am{iIÎ`m_wi| odMmab|,""H$m{U VwÂhr?'' V{ ÂhUmb{,"" _r Vw_Mm ‡H$meH$ AmoU VwÂhr _bm Am{iIrV Zmht?''_r ÂhUmb|,"IaßM ]m]m, o]oP _∞Z' * Ag| `m ]m[b{H$mßZr _m¬`m Ò_•oVoMÃmßZm [ßI bmdb|. *]m[yamd AYyZ _YyZ ZmoeH$bm `{VmV [U gXm H$m_m¿`m JS>]S>tV V{Ïhmß _r À`mßZm o]oP _∞Z ÂhUV|. && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 621$&&

4. H°$.lr[mX H•$ÓU H$m{ÎhQ>H$a AbrH$S>{ lr.VmÀ`mgmh{] H$m{ÎhQ>H$a H$m{Ur [aH{$ ZgyZ AJXt Am_¿`m Am·m‡_mU|{ Pmb{ hm{V{. ]m]y d V{ AJXt EIm⁄m ]m[_wbm‡_mU| dmJV. VmÀ`mgmh{]mßZt OUyß Am[Î`m H$_bmbm X{D$Z oV¿`m ]Xbt À`mbm K{Vb| hm{V|. ÂhUO{ À`mbm KaOmdB© H{$b| ZÏhV| hß. [aßVw À`mMm Òd^md d À`mM| erb À`mßZt [yU© OmUb| hm{V|. Vm{ Ogm Xagmb oXdmir¿`m gwQ>tV À`mß¿`mH$S>{ OmV Ag{ Vg{ V{oh Xa C›hm˘`mßV H$mßht oXdgmßH$naVmß Var Am[Î`m Omßd`mH$S>{ `{V. _m¬`m gwbm{MZmZ| VmÀ`mgmh{]mßM{ bm{MZ ]a{ Pmb{ ZmhtV d À`mßZm Ia|M AJXt oXg{Zmg| Pmb|; [U V{ \$ma AmemdmXr hm{V{. Am∞[a{eZ H{$Î`mda V{ ÂhUV,"_bm AmVmß oXgV|. _mPr —oÔ> Xaam{O gwYmaV Amh{ H$m{Ur ]mh{Í$Z Amb| H$s® À`mßZm odMmamd| "H$m{U Amb| Amh{? ÂhUO{ V{ MQ>H$Z≤ CŒma X{V H$s® "hm A_yH$ Amh{.' À`mßM| ÂhUU| Ia| Agb| H$s® À`mßZm AmZßX dmQ>{ d V| Im{Q>| R>ab| H$s® À`mßZm oVVH|$M dmB©Q> dmQ>{. À`mßMm ]h˛V{H$ H$mi od⁄mÏ`mgßJmV J{bm hm{Vm. [U AmVmß —oÔ> jrU PmÎ`m_wi| V| [aÒdmYrZ Pmb{ hm{V{. BVH|$ AgyZoh V{ AmZßXr amhV. ZmerH$bm Amb{ ÂhUO{ Am{iIr¿`m gd© _ßS>itZm ^{Q>md`mbm OmV. Am_¿`m Kat Va V{ `md`mM{M. EH$Xm Ag{M V{ Am_¿`m Kat Amb{ AgVmß ]m{bVmß ]m{bVmß [wT>rb J_VrMr Jm{Ô> À`mßZt _bm gmßoJVbr. V{ ÂhUmb{, _bm Wm{a g_O `mMr EH$m J•hÒWmMr H$Î[Zm [hm. À`mZ| _bm [Ã [mR>odb| À`mda [Œmm obohbm "H°$bmgdmgr lr[mX H•$ÓU H$m{ÎhQ>H$a `mßg X{U|, Im_Jmßd.'' h| E{Hy$Z AmÂhmßbm V{Ïhmß \$ma hgyß Amb|. H°$bmgdmgr oboh `mZ| Am[U À`mßZm \$ma _mZ X{V Amhm| Agm À`m J•hÒWmMm g_O hm{Vm. [U AmO V|M dm∑` Am_¿`m S>m{˘`mM{ Alw [wgmd`mg bmdrV Amh{.

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 622$&&

[naoeÔ>-4 Mm°œ`m ^mJm¿`m XwgË`m Amd•Œmrg Om{S>b{br

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‡H$moeV hm{V Amh{. [ohb{ oV›hr IßS> H{$di b˙_r]mB™¿`m b{IUr_YyZ CVab{b{ hm{V{. ¯m Mm°œ`m IßS>m¿`m _wI[•>mda _mÃ b˙_r]mB™]am{]aM lr.X{dXŒm Zmam`U oQ>iH$ ¯mßM|oh Zmßd Amh{. b˙_r]mB™Zt Am[Î`m OrdZH$hmUrM| gyÃ O{W| Imbt R>{db| V|W|M lr. X{dXŒm oQ>iH$mßZt V{ß CMb{b| AmoU Am[Î`m AmB©¿`m X{hmdgZm[`™V V| [wT>| Z{b| Amh{. VrZ ^mJmßVyZ ‡dmohV Pmb{Î`m OrdZMnaÃmMr, lr. X{dXŒm oQ>iH$ ¯mßZt Am[Î`m ‡mgmoXH$ AmoU g_W© b{IUrZ| gmßJVm H{$br Amh{. ""AmB©¿`m embOm{S>rbm _t ]a|M _m{R>| Ym]irM| oR>Ji Om{S>rV Amh|'' Ag| V{ ÂhUVmV. [aßVw oQ>iH$ Kam `mMr dmç`rZ lr_ßVr Iam{Ia Aer Amh{ H$s® À`mß¿`m KamßV Ym]˘`m oeÑH$M Cab{Î`m ZmhtV, ¡`m Amh{V À`m gmË`m embOm{S>ÁmM! [U oQ>iH$mßZt O| obohb| Amh{ À`mM| dmç`rZ _yÎ`_m[Z H$a `mM| `{W| ‡`m{OZM Zmht. g^m{dma AmZßXmMr, CÎhmgmMr [IaU H$arV, ZmZmodY Am[Œmtet hgV_wImZ| PwßO X{V AmoU Am[Î`m AßVïH$aUmßVrb A[ma _mV•ÀdmM| gd©Ã qgMZ H$arV À`m Wm{a ÛrZ| Om{ E{ohH$mßVrb ‡dmg H{$bm À`mMr AI{a H$er ¬mmbr h| _amR>r dmMH$mßg g_OU| AmdÌ`H$ hm{V|. V| g_Ob| ZgV| Va ¯m [wÒVH$m[mgyZ o_iUmË`m agmZw^dmßV A[yU©Vm amohbr AgVr. b˙_r]mB™¿`m AmÀ_MnaÃmbm MnaÃmMr [wadUr Om{Sy>Z lr.oQ>iH$mßZt H{$di Am[Î`m AmB©gß]ßYtM|M ZÏh{ Va dmMH$mßgß]ßYrM| H$V©Ï` CÀH•$Ô> arVrZ| [ma [mS>b| Amh{. ¯m [wÒVH$m_Yrb [ohbt AH$am ‡H$aU| b˙_r]mB™Zt obohb{bt Amh{V. Wm{aÎ`m oQ>iH$mß¿`m _•À`yZ| Ò_•oVoMÃmß¿`m oVgË`m IßS>mMm e{dQ> Pmbm. [aßVw Vm{ b˙_r]mB™¿`m OrdZmMm AWdm À`mß¿`m OrdZe∫$sMm e{dQ> ZÏhVm. Am^mi H$m{giyZ `md| Vgm Vm{ ‡gßJ hm{Vm. dmXim_‹`| d•j C›_iyZ [S>b{bm AmoU ^y_rda [S>b{Î`m C‹dÒV KaQ>Ám_‹`| EH$ [jrU Am[Î`m qMdqMdÀ`m o[bmßZm [ßImImbr K{D$Z ]gb{br! ¯m AJoVH$ [napÒWVrM| ˆX`Ò[eu dU©Z b˙_r]mB™Zt EH$m H$odV|V H{$b| Amh{ï "lr_Vr' Zmßd _O Amb| $& gm°^mΩ` b`mbm J{b|$&& `m _m¬`m XwX°dmZ| $& hm H$gm gmoYbm Xmdm $&& hm Am{K H$mÏ`JßJ{Mm $& oZo_fmßV H$m{aS>m Ïhmdm$&& V| OrdZ J_ OrdmM{ $& _r _ÀÒ`r À`mßoVb X{dm $&& OrdZodU| hr, ]mB©ó OrdmMr Pmbr bmhr OrdmßV Ordhr Zmht oXZ _mP{ gß[V Amb{ $& gm°^mΩ` b`mbm J{b| $& [aßVw ¯m AJoVH$V|Voh \$ma H$mi JwßVyZ amhmd| Aer b˙_r]mB™Mr _Zï‡d•oŒm ZÏhVr. && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 624$&&

AZmg∫$ ]w’rZ| H$V©Ï` H$arV amh `mMr oZ>m AmoU XmQ>> H$mim{Imgoh gm{Z{ar oH$Zma bmdUmar odZm{Xd•oŒm À`mß¿`m oR>H$mUt hm{Vt. ""oQ>iH$mß¿`m ApÒW [{Q>tV OmVmßM _mP| ApÒVÀd _bm OmUdyß bmJb|' Ag| AW©[yU© dm∑` À`mßZt ¯m [wÒVH$m¿`m ‡maß^t obohb| Amh{. ApÒVÀdmMr hr Zdr OmUrd ÂhUO{ Iam{Ia ÒdVï¿`m gm_œ`m™Mroh OmUrd hm{Vr. oQ>iH$mß¿`m MnaÃmßV À`mßMm H$m`©^mJ _hŒdmMm hm{Vm ¯mßV eßH$mM Zmht. [aßVw H$mßht Pmb| Var À`mßMr ^yo_H$m XwÊ`_ XOm©Mr, d•jm¿`m Vimet dmT>UmË`m d{brgmaIr hm{Vr. _m{R>Ám _mUgm¿`m gmoﬁ‹`mßV amhUmË`m H$oZ>mßZm À`m¿`m _m{R>{[UmM{ H$mßht AmZwfßoJH$ \$m`X{ o_iVmV À`m‡_mU|M oH$À`{H$Xmß H$mßht A›`m`oh [ÀH$amd{ bmJVmV. b˙_r]mB™Zt obohb{Î`m H$odVm ¯m À`mßZt ÒdVï obohb{Î`m ZÏh{VM, À`mß¿`m gw‡og’ [VtZt À`m obohÎ`m AgÎ`m [mohO{V. Agm XmQ> ‡dmX V{Ïhmß hm{VmM. AWm©V≤ b˙_r]mB™Zm ¯m [napÒWVr]‘b oVi_mÃ odfmX ZÏhVm. H$maU [Vr¿`m OrdZmet À`m gß[yU©V`m EH$Í$[ hm{D$Z J{Î`m hm{À`m. X{dm¿`m _yVug_m{a V{dV d OiV amhUmË`m oXÏ`mMr ^yo_H$m hm{Vr À`mßMr! À`mßM| d{Ji|[U oeÑH$ amohb{b| ZÏhV|. ¯m ^yo_H{$M| À`mßZr ÒdVïM g_[©H$ dU©Z H{$b| Amh{. ""d`m¿`m AH$amÏ`m dfm™[mgyZ ÂhUO{ AJXt ]mi[Um[mgyZ _mP| Am`wÓ` EH$gmaI{ oQ>iH$mß¿`m ]am{]a d ]am{]arZ| Mmbb| hm{V|. _‹`| [mßM df~ AmÂhr od^∫$ hm{Vm|. [U À`m [mßM dfm™V EH$oh jU oQ>iH$ _m¬`m [wTy>Z hbb{ ZmhtV H$s® _r À`mß¿`m [wTy>Z hbb| Zmht, _r Or Amh| Vr H{$di oQ>iH$mß_wi|M! oQ>iH$mßZt Am[bt ‹`{`| R>admdt. _t S>m{i{ PmßHy$Z Vt A_bmßV AmUmdt; À`mßZr H$odVm aMmÏ`m, _t À`m JmÏ`m; À`mßZt ^rH$ _mJmdr d _t À`mßMr Pm{ir YÍ$Z Mmbmd|. Am_¿`mß_‹`| O{ IQ>H{$ CS>V V{ O{Ïhmß O{Ïhmßß _bm À`mß¿`m ‡JVrMm d{J ghZ hm{V Zg{ V{Ïhmß V{Ïhmß! S>{π$Z π$rZ¿`m _mJ| EImXm IQ>mam ]mßYbm d Vr Am[Î`m [yU© d{JmßV oZKmbr ÂhUO{ À`m IQ>mË`mMr Or AmXiAm[Q> hm{B©b, Vr _mPr hm{V Ag{. À`mßMm d{J _bm _mZd{b BV[V Agbm d _bm À`mßMt ‹`{`| [Q>dyZ K{ `mg Adga o_imbm, H$s® _J _mÃ Am_M| JmS>| gwairV Mmb{. BßoOZm¿`m AßJt Agb{br Òd`ßeo∫$, Vr oQ>iH$mß¿`m AßJt hm{Vr Va À`m BßoOZmZ| oXb{bm d{J, Vm{ _m¬`m AßJr Ag{. EH$Xm Èimda _mPr JmS>r bmJbr H$s® _J _mÃ Vr H$m{Umbm Wmß]dVmß `m`Mr Zmht. [U AmVmß _mPm gyÃYma J{bm. AmVmß ZdrZM OJ _m¬`m ^m|dVt CÀ[ﬁ Pmb|. ZdrZM Am`wÓ`mbm gwÈdmVß Pmbr.'' b˙_r]mB™Zr "ZÏ`m OJmßV H{$c{c| h| _mJ©H´$_U \$mag| gwImdh hm{V| Ag| Zmht. oQ>iH$mßMm hmV hmVmßVyZ gwQ>Î`m]am{]a Xmna⁄´mMm X°À` CJ´ ÒdÍ$[ YmaU H$Í$Z g_m{a C^m amohcm. a{.oQ>iH$ h{ oda∫$ d•ŒmrM{ hm{V{. YZgßM`mcm À`mß¿`m OrdZgmYZ|V AdgaM && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 625$&&

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Pmcr. lr X{dXŒm oQ>iH$mßZt ZmerH$cm `{D$Z doH$crg Amaß^ H{$cm AmoU ZÏ`m gßgmamMm O_ g_mYmZH$maH$ ZrVrZ| ]gy cmJcm. _wcmMm gßgma _mßS> `mgmR>t c˙_r]mB© ‡W_ ZmerH$¿`m [w `j{Ãt AmÎ`m. V|Ïhmß À`mßZm [mR> Q>|H$ `m[waVm H$m|[amoh JmßdmßV o_imcm Zmht. _wcmß]mimßgh a∫$o[À`mß¿`m XdmIm›`mßV* Aml` ø`mdm cmJcm. À`mM ehamßV lr X{dXŒm oQ>iH$mßZt AÎ[mdYtV ÒdVïM| emßoVgXZ ]mßYc|. c˙_r]mB© emßoVgXZmßV AmÎ`m AmoU OJm¿`m PmÎ`m. H$miOr dmhmdr Ag| Cß]aR>Ám¿`m AmßV H$mßht amohc| ZÏhV|. eara am]d `mMr AmdÌ`H$Vm ZÏhVr. _Z AgßVwÔ> Agmd| Aer [napÒWoV ZÏhVr. oXÏ`mMm ‡H$me À`m¿`mdarc H•$ÓUmdaU H$mT>VmßM gd©Ã [gacm. KQ>m_Yrc hdm, Am¿N>mXZ oZKVmßM ]mh{arc hd{et EH$Í$[ Pmcr. ¯m H$mimßVrc c˙_r]mB™M| O| oMÃ Am[Î`m S>m{˘`mßg_m{a C^| amhV| V| À`mß¿`m [ydm©dÒW|Vrc ododY oMÃmßBVH|$M, qH$]h˛Zm AoYH$ aÂ` Amh{. KamßVrc ZmVdßS>mß¿`m ]mccrcmßV d oejUmßV Va À`m Jwa\$Qy>Z OmV AgVM; [aßVw À`mßM| dmÀgÎ` V{W|M Wmß]yZ amhV ZÏhV|. H$m{Uroh Am{iIr[miIrM| _mUyg AmOmar [S>c| H$s À`m [naMmnaH$m hm{D$Z À`m¿`m ewlyf{gmR>rß À`m¿`m Kat [Wmar Q>mH$sV. e{Omat[mOmat chmZ _wc| Agct Va À`mßM{ cmcZ[mcZ H$a `mMr O]m]Xmar CMcrV, XocVmß¿`m dÒVr_‹`| OmD$Z À`mßZm Am[c{[UmZ| dmQ>{c V| gmhmÊ` H$arV. Hw$Õ`m_mßOamßgmaI{ _wH{$ Ordoh À`mß¿`m ‡{_mcm [maI{ hm{V ZgV. EH$ gß]ßY amÃ ]›`m Zmßdm¿`m ]m{∑`mcm _mßS>rda K{D$Z À`mßZt Am°fY[mUr H{$Î`mMr AmR>dU lr gm{[mZX{d Mm°YatZt gmßoJVc{cr Amh{. lr. X{dXŒm oQ>iH$mßZt gmßoJVc{cr EH$ hH$sJV Va ode{fM CÑ{IZr` Amh{. ""EH$Xm ^a ]mam dmOVmß eaU[ya¿`m EH$m PmS>mImct AmB© Oam odgmßdm K{V Agc{cr oVH$Sy>Z `{UmË`m J•hÒWmß¿`m —Ô>rg [S>cr. Am|M{ Im|dc{c{, [m`mßV dhmUm, Imß⁄mda [Xa, hmVmßV EH$ ohaÏ`m H$mJXmMr KS>r Aer AmB© V{W| gmdcrcm C^r amohcr hm{Vr. J•hÒWmßZt odMmac|, "AmOr]mB©, VwÂhr BV∑`m C›hm¿`m Hw$R>| oZKmcmß?' "¯m oh¿`mH$S>{ OmD$Z `{V|. oVcm ogZ{_mMr OmohamV o_iV Zmht Am_¿`mH$S>{ h{ cm{H$ AmUyZ Q>mH$VmV. oVH$S>{ Z{D$Z Q>mH$ ÂhQ>c| Va Ai_≤Q>i_≤ H$aVmV.' J•hÒWmßZt OmVmß OmVmß _cm hr Jm{Ô> `{D$Z gmßoJVcr d _t AmB©cm N>Ãr [mR>odcr.'' EIm⁄m chmZ _wcmcm ogZ{_mMr OmohamV o_iV{ H$s® Zmht `{W[mgyZ, ÈΩUmßZm Am°fU[mUr AmoU XocVmßZm A›ZdÒÃ o_iV| H$s® Zmht h| [mh `m[`™V À`mß¿`m ghmZw^yVrMm d dmÀgÎ`mMm Ï`m[ hm{Vm. "O{ H$m aßOc{ JmßOc{ $& À`mßgr ÂhU{ Om{ Am[wc| &&' * XdmIm›`mßV ZÏh{óa∫$o[À`mß¿`mM [U oZam{Jr _ßwct¿`m dgoVJ•hmßV && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 627$&&

h| gmYwÀdmM| ]´rX À`mßZr AßoJH$mac| hm{V|. X{dim¿`m odÒV•V ]mßYH$m_mda PJPJUmË`m H$igm‡_mU| À`mß¿`m Ame`[yU© OrdZmMr hr `Wm{oMV Aer [naUoV hm{Vr. _mUgm¿`m gd© _mZogH$ e∫$s®Mm AmoU AWm©V≤ c{IH$mß¿`m ‡oV^{Mmoh gß[yU© odH$mg À`m¿`m VmÈ `mdÒW|VM d [´m°T>mdÒW|VM oXgyZ `{Vm{ Ag| ÂhUVmV. [aßVw c˙_r]mB© ¯m oZ`_mg A[dmX R>aÎ`m. À`mß¿`m c{IZmcm, Ï`mgßJmcm AmoU dH•$Àdmcm AI{a¿`m Mma-[mßM dfm™VM ode{f ^a Amcm hm{Vm. [Vr¿`m hmVyZ A[yU© amohc{Î`m oI´ÒVm`ZmM| c{IZ À`mßZt ¯m H$mimßVM [wa| H{$c|. ¯m H$mÏ`mßVrc gw_ma| AmR> hOma Am{Ï`m À`mßZt ocohÎ`m Amh{V. Ò_•oVoMÃmß¿`m VrZ IßS>mßM| AmoU Mm°œ`m ^mJmßVrc AH$am ‡H$aUmßM| c{IZoh ¯mM Mma dfm©V Pmc|. VrZ ^mJmß¿`m ‡H$meZmZßVa ZmerH$ `{Wrc ZmJnaH$mßZt AmMm`© AÃ{ ¯mß¿`m A‹`jV{Imcr c˙_r]mB™Mm gÀH$ma H{$cm hm{Vm. AmVm AoYH$ c{IZ Z H$aVmß, d•’m[H$mimg AmdÌ`H$ Aer odlmßoV Am[U ø`mdr Aer odZßVr AmMm`© AÃ{ ¯mßZt c˙_r]mB™Zm H{$cr hm{Vr. oVcm CŒma X{VmßZm À`m ÂhUmÎ`m, ""¡`m oXdet _cm [yU©odam_ o_i{c À`mM oXdet _m¬`m Ò_•oVoMÃmßZm [yU©odam_ o_i{c. _mP| ^mD$, ZmVr, ZmVdßS>|, BÀ`moXH$mßM| h| gma| Jm{V `{W| O_c| Amh{. À`m¿`m _m\©$V _r _m¬`m ‡H$meH$mcm gmßJV| H$s®, c˙_r]mB™Mm \w$cÒQ>m∞[ AOyZ Pmc{cm Zmht!'' H$m{Ry>Z Var H$mZm{gm K{V Agc{Î`m H$mimZ| h| E{H$c| Agmd|. gÀH$mag_maß^mZßVa VrZ _ohZ{ CcQ> `m¿`m AmßV À`mßZ| Ò_•oVoMÃmß¿`m Zmo`H{$H$S>{ Am[cr ZOa diodcr. ""OJ `mgmaI| H$mßht Odi Amh{ Vm|[`™VM _a `mßV _m°O Amh{.'' h| JS>H$Ë`mßM| gw^mofV gmW© Pmc|. AÀ`ßV ‡g›Z, oZam_` AmoU gßVwÔ> _ZpÒWVtV d ÒdVïcm o‡` Agc{c| c{IZH$m`© H$arV AgVmßZmM c˙_r]mB™Zt Vm. 24 \{$]´wdmar 1936 am{Ot Am[cr OrdZ`mÃm gß[odcr. EH$ `mÃm gß[cr AmoU XwgË`m `mÃ{g Amaß^ Pmcm. ¯m `mÃ|V H$mim¿`m AmH´$_UmM| ^` Zmht. _•À`ycm [mXmH´$mßV H$aUmË`m ag[yU©, ‡oV^memcr Ajamß¿`m gßJVtV hr `mÃm Mmcy AgV{. Am[Î`m ˆX`ßJ_ e°crZß gm_m›`mßVrc Agm_m›`mM| Xe©Z KS>odUmË`m c˙_r]mB© AmVmß À`m _hm`mÃ|V ‡odÔ> PmÎ`m Amh{V. óod.dm.oeadmS>H$a

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 628$&&

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&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 629$&&

‡[yaH$ [ohb|

H$mßht KQ>Zm, H$mßht [¢cw _mÒVamßMr IQ>[Q> 29 Owc° 1900 ¿`m _amR>m [ÃmßV An Invitation to Conversion hm oQ>iH$mßda c{I Amh{. À`mßV Ag| dm∑` AmT>iV|óIf we are correctly informed, a few

days ago Mr. N. V. Tilak wanted to be a Hindu again and arrangements were made at the request of his family to give him a Prayaschitta at Pandharpur. Ò_•oVoMÃmßVrc hH$sJVtdÍ$Z Va Ag|

oXgV| H$s® `m ‡m`o¸Œmmcm oQ>iH$mßMr gß_oV ZÏhVr. _t _m¬`m [arZß{ em{Y gwÍ$ H{$cm. gm{cm[wamg lr. ]m]yamd Kigmgr `mß¿`mH$Sy>Z H°.d•ßXmdZmMm`© Q>m{U[{ `mßM| Zmßd H$ic|. [ßT>a[ßwamg OmD$Z À`mßMr ^|Q> K{Vcr. AoVd•’mdÒW{_wi| V{ V{Ïhmß odH$c Pmc{c{ hm{V{. Ò_aUeo∫$ jrU Pmc{cr hm{Vr. Var[U c˙_r]mB™M{ ""h{S>_mÒVa'' ÂhUO{ Òdm_r `m{J{úamZßX VrW©, [war [rR>mM{ eßH$amMm`©, [ydm©l_tM{ Õ`ß]H$emÒÃr Ia{, Zm_Xma S>m∞. Zmam`U ^mÒH$a `mßM{ Wm{ac{ ]ßYw BVH$s _mohVr À`mß¿`mH$Sy>Z o_iyß eH$cr. H$mimam_ _ßoXamßV am__yVu¿`m dO´c{[ ‡H$aUt Òdm_rOr ZmeH$mg Amc{ hm{V{. Vr gßoY gmYyZ _t Ah_XZJahˇZ `{D$Z À`mßMr ^{Q> K{Vcr. 60 dfm™[ydvMr Jm{Ô> Òdm_tZt H$mc KS>Î`mgmaIr YS>mYS> gmßoJVcr. (Ò_•oVoMÃ| ó^mJ 2, [•. 13-19) À`mßZr oXc{Î`m dfm™V _mÃ Wm{S>r MyH$ oXgV{. hrM hH$sJV c{Ir X{ `modf`t odZßVr H$aVmßM À`mßM{ godÒVa [Ã Amc|. AmoU _m¬`m _ZmßVrc eßH{$M| oZdmaU Pmc|. `m Xm{Km o[Vm_hVwÎ` gmhmÊ`H$mßM| F$U _r odgaUma Zmht. Òdm_r `m{J{úamZXOtM| [Ã Ag|ó < Office of His Holiness SHRI JAGADGURU SHRI SHANKARACHARYA Swami Shri Yogeshwaranand Teerthaji Maharaj

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 630$&&

Shri Goverdhan Mutt, Puri.

President Akhil Bharateeya Dharma Peeth Association

Camp e{R> Zmam`UXmg Vwcmam_ Y_©emcm, j{Ã [ßMdQ>r, ZmogH$, Date 23-4-1958

oM.am.am.Aem{H$amd X{dXŒm oQ>iH$ E_≤.E. Ah_XZJa `mßgAZß V ew ^ meradmX, od. Am[c{ H $S>rc oX.21 Eo‡c¿`m [ÃmdÍ$Z Imct ocohÎ`m‡_mU| _mohVr X{ `mßV `{V Amh{. [ydm©l_t gZ 1897 * _‹`| _r [ßT>a[wamg EH$m emi{Mm gw[na®Q>|S>|Q> hm{Vm|. Zmam`Uamd oQ>iH$mßM{ ]ßYw V{Ïhmß V{Wrc hm`ÒHy$c_‹`| oejH$ hm{V{. À`mßMm _mPm ÒZ{h hm{Vm. _r _∞oQ≠>H$ hm{D$Z d H$m∞c{O_‹`| H$mßht oXdg oejU K{D$Z Oar oejH$ ]Zcm| Agcm| Var _mPm gßÒH•$V ^mf|Vrc emÒÃr` J´ßWmßMm A‰`mg À`m[yduM emÒÃr` [’VtZ| MmßJcm Pmc{cm Agc{_wi| d oedm` À`m d{it emÒÃr [XdtgmR>t H$mßht [arjm dJ°a{ ZÏhÀ`m. [U _m¬`m Pmc{Î`m emÒÃm‹``Zm_wi| d gßÒH•$V g_Ò`m[yVu_wi| _mP| Zmßd emÒÃr_ßS>imßV ‡g•V hm{D$Z À`m_wßi| _cm emÒÃr_ßS>imßV ÒWmZ hm{V|. Zmam`Uamd [ßT>a[wamg Amc{ V| d{it À`mßZr ZwH$VmM oºÒVr Y_© ÒdrH$mnacm hm{Vm. V{ \$ma CŒm_ H$od hm{V{. À`m¿`m H$odVm AmÂht Am_M{ emi|VyZ oeH$odÎ`moh Amh{V. Ia| ÂhQ>c| Va V{Ïhmß _r AJXt gZmVZr hm{Vm|. [wZod©dmhmgmaª`m gwYmaUmßZm _mPm odam{Y Agmd`mMm. Var[U Zmam`Uamdmßgmaª`m gwH$drZ| gZmVZ gwgßÒH•$V qhXwY_© gm{Sy>Z oºÒVr Ïhmd| `mM| _cm dmB©Q> dmQ>{ d À`mßZm gemÒÃ ‡m`o¸V X{D$Z [w›hmß ÒdOmVtV ø`md| `mMr _t IQ>[Q> gwÍ$ H{$cr. hr 60 dfm©[yduMr hH$sJV Amh{. À`m H$mit Aem gwYmaUmßZm H{$dT>m odam{Y Ag{ À`mMr AmO H$Î[Zmgw’mß H$aVmß `{Uma Zmht. am.gImam_[ßV oQ>iH$ d emÒÃr _ßS>ir[°H$s® _r AmoU lr. d•ßXmdZmMm`© Q>m{U[{ `m oVKmßMrM H$m` Vr `mcm AZw_oV hm{Vr. Q>m{U[{emÒÃr h{ [ßT>a[ya¿`m d°ÓUd _ßS>imßVc{ EH$ ‡_wI hm{V{. AmÂht oVKmßZr [wÓH$i ‡`ÀZ H{$c{ [U BVa emÒÃr_ßS>ir _witM E{H{$ZmV d À`mM‡_mU| Zmam`Uamdoh `m Am_¿`m ‡`ÀZmg gß_oV Xe©dyZ Vg| H$a `mg V`ma hm{B©ZmV. AI{a `m H$m_mV AmÂhmcm `e Amc| Zmht. * hr Jm{Ô> 1895 _Ycr && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 631$&&

AmVm H$mi ]amM ]Xcc{cm Amh{ oºÒVr Y_© ÒdrH$mÍ$Z ¡`mß¿`m VrZMma o[T>Ám cm{Q>c{Î`m Amh{V AemZmoh AmÂhr ‡m`o¸Œm X{D$Z qhXwY_m™V [aV K{Vm|. H$imd|. Òdm_r `m{J{úamZßX VrW© lr. OJ“xÍ$ lr. eßH$amMm`© Òdm_r, lr. Jm{dY©Z[rR>, [war. 00000

V{ od¤mZ _r odZm{Xr Ò_•oVoMÃ|-^mJ 1, V{ od¤mZ _r odZm{Xr. [U À`mßMr od¤Œmm _m¬`m odZm{Xm¿`m AmS> `{V Zg{ d _mPm odZm{X À`mßZm Ãmg X{V Zg{. Ò_•oVoMÃ|-^mJ-2, _t oQ>iH$mßZm odMmac{, h{ H$m{U ]´m˜U Amh{V hm{ ? oQ>iH$mßZt gmßoJVc| h{ JwS>eÒV ]´m˜U Amh{V. ^mcMß– em. _m{S>H$ gmßJVmVóEH$Xm _m¬`m gmgË`mß¿`m (a{.B_m_]j ]mdm `mß¿`m) Kat oQ>iH$mßZm O{dmd`mg ]m{cmdc| hm{V| gß‹`mH$mit 8 Mt d{i R>acr hm{Vr. BVa _ßS>ir d{i{da Amcr. oQ>iH$ _mÃ 9 dmOÎ`mZßVa Amc|. ]am{]a ^¡`mßMm EH$ [wS>m K{D$Z Amc{, d ÂhUmc{, ""Vw_¿`mH$S>{ 8 dmOVmßO{dU| Agct ÂhUO{ ]am{]a gmV dmOyZ EH$m{UgmR> o_oZQ>| PmÎ`mda AmR> dmOm`M{. Am_¿`mH$S>{ Vg| Zmht ÂhUyZ _r Am[cm hm [wS>m K{D$Z Amcm|. H$maU Am_M{ AmR> gmS>{ZD$cm dmOm`M{ AZ≤ O{dm`cm H$mßhtM oeÑH$ Zgm`M|. _mPr C[mg_ma hm{Dß$ Z`{ ÂhUyZ hr gm{` H{$cr.'' `{gy]mB© ^Q> gmßJVmV ï EH$ \$ma OwZr Jm{Ô>. ÂhUO{ À`mß¿`m cΩZmZßVa Mma dfm©ZßVaMr. À`mßZr KamßV Xm{Z _mH$S>Ám AmUyZ R>{odÎ`m hm{À`m. À`m Xm{KtZm V{ am{O AßKwir KmcrVÀ`mß¿`m hmVmßV ]mßJS>Ám, H$[mimcm Hwß$Hy$ À`mßZm IUm¿`m [aH$a Mm{˘`m oedÎ`m hm{À`m. EImX{ d{it V{ _mdetZm AmoU À`m _mH$S>ÁmßZmM KamßV R>{dyZ Hw$cy[ cmdyZ ø`m`M{. oH$Ñr [waMwßS>r H$Í$Z AmßV Q>mH$m`M{. AmßV À`m _mH$S>Ám _mdetZm Ãmg ⁄m`¿`m. oQ>iH$ H{$Ïhmß H{$Ïhmß H$S>w>qZ]mMm [mcmM Im`M{. _mdercm ÂhUm`M{,"" AmO Òd¢[mH$ H$Íß$ ZH$m{. AmO Am[U À`m [mÎ`mdaM amhˇß.'' AmoU hßgm`M{. _mdetZm Aem ]m{c `mMm \$ma amJ `m`Mm. À`m gßJV, ""_cm À`mß¿`m AgÎ`m hßg `mMmoh amJ `{Vm{.'' [wT>| oQ>iH$ [ßT>a[yacm Amc{ ÂhUO{ AmÂhmß _wcmß_‹`| [wÓH$i J_Vr H$am`M{. EH$Xm && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 632$&&

À`mßZr EH$ chmZ Jwcm]r dS>r _cm AmUyZ oXcr. AmoU ÂhQ>c|, "Im. hr lrIßS>mMr dS>r Amh{.' _mB©gmh{]mßZr gmßJyZ R>{dc| hm{V| À`mß¿`m hmVM| H$mßht ImDß$ ZH$m{ ÂhUyZ. _r ZH$m{ ZH$m{ ÂhUyß cmJc|. V{ ÂhUmc{, ""_r EdT>m _m{R>m _mUyg Vwcm gmßJVm| Amh| V| H$m` Im{Q>ß ? Im V{dT>r.'' AmoU Iar Vr dS>r hm{Vr gm]UmMr. S>r.S>r. MmßX{H$a ocohVmVó (JdË`m Mm{arg OmV AgV V{Ïhmß) AmVmß H$m{UVm C[m` `m{Omdm ÂhUyZ KamßVrc _ßS>itV Ic Mmcy hm{Vm. oQ>iH$mßZt EH$ C[m` gwModcm. À`mßZt hgyZ gmßoJVc| H$s®, ""AmVmß Agß H$am, [agmßV EH$ MwcßJU ]mßYm. À`mgmR>t EH$ JmS>r^a cmßH$S>ß d EH$ ^cm Wm{acm Vdm odH$V AmUm. AmoU À`mda Jm{dË`m Wm[yZ ^mH$ar ^mOVmV Vem ^mOyZ H$mT>m AmoU JwXm_mßV R>{dyZ ⁄m. ÂhUO{ Mm{ar hm{Uma Zmht.'' V{Ïhmß À`mß¿`m Zm_r `wŒH$scm oMaßOrd d _wcJr [m{Q> YÍ$Z hmgcr. _ram]mB© am_Xmg ocohVmV ï I remember one night we were all sitting out in the moonlight having fun. All of a sudden Uncle (oQ>iH$) started groaning with stomach ache. It grew so bad that he doubled himself and started rolling on the floor with pain. We all were so alarmed. Somebody was rushing for a hot water bottle, another was trying to stroke him and we were about to send for a doctor when all of a sudden he jumped up and laughed and laughed till we all laughed so much that our stomach started to pain. Then we knew what a wonderful actor Uncle was.

am.gm._wHwß$Xamd [mQ>rc gmßJVmV ï oQ>iH$mß¿`m Kat AmÂht O_cm| AgVmß [wÓH$i W≈>m_ÒH$ar MmcV Ag{. odZm`H$amd _m{S>H$ Z{h_t a{er_H$mR>t Ym{Va d a{e_r gXam KmcrV. oQ>iH$ ÂhUV ""hm gXmMm Zdam_wcJm C^m Amh{.'' X{.Zm.oQ>. gmßJVmV ï EH$m d•’ [miH$mßMm cΩZ H$am`Mm ]{V hm{Vm. V{ oQ>iH$mßH$S>{ Amc{. Hw$Ur _wcJr cΩZmMr Amh{ H$m, ÂhUyZ Mm°H$er H$Íß$ cmJc{. oQ>iH$mßZr EH$m _wcmcmM gmS>r Mm{ir c{ddyZ À`mß¿`m[wT>{ C^| H{$c|. [miH$mßZmoh "_wcJr' [gßV [S>cr. ZßVa gmam ‡H$ma g_OÎ`mda [miH$mßZt Am{emi{ hm{D$Z H$mT>Vm [m` K{Vcm. EH$ XyYdmcr ]mB© XwYmßV \$ma [mUr KmcrV Ag{, AmoU da AmUme[Wm K{D$Z V| ZmH$marV Ag{. EH$Xm oQ>iH$mßZr ÂhQ>c|, ""]K, _m¬`mH$S>{ hr [mUr _m{Om`Mr Zir Amh{. [hm XyY V[mgyZ.'' hr Zir ÂhUO{ emB© ^am`M| S≠>m∞[a hm{V|. À`mßV XyY MT>c{c| oXgVmßM ]mB©Z{ V{WyZ [i H$mT>cm.

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 633$&&

oQ>iH$ EH$m [ÃmßV ocohVmV ï Kalyani gave us a calf last night-a male

calf. Yesterday was Sunday so the calf is named Bhaskar. But after Bhaskar Uzagare is informed of the christianing the name shall be changed. (14 Dec. 1914).

(H$mc H$Î`mUrZ| EH$ [maSy>ß oXc|ó Q>m{UJm. H$mc aodma hm{Vm ÂhUyZ À`mM| Zmßd R>{dc| ^mÒH$a. Zm_H$aUmMr hH$sJV ^mÒH$a COJa{ `mßg gmßoJVÎ`mda h| Zmßd ]Xc `mßV `{B©c.) H$od oQ>iH$mßZm odZm{XmM| dmdS>| hm{V| Agm EH$ cm{H$o‡` J°ag_O ‡g•V Pmc{cm Amh{. À`mMr gÀ`Vm [maI `m[waVt ht CXmhaU| `{W| oXc{cr Amh{V. 00000

""Am[Î`mgmaI{ Ï`dhmak H$m{Ur Zmht.'' Ò_•oVoMÃ|-^mJ, ó Am[Î`mgmaI{ Ï`dhmak H$m{Ur Zmht Ag| À`mßZm dmQ>{. d À`mßZm H$m{Utoh \$gdmd| BVH$m Ï`dhmakmZmMm À`mßM{ R>m`t A^md Amh{ Ag| _cm dmQ>{. Ò_•oVoMÃ|-^mJ 1 ó ZW|Vc{ gJi{M _m{Vr Im{Q>{ oZKmc{ h|{ À`mßZt [wT>| [wÓH$i oXdgmßZr H$]yc H{$cß{. [U H$mßht oXdg Var gm{ZmamZ| Am[Î`m [XaMt AmUIr Xm{Z Iat _m{Vt Am[Î`m ]m`H$m{¿`m ZW|V KmcyZ oXcrß. Agm À`mßMm AJXt ‡m_moUH$ g_O hm{Vm. `{ g y ] mB© ^Q> gmß J VmV ï oQ>iH$ Ï`dhmaMVwa Zgc{ Var EImX{ d{it V{ MmßJc{ Ym{aUr[UmZ|{ dmJV. ZmZmgmh{]mßH$S>{ EH$ AÊ`m hm{Vm. Vm{ Òd¢[mH$m[mgyZ V{ [mUr ^a `m[`™V gd© H$mßhr H$am`Mm. [Jma K{V Zg{. e{dQ>t Vm{ J{cm V{Ïhmß ZmZmgmh{]mßZt EHß$Xa VrZ hOma È[`{ [JmamM{ oXc{. hm AÊ`m _m{R>Ám E{Q>tV ahm`Mm. hr E{Q> H$am`cm [°gm H$m{Ry>Z `{Vm{ ÂhUyZ oQ>iH$ À`m¿`m [miVrda ahm`M{. V{ ÂhUV, ""hm \$ma c]mS> _mUyg Amh{.'' Ò_• o VoMÃ| ^mJ 2, [• . 132-133 132-133óEH$ ÏhmcßoQ>`a oQ>iH$mßMr hOm_V H$ar. À`m]‘c oQ>iH$ À`mcm Mma AmU{ X{V. [wT>| [wT>| Vm{ Am[Î`m ÒdVï¿`m _wcmß¿`m hOm_VrM{oh [°g{ oQ>iH$mßOdi _mJyß cmJcm AmoU oQ>iH$ V{ À`mcm X{Dß$oh cmJc{. VŒdmßZm YÍ$Z dmJUmam _mUyg AmoU gm_m›` _Vc]r Ï`dhmarOZ `mßVcr hr V\$mdV. ""H$m_H$ar Am[Î`m _Owarcm `m{Ω` Amh{'' `m oQ>iH$mß¿`m AmdS>À`m ]m`]c‡UrV VŒdmcm Am[Î`m _Vc]m[waVr _waS> KmcyZ Zmd]mßZt hm ]Zmd KS>odc{cm Amh{. ‡W_ Zmd]m oQ>iH$mßH$S>{ amohc{. _J Am[Î`m OÈar[waVr _Owar o_iod `mgmR>t hOm_VrM| H$m_ H$Íß$ cmJc{. Vr _Owar [wa{er o_i{Zm ÂhUyZ Am[Î`m KaMtM AmUIr && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 634$&&

ghm S>m{H$s® AmUyZ À`mßZt V`ma R>{dct; H$m_ dmT>c| Ver _Owar dmT>cr. (hm Iwcmgm _cm X{dXŒmmßZr gmßoJVcm. _mÃ V{Ïhmß `mM| \$mag| _hŒd Z dmQ>Î`mZ| _t Vm{ c{Ir _mJyZ K{Vcm Zmht.) `m \$gd{oJarMr oQ>iH$mßZm OmUrd ZÏhVt Ag|oh Zmht. Am[Î`m AJXt chmZ ]mcH$mZ{ß Aer H$mßht `wo∫$ H$Í$Z EH$sE{dOt Mma Jm{˘`m Am[Î`mH$Sy>Z cmQ>Î`m Va Am[U "c]mS>m' ÂhUyZ À`mM|{ H$m°VwH$M H$aVm|{. `mM —oÔ>H$m{ZmßVyZ OJmH$S>{ [mh `mBVH{$ oQ>iH$ _m{R>{ ZÏhV{ H$m` ? aßJamd am_Ê`m ]ßS>{bw `mßZr oQ>iH$ d S>m∞. ¯z_ `mß¿`m EH$m gßdmXmMr hH$sJV oXc{cr Amh{ ï oQ>iH$mßZm ]S>m{⁄mg amOH$od[X X{ `mM|{ KmQ>V hm{V|. oQ>iH$mßZt ZmH$maÎ`mZßVa V| [X H$od Mß–e{IamßH$S>{ J{c|. oQ>iH$mßZt ]S>m{⁄mg OmDß$ Z`{ Aer S>m∞.¯z_Mr B¿N>m hm{Vr. À`m d{it oQ>iH$ ÂhUmc{, "Why shouldn't I go ? H$mß OmDß$ Z`| ? V{W| J{Î`mZ|{ _mP{ oH$VrVar \$m`X{ hm{Vrc. EH$ ÂhUO{ V{W| amÃßoXdg _r ZwgV| H$mÏ`M H$arV amhrZ. Xwga| Ag| H$s _mPr gmß[oŒmH$ pÒWoV Wm{S>r\$ma gwYma{c AmoU oVgar Jm{Ô> ÂhUO{ `{W| cm{H$ _mPm \$ma J°a\$m`Xm K{VmV V| ]ßX hm{B©c. cm{H$ _cm \$godVmV h| Ia| ÂhUO| _cm g_OV|. [U À`mßMt À`mM d{it _cm H$s®doh `{V AgV{. À`mßZm dmQ>V| _cm h| H$iV Zmht.'' Ò_•oVoMÃ| ^mJ 4 ó _mP{ H$[S>{ MmßJc{ Zgc{ Var _OOdi (oQ>iH$mß¿`m) odÂ`mM{ AS>rM hOma È[`{ Amc{c{ hm{V{. odÂ`mM{ h·{ dŒH$era[U| ^a `mBVH$m Ï`dhmar[Um AJt ZgÎ`mg [m∞ocgr ]wS>V{ Agm oQ>iH$mß¿`m ZmVdmMmoh AZw^d Amh{. _hmamÔ≠>^a H$od oQ>iH$mß¿`m Ï`dhmaey›`V{Mm ]^´m ]{gw_ma Pmc{cm Amh{. [U darc CXmhaUmßdÍ$Z oXgyZ `{B©c H$s® oQ>iH$ _m{R>{ Ï`dhmaMVwa Zgc{ Var Mma gm_m›`OZmßBVH|$ Ï`dhmakmZ À`mß¿`mOdi hm{V| AmoU À`mß¿`m "aßH$m¿`m gßgmamcm' V{dT>| [wa{g|{oh hm{V|. 00000

gm`H$m∞cm{Or gm`H$m∞cm{Or `m e„XmMr emÒÃew’ Ï`mª`m A[{ojV Zmht. _ZwÓ`Òd^mdmM| gÂ`H$ kmZ BVH$mM AW© `{W| Ao^[´{V Amh{. AmoU V{dT>ÁmM AWm©Z| dZdmgr \y$c H$mÏ`mßV oQ>iH$mßMm Xmdm Amh{ó ""_mZgemÛt [yU© odemaX ghO H$dtMr OmoV' && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 635$&&

AmoU EdT>ÁmM AWm©Z| oQ>iH$mß¿`m _mZgemÛ-odemaXV{M{ _mgb{ ]K `mOm{J{ Amh{V. Ò_•oVoMÃ|-^mJ 1 ó _mPm [ohbm _wbJm dmabm.. _wbmMr _bm \$ma AmR>dU `{V Ag{ d Z{h_t aS>m`bm `{V Ag{. V{Ïhmß oQ>iH$mßZt _bm EH$ amKyM| o[Ñzß AmUyZ oXb{ hm{V|. Ò_•oVoMÃ| ^mJ 3 ó amh˛arM| Ka odH$b|. [°g{ Hw$Um JaOdßVmbm oXb|. V{ [wT>| ]wS>mb{ h| gma| Ia|... AmoU H$O©am{Im obhˇZ K{ `mM| H$m_ b˙_r]mB™¿`mM hmVmZ| H$adyZ K{Vb|. ""¯z_ gmh{]mßM{ [°g{ o_g{g ¯y_¿`m ZH$iV ⁄m`M{ Amh{V'' hr XwoZ`|V EH$Q>Ám b˙_r]mB™Zm [Qy>ß eH{$b Aer Wm[ oQ>iH$mßZm gwMbr h|oh Ia|. Ò_•oVoMÃ|-^mJ 2 ó oºÒVr Y_m©odf`t ]mB™Zm H$Yt H$mht gmßoJVb| Zmht, AmJ´h H{$bm Zmht, dmXoddmX H{$bm Zmht, ]mB™¿`m _yoV©[yO{bmoh H$Yt haH$V H{$br Zmht. [U bm{IßS> [waV| Vm[b{b| Am{iIyZ EH$M YU hmUbm. \$∫$ Xm{ZM dm∑`| `m{Ω` d{it, `m{Ω` arVrZ|, `m{Ω` e„XmßVñE{H$odbt. AmoU ]mo·Ò_m K{ `mMm ]mB™Mm VÀjUt oZYm©a Pmbm. X{ Z moQ> obohVmVï _m¬`m bhmZ[Ut [[mßMm EH$ I{i AmR>dVm{. _wbmßZm ^m{dVt O_dyZ V{ À`mßZm S>m{i{ PmßH$m`bm gmßJV. ZßVa V{ EImXr Jm{Ô> gmßJyZ AmÂhmßbm ÒdﬂZX{embm K{D$Z OmV. V{ gmßJV Agb{b{ ‡gßJ Am_¿`m S>m{˘`mß[wT>| C^{ amhV. d I{imßV oMÃ| [mhUma{ d Vt XmIodUma{ [yU©[U| aßJyZ OmV. JU[Vamd gmidr gmßJVmVï EH$Xm EH$m Om{S>ﬂ`mM| ^mßS>U o_Q>od `mMr H$m_oJar JwÈOtda (oQ>iH$mßda) Ambr. g_{Q> H$am`bm JwÈOr oZKmb{ V{ ^OZmM| gmohÀ` d gmWr `m gJ˘`m gaßOm_moZetM oZKmb{. V{W| [m|MÎ`mda À`mßZt À`m Zdam-]m`H$m{bm H$mßht ‡˝ odMmnab{ ZmhtV qH$dm H$mßht Ia| Im{Q>| H{$b| Zmht. gai ^OZ H$a `mg gwÈdmV H{$br. `m ^OZmßV Zdam d Zdar `mßMt JmËhmUt [⁄mß_YyZ Jm|odb{bt hm{Vt. EH$m_mJyZ EH$ [X oZKyß bmJb|. Xm{KmßZmoh \$ma bmO dmQy>ß bmJbr. AI{a ZdË`mZ| hmV Om{Sy>Z gmßoJVb| ""AmVmß j_m H$am. Am_Mm g_{Q> Pmbm.'' ZdarZ|oh hmV Om{Sy>Z _m\$s _moJVbr. Pmbm hmM g_{Q>. Xwgar H$gbroh _Ibmer Z H$naVmß JwÈOr AmÂhmßbm K{D$Z [aV oZKmb{. oQ>iH$mßZm _ZwÓ`Òd^mdmMr [maI ZÏhVr, hm Amj{[ `mda oQ>H{$b H$m? AmVmß g_mO_mZgemÛmM{ gm{eb gm`H$m∞bm{OrM{óXm{Z _mgb{ ]Km. (1) kmZm{X`, 20 _{ 1915 1915ó"[w `mMr ‡mßoVH$ [nafX' `m gß[mXH$s` Ò\w$Q>mßV oQ>iH$ ÂhUVmV.. hr dÒVwpÒWoV AgVmß ¯m Xm{›hr [jmßZt ^mßSy>Z, ¡`m Ï`o∫$ qH$dm && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 636$&&

g_mO h{ ^mßS>VmV ÂhUyZ `mß¿`m[mgyZ \$Q>Hy$Z amhV Amh{V, À`mßZm odøZ H$mß H$amd| h| AmÂhmßbm g_OV Zmht. [w `mMr [nafX≤ ^aodUmamßZt H$m±J´{g¿`m oZ`o_V ‡mßoVH$ H$o_Q>rMr [admZJr K{Dß$ Z`{, AmoU Vr K{Vbr Zmht ÂhUyZ XwgË`m [jmZ| À`mßMm odam{Y H$amdm, ¯m Xm{›hr Jm{Ô>r AoZÔ> AgyZ Xm{›hr [jmßZm gmaI{M h≈>r R>aodUmË`m Amh{V. Agbm h≈> ÂhUO{ _m{R>m [wÈfmW© Ag| ¯m [jmßZm Om|[`™V dmQ>V Amh{ Vm|[`™V ¯mßMm g_{Q> hm{ `mMr Amem Zmht... ....¯m [nafX{¿`m AmoX_‹`mdgmZm[`™V ¡`mßMr gŒmm Agb{br —Ô>rg [S>V{, ¡`mßZm ÒdVmbmM EH$ odoeÔ> gŒmm Ag| Zmßd ⁄m`bm haH$V Zmht. Ag{ ¯m [nafX{M{ d oh¿`met gß]’ Aem gd© bm{H$mßM{ Z{V{ ÂhUO{ am.am.]mi JßJmYa oQ>iH$ Oa _ZmßV AmUVrb Va hm g_{Q> EH$ jUmßV hm{B©b Aer Am_Mr ImVar Amh{. ÒdX{em‡rÀ`W© `mß¿`m g_OwVr‡_mU| `mßZt [wÓH$i À`mJ H{$bm Amh{, Var AmÂhr `mßMr j_m _mJyZ ¯mßZm Ò[Ô> arVtZ| gmßJVm|, H$s® Am[Umßg ÒdX{em‡rÀ`W© Xwgam EH$ À`mJ H$am`mMm Amh{... Xw\$ir Pmbr Var haH$V Zmht, [U Am[b| ÂhUU| gm{S>m`mM| Zmht `m VŒdmMm À`mJ H$am. [w `m¿`m ‡mßoVH$ [nafX{Z| H$m±J´{g ‡mßoVH$ H$o_Q>rbm gd©Òdr Ym„`mda ]godU| ÂhUO{ H$m` h| Am[Umßg [yU©[U| H$iV Amh{. Am[br —oÔ> Ï`m[H$ Amh{. [U oV¿`m AmS> H$mßhtVar `{V AgV|. h| H$m` `{V| h| Am[Umßg _mhrV Amh{. V{dT>| Xya H$am....'' (2) 1915 gmb¿`m gmohÀ` gß_{bZmbm oºÒVr g_mOmV\}$ gßX{e X{VmßZm oQ>iH$ ÂhUVmVó Am[Î`m _ZmßV Am_Mm AS>Vrg bmI qhXr oºÒVr g_mO qhoXÒVmZmßV [aH$m H$Í$Z R>{dm`Mm Amh{ H$m? IoMV Zmht. [U Am[Î`m d Am_¿`m H$m{Q>ÁdoY AY©oeojV d AoeojV X{e]mßYdmßZm Am[U H$m` H$arV Amhm| `mMm AW© g_OV Zmht. AmoU Am[U hm AW© d{i{da À`mßZm g_OyZ Z oXbm Va H$mbmßVamZ| AZ{H$ gßKmßZr gßKqQ>V Aem Am[Î`m amÔ≠>mM EH$ dY©_mZ KQ>H$ qH$dm Ad`d od`w∫$ PmÎ`mdmßMyZ amhUma Zmht. `m‡_mU{ EIm⁄m amÔ≠>mM{ od`w∫$ Pmb{b{ gma{M Ad`d _aV ZgVmV. À`mßVb{ H$mht ÒdVßÃ[U{ H$mTy>Z À`mßMt [aÒ[aodam{Yr amÔ≠>mßVJ©V amÔ≠>| ]ZV AgVmVß h| Am[Umßg _mhrV Amh{M.'' (_mZdr Òd^mdmMr d g_mOm¿`m _ZmMr OmU ó gm`H$m∞bm{Or ó oh¿`m ]imdaM `m H$drbm 32 dfm©ZßVa¿`m AoZÔ>mMr Mmhˇb bmJb{br AgUma. H$maU BoVhmg, amOH$maU qH$dm ¡`m{oVf `mßMm À`mßZt A‰`mg H{$Î`mM| E{oH$dmßV Zmht.) 00000

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 637$&&

gaH$maXa]maMm YmßH$ (Ò_•oVoMÃ|-^mJ 2) oQ>iH$mßZr gaH$maXa]maMm YmH$ XmIodbm ÂhUO{ Z{_H|$ H$m` H{$b| h| H{$edamd_m_mßZt b˙_r]mB™Zm gmßoJVb| Zgmd|. oQ>iH$mßZr doH$bm_m\©$V YmS>b{br Zm{Q>rg _bm C[b„Y Pmb{br Amh{, Vr Aer. Zm{ Q > r g am.am.H{$ed Zmam`U Jm{Ib{ d gm°. b˙_r]mB© Zmam`U oQ>iH$ hÑt am. Obmb[ya Vm. ZmerH$, oO. ZmerH$ `mßgr ]m[w Zmam`U AmR>db{ dH$sb hm`H$m{Q>© `mßOH$Sy>Z Zm{Q>rg X{ `mV `{V{ H$s®, am.am. Zmam`U dm_Z oQ>iH$ `mßMm AkmZ _wbJm XŒmmÃ` C\©$ Jm{qdX hm Vw_¿`m Vm„`mßV d gßajUmImbt gXah˛ Zmam`U dm_Z oQ>iH$ `mßZt Y_m™Va H{$Î`m[mgyZ Amh{. AmVmß gXah˛ Zmam`U dm_Z oQ>iH$ `mßMr B¿N>m Aer Amh{ H$s® Am[bm _wbJm Am[U Am[Î`m Vm„`mßV d gßajUmImbt ø`mdm. ÂhUyZ `m Zm{oQ>gr¿`m ¤ma| VwÂhmßg H$iod `mßV `{V| H$s® Zm{Q>rg o_imÎ`m[mgyZ AmR> oXdgmß¿`m AmßV gXah˛ Zmam`U dm_Z oQ>iH$ h{ Am[bm AkmZ _wbJm Am[Î`m Vm„`mßV d gßajUmImbt K{ `mg `{Vrb À`mßg VwÂht H$m{UÀ`moh VËh{Mr haH$V H$Íß$ Z`{. Oa haH$V Ag{b Va Zm{Q>rg o_imÎ`m[mgyZ VrZ oXdgmß¿`m AmßV Vr aoOÔ>a [ÃmZ| _bm H$idmdr. oXb{Î`m _wXVtV haH$V Z H$iodÎ`mg gXah˛ Zmam`U dm_Z oQ>iH$ `mßg _wbJm Z{ `mg haH$V H{$br AgVmß qH$dm _wbmbm b[dyZ R>{odÎ`mg H$m`⁄m‡_mU| VOdrO H$a `mßV `{B©b d o\$`m©XrMm IM© dJ°a{ VwÂhmß[°H$s H{$ed Zmam`U Jm{Ib{ `mßg ^Í$Z ⁄mdm bmJ{b. H$imd| Vm. 3 _mh{ oS>g|]a gZ 1898 Bgdr [Œmmï Z{g]ra b{Z, _mOJmßd _wß]B©

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B.N.Athavle Vakil HIgh Court.

`m Zm{Q>rgr_wi{ H$mßhr Jm{Ô>tda ‡H$me [S>Vm{. (1) 15 oS>g|]a, 1898 am{Ot oQ>iH$ o_g hmd} `mß¿`m]am{]a Obmb[wamg Amb{ V{ _wbmbm K{D$Z Om `m¿`m Bam⁄mZ| [U b˙_r]mB™Mr ^{Q> PmÎ`mda H$XmoMV≤ o_g≤ hmd}¿`m gÎÎ`mZ| À`mßZt odMma ]Xbbm Agmdm. (2) _wbm¿`m oejUmMr MmßJbr Ï`dÒWm Ïhm`bm hdr h| `m ^{Q>rZ|M b˙_r]mB™¿`m ‹`mZmßV Amb| Agmd|.

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 638$&&

(3) [ßT>a[wamg oXamH$S>{ Om`M| b˙_r]mB™¿`m _ZmZ| H$mß ø`md| d À`mgmR>t ^mdmß¿`m ZH$iV À`mßZt oQ>iH$mßH$S>{ [°g{ H$mß _mJmd{ `mMmoh CbJS>m hm{Vm{. ***

AßVH$mb * ‡m.^m.b.[mQ>UH$a gmßJVmVï oQ>iH$mßM| Am∞[a{eZ Ïhmd`mM| hm{V|. ÂhUyZ V{ _wß]B©g Amb{. [U Om{ `wam{o[`Z V¡k V| Am∞[a{eZ H$aUma hm{Vm Vm{ _wß]B©g `m`bm 8-10 oXdg AdH$me hm{Vm. À`m d{it À`mß¿`m qMaoOdmßM| ]{bmqgg am{S>bm o]ËhmS> hm{V|. [U 10 oXdg Kat amh `m[{ j mß hm∞ p Ò[Q>b_‹`| amh `mM| À`mß Z t R>aodb| . AmoU V{ O{.O{.hm∞pÒ[Q>b_‹`| OmD$Z XmIb Pmb{ d b˙_r]mB© _wbmH$S>{ J{Î`m. O{.O{._‹`| [S>Î`m[S>Î`m A^ßJmßObrMt ‡w\|$ V{ V[merV. am{O gß‹`mH$mit Ka¿`m _ßS>ir ‡_mU|M H°$.H$moeZmW aKwZmW o_Ã, a{. _Zm{haamd COJa{oh OmV. EH{$ oXdet AMmZH$[U| À`mß¿`m AßJmbm cold perspiration gwÍ$ Pmb|. S>m{˘`mßZm Pmß[S> Ambr. H$maU H$mßht H$i{Zm. Mm°H$er H$Í$Zoh [Œmm bmJ{Zm. hmD$g gO©Z S>m∞._∞H≤$J´{Ja ÂhUmb{,""H{$g ogar`g Amh{. amÃt EH$m _mUgmbm amh `mMr [admZJr X{Dß$.'' XŒmm{[ßV AmOmar, Í$W]mB© Jam{Xa, Vmam]mB© 16-17 dfm™Mr _wbJr. V{Ïhmß Vr amÃ _t À`mß¿`m Im{btV EH$m ÒQw>bmda o_Uo_UÀ`m oXÏ`m¿`m CO{S>mßV OmJyZ H$moT>br. oQ>iH$mßZm ]m{b `mBVH$s ewo’ Ambr Zmht. 4-5¿`m gw_mamg X{dXŒm oQ>iH$, am.o_Ã dJ°a{ _ßS>ir XdmIm›`mßV O_br AgVmß Am[Î`m oMaßoOdm¿`m gmoﬁ‹`mßV À`mßMr ‡mU¡`m{oV odPbr. À`mß¿`m _•À`yM| JyT> H$m{UtM CH$bb| Zmht. Oa V{ VS>H$ XdmIm›`mßV Z OmVmß _wbmH$S>{ Kar J{b{ AgV{ Va H$XmoMV≤ Vm{ ‡gßJ À`m d{it Am{T>dbm ZgVm. hmD$g gO©Z _∞H$J´{Jaoh H$maU X{Dß$ eH$b{ ZmhtV.

* Ò_•oVM{Ã|ó^mJ 3 && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 639$&&

‡[yaH$ Xwga|

Q>r[m A^ßJmßObr kmZm{X`mßVyZ 1917 \{$]´wdmar [mgyZ 1919 [`™V oQ>iH$mß¿`m oZYZmZßVaoh A^ßJmßOob h| gXa `{V hm{V|. h{ gma{M A^ßJ À`m H$mimßVb{ ZÏhV{. H$YtH$Yt À`mßM{ H$mßht OwZ{M A^ßJoh `mßV `{D$Z Om`M{. [wT>|oh Am∞JÒQ> 1921 [`™V X{dXŒm d b˙_r]mB© `mßZt h| gXa [wT>| Mmbodb| hm{V|. oQ>iH$mßM{ EH$ Xa]mar oeÓ` gmYw ^maeßH$a `mßMmoh EH$ A^ßJ `mßV `{D$Z J{bm. 1920 _‹`| a{. ^mÒH$aamd COJa{ `mßZt `mßVrb VrZe{ A^ßJmßMm ""A^ßJmßOob'' (oQ>iH$mßMr H$odVm ^mJ 2) [wÒVH$Í$[mZ| ‡og’ H{$bm. ^o∫$H$mÏ`mßVb| oQ>iH$mßM| odoeÔ> ÒWmZ A^ßJmßObr_wi|M ‡ÒWmo[V Pmb|, Ag| ÂhUmd`mg haH$V Zmht. ›`m. ga Zmam`U MßXmdaH$a H$m°VwH$mZ| A^ßJmßObrbm "Am_Mm Zdm H$ama' (]m`]bMm CŒmamY©) ÂhUV AgV. 1959 _‹`| _yi kmZm{X`mßVrb H´$_mZwgma A^ßJmßObrMr gQ>r[ Amd•Œmr ‡og’ Pmbr. (gß[mXH$ A.X{.oQ>iH$)

AÈUm{X` d AZw^dgßJ´h ‡og’ oºÒVr b{IH$ d Y_©‡gmaH$ a{. ]m]m [X_ZOr `mßM| AÈUm{X` h| AmÀ_d•Œm Adm©MrZ _amR>tVb{ Am⁄ AmÀ_d•Œm ÂhUyZ _m›`Vm [mdb{b| Amh{. `m¿`m EH$m Amd•Œmrbm oQ>iH$mßMr ‡ÒVmdZm Om{S>b{br Amh{. `mMmM CŒmamY© ÂhUO{ AZw^dgßJ´h. `mßV MnaÃmßVrb KQ>Zmß[{jmß a{. ]m]mßZr Am[Î`m Am‹`mpÀ_H$ AZw^dmßM| dU©Z H{$b{b| Amh{.

C[mgZmgßJrV AZ{H$ H$dt¿`m ^o∫$[a H$dZmßMm MM©¿`m C[`m{JmgmR>t H{$c{cm gßJ´h. `mMr 11dt Amd•Œmr 1912V oQ>iH$mßZr gß[mXZ H{$cr hm{Vr. C[mgZmgßJrV h| Zmßdoh oQ>iH$mßZtM oXc{c| Amh{. AOyZoh `m [wÒVH$mM| [wZï [wZï gßÒH$aU H$a `mßV `{V AgV|. g‹`mß¿`m && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 640$&&

Amd•ŒmtV 682 JrVß{ AgyZ À`mßV oQ>iH$mßMt 244 Amh{V. e{dQ>r ZÏ`mZ| oXc{b`m 16 JrVmß¿`m [wadUtVoh oQ>iH$mßMr 10 JrV| Amh{VM.

F$of 1893 _‹`{ am`]hmXwa ]wQ>r `mß¿`m [‡aU{Z| oQ>iH$mßZr F$of h| Y_©emÒÃodf`H$ _mogH$ H$mT>c| hm{V|. `modf`t Ãm{Q>H$ _mohVr (^mJ 1) Ò_•oVoMÃmßV Amc{cr Amh{.

E{∑`g^m Jm{Ë`m o_eZatZt EV‘{er` oºÒVrOZmßgmR>t H{$c{cr EH$ AÀ`ßV ohVH$maH$ Jm{Ô> Ag| `m g^{M| dU©Z H$aVmß `{B©c. ""gZ 1964 ¿`m A∑Q>m{]amßV EW| (Âh. Ah_XZJamßV) A_{naH$Z _amR>r o_eZMr dmof©H$ g^m ^acr. VtV Agm EH$ R>amd H{$cm H$s®, Am[U Am[Î`m EV‘{er` oºÒVr _ßS>˘`m d À`mßM{ [miH `mßg À`mßM| Y_©gß]ßYt E{∑` ÒWm[m`Mr oe\$mag H$amdr; AmoU `modf`t gß^mfU H$Í$Z R>amd H$a `mgmR>t EV‘{er` [miH$mßg EH$Ã o_i `mM| Am_ßÃU H$amd|.'' `m R>amdmg AZwgÍ$Z 1-11-1864 am{Or ""E{∑`'' `m g^{Mr ÒWm[Zm Pmcr. a{. odÓUw ^mÒH$a H$a_aH$a E{∑`mM{ [ohc{ A‹`j Pmc{. E{∑`m¿`m ]°R>H$mßZm [aX{er` o_eZar hOa ahmV. gÑm_gcV X{V, _mJ©Xe©Z H$arV. _mÃ _wR>Î`moh R>amdmda _V X{ `mMm À`mßZm AoYH$ma Zg{. E{∑`mM{ 1909 [`™VM{ Ahdmc _t [mohc{c{ Amh{V. 1896 gmct oQ>iH$ `m g^{M{ "g›_m›` d H$m`_ g^mgX Pmc{ (AWm©V≤ \$s dJ°a{ ^Í$Z) À`m g^|V À`mßZt VrZ gyMZm _mßS>Î`m d À`m g^{Z| ÒdrH$maÎ`m. oVgË`m gyMZ{odf`t g^{¿`m o_oZQ>mßV ÂhQ>c| Amh{ñ''3. X{dmMr B¿N>m Aer Amh{ H$s® o_. Zmam`Uamd oQ>iH$ `mßZt Am[Umßg AZmW _wcmßg dhmd|. hr B¿N>m [war H$a `mg X{dmZ| À`mßg odúmg d ‡mW©Zm `m AVwc gß[oŒm oXÎ`m Amh{V. À`mßMr odZßVr Aer Amh{ H$s®, oOVH$s AZmW [m{a{ H$m{Umcm gmß[S>Vrc À`mßZt Vt _OH$S>{ [mR>dmdt. X{d À`mßMm gmß^mi H$arc.'' b˙_r]mB™M| "AodÒ_aUr`' ^mfU h| 1900 gmcr 23 V{ 29 A∑Q>m{]a _‹`| ZJamg ^ac{Î`m E{∑`g^|V Pmc| Agmd|. X{ZmoQ> `m E{∑`g^{Mm AmUIr EH$ ode{f gmßJV. Jmßdm{JmßdMr oºÒVr _ßS>ir EH$Ã && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 641$&&

O_{. AmoU `mßVyZ AZ{H$ oddmh OwiyZ `{V. EH$mM d{it 5-6 cΩZ| cmd `mMr S>m∞. ¯z_ `mßZmoh AmdS> hm{Vr.

H$mÏ`Hw$gw_mƒOoc 1989 _‹`| ZmJ[wamg oQ>iH$mßZt h| oZÏdi H$odVmßM| _mogH$ H$mT>c| hm{V|. ""ÒÃrOZ‡eßgm'' ""ag^mOZ'' dJ°a{ À`mß¿`m ‡maßo^H$ H$odVm `mßVyZ ‡og’ PmÎ`m. gd© _mogH$ [⁄mßVM Agm`M|. dJ©UrXmamßZm dJ©UrgmR>t VJmXm H$am`Mm Vm{oh H$odV|V. Ag| `mM{ß ÒdÍ$[ hm{V|. `mM{ O{_V{_ [mßM AßH$ oZKmc{. [wT>| 1893 _‹`| ZmJ[wamg [aV ÒWmo`H$ PmÎ`mda À`mßZr H$mÏ`Hw$gw_mßOoc d ododYodf`VaßoJUr Ag{ [⁄ Om{S> _mogH$ H$mT>c|. [U cm°H$aM V|oh [°em¿`m A^mdr ]ßX H$amd| cmJc|.

oºÒVm`Z oºÒVr C[mgZ{cm [m°dm©À` Í$[ X{ `m¿`m oQ>iH$mß¿`m AZ{H$odY ‡`ÀZmßVrc oºÒVm`Z _hmH$mÏ` hm EH$ _m{R>m ‡`m{J ÂhUVmß `{B©c. ^OZH$sV©Zm‡_mU|M [wamU gmßJU| h|oh oºÒVr g_mOmßV Í$T> Ïhmd| `mgmR>t oQ>iH$mßZr 1910 gmct oºÒVm`Z ocoh `mg gwÈdmV H{$cr. `m¿`m [yVugmR>t oH$À`{H$Xmß Ka gm{Sy>Z À`mßZr [mßMJUr, ^wBßO Aem oR>H$mUt Aem oR>H$mUt dÒVr H{$cr [U À`mß¿`m Òd^mdm‡_mU| EH$m oR>H$mUt Wmß]yZ EH$mM H$m_mMm [mR>[wamdm H$aU| À`mß¿`mZ{ Pmc| Zmht. d h| _hmH$mÏ` A[wa|M amohc|. 10 A‹`m` [yU© d 11Ï`m¿`m 106 Am{Ï`m À`mßZt ocohc{Î`m Amh{V. À`mßVoh ‡À`j oºÒV-MnaÃmMm \$maM Wm{S>m Amc{cm Amh{. oQ>iH$mß¿`m ZßVa 10-12 dfm™Zt 1931 _‹`| oºÒVm`Z [yU© H$a `mMm oZYm©a H$Í$Z c˙_r]mB™Zt gw_ma| [mßM dfm©¿`m H$mimßV `mßV 64 A‹`m`mßMr ^a KmVcr d h{ Odi Odi [yU© H{$c|. ]mB™¿`m _•À`yZßVa X{dXŒmmßZt g_mam{[mÀ_H$ 76 dm A‹`m` ocohcm. 1938 V H$od oJare-gß[moXV gß[yU© oºÒVm`Z _hmH$mÏ` [wÒVH$Í$[mZ| ‡H$moeV Pmc|. oQ>iH$mß¿`m oºÒVm`ZmßVrc 9dm A‹`m` "g_rjH$' `mcm _m¬`m _V| oZami|M _hŒd Amh{. H$maU "g_rjH$m' ¿`m o_fmZ| H$drZ| Am[c| ÒdVïM|M `moÃH$ H´$_U doU©c{c| Amh|. `m gmR>t 1961 _‹`|, oQ>iH$mß¿`m O›_eVmp„Xdfm©V _t EdT>m EH$M A‹`m` AZ{H$ Q>r[m d Ò[Ô>rH$aU| X{D$Z gß[moXV H{$cm hm{Vm.

oºÒVr h| _mogH$ 1900 gmct oQ>iH$mßZr Am[Î`m O]m]Xmarda H$mT>c|. [°em¿`m && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 642$&&

Am{T>mVmUr_wi| À`mßZm V| dfm©XrS>dfm™VM ]ßX H$amd| cmJc|. _mogH$ H$mT> `mMr À`mßMr hm°g OwZrM. 1895-99 `m H$mimßV oQ>iH$mßZt ZJa oOÎ¯mßV ^´_ßVr [wÓH$i H{$c{cr hm{Vr. I{S>Ám[mS>ÁmßVrc Jar] oºÒVr "_ßS>˘`mßZm'Zm d AÎ[oeojV Ï`q∫$Zm Y_©odf`H$ AmoU ÒdX{eodf`H$ _mJ©Xe©ZmMr OÍ$ar Amh{ h| À`mßZm OmUdc{c| hm{V|. ÂhUyZM `m _mogH$mM| ‹`{`-Ym{aU oQ>iH$mßZr Am[Î`m AmYt¿`m _mogH$mßhˇZ AJXt d{Ji| R>{odc| hm{V|. "oºÒVr' _mogH$mMm EH$oh AßH$ _cm o_imcm Zmht. EH$m AßH$mMt EH$Xm{Z OrU© [mZ| _mÃ hmVt cmJct. À`mßV c˙_r]mB™Mr EH$ H$odVmoh AYu_wYu dmMm`cm o_imcr. "oºÒVr' _mogH$mgß]ßYt Xm{Z dmMZr` CÑ{I _mÃ X{Vm{. 1. X{ Z moQ> ocohVmV ï `m [ÃmM| gma|M oQ>˘H$mßZm H$amd| cmJ|. c{IZ, ‡y\$arqS>J, gß[mXZ, Ï`dÒWm gma| À`mß¿`mH$S>{M. AßH$m¿`m KS>Ám KmcU|, oMQ>H$dU|, [m{ÒQ>mßV Z{D$Z Q>mH$U| `m H$m_mßV c˙_r]mB™Mr _XV hm{B©. IMm©Mm gd© ^ma oQ>iH$mßda. À`m d{iM| À`mßM| CÀ[›Z O{_V{_ È[`{ [›Zmg. À`mßVyZ gmar o]c| ^mJdm`Mt. ÂhUO{ H$YtH$Yt À`mßZm C[mgoh H$mT>md{ cmJV h| CKS> Amh{.'' 2. 1901 ¿`m o_eZ na[m{Q>©mßV ÂhQ>c| Amh{ ó" The Christi is a monthly

Anglo-vernacular paper edited and managed by Mr. N. V. Tilak of Ahmednagar as an independent Christian service. It seeks especially to supply suggestive Christian knowledge to simple Christians but also partly reaching non-Christians"

c˙_r]mB© gmßJVmV, ""À`m [ÃmßV oºÒVr Y_m©Mm C[X{e oºÒVrVamßZm d qhXr gßÒH•$VrMm C[X{e oºÒVr cm{H$mßZm Ag{.''

oºÒVr ZmJnaH$ 15 oS>g|]a 1904 am{Ot oºÒVr ZmJnaH$mMm O›_ Pmcm. ^mÒH$aamd H$m{VH$ `m [ÃmßM{ _∞Z{qOJ ‡m{‡m`Q>a Pmc{. a{. JU[Vamd cdcH$a BßJ´Or ^mJmM{ gß[mXH$ Pmc{. ht oV›ht S>m{H$s® _m{R>r oZ^uS> d ˆX`| _m{R>t gS>{Vm{S>. `m oVKmß]am{]a AmUIr EH$ Zmßd kmZm{X`mßVrc OmohamVtV AmT>iV|. ]m.Zm.AmR>dc{. [U [wT>| À`mßMm H$mßht gß]ßY oXgV Zmht. ""[ÃmZ| VrZ df~ MmcyZ oºÒVr g_mOmßV _m{R>r OmJ•oV H$Í$Z d ^mÒH$aamd H$m{Q>H$mß¿`m S>m{∑`mda _m{R>| H$O© R>{dyZ Am[cr AdVmag_mpﬂV H{$cr. 1906 _‹`| oºÒVr ZmJnaH$ ]ßX [S>c| Ia|, [U [°emMr AS>MU EdT>Ám EH$mM H$maUmZ| Zgmd|. oQ>iH$-H$m{Q>H$ `m Xm{Kmß_‹`| ]{]Zmd Oar Zmht Var Òd^mdo^›ZVm h|oh EH$ H$maU Agc| [mohO{. `m oºÒVr && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 643$&&

ZmJnaH$[ÃmßVyZM ""AmQ>[cm Am_Mm gßgma'', ""hm ]m{Om ZÏh{ h| N>Ã Amh{'', ""BH$S>Mt [Ã|oVH$S>Mt [Ã|'' BÀ`moX AZ{H$ H$Wm, ""ZdrZ Bgm[ZroV'' `m ]m{YH$WmdJ°a{ J⁄ cocVc{IZ oQ>iH$mßZr H{$c|. [wT>| 1938-39 V X{dXŒmmßZt oºÒVr ZmJnaH$ [w›hmß gwÍ$ H{$c|, "ZmJnaH$ N>m[ImZm' h| Zmßdoh `m [ÃmdÍ$Z oXc{c| Amh{. oºÒVr ZmJnaH$mcm hiyhi y secular ÒdÍ$[ X{D$Z À`mM| "ZmJnaH$' ]Zdm`Mm À`mßMm _Zgw]m hm{Vm. oºÒVr ZmJnaH$m¿`m 2500 da ‡Vr oZKm`¿`m. ÂhUO{ VÀH$mcrZ oºÒVr [ÃmßV h|M gdm™V _m{R>| ÂhUmd| cmJV|.

oºÒVr odoY d gßÒH$ma Ò_•oVoMÃmßV ]mpﬂVÒ_m, Xrßjm, ‡^w^m{OZ Ag{ H$mßht e„X Amc{c{ Amh{V. ]h˛gßª` dmMH$mßZm `mßMm oZn¸V≤ AW© g_OyZ `{V Zmht. `mgmR>r Wm{S>∑`mßV Iwcmgm H$arV Amh|. 1. ]mpﬂVÒ_m (Baptism ) `m e„XmMm oQ>iH$mßZr oXc{cm AW© oZImcg H$[m{cH$oÎ[V Amh{. (Ò_•oVoMÃ| ^mJ 2. [•.71) [U Vm{oh Iam _mZUma{ H$mßht ‡m_moUH$ dmMH$ _cm ^{Q>c{c{ Amh{V. ]mpﬂVÒ_m hm oºÒVmMm ‡H$Q>[U| ÒdrH$ma H$a `mMm odoY. e„XmMm _yi AW© ""ew’ hm|U|.'' _wcm¿`m AJXt ]mi[UmßV À`mg ]mpﬂVÒ_m X{ `mV `{Vm{. Agm XßS>H$ _mÃ Zmht. ‡m°T> Ï`ŒH$sMmoh `mM odYtZ| oºÒVr Y_m©V ‡d{e hm{Vm{. [m `mßV ]wMH$iyZ H$mT>U| qH$dm _ÒVH$mßda [m `mMm A‰`ßJ H$aU| h| ]mpﬂVÒÂ`mM| ]m¯ oM›h. _wcmM| Zmßd `m ‡gßJtM R>{odc| OmV{. 2. —T>rH$aU (Confirmation) _wcmcm g_O Amb`mZßVa d Wm{S>m\$ma Y_m©‰`mg PmÎ`mZßVa À`mM| —T>rH$aU H$a `mßV `{V{ß. `mcmM "_ßS>itV o_iU|' Ag|oh ÂhUVmV. —T>rH$aUmZßVaM _wcmcm "‡^w^m{OZ' K{Vmß `{V|. 3. ‡^w^m{OZ qH$dm [odÃ gh^moJVm (Holy Communion) `{ey oºÒVmg ]ßoXdmZ H$Í$Z Z{ `mßV Amc| À`mM amÃt À`mZ| Am[Î`m ]mam oeÔ>mßg_d{V e{dQ>c| ^m{OZ H{$c{ hm{V|. ^m{OZg_`t À`mZ| hmVmßV ^mH$a K{D$Z, C[H$maÒ_aU H$Í$Z Vr _m{S>cr d gd© oeÓ`mßg dmßQy>Z oXcr. ZßVa –mjagmMm ﬂ`mcm hmVmßV K{D$Z, C[H$maÒVwoV H$Í$Z À`mZ{ß ÒdVï EH$ Km|Q> K{Vcm d oeÓ`mßgoh À`mVyZ o[ `mg gmßoJVcß{. À`m d{ir À`mZ| ^mH$arcm "h| _mP| eara' d –mjagmcm "h| _mP| ZÏ`m H$amamM| a∫$ ÂhQ>c| AmoU && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 644$&&

"_m¬`m Ò_aUmW© h| H$am' Agm oeÓ`mßZm AmX{e oXcm. ÂhUyZ À`m¿`m Ò_aUmW© ‡mW©Z{¿`m d{ir "_ßS>ir'cm cmjoUH$ ^m{OZ (]{I_ra ^mH$arMm VwH$S>m d –mjagmMm Km|Q>) X{ `mßV `{V|. `mcm "‡^w^m{OZ' qH$dm [odÃ gh^moJVm' hr gßkm Amh{. ‡^w^m{OZ h| EH$ [odÃ gmH´$_|V (gßÒH$ma) AgyZ —oT>H$aU [mdc{b`mßZmM V| K{Vmß `{V|. 4. Xrjm (Ordination) Y_©JwÍ$M| [X X{ `mMm odoY. Xrjm [mdc{Î`m Y_©JwÍ$cm a{Ïha|S> ÂhUVmV, AmoU À`mßg H$mßht ode{f AoYH$ma AgVmV. C[mgZmg_`t Amerdm©X X{U|, ]mpﬂVÒ_m X{U|, oddmhmM| [m°am{ohÀ`, _•VmMr CŒmaoH´$`m Aet H$mßhrß H$m_| "XrojV' Y_©HJwÍ$Z|M H$am`Mrß AgVmV.

oQ>iH$-Ò_maH -_ßoXa Ò_•oVoMÃ|-^mJ 3, [•. 142 ï ¡`m gmVma¿`m _ßS>ircm C[X{emgmR>t emi|V O_md| cmJ{ À`mM gmVma¿`m _ßS>ircm oQ>iH$mß¿`m _•À`yZßVa EH$ ZdrZ gwßXa _ßoXa o_imc| d À`m _ßoXamM| Zmßd oQ>iH$ Ò_maH$ _ßoXaR>{d `mßV Amc|. `m _ßoXamMr hH$sJV gmVmË`m¿`m Ow›`m o_eZar o_g ococ`Z o[oH$Z Aer gmßJVmVó ""_ßoXa ]mßY `mgmR>t a∑H$_ O_od `mM| H$m_ gmVmaMr _ßS>ir AZ{H$ dfm©[mgyZ H$arVM hm{Vr. oH$À`{H$mßZr Am[Î`m EH$ _oh›`m¿`m [JmamBVH$s a∑H$_ oXcr. _cm dmQ>V| o_g{g gwßXam]mB© [mißX{ `mßZt Xm{Z _oh›`mßMm [yU© [Jma oXcm. EHy$U gw_ma| 12000 È[`{ O_c{ hm{V{. AmUIr 6000 È[`mßMr OÈar hm{Vr. _ßoXamgmR>t _ßS>irZ{ß OmJm [gßV H{$cr hm{Vr. Vr odH$V K{VmßZm o_g ›`yO|Q> * `mßMm [wT>mH$ma hm{Vm. _r \$cm}gmR>t A_{naH{$g J{c| AgVmß naOd© H$m±oJ´J{eZc MM©, ÏhmB©Q> c{Z, ›`y`m∞H©$ `mß¿`met `m]m]V _mP| ]m{cU| Pmc| hm{V|. `m _ßS>itZ| 1904 [mgyZ gmVmË`mg EH$m o_eZarMr Ï`dÒWm H{$c{cr hm{Vr. _r [°emMr _mJUr H{$c|cr ZÏhVr. o_. d o_g{g \´±$p∑cZ dm∞Z©a `mßZr _cm O{dmd`mg ]m{codc| hm{V|. O{dVmßZm À`mßZr _cm odMmnac|, ""`m _ßoXamgmR>t AmUIr oH$Vr [°emMr OÈar Amh{ ?'' À`m d{iMr S>m∞caMr qH$_V cjmßV K{D$Z _t ÂhQ>c|, ""Xm{Z hOma S>m∞cg©Mr.'' "_J EdT>{ [°g{ AmÂht oXc{ Va Mmc{c H$m?'' _cm \$ma AmZßX Pmcm. _r _m{R>Ám AmZßXmZ| À`m aH$_{Mm ÒdrH$ma H{$cm. [°g{ X{VmßZm À`mßZt ÂhQ>c|, "Am_Mr AQ> Aer H$mßhtoh Zmht. [U `m _ßoXamcm "oQ>iH$-Ò_maH$-_ßoXa' h| Zmßd oXc| Va AmÂhmßcm \$ma AmZßX dmQ>{c. H$maU AmÂht qhXwÒVmZmßV ‡dmg H{$cm V{Ïhmß oQ>iH$mßMm Am_¿`mda Om{ ‡^md [S>cm oVVH$m XwgË`m H$m{UmMmoh [S>cm Zmht.''

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 645$&&

h{ o_.dm∞Z©a n_eZar ZÏhV{.V{ amgm`oZH$ [XmWm™M{ H$maImZXma hm{V{. À`mß¿`m B¿N{cm gmVma¿`m _ßS>irZ| _m{R>Ám AmZßXmZ| _mZ oXcm d _ßoXamM| Zmßd oQ>iH$ Ò_maH$ _ßoXa R>{odc|.''

oQ>iH$mßMr H$odVm oQ>iH$mß¿`m 84 Ò\w$Q> H$odVmßMm ""oQ>iH$mßMr H$odVm ^mJ 1''hm gßJ´h a{. ^mÒH$aamd COJa| `mßZr 1914 V gß[moXV H{$cm. h{ H$m_ X{dXŒmmßZt H$amd| Aer oQ>iH$mßMr B¿N>m hm{Vr. [U Am[Î`m doS>cmßM| [wÒVH$ Am[UM H$mT>md| hr H Î[Zm X{dXŒmmßZm Z [Q>Î`m_wi| oQ>iH$mßZr V| ^mÒH$aamdmßda gm|[odc|. `m [wÒVH$mcm Zaqgh qMVm_U H{$iH$amßMr ‡ÒVmdZm Om{S>c{cr Amh{. EH{$H$Q>Ám H$drM{ gßJ´h `{WyZM gwÍ$ Pmc{ ÂhQ>c| Var Mmc{c. oQ>iH$mß¿`m _cm C[c„Y Pmc{Î`m gw_ma| 2000 da [⁄mßVyZ EdT>m EH$M gßJ´h H°$H$ df~ cm{H$mß¿`m S>m{˘`m[wT>| Amh{. EdT>ÁmdÍ$ZM oQ>iH$mßM{ H$od_ßS>imßVrc ÒWmZ d_mZ[mZ R>adyZ Q>mH$ `mMm IQ>mQ>m{[ AZ{H$mßZr H{$c{cm Amh{, AmoU EdT>t 84 [⁄| _wIm{÷V PmÎ`mZ|, oQ>iH$mßMr gd© H$odVm _cm [mR> Amh{. Aem Jm{S> gß^´_mßV dmdaUma{ ‡m_moUH$ aogH$oh _cm ^{Q>c{c{ Amh{V. oQ>iH$mßMr H$odVm ^mJ 2 ó A^ßJmßOob oQ>iH$mßMr H$odVm ^mJ 3 ó oQ>iH$mßM| ]mcm{⁄mZ oQ>iH$mßMr H$odVm ^mJ 4 ó oQ>iH$mß¿`m EHy$U H$odV|VyZ oZdS>c{c{ 139 d|M{. h{ [wÒVH$ 1961 V ‡og’ Pmc|. (gß[mXH$ ï A.X{.oQ>iH$) oQ>iH$mßM| ]mcm{⁄mZ (oQ>iH$mßMr H$odVm ^mJ 3) oQ>iH$mß¿`m oeewH$mÏ`mßMrñ_wcmßgmR>t AmoU _wcmßodf`t H$odVmßMm EH$ ^mJ d AJXt chmZ _wcmßgmR>r ocohÎ`m 20 H$odVmßM{ [naoeÔ> Om{S>c{c{ Amh{. AmMm`© AÃ{ `mßZt `m gßJ´hmcm ‡ÒVmdZm ocohc{cr Amh{.

]mc]m{Y_{dm A_{naH$Z _amR>r o_eZmZ| gZ 1876 (1873 ?), [mgyZ Mmcodc{c| _mogH$. h{ _amR>tVc| [ohc|M _wcmßgmR>r _mogH . S>m∞. Eo_cr o]gc AZ{H$ df} `m¿`m gß[mXH$ hm{À`m. 1895 [mgyZ Xa AßH$mVyZ oQ>iH$mßMr \w$cm_wcmßMr H$odVm ‡og’ hm{V J{cr. oQ>iH$mß_wi|M H$od XŒm, H{$edgwV, c˙_r]mB© d [wT>| ]mcH$od R>m{_a{ `ßm¿`m H$odVmßMm `mg cm^ Pmcm. 1910 _‹`| h| _mogH$ ]ßX [S>c|. 1924 _‹`| V| [wZï gwÍ$ hm{D$Z [wT>| && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 646$&&

À`mM| gß[mXH$Àd X{dXŒmmßH$S>{ Amc|. À`mßZt V{ [wÓH$i df}ß Mmcodc|. _mogH$ "oºÒVr' AgyZoh X{dXŒmmßZr À`mcm Y_©^{XmVrV ÒdÍ$[ oXc|. gm°.dÀgcm]mB© KmQ>{ AmoU$‡m{. a.lr.Om{Ji{H$a `m Xm{Km oºÒVrVamßZm À`mßZr Am[Î`m Om{S>rcm ghgß[mXH$ H$Í$Z K{Vc| hm{V|. H$odHw$gw_mJ´O d ‡m. oZHwß$] `mßMr ‡maß^tMr H$odVm _{Ï`mßVyZM ‡og’ Pmcr.

^OZgßJ´h 1904-05 ¿`m gw_mamg [ß.a_m]mB™Zr ]m`]c ^mfmßVam¿`m H$m_mßV gm¯ H$a `mgmR>t (H$XmoMV ^mÒH$aamd H$m{VH$mß¿`m [ÃmdÍ$Z) oQ>iH$mßZm ]m{cmdyZ K{Vc| hm{V|. ^mfmßVam]m]V `m Xm{KmßM{ odMma EH$_{H$mßZm [Q> `mOm{J{ ZgÎ`mZ| oQ>iH$ \$ma oXdg V{W| amohc{ ZmhtV. À`m AÎ[H$mimßV oQ>iH$mß¿`m 108 ^OZmMm hm gßJ´h [ßoS>Vm]mB™Zt N>mo[cm. [wT>| `m¿`m H°$H$ Amd•Œ`m oZKmÎ`m. oºÒVr ^o∫$H$mÏ`mßV h| EH$ AÀ`ßV cm{H$o‡` Pmc{c| [wÒVH$ hm{`.

_m`dma qH$dm _mV•oXZ oQ>iH$mßM{ _mV•‡{_ hm À`mß¿`m Òd^mdmßVcm EH$ [odÃV_ [°cw Amh{. AmXe© Aer _mVm À`mßZm cm^cr hm{Vr. Am[Î`m AmB©gmaIr _mV•[Um¿`m H$V©Ï`mßV [na[yU© ÒÃr Am[U Xwgar [mohcr Zmht Aet gmj À`mßZt Zm|Xodc{cr Amh{. [U h| _mV•gm°ª` À`mßZm \$maM AÎ[H$mi cm^c|. oedm` _mV{Mm AßV hr À`mß¿`m Am`wÓ`mßVrc AÀ`ßV XmÈU Aer KQ>Zm hm{D$Z J{cr. Am[cr A[war amohc{cr _mV•‡{_mMr VhmZ ^mJod `mgmR>t À`mßZt AZ{H$ _mVm Am[Î`m [nagamßVyZ em{YyZ H$moT>Î`m. H$mßhtZt À`mßMr oZamemoh H{$cr. `{gw]mB© _m`c{ (1ï28-29), H$mHy$-cw¿¿`mßMr amUr (1ï127-130) AmoU AmeÂ_m]mB© e{I C_a hr VrZ CXmhaU| Am[U [mohc{cr Amh{V. oQ>iH$mß¿`m AV•ﬂV _mV•‡{_mßVyZ _hmamÔ≠>r` oºÒVr OZmßZm o_imc{cm A[yd© cm^ ÂhUO{ _m`dma qH$dm _mV•oXZ. A_{naH|$V "_Xg© S>{' AmoU "\$mXg© S>{' Xm{›ht gmOa{ hm{V. À`mßVyZ oQ>iH$mßZt Z{_H$m _mV•oXZ oZdSy>Z, À`mcm [m°dm©À` ÒdÍ$[ X{D$Z Vm{ _hmamÔ≠>mßV ‡g•V H{$cm. "\$mXg© S>{' gmR>t kmZm{X`m¿`m dmMH$mßH$Sy>Z Amc{Î`m gyMZm À`mßZt Hw$Umcmoh Z XwIodVm AcJX ]mOycm gmaÎ`m. Xadfv _| _oh›`m¿`m gwÈdmVrcm kmZm{X`mßVyZ d ]mc]m{Y_{Î`mVyZ _m`dmam]m]V gyMZm d c{I Jm{Ô>r dJ°a{ `{Dß$ cmJV. _| ¿`m XwgË`maoddmat hm oXZ [micm OmB©. AmOoh [micm OmVm{. _mÃ À`mgmR>t oZaoZam˘`m _ßS>˘`mßZt Am[m[Î`m gm{B©M{ oXdg _wH´$a H{$c{c{ Amh{V. 1914 gmct oQ>iH$mßZt c˙_r]mB™Zm Am[Î`m _wcmßMr _mVm ÂhUyZ Jm°adyZ ocohc{c| [Ã ‡og’ Amh{.* oºÒVrVa g_mOmßVoh hm oXZ [micm * odl„Y emaXm, ^mJ 1 : [ÃmßH$ 153 && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 647$&&

Omdm Aer oQ>iH$mßMr B¿N>m d IQ>[Q> hm{VrM. lr[mX H{$ed ZmB©H$ `mßZm hr H$Î[Zm\$maM [Qy>Z À`mßZrßnh ode{fVï oºÒVrVamßgmR>t [ÃmßVyZ c{I ochˇZ _mV•oXZmMm ‡gma H$a `mMm C⁄m{J [wÓH$i df~ Mmcodcm hm{Vm.

oddmh[’oV (oºÒVr C[mgZ{cm [m°dm©À` Í$[ AmUyZ X{ `mgmR>t oQ>iH$mßZr AZ{H$ ‡`ÀZ d ‡`m{J H{$c{. À`mVrc EH$ ode{f ‡^mdr R>ac{cm ‡H$ma ÂhUO{ À`mßZr gwÍ$ H{$c{cr Zdr oddmh[’oV. 1918 gmcr X{dXŒm-Í$W oddmhmgmR>t À`mßZt ht ‡W_ V`ma H{$cr.* [wT>| 1929 _‹`| a{. _c{cyßMr H$›`m S>m∞. J{´g oh¿`m oddmhmM{ d{it X{dXŒmmßZt hr [’oV [w›hmß N>m[yZ ‡og’ H{$cr. AmO H$mßht Hw$Qw>ß]| `m [’VrZ|M oddmh Ïhmdm Agm AmJ´h YaVmV Va H$mßht Vr H$Q>mjmZ| Q>miVmV. oOkmgw dmMH$mßgmR>t oºÒVr oddmhmMr hr oQ>iH$-[’oV `{W| gß[yU© X{c{cr Amh{.)

AmMm`m©Z| H$amd`mMr ‡mW©Zmó h{ B©úam ]m[m, ¡`m Vyß Am[Î`m ‡oV¿N>m`{‡_mU| _ZwÓ`mcm CÀ[›Z H{$c|, [wÈf d ÒÃr Ag| À`mßg CÀ[›Z H{$c|, ¡`m Vw¬`m ‡{__` _Zmcm dmQ>c|, H$s® _ZwÓ` EH$Q>m Agmdm h| ]a| Zmht _r À`mgmR>t À`mOm{JVr ghH$mnaUr H$arZ À`m Vwcm dßXZ Agm{. [wÈf Am[Î`m AmB©]m[mßMm Aml` gm{Sy>Z Am[Î`m [ÀZrMm ghOrdr hm{B©b d Xm{KmßMr o_iyZ EH$M Ï`o∫$ hm{rb. h| VwP| dMZ Amh{. Vyß oddmhmMm gßÒWm[H$ Amh{g. Vwbm dßXZ Agm{. h{ ]m[m, Vw¬`m g_j, Vwbm gmj R>{dyZ, VwP| gm¯ d VwP{ Amerdm©X K{D$Z AmÂhr `m Ûr-[wÈfmßMm oddmhodoY H$arV Amhm|. `m _ßJbodYrbm Vyß `eï‡X H$a. AZw Ô w > ^ [a_{em VwPr Amem, VwPr, ‡rVr, VwP| ^` $& g_jVm VwPr hmM, Am_wMm gd© Aml` $&& Vw¬`m [m`mßdar AmYt KmobVm| `m dYydamß $& ÒdrH$mat `mßObm ]m[m ‡{_Í$[m [amÀ[am $&& H$m`m©aß^r H$m`©_‹`t H$m`m™Vt Vyß oZaßVa $& _ßJbmÀ_Z≤ H•$[m VyPr gd©Xm ‡UVmßda $&& * Ò_•oVoMÃ|- ^mJ 3 && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 648$&&

(_ßS>irgh) Am[U JrV JmDß$ Z_ï [a__ßJbm, Jm°adyß Vwbm [a_dÀgbm $&&Y•$&& ‹`mDß$ JmDß$ [yOyß dmh˛oZ ‡{_mlyß¿`m \w$bmß-Jm°adyß $&&1$&& OJÀH$maUm ]m[m* Z Hw$R>| Vd dmÀgÎ`m Vwbm-Jm°adyß $&&2$&& OJŒmmaUm [wÃm* AZw[_ VwPr H•$[m oZ_©bm-Jm°adyß $&&2$&& OJÉmbZm [odÃ AmÀ_Z≤* hm{ __ OrdZH$bm-Jm°adyß $&&3$&& AJm A¤`m, gXm AZw^dyß Vw¡`m oÃodY ^yoVbm-Jm°adyß $&&4$&& Am[Umßg _mPr EH$ odZßVr Amh{. o‡` ]ßYw^oJZtZm{, `m [wÈfm¿`m d `m Ûr¿`m oddmhm¿`m _ßJb H$m`m©W© Am[U gd© `{W| O_bm| Amhm|. Am[Umß_‹`| Am[bm X{d]m[ odamO_mZ Amh{. oddmhodoY h| J•hÒWml_mM| ¤ma AgyZ J•hÒWml_ g›_mZZr` Amh{. _ZwÓ`mbm CÀ[ﬁ H{$Î`mda [wT>| À`mM| [VZ hm{ `m[ydv _ZwÓ` ew’mdÒW|V AgVmßZmM X{dmZ| oddmhodYrM| gßÒWm[Z H{$b| Amh|. hm [wÈf d hr Ûr oddmhodYrZ| gß`w∫$ hm{D$Z AZwH´$_| Am[U ghOrdr d ghOrodZr, ghY_u d ghYo_©Ur Ïhmd| ÂhUyZ `m ÒWit C[pÒWV Pmbt Amh{V. Var Am[Umß gdm™g d Am[UmßVyZ ‡À`{H$mg Aer gwMZm X{Vm| H$s®, `m‡_mU| hm [wwÈf d hr Ûr gß`w∫$ Z hm{ `mM| `m{Ω` H$maU Oa H$m{Umbm XmIdm`M| Ag{b, Va V| À`mZ| qH$dm oVZ| AmVmßM XmIdmd|, hm oddmh PmÎ`mda _J H$Ytoh H$m{Ut ]m{byß Z`{. H$maU O| X{dmZ| Om{oS>b| V| _mUgmZ| Vm{Sy>ß Z`{. Aer X{dmMr Amkm Amh{. (H$m{Ur H$maU Z XmIodÎ`mg AmMm`m©Z| dYwdamß¿`m Am·mßZm [wT>| ]m{bmdyZ `m‡_mU| C[mgZm H$amdr.) emÛ[mR>-CÀ[oŒm 24ï48-6; 28$&2-4 gwdß⁄ X{d [amÀ[a ÒVdm hm{ À`mbm Imbt da Vm{ ]m[, [wÃ, AmÀ_m OmU Ã°H$mbm ⁄m AZßV _mZ.** ‡mW© Z mmó h{ ‡{_ÒdÍ$[m X{dm, Vw¬`m `m{OZ{‡_mU|, Am_¿`m [yU© gß_VrZ| hm{UmË`m `m oddmhmZ| Am_Mt Xm{Z o^ﬁ Hw$i| `m[wT>| Ao^ﬁ hm{Uma Amh{V. ÂhUyZ AmÂhr VwP{ * o[Vm, [wÃ d [odÃ AmÀ_m h| [a_{úamM| ododY Í$[ _mZb{b| Amh{. ** C[mgZmgßJrV- 39, ]∞bßQ>mB©Z odaoMV && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 649$&&

C[H$ma _mZVm|. h{ ]m[m, Am_Mm hm gß]ßY —T>Va hm{V Omdm{ d À`m¿`m `m{JmZ| VwP| Jm°ad hm{dm{. AmÂht ‡À`{H$mZ| d ‡À`{H$sZ| `m dYwdamß¿`m H$Î`mUmbmM Am[bm _mZ AoYmH$ma, gwI g_Omd| Aer Am_Mr oMŒmd•oŒm Agyß X{. h{ ]m[m, hm da d hr dYw ht Am_¿`m Hw$imßZm Vyß oXb{bt H•$[mXmZ| Amh{V. `mßMm Aml` VyßM Amh{g VwPr H•$[m `mß¿`mda oZaßVa Agm{. oºÒVm‡rÀ`W© Am_{Z. (dYwdamß¿`m _mVmo[VamßZr [aÒ[amM| hÒVmßXm{bZ H$Í$Z ÂhUmd|) h{ ‡{_, gßoY, emßoV `mß¿`m XmÀ`m X{dm, Am_Mm hm Zdm OS>b{bm Am·[Um Am_¿`m C^`Vmß¿`m Hw$bmß¿`m CﬁÀ`W©,`m dYwdamß¿`m H$Î`mUmW© d Vw¬`m Jm°admW© hm{dm{. oºÒVm‡rÀ`W© Am_{Z.) `m oddmhmg `{W| O_b{Î`m Am]mbd•’mßMr [yU© gß_oV Amh{ ÂhUyZ _bm AmZßX dmQ>Vm{. Am[U ‡mW©Zm H$Íß$ó h{ X`mgmJam X{dm, `{W| EH$Ã Pmb{Î`m AmÂhmß gd© ]ßYw^oJZtMr `m oddmhmbm gß_oV Amh{ ÂhUyZ AmÂhr VwP{ C[H$ma _moZVm|. Iam bm{H$mYre Vyß Amh{g. bm{H$mß¿`m AßVïH$aUmßda g_wÉ`{H$Í$Z d Ï`o∫$eï VwPr gŒmm Amh{. Var Vyß Am_M| gdm™M| Ag| gm¯ H$a, H$s® AmÂht `m _ßJboddmhmbm gd©Xm _ßJb R>{d `mM{ ‡`ÀZ H$amd{. Am_Mm VmaH$ ‡^w `{ew oºÒV `m¿`m ZmßdmZ| Am_{Z. (dYwdamßg) (dYwdamßMt Zmd| K{D$Z) _ZwÓ`mZ| EImXr Jm{Ô> Am[Î`m _ZmßV Jw· R>{odbr Var Vr ›`m`m¿`m oXdet CKS> hm{Uma d oV¿`m]‘b À`mbm Om] ⁄mdm bmJUma Agm Vw_Mm odúmg Amh{ Ag| _r g_OVm|. Va _J VwÂhmßbm Am[bm [aÒ[amßer oddmh hm{Dß$ Z`{ Ag| dmQ> `mbm H$mßht H$maU Amh{ H$m? Ag{b Va V| AmVmßM ‡H$Q> H$am Aer _r VwÂhmßbm Amkm H$naV|. H$maU VwÂhr (dYyg) qH$dm VwÂhr (damg) Oa AßVïH$aUmßV ¯m oddmhmg ‡oVHy$b Agmb, Va hm oddmh X{dm¿`m oZ`_modÈ’ AgyZ À`m¿`m `m{JmZ| VwÂhr X{dmH$Sy>Z gß`w∫$ Pmbmß Ag| hm{Uma Zmht. da daó _r ¯m oddmhmg AZwHy$b Amh|.* dYwó _r ¯m oddmhmg AZwHy$b Amh|.* AmMm` AmMm`©ó VwÂhr C^`Vmß [aÒ[amß¿`m oddmhmg AZwHy$b Amhmß ÂhUyZ AmÂhr AmVmß * ‡oVHy$b AgÎ`mg Vg| dmJmd| && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 650$&&

oddmhodYrg Amaß^ H$naVm|. Am[U ÒVm{Û 117 d| ÂhUyß. AmMm`©ó h{ gd©X{oeZm{ `y`ß Y›`ß ]´yV [a_{úa_≤ $& _ß S >ir >iró Ahm{ gd© bm{H$mßZm{, VwÂhr [a_{úambm ÒVdm. AmMm` AmMm`©ó h{ gd©_mZdm `y`ß Hw$È‹dß VÀ‡eßgZ_≤ $& _ß S >ir >iró gd© g_wXm`mßZm{ À`mMr ‡eßgm H$am. AmMm` AmMm`©ó AÒ_m›‡oV VXr`m{ZwJ´hÒVw [a_m{ ^d{V≤ $& _ß S >ir >iró H$maU À`mMr X`m AmÂhmßda od[wb Amh{. * Am[U ‡mW©Zm H$Íß$. AJm ‡UVdÀgbm [a__ßJbm ‡{_bm $& odamO ˆX`mgZt H$a gZmW `{ Xw]©bmß $&& oddmhodoY hm H$am{ Vd g_jVm gmOam $& ‡^m{ gX` Vyß gXm daX Vyß Vw¬`m b|H$amß $&& h{ X{dm Vyß O{ Z_´ Pmb{ À`mßZm _mP{ ÂhUyZ AßoJH$mnaVm{g. Vyß [a__ßJb Amh{g. Vyß ‡{_ÒdÍ$[ Amh{g. Vwbm Y›`dmX Agm{. Vyß Am_¿`m ˆX`Í$[t AmgZt odamO_mZ hm{, AmoU AmÂhmß AZmWmßZm gZmW H$a. h{ ]m[m, Vw¬`m g_jV{Z| hm oddmhodoY gmOam hm{Dß$ X{. Vyß Am[Î`m b|H$amßda gXm X`m H$aUmam Amh{g. Vyß À`mßZm gXm daX Amh{g. Vwbm dßXZ Agm{. _ß S >ir ï o[Vm, [wÃ d [odÃ AmÀ_m `m oÃodY EH$M [a_{úambm Jm°ad Agm{. Am_{Z. (damg) AmMm`©ï oddmhm¿`m [odÃ pÒWVr_‹`| ÂhUO{ J•hÒWml_m_‹`| hr Ûr VwPr ghYo_©Ur d ghOrodZr Ïhmdr Aer VwPr B¿N>m Amh{ H$m`? da daï hm{`; Aer _mPr B¿N>m Amh{. AmMm` AmMm`©ï [a_{úa E{H$V Amh{. AmÂhtoh E{oH$b| Amh{. * ¡`mßZm gßÒH•$V dmMVm `{Uma Zmhr V{ gm{Sy>Z gdm™Zr o_iyZ ZwgV| _amR>r dmMmd|. && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 651$&&

am{J, Amam{Ω`, gwI, XwïI Aem g_odf` AdÒWmß_‹`| ohOda ‡{_ H$Í$Z ohM| gßajU H$amd|; ohbm _mZ ⁄mdm d Om{[`™V X{d VwÂhmßbm ¯m OJmßV R>{drb, Vm| [`™V BVa oÛ`m gm{Sy>Z EH$[pÀZd´VmZ| ohO[metM ahmd| Agm VwPm oZ¸` Amh{ H$m? da daï hm{`; Agm _mPm oZ¸` Amh{. AmMm` AmMm`©ï [a_{úa E{H$V Amh{. AmÂhtoh E{oH$b{ Amh{. (damZ| JwS>K{ Q>{Hy$Z [wT>| oXb{br ‡mW©Zm H$amdr.) AmMm`©ï h{ X{d]m[m, _mPm hm oZ¸` [yU©[U| VS>rg Omdm ÂhUyZ Vyß _bmda daï h{ X{d]m[m, _mPm oZ¸` [yU©[U| VS>rg Omdm ÂhUyZ Vyß _bmAmMm` AmMm`©ï gm_œ`© X{. _O b|H$amH$Sy>Z Vyß hm oZ¸` [wam H$Í$Z K{. da daï gm_œ`© X{. _O b|H$amH$Sy>Z Vyß hm oZ¸` [wam H$Í$Z K{. AmMm` AmMm`©ï ‡^w `{ew oºÒVm‡rÀ`W©, Am_{Z. da daï ‡^w `{ew oºÒV‡rÀ`W©, Am_{Z (damZ| C^{ amhˇZ hmV Om{Sy>Z ÂhUmd|) am¡`, gm_œ`© AmoU Jm°ad gd©Xm VwP| Amh{. AmMm` AmMm`©ï (dYybm) oddmhm¿`m [odÃ pÒWVr_‹`| ÂhUO{ J•hÒWml_m_‹`| hm [wÈf VwPm ghY_u d ghOrdr Ïhmdm Aer VwPr B¿N>m Amh{ H$m`? dY dYyï hm{`; Aer _mPr B¿N>m Amh{. AmMm` AmMm`©ï [a_{úa E{H$V Amh{, AmÂhtoh E{oH$b| Amh{. am{J,Amam{Ω`, gwI, XwïI Ag g_odf` AdÒWmß_‹`| `m¿`m Amk|V amhˇZ `mMr g{dm H$amdr, `mOda ‡roV H$amdr, `mMm _mZ amImdm, `mM| gßajU H$amd| d Am_aU [yU© [moVd´À`mZ| dmJyZ Am[b| J•ohUr[X Y›` H$amd| Agm VwPm oZ¸` Amh{ H$m`? dY dYwï hm{`; Agm _mPm oZ¸` Amh{. AmMm`©ï X{d E{H$V Amh{. AmÂhtoh E{oH$b| Amh{. (daVr damMr Or ‡mW©Zm oXbr Amh{ VrM dYyH$Sy>Z JwS>K{ Q>{H$md`mbm bmdyZ H$admdr.) damZ| Am[Î`m COÏ`m hmVmZ| dYyMm COdm hmV YÍ$Z [wT>| oXÎ`m‡_mU| dYybm dMZ && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 652$&&

⁄md|. _r------ AmO[mgyZ Am_aU VwP| [moUJ´hU H{$b| Amh{. hm VwPm _mPm gß]ßY _aUmZ| VwQ>{b Vm|[md|Vm| _r H$m`_ R>{drZ d AoYH$moYH$ —T> H$a `mM{ ‡`ÀZ H$arZ. gwI, XwïI, Amam{Ω`, am{J, lr_ßVr, Xmna–`, BÀ`moX AdÒWmß_‹`| _r Vwbm Am[br O›_mMr gm{]VrU g_OyZ _mZ X{B©Z d Vwbm Am[Î`m J•hmMr Òdmo_Zr d ÒdVïMr ghYo_©Ur g_OyZ gßgma H$arZ. X{dmg_j d `{W| C[pÒWV Agb{Î`m ]ßYw^oJZmßg_j Vwbm `m‡_mU| dMZ X{D$Z V| [yU© H$amd| ÂhUyZ Vr Vwbm Am[br Y_©[ÀZr ÂhUyZ ÒdrH$maVm|. AmMm`© ï h{ [a_{úam, `m damZ| `m dYybm oXb{b| h| dMZ Vyß E{oH$b| Amh{g d AmÂhrqh E{oH$b| Amh{. (dYwdamßZt [aÒ[amßM{ hmV gm{S>md{ d [wZï dYyZ| Am[Î`m COÏ`m hmVmZ| damMm COdm hmV YÍ$Z À`mbm `m‡_mU| dMZ ⁄md|.) dYwï _r ----- Am[U oXb{b| dMZ ÒdrH$mÍ$Z Am[Umßbm dMZ X{V| H$s®, AmO[mgyZ _aUmZ| Am[U Xm{K{ od`w∫$ Pmbm| Zmht Vm|[md{Vm| _r gwIm¿`m, XwïIm¿`m, am{Jm¿`m, Amam{Ω`m¿`m, lr_ßVr¿`m d Xmna⁄´m¿`m AdÒW|V Am[br gh^m{Jr amhˇZ Am[Umßg gmßdÍ$Z YarZ, Am[b| gm¯ H$arZ, Am[b| gßajU H$arZ. _r Am[Î`m Amk|V amhrZ, Am[br g{dm H$arZ, ‡{_ AmoU [moVd´À` `mßMm [yU©[U| Aml` H$Í$Z Am[b| Cab{b| Am`wÓ` AmZßX_` H$am`mbm PQ>{Z. `m _m¬`m dMZm¿`m [yU©V{ÒVd _r Am[Umßg _mPm oddmohV [oV ÂhUyZ AßoJH$mnaV|. AmMm` AmMm`©ï h{ [a_{úam, `m dYyZ| `m dambm oXb{b| h| dMZ Vyß E{oH$b| Amh{g d AmÂhtoh E{oH$b| Amßh{. (dYydamßZt [aÒ[amßM{ hmV gm{Sy>Z JwS>K{ Q>{|H$md{ d [wT>| oXÎ`m‡_mU| ‡mW©Zm H$amdr.) AmMm` AmMm`©ï h{ Am_¿`m ÒdJu` o[À`m, AmÂhr C^`VmßZt [aÒ[amßZm oXb{br dMZ|ó dYwdaï h{ Am_¿`m ÒdJu` o[À`m, AmÂht C^`VmßZt [aÒ[amßZm oXb{bt dMZ|ó AmMm` AmMm`©ï Vyß E{oH$bt Amh{g. h| Am_¿`m oZaßVa bjmßV amhm{. ht dMZ{ó dYw d aaï Vyß E{oH$bt Amh{g h| Am_¿`m oZaßVa bjmßV amhm{. hr dMZ|ó AmMm`©ï [mi `mH$naVmß bmJUma{ oZ¸`, ‡{_, ÒdmW©À`mJ, _ZmM| Am°Xm`©, Z_´Vmó dYw d aaï [mi `mH$naVmß bmJUma{ oZ¸`, ‡{_, ÒdmW©À`mJ, _ZmM| Am°Xm`©, Z_´Vmó && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 653$&&

AmMm` AmMm`©ï VwP| ^`, odd{H$ BÀ`moX JwU Vw¬`m [odÃ AmÀÂ`m¿`m gm¯mZ|ó dYw d aaï VwP| ^`, odd{H$ BÀ`moX JwU Vw¬`m [odÃ AmÀÂ`m¿`m gm¯mZ| AmMm`©ï AmÂhmß_‹`{ oZaßVa dgm{V. ‡^w oºÒVm‡rÀ`W©, Am_{Z dYw d aaï AmÂhmß_‹`| nZaßVa ]gm{V, ‡^w oºÒVm‡rÀ`W©, Am_{Z. (damZ| [wT>| oXb{bm õm{H$ ÂhUV ÂhUV dYy¿`m S>mÏ`m hmVm¿`m H$aßJirOdi¿`m ]m{Q>mßV AßJR>r Kmbmdr.) Omhbm| _r VwPm Vyßhr _mPr Pmbrg `{WwZr $& _wo–H$m IyU hr `mMr aj hrbm oOdmh˛Zr $&& (_ßJigyÃ Ag{b Va hm õm{H$ ÂhUmdm.) Vwbm _ßJbgyÃmßMt g_[uVm| C[m`Z$& gm°^mΩ`mM|, gwoZ>{M| _mßJÎ`mM| oZXe©Z $&& AmMm` AmMm`©ï (dYwdamßM{ COd{ hmV EH$Ã YÍ$Z) (bm{H$mßg) ¡`m AWu `m [wÈfmZ| d `m ÛrZ| X{dmg_m{a d `{W| O_b{Î`m _ßS>irg_m{a [aÒ[amßg AZwH´$_| [ÀZr d [oV ÂhUyZ dMZ]’ hm{D$Z AßoJH$mnab| Amh{, À`m AWu o[Vm, [wÃ d [odÃ AmÀ_m Om{ EH$M _ßJb_` [a_{úa À`m¿`m [odÃ ZmßdmZ| _r ‡og’ H$naVm| H$s®, ---------- hm [wÈf d ------ hr Ûr [oV[ÀZr Pmbt Amh{V. ¡`mßZm X{dmZ| Om{oS>b| À`mßg H$m{UÀ`moh _ZwÓ`mZ| od`w∫$ H$Íß$ Z`{. Am[U _ßJbmÔ>H{|$ ÂhUyZ X{dmMm Amerdm©X _mJßy. (dYydamßZt JwS>K{ Q>|H$md{ d hmV Om{S>md{. AmMm`m©Z| Xm{KmßOdi C^| amhmd|, Jm`H$ _ßS>i Ag{b Va AY~ dam¿`m d AY~ dYy¿`m ]mOyH$S>{ C^| amhmd|. _ßJbmÔ>H|$ ÂhUV AgVmß H$m{Umbm AjVm Q>mH$U| Ag{b, Va e{dQ>b| _ßJbmÔ>H$ PmÎ`mda Q>mH$mÏ`m. AjVm VrZ VmßXwimß[{jm AoYH$ ZgmÏ`m. _ß J bmÔ>H| $ odú{em gX`m oddmhodoY hm À`mß b{qH$ gßÒWmo[bm $& Amerdm©X Zd{ Zd{ odVÈZr g‡{_ gßJm{o[bm $&& h{Vy oXÏ` ``m [odÃ odoYMm hm{B©b O{{U| [wam $& E{g| dmJd ¯m ZdrZ gX`m ]m[m dYybm dam $&&1$&& && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 654$&&

em{^{ hr J•ohUr J•hmßV A[wÎ`m X{hmßV ]w’r Ver $& X{ht ‡mU Vgm [Vroh odbgm{, AmYma hm{ `mßOet $&& em{^m{ X{Ci B©úam J•h gXm `mßM| VwP| [mdZ $& `{W| oZÀ` C[mgZm Vd KS>m{ VyP| gXm qMVZ $&&2$&& AmVmß emßV oXg{ AVmß Idibm gßgmaqgYy AVr $& `mM| Í$[ H$Yt H$gß{ ]XbV| R>md| Z H$m{Um‡Vr $&& hr Vm| hmßgV AmO `mßV oeabt ]m[m VwPt b|H$a| $& `mßZm XmId [ma VyßM YÍ$r g‡{_ X{dm H$a| $&&3$&& ¯m d•jmda hr bVm MT>odbr X{dm Vwdmß ‡roVZ| $& ¯mbm gm{Sw>ß Z`{ oZXmKag_`t qH$dm dgßVt ohZ| $&& hm{dm{ JßoYV h| J•hm{[dZ gÀgß[ﬁ `mß¿`m_wi| $& ]m[m, A[w©V ht AZø`© VwObm gmZßX [wÓ[| \$i| $&&4$&& ]mB©, ‡{_, gohÓUwVm, gabVm, ^∫$s, X`m, Z_´Vm $&& E{g{ gwßXa XmoJZ{ Vd, VwPr hr Y›` gß[ﬁVm $& o_Ãm, C⁄_, Y°`© oZ¸` [wam odúmg oºÒVmdat $& ÒdmW©À`mJ, odew’ Yr, O` VwPm gd©Ã ]ßYr Var $&&5$&& X{dm, XmId Xß[Vr‡oV od^m{, `mß¿`m _wbmßMt _wb| $& X{ Amam{Ω` H$ar J•hm{[dqZMr O| Jm{S> gmat \$b| $&& H$m{UmMt Z H$at F$Ur VwOodZm `mßZm H$Yr B©úam $& O| O| `m{Ω` AdÌ` V|M [wadt ]m[m Òd`| b|H$amß $&&6$&& "`{W| X{d dg{, "[odÃ J•h h|', "_mh{a h| ‡roVM|, $& "`{W| hf© I∂S>m', "oZYmZ odbg| h| ZroVM| emßoVM| $&& Eg| odú ÂhU{b [mhˇZ J•hm `mß¿`m Ag| hm{Cß X{$& ]m[m gmW©H$Vm oddmhodoYMr Pmbr OJm [mh˛ß X{ $&&7$&& V| gm°ª`, V| _ßJb, VrM ^w∫$s,$& Vm{ Y_©, V| OrdZ, VrM _w∫$s, $&& oºÒVm VwP| qMVZ oZÀ` Ïhmd| $& VyV| H$am{Zr oZO oMŒm ø`md| $&&8$&& gdm™Zrró O`O`H$ma Agm{ ! ‡^m{ Vd O`O`H$ma Agm{ ! gd gd©ï ew^bæ gmdYmZ AmMm`©ó (A^ßJ) && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 655$&&

"ew^ bæ gmdYmZ'$& [S>{ H$Uv ‡]m{YZ $&&1$&& X{dmOrMr oXÏ` dmUr $& hm Vm| VrMm ‡oV‹dZr $&&2$&& H$ar ¡`mMm À`mMm dße $& H$ar Y_© AmoU X{e $&&3$&& dYwda A›`m{›`mV| $& `mM X{Vr gyMZ{V|Z| $&&4$&& ew^ bæ gmdYmZ $& H$ar gßgma JO©Z $&&5$&& [wT>| `{Umar gßVVr $& h|M JO©V [wT>| hm{Vr $&&6$&& Xmg ÂhU| "gmdYmZ $& ew^ V`mM|M bæ $&&7$&& AmÂht "ew^bæ gmdYmZ' ÂhQ>b|, hm X{dm¿`m dmUrMm ‡oV‹doZ hm{`. X{d ÂhUVm{,"dYwdamßZm{ ew^ bæ ! gmdYmZ! gmdY amhm! _m¬`m B¿N>{bm _m›` Agm AmoU h| Vw_M| bæ oZaßVa ew^ R>{dm. Vw_Mt Hw$i| ÂhUV Amh{V, "ew^bæ gmdYmZ! gmdY amhm. Am_Mr B^´V H$m`_ amIm.' Vw_Mm Y_© ÂhUV Amh{. "ew^bæ gmdYmZ ! gmdY amhm! _mPm CŒm_ ‡H$ma| ‡oV[mb Ïhmdm ÂhUyZ VwÂhr ghY_u d ghYo_©Ur Pmbmß Amhmß.' Vw_Mm X{e ÂhUV Amh{,"ew^bæ gmdYmZ! gmdY amhm! VwÂhr C^`Vmß `w∫$ Pmbmß Amhmß Vt VwÂht _mP| F$U \{$S>md| ÂhUyZ.' dYw dambm ÂhUV{,"ew^bæ gmdYmZ! gmdY Agmß! Vw_¿`m_wi| _m¬`m O›_mM| gmW©∑` hm{Uma Amh{. da dYybm ÂhUVm{,"ew^bæ gmdYmZ! gmdY Ag! _m¬`moh O›_mM| gmW©∑` hm{U| VwOda Adbß]yZ Amh{.' [wT>| `m Xß[Vrbm gßVoV hm{B©b, Vr gw’m "ew^bæ gmdYmZ' ÂhUV ÂhUV OJmßV `{B©b. Vr ÂhU{b H$s®,"gmdY Agm. _m¬`m O›_m[mgyZ OJmßV _r Vw_Mm Aml` gm{S>m`mbm `m{Ω` hm{B©Z. Vm|[md{Vm| _m¬`m gd© ]Ë`mdmB©Q>mMm VwÂhmßbm Odm] ⁄mdm bmJ{b.' gmamße, h| ew^ bæ oZaßVa ew^ amhU| h| ZdXß[Vr¿`m oZaßVa gmdY Ag `mda Adbß]yZ Amh{. (_ßJbmÔ>H|$ PmÎ`mda [wT>| oXb{bm õm{H$ ÂhUyZ AmYt damZ| d _J dYyZ| [aÒ[amßg [wÓ[_mbm KmbmÏ`m.) ‡{_, embrZVm, ew’r `mßMr gyMH$ _ßJbm $& [wÓ[_mbm oMaßOrdr H$am{ gß`m{J Am[wbm $&& _mim KmVÎ`mda dYwdamßZt AmMm`©[rR>m[mgyZ gmV [mdb| Xya Omd| d damZ| [wT>| oXb{bm EH$ EH$ õm{H$ ÂhUmdm. ‡À`{H$ õm{H$mM{ e{dQ>r dYwdamßZt [aÒ[amM| hmV Yab{b{ AgVmß EH$ [mD$b [wT>| `md|. `m‡_mU| gmV [mdb| Pmbt ÂhUO{ Wmß]md|. hr g·[Xr hm{`. ‡W_ [X ‡W_m [Xod›`mgm H$at _m¬`mgd| Mb $& J•hamkr, VwPr gŒmm J•ht amhm{ gwoZ¸b $&&1$&& && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 656$&&

o¤Vr` [X o¤Vr`m [Xod›`mgm H$at _m¬`mgd| Mb $& gß[mXyß Y_© H$Î`mUr, gd| À`m¿`m `em{]b $&&2$&& V•Vr` [X V•Vr`m [Xod›`mgm H$at _m¬`mgd| Mb $& H$Íß$ Y›`ß MnaÃmZ| Am[wÎ`m A[wb| Hw$b $&&3$&& MVwW© [X MVwWm© [Xod›`mgm H$at _m¬`mgd| Mb $& AoVWtZm, AZmWmßZm gßV[y™ Aml`mMb $&&4$&& [ß M _ [X [ßM_m [Xod›`mgm H$at _m¬`mgd| Mc $& ZaaÀZ| OJm A[y™ ¡`mß‡Vr OJ dmoZc $&& 5 $&& f> [X f>H$m [Xod›`mgm H$ar _m¬`mgd| Mc $& Mc gm‹dr oÃdJm©Mm MTy>ß gm{[mZ _ßJc $&& 6 $&& gﬂV_ [X gﬂV_m [Xod›`mgm H$at _m¬`mgd| Mc $& Bhm_wÃ gXm hm{dm{ Am[wcm ^∫$dÀgc $&& 7 $&& AmMm` AmMm`© ï (dYwdamß¿`m _ÒVH$mßda hmV R>{dyZ) X{d]m[ Vw_Mm J•hÒWml_ [yU© "H$am{. d Vw_Mr _°Ãr A]moYV amIyZ Vw_¿`m O›_mM| gmW©∑` H$am{ß. (dYwdamßZt Am[m[Î`m ÒWit OmD$Z ]gmd|.) AmMm`©ï Am[U 128 d| ÒÃm{Ã dmMyß. ""Om{ H$m{Ur [a_{úamg o^Vm{, Om{ À`m¿`m _mJm™V MmcVm{ Vm{ Y›`.'' _ß S >ir >irï Vyß Va Am[Î`mß hmVmM| l_\$i Imerc. Vyß gwIr hm{erc d VwßP| ohV hm{B©c. AmMm` AmMm`©ï VwPr [ÀZr Vw¬`m Kam¿`m q^Vret cmdc{Î`m g\$c –mjrgmaIt hm{B©c.

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 657$&&

VwPt c|H$a| OmBVm¿`m am{ﬂ`mgmaIt Vw¬`m _{Om^m{dVt hm{Vrc. _ß S >ir >irï [mhm, Om{ [wÈf [a_{úamcm o^Vm{ Vm{ VgmM Amerdm©oXV hm{B©c. AmMm` AmMm`©ï [a_{úa og`m{ZmßVyZ Vwcm Amerdm©X X{B©c. Va Vyßy Am[Î`m Am`wÓ`m¿`m gd© oXdgmßV `Èec{_mM| ohV [mhm. _ß S >ir >irï Vyß Am[Î`m c|H$amßMt c|H$a| [mhm, BÒÃm`cmM| H$Î`mU Agm{. AmMm` AmMm`©ï Am[U ‡mW©Zm H$Íß$. h{ [odÃ ]m[m, Vyß `m [oV[ÀZtMm gmß^mi H$a. h| [odÃ [wÃmß, Vyß `ßmZm _m{hm[mgyZ d [VZm[mgyZ Vma. h| [odÃ AmÀÂ`m, Vyß `mßMm ‡{aH$ d MmcH$ hm|. h{ [a_[odÃ [a_{úam, Vyß `m Am[Î`m c|H$amßZm Amerdm©X X|. `mßOda oZaßVa VwPm AZwJ´h Agm{. (gdm™Zr "‡^yMr ‡mW©Zm' ÂhUmdr) h{ Am_¿`m ÒdJm©Vrc o[À`m, VwP| Zm_ [odÃ _moZc| Omdm{. VwP| am¡` `{dm{. Og| ÒdJm™V Vg| [•œdrdaoh Vw¬`m B¿N>{‡_mU| hm{dm{. Am_Mr am{OMr ^mH$a AmO AmÂhmßg X{. Og{ AmÂht Am_¿`m A[am‹`mßg F$U gm{oS>c| Amh{ Vet Am_Mt F$U| Vyß AmÂhmßg gm{S>. AmoU AmÂhmßg [arj|V AmUyß ZH$m{. Va AmÂhmßg dmB©Q>m[mgyZ gm{S>rd. H$maU H$s® am¡`, gm_œ`© AmoU Jm°ad ht gd©H$mi VwPtM Amh{V. Am_{Z. AmMm`©ï Am[U [odÃ emÒÃ dmMyß. Bo\$gg 5ï22-23; H$cÒg°-3ï18, 19 1 [{Ãg 3ï1-7; ZroV-31ï10-31. (`mZßVa C[X{e H$amdm) Am[U JrV ÂhUyßó B©úam $& Xm`mgmJam $& X{ dYydamß $& dam OJXrem $& dam OJXrem $& Vd [war hm{Cß X{ `modf`tMr Amem $&& Xß[Vr $& AOwZ Z{UVr$& oeaqV ^d[Wt $& `mßg gmß^mqi $& `mßg gmß^mir $& `{Vrc [Wt gßH$Q>| ‡^m| Vr Q>mit $&& gm{[mZ _wpŒH$Mm gmYm $& hm Iam gßgma `mßOcm hm{dm{ $& B©úam ht H$am{V h{Vy ]m[m $& Vd [wam [mohO{ $& ‡^m{ `mßg O| $& c|H$amß VwP| $& VyßM V| [waod $& VyßM V| [wadt $& O| ZH$m{ `mßg V| VyßM Xya R>{dt $&& 1 $&& && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 658$&&

AßVar $& `mßoM`m Kat $& Vgm ]mohat $& oZYr gm°ª`mMm $& oZYt gm°ª`mMm $& ghdmg KS>m{ `mß‡Vr oºÒV `{eyMm $&& ht Xm{Z _Z| [naU`| $& Om{oS>ct, Vd [m`mßdaVr _wXm $& KmVct hr VwPt, gd©Wm VwPt $& Omhct dmJdt $& `mßg dmT>dt $& _Ywa ZqdZdt $& \$i| X{ `mßZm $& \$i| X| `mßZm $& ht H$am{V VwoP`m gX°d JwUJmZm $&& 2 $&& AmMm`©ïAm[U ‡mW©Zm H$Í$Z Amerdm©X _mJyß. h{ [a_[odÃm. [´{_ÒdÍ$[m ]m[m, h| _ßJc H$m`© Vw¬`m g_jV{¿`m `m{JmZ| d Vw¬`m AZwghmZ| og’rg J{c| ÂhUyZ AmÂhr VwP{ C[H$ma _moZVm|. AmÂhr gdm™Zr Ù`m ZdrZ Xß[VtM{ A^rÔ> qMVmd{ d À`mßZm O{U|H$Í$Z gm¯ hm{B©c Ag| À`mß¿`met Am_M{ ‡À`{H$mM{ dV©Z Agmd{ Ag{ hm{D$ X{. h{ ]m[m, Vyß ¯m oddmohV [wÈfm¿`m d ¯m oddmohV ÒÃr¿`m _mVmo[Vamßg d BVa AmﬂVmßg Amerdm©X X| d À`mß¿`mH$Sy>Z `mßMm J•hÒWml_ Vwcm AmdS>{c, Aem arVrZ{ß [ma [S>mdm ÂhUyZ ¯mßM| gm¯ hm{Dß$ X{. h{ X`miy ]m[m, ¯m ZdrZ Xß[Vr¿`m AßVïH$aUmßV Vy dgoV H$a. `mßM{ Bh[aÃ H$Î`mU hm{B©c Aem _mJm©M| Adcß]Z H$Í$Z `mßZt gßgma H$amdm ÂhUyZ `mßM{ gm¯ H$a. hm oddmhodoY, hm oddmohV [waÈf, hr oddmohV ÒÃr, `mßMm gßgma, `mßM| oOU| gd© Vwcm g_o[©V Agm{. Am_Mm VmaH$ ‡^w `{ew oºÒV `mß¿`m ZmßdmZ|. Am_{Z. Amerdm©X ï X{d]m[mMr ‡roV, ‡^w `{ew oºÒVmMr H•$[m, d [odÃ AmÀÂ`mMr gh^moJVm VwÂhmßg d X{dm¿`m gd© c{H$amßg AmVmß AmoU gd©H$mi Agm{. Am_{Z. `m oddmh[’Vrodf`r ÒdVï oQ>iH$ ococVmV. ""H$m{Uroh ohMm C[`m{J ]m]mdm∑`ß ‡_mUß ÂhUyZ H$amdm Aer Am_Mr B¿N>m Zmht. hr oddmh[’oV ÂhUO{ EH$ Z_wZm Amh{. hm Amh{ VgmM C[`m{JmßV AmUU{ qH$dm ¯mßV \{$a]Xc H$aU| h| ¡`m¿`m-À`m¿`m _OudaAdcß]yZ Amh{. ""Y_©odYtV H$mÏ`JmZ H$m` H$am`mM{ Ag{ H$m{Ur ÂhU{c,Va À`mcmoh, AmÂhr gmßJVm{ H$sß, VwÂht dmQ>{c Va `m oddmh[’VrVc| gma{ H$mÏ`JmZ VwÂht dJim. ÒdVï AmÂhr _mÃ Vg| H$Xmo[ H$aUma Zmht H$maU AmÂht qhXr Amhm{. Am_Mm Ymo_©H$[Um H$mÏ`JmZmZ| oOVH$m CŒm{oOV hm{Vm{, oVVH$m XwgË`m H$emZ{oh hm{U| e∑` Zmht. AmÂhmßcm dmQ>V| Am_¿`m X{emMr d•oŒm AOyZ[md{Vm{ hrM Amh{. ode{fVï ¡`mßV E{ohH$ [ma_moW©H$ Ao^›Z hm{V && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 659$&&

Amh{V,Aem _Ywa _ßJc oddmhodYtV Va H$mÏ`JmZmcm ‡mYm›`M oXc| [mohO{....'' "O{ Zmht BßpΩce, V| AdK| hrXoZe!' ÂhUUmat Wm{S>ter qhXr oºÒVr _mUg| AmÂhmßcm ^{Q>cr Amh{V, À`mß¿`mH$naVmß AmÂht H$mßhtM H$arV ZgVm|, \$∫$ "XwO©Zß ‡W_ dßX{ !'

hna am_Mß– oºÒVr `mßM| MnaÃ a{. har[ßV oºÒVr (1820-1863) h{ Ah_XZJa `{Wrc [ohÎ`m _ßS>irM{ [miH$. [ohc{ EV‘{er` [miH$. `mßM{ Om_mV a{. Am[mOr ]m[wOr `mXu(?) `mßZr 1883 gmcr h| MnaÃ ocohc|. oºÒVr PmÎ`mZßVa À`m H$mi¿`m oeaÒÀ`m‡_mU| har[ßVmZm \$ma N>i gm{gmdm cmJcm. _mÃ cm°H$aM À`mß¿`m [ÀZr amYm]mB© gmga-_mh{a¿`m odam{Ymcm Z Oy_mZVmß À`mß¿`mH$S>{ `{D$Z amohÎ`m d H$mcmßVamZ{ oºÒVr PmÎ`m. [wT>| [oVoZYZmßZßVaoh amYm]mB™Zt e{dQ>[`™V oºÒVr cm{H$mßMr d oºÒVr Y_m©Mr g{dm H{$cr. (_cm dmQ>V| `m_wi|M oQ>iH$mßZm`m MnaÃmMr ode{fJm{S>r cmJcr Agmdr.) har[ßVmßZrß _wß]B© ehamßV d Ah_XZJa oOÎ¯mßVÎ`m I{S>Ám[mS>ÁmßVyZ Y_©‡MmamM| H$m_ H{$c|. À`mßM| C[X{e AÀ`ßV [naUm_H$maH$ hm{V AgV. À`mßM| H$odÀdoh À`m H$mit cm{H$o‡` Pmc| hm{V|.

kmZm{X` 1942 [mgyZ MmcV Agc{c| oºÒVr [Ã, h| Xa JwÍ$dmar oZK|. `mM| gß[mXH$Àd oQ>iH$mßH$S>{ gw_ma| 8 df}, 1912 V| 1919 [`™V hm{V|. [wT>| X{dXŒmmßZtoh h| H$m_ gw_ma| ]mam df~ H{$c|. AmO h| [Ã _mogH$m¿`m Í$[mßV oZKV AgV{.

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 660$&&

‡[yaH$ oVga|

Am{iI AZßVVZ` * VZ`* oQ>iH$Xß[VrM{ H$odo_Ã 1907 _‹`| OiJmßd¿`m H$odgß_{cZm[mgyZ `mßMm ÒZ{h^md —T>Va Pmcm d Vm{ AI{a[md{Vm| H$m`_ amohcm. H$od AZßVVZ`mßM| Ia| Zmßd XŒmmÃ` AZßV Am[Q>{. (1879-1929) _hmamÔ≠>JrV, ]miJrVm, Pm{[m˘`mdaMr JrVm, lremaXmXyoVH$m, AßVod©’ H$ocH$m,lr Òdm_r MßS>ram_MnaÃ, oVcH$odO` B. À`mßMr 12-13 [⁄ [wÒVH|$ AmoU ˆX`VaßJñ ^mJ 1, 2, 3 h{ Ò\w$Q> H$odVmßM{ gßJ´h ‡og’ Pmc{c{ Amh{V. `mßZt J⁄c{IZoh od[wc H{$c{c{ß Amh{. gQ>r[ gmW© F$Vwgßhma, ^mo_ZrodcmgmM| _⁄ _amR>r ^mfmßVa. gZmVZ Y_m©M| ÒdÍ$[ Aet AZ{H$ [wÒVH|$ À`mß¿`m O_{g Amh{V. OiJmßd¿`m H$odgß_{cZmßV h.^.[. [mßJmaH$a]m{dmßZr "]mQ>Ω`m' ÂhUyZ oQ>iH$mßMm H{$c{cm AoYj{[ d AZßVVZ`mßZrß À`mßZm oXc{cm M[Ic CÀÒ\y$V© H$odVm]’ Odm] Xm{›ht \$ma JmOc{. c˙_r]mB™Zt `m gß_{cZmg YmS>c{cm gßX{e ""H$od VwÂht, o^H$mnaU _r hm{ Vw_¿`mXmar'' `mdÍ$Z oºÒVr ZmJnaH$mßVyZ `mßMm d c˙_r]mB™Mm H$odVm]’ [ÃÏ`dhma AZ{H$ _ohZ{ Mmccm hm{Vm.

A∞]Q> a{.S>m∞. OpÒQ>Z B©.** A_{naH|$VyZ _hmamÔ≠>mßV `{UmË`m od¤mZ o_eZatM{ _wHw$Q>_oU ÂhUO{ S>m∞. OpÒQ>Z A∞]Q>. `mßZt 1860 [mgyZ 1910 [`™V gw_ma{ Mmirg df~ _hmamÔ≠>m¿`m g{d|V Ï`VrV H{$ct. [°H$s® 25 df~ V{ kmZm{X` [Ãm¿`m BßJ´Or od^mJmM{ gß[mXH$ hm{V{. ^m`I˘`mßV ∑cmH©$ A∞]Q> hm`ÒHy$c d ocQ>c ]m∞BO hm{_ S>m∞. d o_g{g A∞]Q> `mßZt gwÍ$ H{$c| d Mmcodc|. ]m`]c napÏhOZ H$o_Q>r¿`m H$m_mßV A∞]Q> gmh{]mßMm dmQ>m qghmMm Agm`Mm. _amR>r ^mf{da d ode{fVï gßVdmç`mda `mßM| \$ma [´{_ Ag{. VwH$mam_, am_Xmg, kmZX{d, Zm_X{d, EH$ZmW, ^mZwXmg, Xmgm{ oXJß]a, ]ohUm]mB©, ÒVm{ÃgßJ´h Ag{ oH$VroVar H$mÏ`J´ßW À`mßZt BßJ´Or_‹`| * Ò_•oVoMÃ| - ^mJ 3 ** Ò_•oVoMÃ| - ^mJ 2 && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 661$&&

AZwdmoXV H{$c{ Amh{V. S>m∞. A∞]Q> ÒdVïodf`t ocohVmV, ""_t qhXwÒVmZmßV [wÓH$i df~ H$moT>ct. VŒdkmZmMm, d{XmßVmMm gßÒH•$V_YyZ A‰`mg H{$cm oH$À`{H$ Y_©[a g_Ò`mßda od¤mZ [ßoS>Vmßer AmoU gm_m›` e{VH$Ë`mßer MMm© H{$Î`m. qhXw Y_m©¿`m _ycVŒdmßMr MmßJcr OmUrd _cm od¤mZmßH$Sy>Z AmoU gd©gm_m›`mßH$Sy>Z ‡mﬂV Pmc{cr Amh{.'' Am[Î`m e{dQ>Î`m H°$o\$`VtVyZ (Testament ) AmoU _•À`w[Ãm¤ma| À`mßZr 343 hOma S>m∞cg©¿`m ‡MßS> X{UΩ`m oH$À`{H$ gßÒWmßZm d H$m`©H$À`m™Zm oXÎ`m. dmB©¿`m o_eZ hm∞pÒ[Q>ccm 50 hOma, c{[g© o_eZcm 20 hOma, ^maV BoVhmg gßem{YZ _ßS>imcm 30 hOma, Jm{Ic{ hm∞c J´ßWmc`mcm 5 hOma, gm{ec gpÏh©g crJ, _wß]B© `ßmg EH$ hOma, oS>Ò‡{ÒS> ∑cmg o_eZcm EH$ hOma, qhJ `m¿`m odYdm dgoVJ•hmcm EH$ hOma, gÏh™Q>g≤ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m gm{gm`Q>rcm EH$ hOma, g{dmgXZ gßÒW{cm EH$ hOma À`mßZt oXc{ d Am[Î`m [wÒVH$mß¿`m ‡og’rgmR>t a{. O{.E\$. ES>dS>©g≤ `mßOH$S>{ Xhm hOma d ZmJ[mS>m Z{]ahˇS> hmD$g (AmoU A_{naH{$Vrc BVa gßÒWm) `mßOH$S>{ Xhm hOma S>m∞cg© gw[yX© H{$c{. Am∞∑Q>m{]a 1898 _‹`| A_{naH$Z _amR>r o_eZ H$m∞›\$a›g[wT>| dmMc{Î`m oZ]ßYmßV V{ ÂhUVmV ""^maVr` gmohÀ`mM| kmZ h| ‡^mdr Am`wY o_eZar]ßYyßZm C[c„Y Pmc{c| Amh{. AmoU _cm dmQ>V| À`mß¿`m eÒÃmJmamßVc| h| A_m{Y AÒÃ Xwc©ojV amhˇZ JßOyZ Mmcc| Amh{.... _m¬`m o_eZat]ßYßyZm _mP| AmJ´hmM| gmßJU| Amh{ H$s® À`mßZt gßÒH•$V ^mf{Mm A‰`mg H$amdm. gßÒH•$V gmohÀ`met Am{iI hrM _amR>r gmohÀ`m¿`m _ycÚm{Vmet Am{iI hm{`.'' 19 OyZ 1932 am{Ot d`m¿`m 79 Ï`m dfu go_Q> `{W| S>m∞. OpÒQ>Z A∞]Q> `mßMm AßV Pmcm. c˙_r]mB™Zt A∞]Q>gmh{]mßMm CÑ{I ""oQ>iH$mßM{ Y_©JwÍ$'' ÂhUyZ H{$c{cm Amh{. (Ò_oVoMÃ|-^mJ 2,) óÌ`m._. AmT>md

AmOm{]m (dmgwX{d ^JdßV Om{Ji{H$a cZmoQ> M{ _mVm_h) ""gŒmmdZ gmc¿`m ]ßS>m¿`m Ym_Yw_rMm \$m`Xm AmOm{]mß¿`m d°Ë`mßZr K{Vcm d gaH$mar AoYH$mË`mß¿`m _ZmßV AmOm{]mß¿`m odÍ$’ H$mßht oH$pÎ_f CÀ[›Z H{$c|..... AmOm{]mßZm YÍ$Z Z{ `mV Amc| d Õ`ß]H{$ÌdatM Vm]S>Vm{] \$mßet X{ `mßV Amc|'' dmgwX{d ^JdßV `mßM{ EH$ [UVw ^mÒH$a JU{e `mßZt Aer _mohVr o_iodcr Amh{ H$s® h| oH$pÎ_f oZamYma ZÏhV|. Am[Î`m o^Ñ d H$m{ir Hw$imßMr gßKQ>Zm H$Í$Z dmgwX{d ^JdßV `mßZt ""oe[m`mß¿`m ]ßS>mg'' Iam{IaM `Wmeo∫$ hmV^ma cmodcm hm{Vm. && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 662$&&

AmR>dc{ am.].]m[yamd Zmam`U * ‡W_ _wß]B™V hm`H$m{Q>© dH$sc. [wT>| H°$H$ df~ _wß]B©M{ H$m∞am{Za. oQ>iH$mßMm `mßMm ÒZ{h gw_ma| 1896 [mgyZMm. 1898 V H{$edamd Jm{Ic{ d c˙_r]mB© oQ>iH$ `mßZm gaH$maXa]maMm YmH$ XmIodUma{ dH$sc h{M. 1904 _‹`| oQ>iH$mßZt oºÒVr ZmJnaH$ gwÍ$ H{$c|. V| ZdcH$a-H$m{VH$-AmR>dc{ `m Ã`r¿`m ghH$mamZ|. ‡À`j [Ãmda _mÃ AmR>dc{ `mßM{ Zmßd Zmht. oQ>iH$mß¿`m _•À`yZßVa À`mß¿`m XhZmMr Ï`dÒWm dair¿`m O[mZr (oMZr ?) Ò_emZ^y_rda Pmcr Vr `mß¿`m ‡`ÀZmZ|. am.]. AmR>dc{ `mßMr _m{R>r H$m_oJar ÂhUO{ À`mßZt ÒdVßÃ[U| H{$c{cm ]m`]cMm _amR>r AZwdmX""aÀZ_ßOyfm AWdm gßojﬂV [odÃ emÒÃ'' AmO[`™V Pmc{Î`m gd© _amR>r ^mfm›Vamß_‹`| AmR>dc{ `mßM| ^mfm›Va ^mf{¿`m —Ô>tZ| COd| R>aV|. óÌ`m._. AmT>md

AmT>md a{. ]m[y Zm_mOr ** AmT>md Kam `mßVrc _yc oºÒVr [wÈf. gwoeojV, gwgßÒH•$V, Jm°adU©, Hw$Umdaoh N>m[ [S>{c Ag{ Ï`pŒH$_Œd, Ji{]ßX H$m{Q>, a{e_r [mßT>a| Òd¿N> Ym{Va, OarH$mßR>r oZ˘`mOmß^˘`m aßJmMm S>m{H$scm Í$_mc. [m`mßV [wU{ar Om{S>m, [wUVmß]| _{WoS>ÒQ> MM©M{ [miH$; [wT>| Vi{Jmßdmg ]Xcr d V{WyZM g{dmoZd•Œm. VÀ[ydv A_{naH$Z _amR>r o_eZ_‹`| oeHy$Z XrojV [miH$ Pmc{c{. oQ>iH$mßet [naM` V{WcmM. [ÀZr gmodÃr]mB©, [wÃ _Zm{haamd, H$›`m gm{Zw]mB© AmßJ´{, gÍ$]mB© AmS>mßJi{ d dmÍ$dm]B© Am{hm{i `mßMm oQ>iH$ Kam `mßet oOÏhm˘`mMm ÒZ{hgß]ßY. AmTmd Kam `mZ| oºÒVr gmohÀ`mßV _m{cmMr H$m_oJar H{$c{cr Amh{. ]m[yOtM{ ""[yU© Pmc|'' h{ EH$ [wÒVH$ ‡og’ Pmc{c| AgyZ ""gßV AmJpÒVZ `mßM| MnaÃ'' d ""AmZßXmMr Jm{Ô>'' hr Xm{Z hÒVocoIV| C[c„Y Amh{V. gmodÃr]mB™M| ""pÒÃ`mßg ]m{Y'' h| [wÒVH$ ‡og’ Amh{. _Zm{haamd h{ oºÒVr g_mOmßVc{ EH$ Zm_mßoH$V c{IH$ d H$od hm{D$Z J{c{. kmZm{X`mßVyZ À`mßM{ 100-125 A^ßJ ‡og’ Pmc{c{ AgyZ ""CY˘`m [wÃ'' d ""H∞$c|S>a M_ÀH$ma' hr À`mßMr Xm{Z [wÒVH|$ ‡og’ Amh{V. AmT>md Kam `mM| gmohÀ`g{d{M| d´V ]m[yOt¿`m Mm°œ`m o[T>tZ|oh Mmcy amoIc{c{ß * Ò_•oVoMÃ| - ^mJ 4 ** Ò_•oVoMÃ| - ^mJ 2 && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 663$&&

Amh{.

AmeÂ_m]mB© e{I C_a * ""dmB©g AmeÂ_m]mB© e{I C_a Zmßdm¿`m EH$ AÀ`ßV gmcg, X{d^rÍ$ d ‡{_i oI´ÒVr ]mB© ahmV AgV. oQ>iH$ À`mßZm AmB© ÂhUV. cZmoQ> ¿`m _ZmßVcm OmoV^{X g_yi J{cm À`m ‡gßJr¿`m AmeÂ_m]mB© `m EH$ g_jgmjr hm{À`mM. 1933-34 gmct cZmoQ>Mt Ò_•oVoMÃ| H´$_eï ‡og’ hm{V AgÎ`mM| `mßZm H$ic| hm{V| d À`m]‘c À`mßZm _m{R>r Y›`Vm dmQ>{. ]mB™M| _mh{aM| Zmßd AmeÂ_m ]ßS>{cw. `mßM{ [oV e{I C_a [°emZ| Jar] [U d•ŒmrZ| AÀ`ßV À`mJr, A‰`mgr, Ymo_©H$ d ‡`ÀZerc hm{V{. Hw$amUmM{ Ï`mgßJr d Amd{er _wgc_mZ. 1865 _‹`| ]m`]cMm ]maH$mB©Z| A‰`mg H$Í$Z V{ oºÒVr Pmc{. [wT>rc gma| Am`wÓ` Ah_XZJa¿`m [ßMH´$m{etV À`mßZt Ï`VrV H{$c|. OdiOdi ÒdIMm©Z| À`mßZt ""_m›Zm'' ZmßdmM| _mogH$ Mmcdc|, ]m`]c¿`m ‡Vt oH$À`{H$ oOkmgyßZm odZm_yÎ` oXÎ`m. [wT>| dmH$m{S>r d q^Jma `{W| emimoh MmcodÎ`m. gd© oejU CXy©_YyZ Pmc{c| AgVmßZmoh À`mßZr _amR>tV ^p∫$[a [⁄| ocohct. 1881 V V| oXdßJV Pmc{. À`mß¿`m_mJ| AmeÂ_m]mB© gw_ma{ 55 df~ h`mV hm{À`m. oQ>iH$ ocohVmV, ""g‹`mß À`mßMr [ÀZr AmeÂ_m]mB© ¯m dmB©g X{dmMr d _ZwÓ`mßMr g{dm H$arV Amh{V. XwïImMm Agcm _hm[d©V H$m{gicm, (Ò_•oVoMÃ|- ^mJ 2, [•. 45) Var ¯m ]mB© X{dm¿`m B¿N>{cm _m›` amhˇZ Jß^ra d emßV arVrZ| Am[c| H$V©Ï` H$arV Amh{V. ÒdVï AmÂhmßcm AmpÀ_H$ Jm{Ô>tV À`mß¿`mH$Sy>Z BVH|$ gm¯ hm{V Amh{ H$s® `m Ï`∫$scm _mÃ AmÂhr Am[cr AmB© g_OV Amhm|. ¡`mcm XwïImMm ^ma gm{gdV Zmht À`mßZ| ¯m ]mB™¿`m ghdmgmcm X{mZ oXdg OmD$Z amhmd|.'' (o_. e{I C_a-kmZm{X` 1900)

COJa{ a{. ^mÒH$a H•$ÓU ** (1887-1935) ^mÒH$aamdmßda oQ>iH$Xß[VrM| [wÃdV≤ ‡{_ hm{V|. Ò_•oVoMÃmßV À`mßMm CÑ{I ^mÒH$a `m EH{$ar ZmßdmZ|M Pmc{cm Amh{. ^mÒH$aamd h{ EH$ A‰`mgy d MVwaÒÃ oºÒVr gmohpÀ`H$ hm{D$Z J{c{. oQ>iH$mßMr H$odVm (^mJ 1 d ^mJ 2-A^ßJmßOoc) gß[moXV H{$Î`mZ| À`mßM| Zmßd gd©[naoMV Pmc|. * Ò_•oVoMÃ| - ^mJ 2 ** Ò_•oVoMÃ| - ^mJ 3 d 4 && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 664$&&

^mÒH$aamdmßZt À`mß¿`m h`mVtV Mma oºÒVr gmohÀ`gß_{cZ| KS>dyZ AmoUct. 1927 ¿`m gß_{cZmßV dmMc{Î`m oZ]ßYmßMm gßJ´h À`mßZrß ]ßYw a{. _Zm{haamd COJa{ `mß¿`m gm¯mZ|, ""oºÒVr _amR>r dmç`mMm BoVhmg'' `m ZmßdmZ| gß[moXV H{$cm. À`mßVrc À`mßMm ÒdVïMm oZ]ßY ""_amR>r oºÒVr gmohÀ`mM| gm_m›` g_mcm{MZ'' hm A‰`mg[yU© d _m°ocH$ odMmamßZr gß[›Z Amh{. ^mÒH$aamd MmßJc{ H$od hm{V{. C[mgZmgßJrVmßV À`mßMr 10 H$dZ| AgyZ Vt cm{H$o‡` R>ac{ct Amh{V. _hmamÔ≠> e„XH$m{e _ßS>imcm ^mÒH$aamdmßM| ghH$m`© d gmhmÊ` od[wc cm^c{c| Amh{. _.gm.[. ¿`m H$m`©H$mnaUrda gaoMQ>Urg ÂhUyZ À`mßMr oZdS> Pmcrß hm{Vr. À`mß¿`m oZYZmZßVa H{$c{Î`m XwIdQ>Ám¿`m R>amdmßV [nafX{Z| À`mßMm ""^mfm‡^w'' ÂhUyZ Jm°ad H{$c{cm Amh{. À`mß¿`m AH$mcr oZYZm_wi| À`mß¿`m AZ{H gßH$pÎ[V `m{OZm A[wË`m amohÎ`m AmoU oºÒVr gmohÀ`mM| A[ma ZwH$gmZ Pmc| Ag{ ÂhUmd| cmJV{. (lr. odO`mZßX ^mÒH$a COJa{ `mßZt oXc{Î`m _mohVr¿`m AmYma|)

ES>dS>©g≤ a{. O{. E\$.* A_{naH$Z _amR>r o_eZ_Yrc AoYH$mar, [w `mg d _wß]B©g g{dm H{$cr.oQ>iH$mßM| d [wT>{ X{dXŒmmßM{ gp›_Ã, kmZm{X` [Ãm¿`m BßJ´Or od^mJmM{ AZ{H$ df~ gß[mXH$. `wZm`Q>{S> oWAm∞cm{oOH$c H$m∞c{O_‹`| A‹`m[Z, _amR>tV AZ{H$ [wÒVH|$ ocohct. À`mßVrc ""VwH$mam_mMm g{Vw'' ode{f ‡og’. ]m∞Â]{ na‡{O|Q>{oQ>Ïh oº¸Z H$m°p›gc, ]m∞Â]{ Q>≠>∑Q> A∞›S> ]wH$ gm{gm`Q>r, kmZm{X` ]m{S>© BÀ`moX AZ{H$ gßÒWm_‹`| AoYH$mam¿`m OmJm ^yfodÎ`m. - Ì`m. _. AmT>md

(1879-1972) H$m_V ]m[yOr ]miH•$ÓU ** **(1879-1972) 1922-24 gmct H$amMr `{Wrc dmÒVÏ`mßVc{ oQ>iH$ Hw$Qw>ß]mM{ EH$ gp›_Ã. _wß]B© BcmIr oejUImÀ`mßV Zm{H$ar. lr H$m_V B.A., B.Sc., B.T., T.D. (London) Aem AZ{H$ [XÏ`mßZt od^yofV AgyZ ^mfm d odkmZ Xm{htVc{ V¡k A‹`m[H$ hm{V{. h°Xam]mX (qgY) d H$amMr `{W| AZ{H$ df~ A‹`m[Z H{$Î`mZ| qgYr _wcmßMr gßÒH•$V¿`m A‰`mgmMr J°agm{` À`mßZm OmUdcr d AZ{H$ ‡`m{J H$Í$Z À`mßZt * Ò_•oVoMÃ| - ^mJ 3 ** Ò_•oVoMÃ| - ^mJ 4 && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 665$&&

""gw]m{YgßÒH•$V_≤'' hr S>m`a{∑Q> _{WS>Mr [wÒVH$_mcm V`ma H{$cr. Vr MmßJcrM `eÒdr R>acr. 1935V h{ gm{cm[wamg g{dmoZd•Œm Pmc{. ó O`dßV ]m. H$m_V

H$sVuH$a H$Z©c H$m›hm{]m aUN>m{S>Xmg I.M.S. (1849-1917)* oQ>iH$mßM{ ¡`{> H$odo_Ã, H$od, S>m∞∑Q>a, emÒÃk Aem AZ{H$odY j{Ãmß_‹`| H$Z©c H$m›hm{]mßZt Zmßd H{$c{c| Amh{. _wß]B©g J´mßQ> _{oS>H$c H$m∞c{O_‹`| V{ ‡m{\{$ga hm{V{. [aX{erß OmD$Z À`mßZr cÓH$ar d°⁄H$mM{ d eÎ`od⁄{M| Img oejU K{Vc| d 1880 ¿`m 2Ë`m A\$JmU `w’mßV ‡À`j ^mJ K{Vcm. _amR>r, qhXr, BßJ´Or ]am{]aM À`mßM{ gßÒH•$V, c∞oQ>Z, J´rH$ ^mfmßda ‡^wÀd hm{V|. AZ{H$ ^mfmßVrc BoVhmg, VŒdkmZ, gmohÀ` `mßMm À`mßZt Ï`mgßJ H{$c{cm hm{Vm. ]´˜Y_©‡oV[mXH$ dm∑`gßJ´h, S>mod©ZMnaÃ, kmZ{úadMZm_•V, am_XmgdMZm_•V Ag{ AZ{H$ od¤Œmm‡Mwa J´ßW À`mßZt ocohc{ AgyZ À`mßMr ^o∫$gwYm, odcm[char, BßoXam, Am`©gßJrV_mcm B. H$mÏ`|oh ‡og’r [mdc{crß hm{Vrß. R>m{_Ë`mßZm ]mcH$od oH$Vm] o_imcm Vm{ OiJmßd¿`m H$odgß_{cZmßV A‹`j H$. H$sVuH$a `mßM{ hÒV|. ]mcH$dtZt ZJamg oQ>iH$mß¿`m oZJamUrImct ahmd| hr `m{OZm H$sVuH$amßMrM. À`mgmR>t À`mßZr R>m{_a{ `mßZm Xa_hm Xhm È[`{ ""ÒH$m∞caoe['' oXcr hm{Vr. 1909 gmct gmohÀ`gß_{cZmM| A‹`j[Xoh `mßZt ^yfodc| hm{V|. oQ>iH$mß¿`m o]´Q>∞oZ`m `m H$mÏ`mcm H$Z©c H$sVuH$amßMr BßpΩce ‡ÒVmdZm Om{S>c{cr Amh{.

Hw$cH$Uu eßH$a ]idßV ** dUr `{W| 1890-91 gmcr oQ>iH$mßZt Mmcodc{Î`m emi|Vc| od⁄mWu dUrg oQ>iH$mßMr H$›`m Z_©Xm C\©$ _mB© oZdV©cr. oQ>iH$mß¿`m gwYmaH$s dV©Zm_wi| oVMr oH´$`m H$a `mg ]´m˜U `{B©ZmV. V{Ïhmß eßH$aamdmßZr [wT>| hm{D$Z V| H$m_ H{$c{ß d À`mdÍ$Z ]amM Ãmgoh gm{gcm. 10-2-1895 am{Ot, oQ>iH$mß¿`m ]mpﬂVÒÂ`m¿`m oXderM, eßH$aamd d À`mßM{ Xm{K{ _m_{^mD$ ([mR>H$) `mßMm ]mpﬂVÒ_m Pmcm. [wT>| eßH$aamd H{$S>Jmßdmg [ß.a_m]mB™M{ gmhmÊ`H$ Pmc{. 1904 V _Zm{haamd VI©S> `mß¿`m Om{S>rZ| eßH$aamdmßZt ""oºÒVml_'' h| H$odV{M| * Ò_•oVoMÃ| - ^mJ 3 ** Ò_•oVoMÃ| - ^mJ 1 && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 666$&&

_mogH$ H$mT>c| hm{V|. 1936 V ""g¿N>mÒÃ‡Xr[H$'' `m _mogH$mßM{ V{ C[gß[mXH$ ÂhUyZ H$m_ [mhˇß cmJc|. oºÒVml_ÒW `m Q>m{[UZmßdmZ{ À`mßZt od[wc J⁄ d [⁄ c{IZ H{$c{c| Amh{.

H$m{Q>H$ (H$m{VH$) ^mÒH$a ZmZOr H$m{Q>H$mßZm _amR>r H$odVm \$ma g_O{ d ode{fVï da gmßoJVÎ`m Vem VËh{¿`m H$odVm (C[am{Y[yU©) V{ o_Q>∑`m _mÍ$Z dmMrV. d Am[Î`m g_mOmßVrc Ahß_›` [wT>mË`mßZm oQ>iH$M dR>Urcm AmUVrc Aer À`mßMr ‡m_moUH$ g_OyV hm{Vr. V{ oQ>iH$mßM{ o_Ãoh hm{V{. ZmZOr Jm{H$c H$m{VH$ h{ JwOamWr J•hÒW oºÒVr Pmc{ hm{V{. À`mß¿`m [ÀZt `_wZm]mB© _hmamÓQ≠>r` hm{À`m. À`mßM| EH$ ^p∫$JrV C[mgZmgßJrVmßV Amh{. ^mÒH$aamd h| À`mßM{ o¤Vr` oMaßOrd. `mßZm _amR>r ^mf{Mm AÀ`ßV Ao^_mZ hm{Vm. _amR>rda À`mßM| ‡^wÀdoh MmßJc| hm{V|. N>m[Im›`mM| H$m_ À`mßZm \$ma o‡` Ag{. H$XmoMV≤ V{ß EÒÃmEcmBQ> N>m[Im›`mßV H$m_ H$arV Agmd{V. oQ>iH$ ÂhUVmV, ""‡y\$arS>a ÂhUyZ À`mßMr ª`moV gmVmg_w–mß[ocH$S>{ J{c{cr hm{Vr. '' EH{$H$m Ï`ŒH$sda qH$dm ‡gßJmda ^mÒH$aamd hÒV[ÃH|$ H$mTy>Z dmQ>rV. À`m_wi| À`mßM| gVV Hw$Umet Zm Hw$Umet PJS>{ Mmcy Agm`M{. ht [ÃH|$ ""Ò[Ô>d∫$m'' `m ghrMt AgV. o_eZar [XmoYH$mË`mßer `mßMt gVV ^mßS>U| MmcV. EH$m [ÃH$mßV À`mßZt oQ>iH$mßZt [w `mg `{D$Z `m oe>mßMr IaS> H$mT>mdr ÂhUyZ AmdmhZ H{$c| hm{V|. oQ>iH$mß¿`m C[am{Y[a H$odVm Wm{S>∑`mM Amh{V. `m H$odVmßM{ ^mÒH$aamd h{ Img ^m{∫{$ Agm`M|. À`mßM| ÒdVïM| c{IZoh I_ßJ Ag{. "Thank you for your silence" `m gwÈdmVrM| À`mßM| EH$ [Ã _t [mohc{c| Amh{. oQ>iH$mßMm À`mßMm ÒZ{h KoZÔ> Agm`Mm. _wcmcm [w `mg ZyVZ _amR>r od⁄mc`mßV KmVc| V{Ïhmß À`mMr amh `mMr Ï`dÒWm H$m{VH$mß¿`m Kat H{$cr hm{Vr. X{ZmoQ> ÂhUVmV, ""^mÒH$aamd _mP{ MmßJc{ JmoS>©`Z hm{V{. _cm YmH$mßV R>{drV [U H$Yt _marV o]arV ZgV.'' oºÒVr ZmJnaH$ [Ã oQ>iH$-ZdcH$a-H$m{VH$ `m oVKmßZt o_iyZ H$moT>c| hm{V|. o_eZatet \$maH$V hm{Vmß hm{Vmß ^mÒH$aamd Y_m©[mgyZoh Xwamdyß cmJc{. H$mßht H$mi V{ [∑H{$ ZmpÒVH$ ]Zc{ hm{V{. `mM H$mimßV oQ>iH$mßMr ^o∫$_Œmm ode{f \$m{\$mdyß cmJc{cr hm{Vr. oºÒVr ZmJnaH$ ]ßX hm{ `mM| h{oh EH$ H$maU Agc| [mohO{. oQ>iH$ ^mÒH$aamdmßZm ocohVmV, ""_V ]XcU| `mMm AW© VwÂhmßcm g_OV Zmht. XwamJ´hmcm VwÂhr _V ÂhUVmß. _r ÂhUV

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 667$&&

Zmht..... Vw_¿`mB¿N>{‡_mU| W{Q> dmJm`M| _m¬`m¿`mZ| hm{Uma Zmht. À`m[{jmß _cm Var ¯m [ÃmMr aOm K{Dß$ ⁄m. Vw_Mm _mPm ÒZ{h Amh{ [U Òd^md gmaIm Zmht. Vw_¿`m —Ô>rZ| _r _yI©, MßMc, o^Ãm Amh{. _m¬`m —Ô>rZ| VwÂhr h≈>r. EH$dÑr d erK´H$m{[r Amhmß. AmUIr Am[cr EH$_{H$mßodf`t Aet _V| AgÎ`mda Xm{KmßZt o_iyZ EImX| H$m_ H$a `mg Am[U `m{Ω` Zmht. O{ hm{Uma Zmht V| H$emcm [wT>| MmcdmßM| ? [Ã Mmcyß ⁄m [U Vr gd© O]m]Xmar VwÂhr Var Am[Î`mda ø`m qH$dm _cm Var K{Dß$ ⁄m.'' [wT>| ^mÒH$aamd H$cH$À`mg J{c{. V{Wrc gaH$mar N>m[Im›`mßV À`mßZm Zm{H$ar hm{Vr. 1916 _‹`| V{ Mmoier¿`m d`mßVM oZYZ [mdc{. À`mß¿`m _•À`wc{ImßV oQ>iH$ ÂhUVmV, ""^mÒH$aamd AJXt [admß[md{Vm| [∑H{$ ZmpÒVH$ hm{V{. EH$m H$mit oZÒgr_ oºÒV^∫$ Agc{cm hm VÈU ZmpÒVH$ H$gm ]Zcm h| gmßJ `mMm hm g_` Zmht. AmÂhmßcm BVH$mM AmZßX dmQ>Vm{ H$s® _aUm[ydv hm CY˘`m [wÃ [yU©[U| AZwVﬂV hm{D$Z Am[Î`m ]m[mH$S>{ Amc{cm AgyZ [¸mVm[m_wi| À`mMr o[V•^o∫$ AÀ`ßV Vrd´ Pmc{cr hm{Vr. ‡^yZ| h| hadc{c| H$m{H$Íß$ h˛S>Hy$Z AmoUc| ÂhUyZ AmÂht À`mM{ AÀ`ßV F$Ur Amhmß{.'' (kmZm{X` 4, OmZ{dmar 1917)

H$m{R>mar dmcMßX am_MßX (1892-1978) X°oZH$ "‡^mV' AmoU [w `mßVrc [ohc| BßJ´Or X°oZH$ "[yZm S>{cr ›`yO' `m [ÃmßM{ gß[mXH$ d _mcH$ H°$. dm.am.H$m{R>mar `mß¿`mgmaIm Ï`mgßJr, ]h˛lwV AmoU gÏ`gmMr gß[mXH$ _m¬`m AmT>imßV Xwgam Amc{cm Zmht. [a_gohÓUwVm H$er Agmdr `mM| H$m{R>mar ÂhUO{ EH$ oOdßV CXmhaUM hm{`. lr. H$m{R>mar h{ ‡W_ gÀ`em{YH$, ZßVa cm{H$emhr Òdam¡` [jmM{ d e{dQ>t ÒdVßÃ ]m `mM{ hm{V{. Hw$R>Î`moh [jmcm odH$c{ Z J{c{c{ Ag{ V{ EH$mßS>{ oec{XmaM amohc{. Hw$R>Î`moh [jmMm MmßJwc[Um Z{_H$m h{Í$Z V{ À`mMm [waÒH$ma H$arV AmoU À`mß¿`m AoZÔ>[Umda H$S>mSy>Z hÑm MT>drV. _mÃ À`mßZr Hw$Umoh Z{À`mMm H$Yt AoYj{[ H{$c{cm Zmht. À`mßM| C[am{YmM| XwYmar eÒÃ AmoU À`m]am{]aM À`mßMr odZm{Xr d oIcmSy> d•Œm ¯m_wi| À`mßZr H$Yr eÃw oZ_m©U H{$c{ ZmhtV. 1923V ""Òdam¡` [jmM{'' C_{Xdma ÂhUyZ V{ _wß]B© Ag|„ctV oZdSy>Z Amc{. 1936 _‹`| À`mßMm cm{.Òd. [jmMm ‡Mma ""amÔ≠>_V'' [ÃmßVyZ Mmc{. 1938 _‹`| od.[w. ^mJdVmßH$Sy>Z À`mßZr ""‡^mV'' X°oZH$ Mmcdmd`mg K{Vc|. AmoU ZßVa 1950 _‹`{ ""[yZm S>{cr ›`yO'' gwÍ$ H{$c|. gß`w∫$ _hmamÔ≠> [ßMH$mßVc{ EH$ PwßOma g{ZmZr ÂhUyZ À`mßM| H$m`© AodÒ_aUr` Amh{. && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 668$&&

oedMnaÃ, JrVahÒ`gma, Xm{Z H$mXß]Ë`m AmoU H$m`⁄mMr AZ{H$ [wÒVH|$ Agm À`mßMm od[wc gmohÀ`gß^ma Amh{. lr. H$m{R>mar ÒdVï gßÒH•$V[´{_r AmoU _r OJ›ZmW eßH$ae{Q> ÒH$m∞ca AgÎ`m_wi| À`mßM{ d _mP{ gß]ßY oOÏhm˘`mM{ hm{V{. À`mßZt gmßoJVc{c{ oH$À`{H$ odZm{Xr oH$Òg| _r _m¬`m _Zm¿`m ]ßoXÒV [{Q>tV O[yZ R>{odc{c{ Amh{V. ‡gßJ gwImMm `{dm{, XwïImMm `{dm{ À`mßMr oMŒmd•oV H$Yt T>ic{cr Am_¿`m AZwß^dmg Amc{cr Zmht. lr H$m{R>mar `mßMm Ï`dhma _m{R>m Mm{I Ag{. Am[Î`m Zm{H$adJm©Mmoh À`mßZt H$Yt AoYj{[H{$c{cm Zmht. À`mß¿`m AS>MUr OmUyZ K{D$Z V{ À`mßZm Z{h_t _XV H$arV. [U À`mßVoh ohe{]r[Um Agm`MmM. H°$. H$m{R>matMm Zm{H$a, ghH$mar AmoU MmhVm `m oV›hr ZmÀ`m_wi| _cm _m{R>m Ao^_mZ d Y›`Vm dmQ>V{. óX`mZßX oOdmOramd [Q>dY©Z, _mOr ghgß[mXH$ X°. ‡^mV d [yZm S>{cr ›`yO

Ia{H$mH$m (aKwZmW [mßSw>aßJ Ia{) ÂhmVmam \$ma \$Q>H$i hm{Vm. [´{_i \$ma [U A^–oh \$ma ]m{cm`Mm. À`mßZr _mPr g_OyV H{$cr. ""h{ [hm, _r gmßJVm| Vwcm, oQ>iH$ H$mßhr _aV Zmht Vyß EH$ oXdg `{W| amohcrg Va'' Ia{H$mH$m h{ gImam_ oQ>iH$mßM{ Ìdewa. aI_mB©M{ dS>rc. ^wgmdicm `mßZt ÒdIMm©Z| [am{[H$mamgmR>t odohar ]mßYodÎ`m hm{À`m. À`m AOyZ Amh{V Ag{ aI_mB™Zt (1936 _‹`|) gmßoJVc|.

Jm`H$dmS> qMVm_U gImam_ * c˙_r]mB™Zt doU©c{Î`m ﬂc{J H±$[ _Yrc Zg© OmB©]mB© `mßM{ h{ oMaßOrd. 1916 gmct ZJa¿`m B©Ìdaod⁄m[nakmZemi|V h{ od⁄mWu ÂhUyZ Amc{. _Ywa AmdmOmMr `mßZm X{UJrM hm{Vr. ""X{dm¿`m Xa]mamßV'' qMVm_U]wdmßMm ^mJ \$ma _m{R>m hm{Vm. c˙_r]mB© `mßZm ""Wm{acm qMVy'' `m ZmßdmZ| gß]m{YrV (H$maU À`m d{it À`mß¿`mH$S>{ AmUIr EH$ qMVm_Uamd Jm`H$dmS> hm{V{. V{oh MmßJc{ Jm`H$ hm{V{. À`mßM| C[Zmßd hm{V| ""YmH$Q>m qMVy'')ß kmZm{X`mßVyZ oQ>iH$mßMm A^ßJmßOoc H´$_eï `{V hm{Vm. Xa AmR>dS>ÁmßV `{UmË`m ZdrZ A^ßJmßZm ZdrZ Mmcr cmdyZ V{ X{dm¿`m Xa]mamßV gmXa H$a `mM| H$m_ Wm{aÎ`m qMVyM| Ag{. ‡ª`mV Jm`H$ Im±gmh{] A„Xwc H$ar_ Im± d Jm`ZmMm`© AmMa{H$a]wdm `mß¿`met oQ>iH$mßZrß * Ò_•oVoMÃ| - ^mJ 3 && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 669$&&

qMVy]wdmßMt Am{iI H$Í$Z oXcr. d `m Xm{Z Wm{a JwÍß$M{ oeÓ`Àd `mßZm cm^c|. [wT>| À`mßZt ÒdVï Jm`ZmM{ dJ© MmcdyZ I{S>Ám[mS>ÁmVrc oºÒVr _ßS>˘`mßg ^OZmMr Jm{S>r cmodcr. AZ{H$ o_eZgßÒWm, [ß. a_m]mB© d gwßXam]mB© [dma `ßm¿`m emim, [w `mßVrc gaH$mar d Â`woZog[c emim `mßV ]wdmßZt AZ{H$ df}ß gßJrV-oejH$mM| H$m_ H{$c|. ""^p∫$gwYm'' ZmßdmM| EH$ [wÒVH$ À`mßZt ocohc|. À`mV Vmc, Òda, oc[r `mßgh ‡og’ JrV| gßJ´ohV H{$ct. [wU|, _hm]i{úa dJ°a{ oR>H$mUt ^aod `mßV `{UmË`m gßJrV g_aÒHy$bgM{ ]wdm Z{ h _rß oejH$ Agm`M{ . 1961V AmH$medmUrV\} $ gmXa Pmc{ Î `m oQ>iH$O›_eVm„Xr_‹`| `mßZt ^mJ K{Vcm hm{Vm. h|M À`mßM| e{dQ>c| H$m`©. À`mM dfu 15 oS>g|]a am{Ot À`mßMm AßV Pmcm. óHw$.lr_oV qMVm_U Jm`H$dmS>

Jm{Ic{ _YwgyXZ odÓUw C\©$ Am]m* b˙_r]mB™M{ ]ßYw odÓUwH$mH$m `mßM{ h{ oMaßOrd. ZmerH$ Â`woZog[mobQ>tV Zm{H$ar. ¡`m{oVïemÛmMr AmdS> d A‰`mg ÒdVï¿`m _•À`yMr VmarI d d{i À`mßZt AmYtM dV©dyZ R>{dbr hm{Vr. ]mb]m{Y_{dm _mogH$m¿`m gß[mXZmßV X{dXŒmmßM{ d oºÒVm`Z _hmH$mÏ`m¿`m b{IZmßV b˙_r]mB™M{ gmhmÊ`H$. _YwgyXZ `m ZmßdmZ| _wbmßgmR>t H$odVm Jm{Ô>r dJ°a{ obhrV. H´$o_H$ [wÒVH$mßVyZ `mß¿`m H$odVm AmOoh AmT>iVmV. _bm ÒdVïbm bhmZ[Ut b{IZm¿`m H$m_t `mßM{ MmßJb{ _mJ©Xe©Z d gmhmÊ` Pmb{b{ Amh{.

Jm{Ib{ dmgwX{d odÓUw C\©$ XmXm (1902-1969) bZmoQ> M{ ^mM{. _YwgyXZmßM{ Wm{ab{ ]ßYw. 1916 _‹`| X{dXŒm ZmJ[wamg ohÒbm∞[ H$m∞b{OmßV E_≤.E.M{ od⁄mWu d hm∞ÒQ>{bM{ a{∑Q>a hm{V{. À`mßZt dmgwX{dmg Am[Î`m]am{]a ZmJ[yabm Z{b|. AmoU À`m¿`m oejUmMr d [wT>| À`m¿`m MnaVmWm©Mroh O]m]Xmar CMbbr. ZmeH$mg X{dXŒmmßZt doH$br gwÍ$ H{$br V{Ïhmß dmgwX{d À`mßM{ H$maHy$Z d ZßVa ZmJnaH$ N>m[ImZm H$mT>Î`mda À`mM{ Ï`dÒWm[H$ hm{V{. dmgwX{d obohVmV,""Var À`mßMm AmV{^mD$** XyY^mD$, od⁄mWu AmoU e{dQ>t g{dH$ `m ZmÀ`mßZt 1916 [mgyZ 1961 [`™V¿`m XrK©H$mimßV ^mDß$Zm _t OdiyZ [mohbß Amh{.'' oQ>iH$mß¿`m Ka¿`m OdiOdi gmË`mM Jm{Ô>tV `mßMm dmßQ>m Agm`Mm. 1918V X{dXŒmÍ$W oddmhmßV _ßJbmÔ>H|$ ÂhUUmË`mßV `mßMm g_md{e hm{VmM. (Ò_•oVoMÃ|-^mJ 1,2,3) * Ò_•oVoMÃ| - ^mJ 4 ** _m_{^mD$ && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 670$&&

X{dXŒmmß¿`m oZYZmZßVa AmÂhm _wbmßM{ V{ EH$ odÌdmgmh© gÑmJma hm{V{. Ò_•oVoMÃmß¿`m Ao^Zd Amd•ŒmrgmR>t _mohVr Jm{imß H$aVmßZm _bm dmgwX{dH$mH$mßM{ ]h˛_m{b gm¯ Pmb{b| Amh{.

Jm{[mOr (Jm{[mi gmR>{)* Jm{[mOr gmR>{ `m J•hÒWmZ| Hw $ ∏$S>d{ S >{ Jmßdt ÒdVï emim H$mT>b{br hm{Vr. `mßZm OS>r]wQ>r¿`m Am°fYmßMr MmßJbr _mohVr hm{Vr. `m Xm{Z Jm{Ô>r oQ>iH$mß¿`m d b˙_r]mB™¿`m oboh `mdÍ$Z _bm g_OÎ`m. [U AmUIr H$mß h t _mhrVJmamß H $Sy > Z À`mß ¿ `m H$odÀ`m]‘boh E{H$b|. ^mbMß– em._m{S>H$ gmßJVmV,""Jm{[mOr gmR>{ ZmßdmMm EH$ _ZwÓ` oQ>iH$mß¿`mH$S>{ Ag{. Vm{ S>m{∑`mZ| Oamgm odoj·M hm{Vm. Vm{ H$odVm H$ar. À`mbm S>m∞. ¯z_Z| H$m_mdÍ$Z H$mT>b|. Vm{ gH$mi gß‹`mH$mi oQ>iH$mßH$S>{ [S>{ d À`mß¿`mH$S>{ O{dr. Zm{H$ar gwQ>Î`mbd À`mZ| oQ>iH$mßZm C‘{eyZ EH$ H$odVm H{$br hm{Vr. ""bmß]S>m{∑`m, bmß]XmT>Ám, Vwbm _r odgaZ H$m? EH$Q>Ám h˛_mZß gm{S>bß ÂhUyZ Jm{ﬂ`m C[met _ab H$m?'' AmoU Iam{IaM oQ>iH$ hm{V{ Vm{[`™V H$m{UmbmM C[mer _a `mM| H$maU ZÏhV|.'' MmßX{H$a amOmam_Or Aß]mOr amh˛arg d ZJamg XŒmy¿`m oejUmodf`t b˙_r]mB™M{ ]{V amOmam_Ot¿`m gÎÎ`mZ| Mmbm`M|. [wT>| ZJa¿`m o_eZ ]m∞BM hm`ÒHy$bM{ h{ h{S>_mÒVa hm{V{. X{dXŒmmßZm `mß¿`m odf`t _m{R>r H•$VkVm dmQ>{. ""OmVH$H$Wm'' h| [wÒVH$ X{dXŒmmßZt amOmam_OtZm A[©U H{$b{b{ Amh{.

Om{er amdgmh{] aJwd{b bwH$g (1857-1858) am.gm.a.bw (C\©$ VmÀ`m) `mßM{ Wm{ab{ ]ßYw H∞$ZZ S>∞oZ`b bwH$g Om{er h{ oQ>iH$mßM{ g_d`ÒH$. VWmo[ oQ>iH$mßMmóAmoU À`mß¿`m [wT>Î`m Xm{Z o[T>ÁmßMmohó—T> ÒZ{h amdgmh{]mßetM AoYH$ hm{Vm. oQ>iH$-Om{er [naM` Vgm \$maM OwZm. 1880-82 _‹`| amdgmh{]mßM{ dS>rb a{Ïh.bwH$g ([ydm©l_tM{ odR>m{]m _bm{]m) Om{er ZmeH$mg ZXroH$Zmat Y_©‡Mmam¿`m g^m Mmbdm`M{ AmoU oder]modetM{ Zm.dm.oQ>iH$ AmS>d{ oVS>d{ ‡˝ odMmÍ$Z À`mßZm AmS>dm`M{. * Ò_•oVoMÃ| - ^mJ 3 && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 671$&&

amdgmh{]mßZm _amR>r ^mf{Mm AmoU Ow›`m gßVdmL≤>_`mMm _m{R>m Ao^_mZ. bhmZ[Ut emi{V Wm{ab{ ]ßYw S>r.Eb.Om{er h{ À`mßM{ oejH$ hm{V{. AmoU `m Ao^_mZmbm IV[mUr À`mßZtM KmVb|. amdgmh{]mßMr Zm{H$ar [m{ÒQ>ImÀ`mßV Pmbr. _m{R>Ám h˛⁄m[`™V ]T>Vroh Pmbr. Amaß^t Amaß^t AmS>ZmßdmZ| Om{er AmoU Y_m©Z| oºÒVr ÂhUyZ À`mßMr h{Q>miUr Ïhm`Mr. [U hiyß hiyß À`mßZt ¯m Q>dmir H$aUmË`mßMr _Z| Iam{IarM qOHy$Z K{Vbr. g{dmoZd•Œmr¿`m ‡gßJt ¯mM À`mß¿`m ghH$mË`mßZt OßJr oZam{[ g_maß^ H$Í$Z À`mßZm ZOa H{$b{br gm{›`mMr AßJR>r amdgmh{]mßZt AI{a[`™V OVZ H$Í$Z R>{odbr hm{Vr. Am[U H$YtH$mir H$mÏ`aMZm H$Íß$ Ag| amdgmh{]mßZm H$Yt dmQ>b{b| Zmht. Var Am[Î`m [arZ| À`mßZt _hmamÔ≠> gmohÀ`mMr AmZy[ g{dm H{$br. h°Xam]mX `{W| kmZH$m{eH$ma H{$VH$amß¿`m A‹`jV|Imbt Pmb{b| 16 d| _hmamÔ≠> gmohÀ` gß_{bZ BVH|$ `eÒdr AmoU gßÒ_aUr` R>ab|. `mM| ]h˛Vmßet l{` amdgmh{]mßM| Amh{, Ag| ÂhQ>b| Var Mmb{b. amdgmh{]mß¿`m AmUIr EH$ bm{H$m{[`m{Jr N>ßX ÂhUO{ oZgJm}[Mma. `m emÛmVb{ V{ XXu hm{V{. Am[Î`m [{›eZMm ]amM ^mJ odHy$Z À`mßZt gwaV{g oZgJm}[Mma H|$– C^| H{$b|._mÃ Ï`mdhmnaH$ —ÓQ>Ám V| `eÒdr Pmb| Zmht. amdgmh{]mß¿`m C[Mma[’Vrda b˙_r]mB©, X{ZmoQ> d Í$W]mB© `mßMm [yU© odúmg hm{Vm. (^mJ 4, [•.59-62) gwaV{g _hmamÔ≠> _ßS>i AmoU JU{em{Àgd Mmbod `mMm C[H´$_ amdgmh{]mßMmM. [wT>| YZßO`amd JmS>Jri d BVa H$mßht ÒZ{hr `mß¿`m AmJ´hmdÍ$Z amdgmh{]mßZt _hmamÔ≠> gmohÀ` [nafX{Mr Ywam CMMbr, AmoU g^mgX gßª`m 250 dÍ$Z 1000 da Z{br. Z.qM.H{$iH$a, _mYdamd [Q>dY©Z, od«>bamd KmQ>{, ]m.gr._T>}H$a Aem oH$VrVar gmohpÀ`H$mßM{ À`mßM{ —T> ÒZ{hgß]ßY hm{V{. [w `mßV _mYdamd [Q>dY©ZmßM| Ò_maH$ C^ma `mßVoh amdgmh{]mßMm _m{R>mM l{`m{^mJ Amh{. oºÒVm`ZmMm H$mßht ^mJ b˙_r]mB™Zt amdgmh{]mß¿`m Kat ]gyZ obohb{bm Amh{. AmoU amdgmh{]mßMr À`m H$m_t gÑm_gbVoh À`mßZm o_imb{br Amh{. ""_t gmohpÀ`H$ Zmht'' Ag| AmJ´hmZ| gmßJUma{ amdgmh{] d`mMr gŒmar CbQ>Î`mda, gw]m{Y, Ame`KZ AmoU ‡mgmoXH$ H$odVm obhˇß bmJb{. [wT>| 1961 gmbt _amR>dmS>m gmohÀ` [nafX{Z| amdgmh{]mßMr H$odVm ""amdgmh{ H$odVm'' [wÒVH$È[mZ| ‡H$moeV H{$br. amdgmh{] obohVmVó""H$odVm H$aVmß `{B©b Ag| _bm ÒdﬂZmßVX{Irb dmQ>b| ZÏhV|. gŒmarZßVa EH$mEH$s H$odVm ]mh{a [Sy>ß bmJbr `mM| _mP| _bmM Am¸`© dmQ>b|. e„X

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 672$&&

H$m{Ry>Z `{VmV d H$g{ M[Ib ]gVmV `mMm odMma H$Íß$ bmJb| ÂhUO{ hm M_ÀH$ma Amh{ Agm ^mg hm{Vm{. B©úar ‡gmX AmoU oQ>iH$mß¿`m H$odV{Mm ‡^md h{ `m M_ÀH$mambm H$maUr^yV Pmb{ Amh{V Ag| oZo¸V dmQ>V|.''.......""_m¬`m H$mÏ`mM| Ò\y$oV©ÒWmZ EH$M d V| ÂhUO{ oQ>iH$mßMr H$odVm. oQ>iH$mßM{M gya _m¬`m H$odVmßVyZ _YyZ _YyZ E{Hyß$ `{VmV.''

Om{er odZm`H$ odÓUw * odZm`H$amdmßMr oQ>iH$mßMr [ohbr ^{Q> ^m`I˘`m¿`m ÒQ>{eZda Pmbr. ""VwÂhmbm ^JdX≤JrVm YS> g_Obr Zmht, À`m_wi| VwÂhr oºÒVr PmbmßV'' Ag| `mßZt ÂhQ>Î`mdÍ$Z oQ>iH$mßZt `mßZm amh˛arg Am[Î`m Kat AmUyZ R>{odb|. JrVm g_OmdyZ X{ `mgmR>t oQ>iH$mßet am{Oam{O MMm© H$aVmß H$aVmß h{ ÒdVïM oºÒVr Pmb{. oQ>iH$ JwÈ ÂhUyZ `mßZt À`mß¿`mM hmVyZ ]mo·Ò_m K{Vbm. ZßVa oQ>iH$mßZt À`mßZm SDA o_eZ_‹`| ^mfmßVamM| H$m_ o_idyZ oXb|. odZm`H$amdmßZm gßÒH•$V MmßJb| `{V Ag{. ""_amR>r ^mf|V `{UmË`m H$mßht gßÒH•$V ÂhUr'' h| ]mb]m{Y_{Ï`mßVb| gXa H$Yt H$Yt oQ>iH$ odZm`H$amdmßZm obhm`bm gmßJV. Am¢Y `{Wrb EH$m oºÒVr oeojH{$et (?) [wT>| odZm`H$amdmßMm oddmh Pmbm. Am¢Y am¡`mßVbr Vr EH$_{d oºÒVr ZmJnaH$. ÂhUyZ `m oddmhmßV [ßV‡oVoZYtZt ÒdVï [wT>mH$ma K{Vbm. [m°am{ohÀ` H$a `mgmR>t oQ>iH$mßZm [mMmaU H{$b|. oQ>iH$mßM| ‡og’ _ßJbmÔ>H$ ""¡`mZ| qgYwgoaV≤ aod⁄woV eoe¡`m{ÀÒZm Aem `wΩ_H$mß'' h| `m d{iM| Amh{. `m ‡gßJt Am¢YH$amßZt oQ>iH$mßMm g›_mZ H$Í$Z À`mßZm EH$ AßJR>r ZOa H{$br. `mM d{it Home, Sweet Home M| [⁄_` ^mfmßVa H$Í$Z oQ>iH$mßZt erK´ H$odÀdmM| ‡mÀ`ojH$ XmIodb|. amO{gmh{]mßZt Am[bm oMÃgßJ´h AJÀ`mZ| oQ>iH$mßZm XmIodbm d H$mßht oMÃmßgmR>t H$odVm aMyZ X{ `mMr odZßVr H{$br. [U [wT>| V| oVVH|$M amohb|. odZm`H$amdmßZm XrK© Am`wÓ` bm^b| Zmht. 1914 _‹`| d`m¿`m 32Ï`m dfu V{ AH$Ò_mV oZYZ [mdb{.

Vmam (Vmam Zmam`U oQ>iH$ ó h{_mßoJZr h{_Mß– Om{er) 1900 (1901 (?) gmbt 10-12 oXdgmßM| h| A^©H$ oQ>iH$mßZm Hw$UtVar AmUyZ oXb|. b˙_r]mB© AmoU oQ>iH$ Xm{KmßZmoh oh¿`m AmB©]m[mßMr _mohVr H$ib{br hm{Vr. * Ò_•oVoMÃ| - ^mJ 3 && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 673$&&

[U À`mßZt Vr Hw$Umbm H$Yt gmßoJVbr Zmht. hr _wbJr oQ>iH$mßMr ÒdVïMr ZgyZ À`mßZt gmß^mib{{br EH$ [m{aH$s [m{a Amh{ h|oh À`m H$mit Jwo[V ZÏhV|. _mÃ `mMr Hw$Ut CJmM dm¿`Vm H{$br Va oQ>iH$ \$ma gßVm[V AgV. ^mÒH$aamd H$m{VH$ oQ>iH$mßZm oMS>od `mgmR>t _w‘m_ hr dm¿`Vm H$arV. VmamM| AmJ_Z Pmb| V{Ïhmß oQ>iH$mßZt obohb{b{ Xm{Z A^ßJ ‡og’ Amh{V. A^ßJmßObtVoh V{ J´ßoWV Pmb{b{ Amh{Vó ‡gmX [ŸmMm Mm[Î` _rZmM| $& V{OpÒdVm ZmM{ ZjÃmMr $&& oH$Vr oH$Vr oH$Vr _m{hH$ ht Z{Ã| $& _yoV©_ßV d{Ã| gm¢X`m©Mt $&& dmßH$S>t oVH$S>t hdt Ver H$at $& M_ÀH$ma Var EH$ `mßMm $&& Ò[e©_mÃ| `mß¿`m C[O{ _ZmßV $& dmÀgÎ` oZVmßV ew’ aÂ` $&& Ag H$m{R>brhr H$m{Urhr H$erhr $& hm{B™ _mPr ]mB© Y_©H$›`m $&& Zmht ÂhUyß ZH$m{ E{H$ hr odZßVr $& EH$Xm ‡VrVr K{B™ [mhˇß $&& Xmg ÂhU{ Vwbm gm°ª`mM| AJma $& Aj` _mh{a X{Vm| Mb $&& EH$mEH$s H°$er H$ir C_bbr $& jU| Cfm Pmbr aOZrMr $&& CKit CKit gwY{M{ Vwfma $& H$at [nahma Vm_gmMm $&& IarM Cfm Vyß Vwbm [mhVmßZm $& AmR>dU _Zm B©úamMr $&& gpÒ_V dXZ Ag|M ‡gﬁ $& gßVm{f{ [mhˇZ X{d]m[ $&& Ag H$m{R>brhr H$m{Urhr H$erhr $& hm{B™ _mPr ]mB© Y_©H$›`m $&& Zmht ÂhUyß ZH$m{ E{H$ hr odZßVr $& EH$Xm ‡VrVr K{B™ [mßhˇ $&& Xmg ÂhU| Vwbm gm°ª`mM| AJma $& Aj` _mh{a X{Vm| Mb $&& ""_mPr VmB©'', ""_yb H$s \y$b'', "Mwß]ZmgmaI| Am°fY Zmhr'' Aem AZ{H$ H$odVmßMr Vmam hrM Zmo`H$m. AmR>Ï`m ZdÏ`m dfu Vmam H$odVm H$Íß$ bmJbr. ]mb]m{Y_{Ï`mßV oV¿`m H$odVm ""am{ohUr'' `m ZmßdmZ| `m`¿`m. AmZßXH$V} dmgwX{d Jm{qdX Am[Q>{ `mßZm oVM| _m{R>| H$m°VwH$ dmQ>{. AmZßXm_‹`| À`mßZr EH$Xm oVMm \$m{Q>m{ d [naM` oXbm hm{Vm. Vmam]mB© \$ma MmßJÎ`m oeH$Î`m. oQ>iH$mß¿`m ZßVa À`m oejUmgmR>t BßΩbßS>bm J{Î`m hm{À`m. [wT>| ‡og’ odXwfr o[am{O]mB© AmZßXH$a `mß¿`m gm¯mZ| Vmam]mB™Zt """J•hb˙_r'' _mogH$ Mmbodb| hm{V|. qhXr [ÃH$ma h{_Mß– Om{er `mß¿`met À`mßMm oddmh Pmbm d [`m©`mZ| b˙_r]mB™¿`m oºÒVm`Z[yVubm À`m H$em H$maU PmÎ`m h| Ò_•oVoMÃmßV Amb|b| && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 674$&&

Amh{M. (Ò_n•VoMÃ|-^mJ 4). _mÃ oQ>iH$Xß[VrZ| Aj` _mh{a oXÎ`mM| Vmam h| EH$_{d CXmhaU ZÏh{. X`m, hm°er, oMH$s, Mß[m Aet AZ{H$ CXmhaU| Ò_•oVoMÃmßV Amb{bt Amh{V AmoU Ò_•oVoMÃmßV Z Amb{btoh oVVH$s®M _bm _mhrV Amh{V.

oÃ^wdZ A_•V ^mJmOr *(1897-1949) ‡og’ dH$sb d g_mOg{dH$. ]mb[U d oejU amh˛ar d ZJa `{W|. odÎgZ H$m∞b{O_‹`{ Xm{Z df~, [ohÎ`m _hm`w’mßV _‹`[yd}V _{gm{[m{Q>{o_`m `{W| H$mßht H$mi Zm{H$ar H{$br. ¯mZßVa gmVmam `{W| oejH$, [w `mßV H$o_eZa Am∞o\$g_‹`| d _wß]B©g YMCA M{ [ohb{ ^maVr` g{H´{$Q>ar ÂhUyZ H$m_ H{$b|. 1925 [mgyZ ZJa_‹`| dH$sbrMm Ï`dgm` gwÍ$ H{$bm d \$m°OXmar ]mOyMm CÀH•$Ô> dH$sb ÂhUyZ bm°oH$H$ o_iodbm. CŒm_ d∫{$ d ^mfmßVaH$ma. 70-80 H$odVm obohÎ`m, gwodMmagßJ´h, _oh›`mMr gm_J´r (^mJ 1 d 2), JwS> \´$m`S>{ B. [wÒVH|$ obohbt. Vg|M Iar lr_ßVr, EÒV{a, od_b`w’ B. ZmQ>H|$ obohbt. À`mß¿`m H$mÏ`mßVyZ d [wÒVH$mßVyZ oºÒVmdarb AT>i l’m, g_mO‡]m{YZ, amÔ≠>mo^_mZ `m Jm{Ô>r ‡m_wª`mZ| AZw^dmbm `{VmV. oVbH$mZwJ´h `m H$mÏ`gßJ´hmV À`mß¿`m H$odVm Amh{V. (h| [wÒVH$ oQ>iH$oeÓ`_ßS>imZ| H$mT>b| hm{V|. _ßS>imM{ A‹`j A_•VamdM hm{V{.) "oºÒVr d oºÒVrVa g_mOmßVrb Xwdm ha[bm' Ag| À`mß¿`m _•À`wg_`t oOÎhmoYH$mar ÂhUmb{. Am∞b BßoS>`m oºÌMZ H$m°p›gb, _hmamÔ≠> ogZS>, OZab Ag|„br, MM© H$m°p›gb Aem ododY _m‹`_mßVyZ À`mßZt oºÒVr g_mOmMr g{dm H{$br. 1940 _‹`| [ohbr _hmamÔ≠> oºÒVr [nafX ZJabm ^aodbr. _•À`w 23 OyZ 1949. ó A∞S>. ¡`m{ÀÒZm oÃ^wdZ A_•Vamd oÃ^wdZ `mß¿`m g›_mZmW© Ah_XZJamßVrb EH$m aÒÀ`mbm À`mßM| Zmßd X{ `mßV Amb{b| Amh{. ñAX{.

Wm{amV a{. gwo_Ã Zmam`U (1888-1957) a{. gwo_ÃamdmßM| ]mi[U gmVmË`mßV J{b|. doS>bmß¿`m _•À`y_wi| AÎ[ d`mßVM Hw$Qw>ß][m{fUmMr O]m]Xmar À`mß¿`mda [S>br, AmoU À`mßZt Vr CŒm_ ‡H$ma| [ma [moS>br. [wT>| H$mßht H$mi V{ gaH$mar Zm{H$atV hm{V{. [U ‡^wg{dm d OZg{dm H$a `mM| d´V K{D$Z À`mßZt VÈU[UtM Vr Zm{H$ar gm{S>br. * Ò_•oVoMÃ| - ^mJ 3 && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 675$&&

[w `mg g|Q> ES>dS>© d `woZ`Z hm`ÒHy$b_YyZ À`mßZt H$mßht oXdg oejH$ ÂhUyZ H$m_ H{$b|. [wT>| B©úa [nakmZmMm (oWAm∞bm∞Or) A‰`mg H$Í$Z V{ _wß]B©g Aß]m{br MM©M{ [mbH$ Pmb{. ]ßJbm{a `{W| À`mßZt ]r.S>r.[Xdr o_iodbr. gmgdS>, Abr]mJ d [wU| `{W| À`mßZt o_eZar ÂhUyZ g{dm H{$bt. Xm[m{S>r MM© gwo_ÃamdmßZtM ÒWm[Z H{$b{b| Amh{. 1950 _‹`| V{ [w `mg H´$mBÒQ> MM©M{ _m∞S>a{Q>a hm{V{. gwo_ÃamdmßM| H$m`©j{Ã odÒV•V hm{V|. Z∞eZb oH´$¸Z H$m°p›gb, ]m±]{ na‡{P|Q>{oQ>Ïh MM© H$m°p›gb, _hmamÔ≠> ogZS>, `woZ`Z oWAm∞bm∞oOH$b H$m∞b{O, ]m±]{ Q≠>∞∑Q> A±S> ]wH$ gm{gm`Q>r, MM© Am∞\$ ÒH$m∞Q>bßS> o_eZ, o_aO _{oS>H$b g|Q>a, ga dwBÎ`_ dm∞›b{g g∞Z{Q>m{na`_ Aem oH$VrVar gßÒWmßet À`mßMm oZH$Q>Mm g]ßY hm{Vm. CŒm_ C[X{eH$, d∫{$ d b{IH$ ÂhUyZoh a{. gwo_ÃamdmßMr ‡og’r hm{Vr. "‡{ofVmßMt H•$À`|, "C[mgZm[’oV', "ZÏ`m H$amamMm gmWt B. [wÒVH|$ À`mß¿`m Ï`mgßJmMr gmj X{VmV.

XŒmy (X{dXŒm Zmam`U oQ>iH$) Ò_•oVoMÃmß¿`m b˙_r]mB©-oboIV gmS>{VrZ ^mJmßV X{dXŒm oQ>iH$mß¿`m d`m¿`m ]Œmrer [`™VMr _mÃ hH$sJV Amb{br Amh{. X{dXŒmmßZt obohb{Î`m [wT>Î`m 15 dfm™¿`m d•ŒmmßVmVoh ÒdVï odf`t \$maM Wm{S>| gmßoJVb{b| Amh{. `m_wi| X{ZmoQ>M{| MnaÃ, H$V•©Àd d gmohÀ` `mßMr \$maM [wgQ> H$Î[Zm dmMH$mbm `{Dß$ eH$V{. `mgmR>t h{ Ãm{Q>H$ oQ>[U. MnaÃmßVrb H$mßht KQ>Zm 1891 Owb° 16

ï O›_ Obmb[ya `{W| AmOm{it.

1900 Owb° 8

ï ]mo·Ò_m. bZmoQ>g_d{V. amh˛ar.

1916

ï ZmJ[ya ohÒbm∞[ H$m∞b{OmßVyZ ]r.E.

1916-17

ï ohÒbm∞[ H$m∞b{O_‹`| E_.E.M{ od⁄mWu, hm∞ÒQ>{b gw[naQ>|S>ßQ> d o_S>b ÒHy$b oejH$

1918 Eo‡b 30

ï oddmh (dYw-ÈW H•$ÓUamd gam{{X{)

1925 OyZ 1

ï _wß]B©g YMCA _‹`| gm{eb dH©$ g{H´{$Q>ar

1925 oS>g|]a 17

ï kmZm{X`, _amR>r ]mOyM{ gß[mXH$ (1937 [`™V)

1927 OyZ

ï ZmerH$ `{W{ ÒWmo`H$, dH$sbrg gwÈdmV

1932 _{ 29

ï emßoVgXZ && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 676$&&

1933 oS>g|]a 27

ï A‹`jï _hmamÔ≠> oºÒVr gmohÀ` gß_{bZ, oZ[mUr

1935 _{

ï ogÎÏha ¡`wo]br _{S>b

1937 _{ 12

ï H$m∞am{Z{eZ _{S>b

1937 gﬂQ>|]a 15

ï "oºÒVr ZmJnaH$' [Ã gwÈ

1938 _{ 12

ï H°$ga-B-qhX _{S>b

1938 _{ 29

ï ZmJnaH$ N>m[ImZm gwÈ

1939-1940

ï _mb{Jmßdt [m{brg ‡m∞og∑`yQ>aß

1941 Zm{Ïh|]a 13

ï [pÀZod`m{J

1961 Zm{Ïh|]a

ï ZmerH$H$amßV\}$ gÀH$ma

1965 oS>g|]a 27

ï oZYZ.

bm{H$g{dm 1924 V{ 1927ï YMCA gm{eb dH©$ g{H´{$Q>ar ÂhUyZ H$m`©. [a{b, XmXa B. oR>H$mUt gm{eb A[ob‚Q> ¿`m H$m_mg Amaß^ H$Í$Z oXbm. ZmerH$ ZJa[mobH{$V g^mgX d [wT>{ ÏhmBg ‡{ogS>|Q> (ghm df~) ZmerH$ ZJa[mobH$m ÒHy$b ]m{S>© g^mgX ZmerH$ oOÎhm bm{H$b]m{S>© g^mgX (ghm df~) Ïh{Q>naZar hm∞pÒ[Q>b-g{H´{$Q>ar na_mßS> hm{_-EH$ CÀ[mXH$ d g{H´{$Q>ar [wU{ AmH$medmUr gÑmJma _ßS>i-g^mgX.

dmL≤>_`g{dm H$mXß]arï Vrd´ OmUrd, N>m{Q>m gßÒWmoZH$, H•$ÓUm H$Wmï [mD$bdmQ>, odZm{X_yVuMr [w `mda Òdmar, AZ{H$ oH$aH$m{i. ZmoQ>H$mï oºÒVO`ßVrgmR>t [mßM> ZmoQ>H$m, oºÒVO`ßVrgmR>t AmUIr Mma ZmoQ>H$m, g{Vw]ßYZ, oR>UΩ`m, amO|–mMm em{Y (_yH$ZmQ>Á) B.B.

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 677$&&

MnaÃmÀ_H$ï VrZ ‡H$mePm{V, AmUIr EH$ ‡H$mePm{V, Zmam`U dm_Z oQ>iH$ï Ï`o∫$Xe©Z d H$mÏ`odd{MZ. Ò_•oVoMÃ| (^mJ 4 CŒmamY©), _hmamÔ≠>mMr V{OpÒdZr [ßoS>Vm a_m]mB©. H$mÏ`ï X{dXŒmmßMr H$odVm, A^ßJmßOob (CŒmamY©) oºÒVm`Z (76dm A‹`m`) Ï`mª`mZ|ï _hmamÔ≠> oºÒVr gmohÀ` gß_{bZ oZ[mUr-A‹`jr` ^mfU [ßMdrg df} Wmß]yZ. (25dr oQ>iH$ [w `oVoW-A‹`jr` ^mfU) ]mbdmL≤>_`ï ]m{YgwYm (b{. X{dXŒm d _Zm{a_m), OmVH$ H$Wm, ]m]y ]mimMm J´ßWamO, d{Uw d{S>JmdmßV, Am[b{ _wH{$ o_Ã, ]mJbmUmßVrb H$maÒWmZ, B.B. BVaï oºÒVmZwdV©Z (^mJ 3 d 4) ]m`]bMr Vm|S>Am{iI ]m`]b¿`m _amR>r ^mfmßVamM| odhßJ_mdbm{H$Z. gß[mXZï kmZm{X` (gw_ma| 12 df~), ]mb]m{Y_{dm (17 df~), oºÒVr ZmJnaH$ (7 df~), Legal Aid Quarterly. `moedm` ZmdmoQ> d b˙_r]mB© `mßMr gw_ma| [ßYam bhmZ_m{R>t [wÒVH|$ X{dXŒmmßZr gß[moXV H{$b{bt Amh{V.

X{R>{ gXmoed Zmam`U 1908-09 gmct ZJamg od⁄mWv AgVmßZm gXmoedamd oQ>iH$mßH$S>{ OmDß$ `{Dß$ cmJc{ À`mßZm Jm `mM| AßJ AgÎ`mZ| oQ>iH$mß¿`m ^OZH$sV©ZmßV `mßMm ^mJ Agm`Mm. H$mht df~ V{ ZJamg oMÃH$cm oejH$ hm{V{. oQ>iH$mß¿`m oZYZg_`t V{ oQ>iH$mß¿`m Odi hm{V{. oQ>iH$mßZm JwÍ$ ÂhUyZ V{ \$ma _mZrV. ""AmVmß `m[wT>| VwÂhr H$mÏ` ochmc'' Agm JwÈOtZt Am[Î`mcm OmVmß OmVmß Amerdm©X oXcm Amh{. Vet À`mßMr AI{a[`™V l’m hm{Vr. À`mM oXdgm[mgyZ V{ H$odVm ochˇß cmJc{. ]mc]m{Y_{Ï`mßVyZ À`mß¿`m AZ{H$ H$odVm ‡og’ PmÎ`m. oI´ÒVr H$sV©ZH$ma ÂhUyZoh À`mßZt Zmßd H$mT>c|. gXmoedamd oMÃH$ma hm{V{. oQ>iH$mß¿`m oZYZmZßVa ""JwÈOtM| ÒdJm©am{hU'' H$mXß]atVrc oMÃ| gXmoedamdmß¿`mM hmVMt Amh{V.

ZdcH$a a{. JU[Vamd aKwZmW (1887-1912) _hmamÔ≠> oºÒVr g_mOmßV a{. JU[Vamd ZdcH$a h{ EH$ AÀ`ßV H$V©]Jma H$m`©H$V} d od¤mZ c{IH$ hm{D$Z J{c{. o_eZar `m ZmÀ`mßZ| À`mßZt od[wc g{dm H{$cr d AZ{H$ oR>H$mUt && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 678$&&

o_eZR>mUt C^r H{$ct. JU[Vamd od¤mZ, ]h˛^mofH$ d dmX[Qw> hm{V{. À`mßM{ C[X{e d dmXoddmX E{H$ `mgmR>t o^›Z o^›Z Y_m©Mt od¤mZ _ßS>ir O_V Ag{. À`mß¿`m ]mU{Xma Òd^mdm_wi| V{ o_eZ¿`m MmH$atV \$ma H$mi oQ>H$c{ ZmhtV. À`mßZt BßpΩce_‹`| odÒV•V AmÀ_MnaÃ ocohc| hm{V|. V| ‡H$moeV PmÎ`mM| E{oH$dmßV Zmht. _mÃ À`mßVrc oZdS>H$ ‡H$aU| À`mßZt [wpÒVH$mß¿`m ÒdÍ$[mßV ‡og’ H{$ct. À`m_wi| V{ o_eZardJm™V AoYH$M Ao‡` Pmc{. lrI•Ô>odO` d gXy H$m{ir ht IßS>H$mÏ`| e_em{Z _Ñ ZmQ>H$ B. 30-32 [wÒVH|$ À`mßZt ocohct. _amR>r Ï`mH$aUmda À`mßMt Xm{Z BßpΩce d VrZ _amR>r Aet [mßM [wÒVH|$ Amh{V. oºÒVr ZmJnaH$ [Ãm¿`m BßJ´Or od^mJmM{ a{. ZdcH$a gß[mXH$ hm{V{.

[dma gwßXam]mB© * gmgdS> Jmßdt a{. am_Mß– [dma d À`mß¿`m [ÀZr `mßZt gd© ‡H$ma¿`m odam{Ymg Vm|S> X{V 14 df~ gwdmoV©H$mM| H$m`© Mmcodc| hm{V|. À`mß¿`m VrZ H$›`m[°H$s® Wm{acrZ| chmZ[UtM oZYm©a H{$cm hm{Vm H$s AmO›_ AoddmohV amhˇZ Y_©H$m`m™V Am`ßwÓ` Ï`VrV H$am`M|. hr H$›`m ÂhUO{ ‡og’ H$m`©H$À`m© gwßXam]mB© am_Mß– [dma. _wß]B©V o_g{g ]´yAa `m o_eZar]mB™Zt _wctgmR>t ]m{oS>™Jemim H$moT>cr AmoU À`m H$m_t gmhm`H$ ÂhUyZ gwßXam]mB™Zm ]m{cmdyZ K{Vc|. V{W| A‹`m[Z H$arV AgVmZmßM C¿M oejU gß[mXZ H$a `mMr gwßXam]mB™Zm gßoY o_imcr. À`m H$mit _amR>m g_mOmßVrc C¿MHw$crZ pÒÃ`m Jm{fm [mirV AgV. `m oÒÃ`mß_‹`| o_giyZ gwßXam]mB™Zt À`mßZm Y_©oejU X{ `mg gwÍ$dmV H{$cr, AmoU ""PZmZm o_eZ'' ¿`m H$m`m©Mr _whˇV©_{T> am{odßcr. _Ywa d AmO©dr ^mfm AmoU Vr]am{]aM hOaO]m]r[UmMr X{UJr `mß_wi| ]mB™Mr ^mfU| AÀ`ßV ‡^mdr hm{V. À`mßMr oH$oV© `wam{[mßVoh [gaV J{cr. o]´oQ>e qhXwÒVmZmßVyZ MrZ X{emßV d `wam{[mßVoh A\y$Mr oZ`m©V _m{R>Ám ‡_mUmda hm{V Ag{. Vr Wmß]od `mgmR>t `wam{[mßV Midir gwÍ$ PmÎ`m AmoU À`mßV ^mJ K{ `mgmR>t gwßXam]mB™Zm [mMmaU Pmc|. OdiOdi g]ßY `wam{[^a gwßXam]mB™Zt Xm°am H{$cm. À`m]am{]aM qhXwÒVmZmßV ÒÃroejU-gßÒWm Mmcod `mgmR>t À`mßZt ]Ë`mM X{UΩ`moh o_iodÎ`m. ÒdX{er [aVÎ`mda À`mßZt H$mßht H$mi [ß. a_m]mB™¿`m emaXmgXZmßV H$m_ H{$c|. [wT>| _wß]B©¿`m emaXmgXZmM| H{$S>Jmßd¿`m _wo∫$gXZmßV Í$[mßVa d ÒWcmßVa Pmc| V{Ïhmß * Ò_•oVoMÃ| - ^mJ 3 && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 679$&&

gwßXam]mB™Zt [wU| h|M Am[c| H$m`©j{Ã R>aodc|. V{W| À`mßZt _wctgmR>t dgoVJ•h, emim d gwdmoV©H$mdJ© Mmcodc{. ""PZmZm o_eZ gßÒWm'' ""gwßXam]mB™Mr emim'' ÂhUyZM Am{iIcr OmDß$ cmJcr. [w `mßV [ßMhm°X [nagamßV `m gßÒW{Mr B_maV C^r amohcr. ]mB™¿`m oZYZmZßVa ]arM df~ IS>H$dmgcm `{W| d VXZßVa gm∞ocÒ]ar [mH©$ `{W| hr gßÒWm H$m`©aV hm{Vr. óÌ`m._. AmT>md

[mQ>UH$a ‡mMm`© ^mcMß– c˙_U (1894-1973) X{ZmoQ>M{ ]mco_Ã, oQ>iH$mßZm d c˙_r]mB™Zm [wÃdV≤ o‡`. À`mßZm ]m]y ÂhUyZ gß]m{oYV. BVaÃ V{ _m_m `m ZmßdmZ| Am{iIc{ OmV. O›_ [w `mßV. ]mc[U Ah_XZJacm. V{W| oQ>iH$ Kam `met oOÏhm˘`mM{ gß]ßY oZ_m©U Pmc{. X{dXŒm Zmam`U oQ>iH$ ZmerH$cm ÒWmo`H$ PmÎ`mZ| h{ gß]ßY AI{a[`™V oQ>H$c{. H$m∞c{OoejU _wß]B©g g|Q> P{od`g© H$m∞c{O_‹`|. ZdrZ ÒWm[Z Pmc{Î`m Jm{Ic{ E¡`wH{$eZ gm{gm`Q>rM{ AmOrd gXÒ`. 1924 _‹`| gm{gm`Q>tZ| H$mT>c{Î`m hß‡mR>m H$m∞c{O_‹`| ÏhmBg-o‡p›g[m∞c ÂhUyZ ‡W_[mgyZ ZmerH$cm e°joUH$ H$m`©. gmd©OoZH$ H$m`m©Mr [ohÎ`m[mgyZ AmdS>. Vr e{dQ>[`™V oQ>H$cr. gmohpÀ`H$ d gmßÒH•$oVH$ H$m`©ó CXm. dgßV Ï`mª`mZ_mcm, gmd©OoZH$ dmMZmc`, ZJaZmogH$ gmohÀ`gß_{cZmM| Am`m{OH$, ZmerH$cm ^ac{Î`m H$odgß_{cZmM{ H$m`m©‹`jó`mM gß_{cZmßV c˙_r]mB™ ÒdmJVm‹j hm{À`m, d d∑À`m ÂhUyZ ‡og’rg AmÎ`m. _m_mß¿`m n¤Vr` [ÀZr H$_cm]mB© lr[mX H•$ÓU H$m{bhQ>H$amß¿`m H$›`m. `m_wi| cj_r]mB™Mm À`mßM{ [ohc{ ‡H$meH$ ‡. lr. H$m{bhQ>H$a d lr[mX H•$ÓU H$m{bhQ>H$a `mß¿`met —T>[naM`. oQ>iH$[nadmamßVrc ¡`{> ÒZ{ht ]mcH$dr `mß¿`m g_J´ dmç`mM| gß[mXH$ d ‡H$meZ (1942). 1947-54 hß‡mR>m H$m∞c{OmV ‡mMm`©. V{W| odkmZemI{Mr ÒWm[Zm 1954 _‹`| oZd•Œm PmÎ`mda pÒÃ`mß¿`m oejUmMr gm{` d dmT> Ïhmdr ÂhUyZ oOkmgm H$m∞c{O `m d{J˘`m gßÒW{Mr ÒWm[Zm. Vr ZmßdmÍ$[mcm AmÎ`mda 1968 [mgyZ _wß]B©g _wcmH$S>{ dmÒVÏ`. 1973 _‹`| _•À`w. óS>m∞.am.^m.[mQ>UH$a

[mQ>UH$a _mYdamd (1869-1916) ‡og’ ZmQ>H$H$ma d [mQ>UH$a gßJrV _ßS>irM{ _mcH$. `mßMr EHy$U 24 ZmQ>H|$ aßJ^y_rda Amct. ""odH´$_-eoeH$cm'' ode{f JmOc|. À`m¿`m gmV Amd•Œ`m oZKmÎ`m. AI{aM| ZmQ>H$ ""^Ò_mgwa'' h| ImS>rcH$amß¿`m H$sMH$dYm‡_mU| cm∞S>© H$P©Z `mß¿`m Owc_r H$ma^mamdarc Í$[H$ hm{V|. V| gaH$maO_m Pmc|. && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 680$&&

[mQ>UH$a oQ>iH$mßM{ ÒZ{hr hm{V{. ""ercß [aß ^yfU_≤ (Ò_•oVoMÃ|-^mJ 3, [•.34-35) C^| H$a `mßV oQ>iH$mßZm `mM| goH´$` gm¯ hm{V{. h|M ZmQ>H$ À`mßV EH$Xm{Z ÒÃr ^yo_H$m KmcyZ _m{R>| H$Í$Z ⁄md| Aer À`mßZt oQ>iH$mßH$S>{ _mJUroh H{$cr hm{Vr. 1915 gmct oQ>iH$mßZm ZmQ>Ágß_{cZmM| A‹`jÒWmZ X{ `mßV Amc|. À`mßVcm ]amM l{`m{^mJ [mQ>UH$amßMm Agmdm.

[maZmB©H$ eßH$a [ßT>arZmW * X{dXŒmmßM{ d ]mcH$dtM{ oZH$Q>M{ o_Ã. oMÃH$c{Mr `mßZm ode{f AmdS> hm{Vr. oQ>iH$mßZt ocohcßÎ`m d ]gdyZ K{Vc{Î`m ""ercß [aß ^yfU_≤'' ZmQ>H$mßVc| h{ JwÈOr. [wT>| AZ{H$ df~ h| Ah_XZJamg oMÃH$cm oejH$ hm{V{. e{dQ>t V{ [ßoS>V (`wam{o[`ZmßM{ _amR>r oejH$) ÂhUyZ H$m_ H$arV AgV. hm°er ZQ>mßMt ZmQ>H|$ ]god `mßV `mßMm hmVIßS>m Ag{. Ah_XZJa¿`m ZmQ>Á‡{_m¿`m [aß[a|Vcm [maZmB©H$ _mÒVa hm EH$ _hŒmdmMm Xwdm ÂhUmdm cmJVm{.

[|S>g{ am.gm.Zmam`U C\©$ ZmZmgmh{] 1838 (1848 (?)-1930) a{od›`w ImÀ`mßV Imc¿`m OmJ{[mgyZ MT>V MT>V ZmZmgmh{] [|S>g{ S>{ﬂ`woQ> H{$c{∑Q>a¿`m h˛⁄m[`™V J{c{ hm{V{. À`mAmYt H$mßht H$mi V{ ZmerH$ hm`ÒHy$c_‹`| oejH$ hm{V{. 187879 ¯m H$mimßV ›`m. amZS>{ d gaXma Jm{[mi hna X{e_wI (cm{H$ohVdmXr) `mß¿`m g_d{V H$m_ H$a `mMr À`mßZm gßoY cm^cr hm{Vr. oQ>iH$mßMr `mßMr Am{iI `mßM gw_mamMr. hm{VH$Í$ od⁄mWu d CJdVm H$od ÂhUyZ ›`. amZS>{ `mßZm oQ>iH$mßM| H$m°VwH$ dmQ>{. H$XmoMV≤ `m_wi|M ZmZmgmh{]mßM| oQ>iH$mßH$S>{ cj d{Yc| Agmd|. ÒdVï _mJ| amhˇZ odYm`H$ gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUU| h| VßÃ H$XmoMV≤ À`mßZt ›`m`_yVuH$Sy>Z CMcc| Agmd|. oQ>iH$mßZm OmVtV K{ `mMm ‡`ÀZ (Ò_•oVoMÃ|-^mJ 2,[•. 17-18) h| `mßM| R>iH$ CXmhaU. H$mßht gaH$mar cmIcIm{Q>Ám_wi| ]ßX Pmc{cr odR>m{]mMr [mcIr _m{R>Ám ‡`ÀZmZ| [w›hmß _mJu cmdyZ X{D$Z ZmZmgmh{]mßZt [ßT>a[ya ]´˜d•ßXmMm ‡{_mXa o_iodc{cm hm{Vm. À`mMm À`mßZm `m H$m_mgmR>t C[`m{J Pmcm. hm{o_`m{[Wr C[MmamßMr ZmZmgmh{]mßZm MmßJcr _mohVr hm{Vr. Am°fYm{[Mmam¤ma| [am{[H$mamM| d cm{H$mßMm odúmg gß[mXZ H$a `mM| VßÃ À`mßZt cm{H$ohVdmXtH$Sy>Z CMcc| AgU|oh Ae∑` Zmht. X{dXŒm ÂhUVmVó""_r [mohc{Î`m cm{H$mßV AÀ`ßV ‡{_i, CXma, _mUgmMr [maI AgUmam d _mUgmMr H$Xa H$aUmam XwX}dr lr_ßV _mUyg ÂhUO{ ZmZmgmh{] [|S>g{. * Ò_•oVoMÃ| - ^mJ 3 && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 681$&&

_m¬`m chmZ[Um[mgyZ À`mßZt _cm \$ma [´{_mZ| dmJodc|, _mP{ cmS> H{$c{. _cm V{ oQ>iH$ ÂhUV. [[m J{c{ hm{V{. _r d AmB© [|S>emßda AmolVmßgmaI| Adcß]yZ hm{Vm|. [U Am_¿`m À`m [napÒWVrMr `pÀH®$oMVoh OmUrd hm{Dß$ Z X{ `mMr ZmZmgmh{] IQ>[Q> H$arV. Xw[ma¿`m À`mß¿`m \$amim¿`m d{i{g _mder _w‘m_ _cm ]mh{a I{im`cm [mR>dm`Mr. Vr AÀ`ßV Ao^_mZr ]m`H$m{ hm{Vr. Am[Î`m ]ohUr¿`m _wcmZ| AmolVmgmaI| dmJyß Z`{ Ag{ oVcm dmQ>{. [U ZmZmgmh{]mß¿`m ‹`mZmßV V| `{B©. d ""oQ>iH$ H$m{R>| J{cm ? À`mcm ]m{cdm \$amimcm'' Ag{ ÂhUyZ V{ ImVmß ImVmß Wmß]V. [[mß¿`mda À`mßM| \$ma ‡{_ Ag{. À`mß¿`m]‘c AmXa Ag{. d À`mß¿`m H$mÏ`e∫$sMr V{ H$Xa H$aUma{ hm{V{. V{ H$od ZÏhV{. [U À`mßZm H$odVm ImÃrZ| MmßJcr g_O{. _cm dmQ>V| [[mßZt À`mßZm Am[c| H$m{UV| Var [wÒVH$ A[©U H{$c{c| Amh{.* [[moh À`mß¿`mH$Sy>Z AJXt h∑H$mZ| dmQ>{c V{ A[{jrV. gdm™V Jß_V ÂhUO{ ZmerH$cm [|S>emß¿`m KamMm EH$ ^mJ Am[Î`mcm ahm`cm ⁄m AmoU gßgma _mßSy>Z ⁄m. Ag|oh À`mßZt gmßoJVc| Agmd{. d [|S>emßZt V| AmZßXmZ| H$]yc H{$c| Agmd| Ag{ dmQ>V|. [U Vg| Pmc| Zmht. H$maU À`mß¿`m KamßV _ohZ{¿`m _ohZ{ AmÂht ahmV hm{Vm|. Var À`mßZm H$YrM Hß$Q>mim `{V Zg{. AmÂhr À`mßM{M hm{Vm{ d V{ Am_M{M hm{V{. AJXt [wT>| [wT>| oºÒVr PmÎ`mda _cm H$Yt ImD$cm H$mßht ⁄m`M{ Pmc| Va Xhm È[`mImct V{ X{V ZgV. oXdmircm [mQ>r^a Iam{IaM _m{R>m hmam^a \$Q>mH$S>{ `{V. \$amimM|oh Vg|M. Oer H$mßht Am_¿`mM Kat oXdmir Amh{. oºÒVr PmÎ`mda S>m∞. ˜z_Z| Og| [[mßZm gmß^mic| (Ò_•oVoMÃ{- ^mJ 1) Vg| oºÒVr hm{ `m[ydu [|S>emßZt gmß^mic| Ag| ÂhUVmß `{B©c. \$aH$ EdT>mM hm{Vm H$s® S>m∞. ¯z_ practical hm{ `mMm ‡`ÀZ H$arV [|S>g{ oQ>iH$mßMm H$c gmß^mirV. oQ>iH$mß¿`m gmË`m CUrdm [|S>emßZm R>mD$H$ hm{À`m. [U À`mß¿`mH$S>{ V{ S>m{i{PmßH$ H$am`M{. oQ>iH$mß¿`m AmB©M| ‡{_ [|S>emßZt ^Í$Z H$mT>c| Ag| Wm{S>∑`mßV ÂhUVmß `{B©c. AmVmß h| ochrV AgVmßZm [|S>g{ ¯m Ï`ŒH$s¿`m CXma d ‡{_i _ZmMr cmß]rÈßXr _m{OU| oH$Vr H$R>rU Amh{ h| ‹`mZmßV `{V|. [U ZmZmgmh{]mß¿`m XwXd£ mMr H$Wm \$maM ˆX`–mdH$ Amh{. À`mßZm EH$M _wcJr KmÈ_mB©. KmÈ_mB©cm oVMm Zdam AÀ`ßV N>ir. Vm{ ^`ßH$a XmÈ]mO hm{Vm. _cm AmR>dV| V{Ïhmß[mgyZ _t À`mcm H$mßht H$m_ H$aVmßZm [mohc| Zmht. ¯mMm gmam d{i AmigmßV, XmÍ$ o[ `mßV, oeÏ`m X{ `mßV d ]m`H$m{cm N>i `mßV OmB©. KmÈ_mB©¿`m Am{Q>tV e{OmaUrZß _aVmß _aVmß Am[cm _wcJm Q>mH$cm. (`mßM| AmS>Zmßd Ia{.) Vm{ oVZ|gmß^micm. [U Vm{ oVcm cm^cm && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 682$&&

Zmht. H$maU À`mcm [|S>emß¿`m _mßS>rda XŒmH$ oXcm. [yT>{ ¯m _wcmcmoh H$mßht _yc]mi Pmc| Zmht. [|S>emß¿`m ^mdmMm _wcJm ]mimgmh{] ¯mßZmoh _yc]mi H$mßht Pmc| Zmht. AmoU Aem arVrZ| gd© ]mOyßZt À`mßMm oZd™e Pmcm.'' ZmZmgmh{]mßZt ZÏdXr Am{cmßS>cr hm{Vr. e{dQ>t e{dQ>t À`mßMr AdÒWm H$R>rU Pmcr. À`mßM| dV©Z \$maM o]KS>Î`m_wi| odQy>Z J{c{c{ À`mM{ ZmV{dmB©H$óV{oh Wm{S>H{$M hm{V{ó À`mß¿`mH$S>{ [mhrZmV. À`mß¿`m AI{a¿`m XwI `mßV À`mßMr e{dQ>cr ewlyfm H$Í$Z c˙_r]mB™Zt _mÃ À`mß¿`m F$UmMr OmUrd amIcr Ag|M ÂhQ>c| [mohO{. hr hH$sJV À`mß¿`m gd© [naoMVmßZm _mhrV Amh{. oH$À`{H$mßZt _cm Vr gmßoJVcr. ocoIV _mÃ H$m{UtM oXc| Zmht. Hw$UmM{oh Xm{f XmIodVmßZm Z H$MaUmË`m c˙_r]mB™Zt ZmZmgmh{]mß¿`m ]m]VtV V{dT>m A[dmX H{$cm. ZmZmgmh{]mß¿`m _m{R>{[UmMtM ht ‡VrH|$ R>amdt. Ò_•oVoMÃmß_‹`| ZmZmgmh{]mß¿`m l{`m{^mJ _m{R>mM Amh{ó 1. c˙_r.Zmam`UmßMr `woV ZmZmgmh{]mßMr [maI, ‡`ÀZ d [wT>mH$ma `mßZtM KSy>Z Amcr. 2. Ò_•oVoMÃmßV c˙_r]mB™Zt MhˇHß $S>{ ""oQ>iH$'' h|M Zmßd dm[ac{c| Amh{. V| ]h˛Ym [|S>emß¿`m Ka¿`m [na[mR>m_wi|. 3. oQ>iH$mß_Ycm H$sV©ZH$ma ZmZmgmh{]mß¿`m _wi|M ‡H$Q> Pmcm. (Ò_•oVoMÃ|-^mJ 1) 4. oQ>iH$mßZt oºÒVr hmDß$ Z`{ `mgmR>t ZmZmgmh{]mßZr ododY ‡H$ma| ‡`ÀZ H{$c{. [wT>|oh oQ>iH$mßZm OmVtV K{ `m¿`m `ÀZmcm ‡{aUm d _XV ZmZmgmh{]mßZtM oXcr. 5. ZmZmgmh{]mß¿`m ‡^mdm_wi|M c˙_r]mB™Zt AmÀ_hÀ`{Mm odMma Xya gmacm. (Ò_•oVoMÃ|-^mJ 2) 6. oQ>iH$mß¿`m Y_m™VamZßVa OdiOdi [mßM df~ c˙_r]mB© [oVJ•ht J{Î`m ZmhtV. `mcm _wª` H$maU ÂhUO{ ZmZmgmh{]. ZmZmgmh{]mß¿`m [m`mßda hmV R>{dyZ K{Vc{cr e[W (Ò_•oVoMÃ|-^mJ 2) hr c˙_r]mB™¿`m _mJm©ßVcr EH$ H$R>rU AS>MU hm{Vr. 7. oQ>iH$mß¿`m oZYZmZßVa c˙_r]mB™Zm d X{dXŒmmßZm ZmeH$mg ÒWmo`H$ hm{ `mgmR>t Yra d CŒm{OZ ZmZmgmh{]mßZr oXc|.

\{$Aa]±H$ S>m∞. h{›ar (1862-1926) * J{Î`m e|XrS>e| dfm™V ]∞cßQ>mBZ, o]gc, ¯z_,\{$Aa]±H$ Aem AZ{H$ A_{naH$Z o_eZar * Ò_•oVoMÃ| - ^mJ 2 && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 683$&&

Kam `mßZt _hmamÔ≠>mMr o[T>ÁZ≤o[T>Ám g{dm ]Omdc{cr Amh{. a{.g∞Â`wAc \{$Aa]±H$ h{ ZJa oOÎ¯mßVrc dS>mi| ‡mßVm¿`m o_eZH$m`m©M| CÀ[mXH$ hm{V. S>m∞. h{›ar h| À`mßM{ oMaßOrd. `mßMm O›_ dS>m˘`mMmM. V{WÎ`mM dmVmdaUmßV I{S>H$ar _wcmß]am{]a cJm{Ë`m gya[maß„`m I{i `mßV ]mi[U H{$Î`mZ| _hmamÔ≠>mda ‡{_ d _amR>r ^mf{da ‡^wÀd h| À`mß¿`m a∫$mßVM o^ZyZ J{c{c| hm{V|. d`m¿`m 14Ï`m dfv oejUmgmR>t À`mßMr A_{naH{$g admZJr Pmcr. 1881 _‹`| A∞S>m{Ïha `{Wrc A∞ÂhÒQ>© H$m∞c{OmßVyZ V{ [ohÎ`m H´$_mßH$mZ| ]r.E.[mg Pmc{ AmoU À`mM H$m∞c{OmVyZ E_.E. d `{c g{o_ZatVyZ ]r.S>r. `m [XÏ`m gß[mXZ H$Í$Z V{ ^maVmßV [aV Amc{. ([wT>{ 1923 V `mßM `{c g{o_ZarZ| S>m∞∑Q>a Am∞\$ oS>pÏhoZQ>r [Xdr X{D$Z À`mßMm g›_mZ H{$cm.) chmZ[Um[mgyZ À`mßZm I{im]am{]aM oeH$marMm d [jr ^m{V ^Í$Z R>{d `mMm ZmX hm{Vm. _hm]i{Ìda `{W| oZaoZam˘`m [˙`mMß{ oZarjU H$Í$Z À`mßZr ""_hm]i{úamßVrc [ojJU'' h| _mohVr[yU© [wÒVH$ ocohc{c| Amh{. dS>mi| ‡mßVmda Z{_UyH$ PmÎ`mda À`mßZr doS>cmßZt ÒWmo[c{Î`m 14 emimßV 18 emimßMr ^a KmcyZ Om{_mZ| oejU‡gma H{$cm. [´m°T> od⁄mœ`m™gmR>t EH$ ZmB©Q>ÒHy$coh Mmcodc|. 1896 ¿`m XwÓH$mimßV À`mßZt H{$c{cr cm{H$g{dm oMaÒ_aUr` ÂhUmdr cmJV{. H°$H$ I{Sw>VmßM{ H$m{c_S>c{c{ gßgma À`mßZt [w›hmß C^{ H$Í$Z oXc{. À`mß¿`m [am{[H$mar Òd^mdm_wi| d X{d^rÈ d•Œmr_wi| ""gmYw \{$Aa]±H$'' `m ZmßdmZ| V{ Am{iIc{ OmV. dS>mim, Ah_XZJa, amh˛ar, gmVmam Aem AZ{H$ oR>H$mUt À`mßZr g{dm H{$c{cr Amh{.

o]gc S>m∞. o_g Eo_cr d S>m∞. o_g ¡`woc`m c˙_r]mB© ocohVmV, ""ZJamg Agc{Î`m o_eZatV o]gc KamU| \$ma ‡og’ hm{V|. a{. EM.o]gc d À`mß¿`m Xm{Kr ]ohUr S>m∞. ¡`woc`m d S>m∞.Eo_cr ¯mßMm cm°H$sH$ \$maM _m{R>m Amh{. ¯mßM| _amR>r ^mf{da BVH|$ ‡^wÀd hm{V| H$s® [S>⁄mAmSy>Z À`mßM{ ]m{cU| E{H$c| Va H$m{Uroh ÂhU{c H$s® hr [w `mßVrc H$m{Ur C¿MdUu` _ßS>ir ]m{cV{ Amh{.'' (Ò_•oVoMÃ|^mJ 3, [•. 72) Eo_cr]mB© ¯m ]mc]m{Y_{dm ¯m [ohÎ`m _amR>r ]mc_mogH$m¿`m Am⁄ gß[moXH$m. AmÀ`m]mB© `m Q>m{[UZmßdmZ| À`m ]mc]m{Y_{Ï`mßVyZ d kmZm{X`mßVyZ ochrV. cKwoZ]ßY hm dmç`‡H$ma _amR>tV `mß¿`m[mgyZM gwÍ$ Pmcm ÂhQ>c| Va gß`wpŒH$H$ hm{B©c. H$W{H$ar _mB©, ZjÃ_ßS>i, OßJcmßVrc emim d OßJcr OZmda|, AmB©M| Zd| cwJS>|, AmH$meJßJm Aet && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 684$&&

oH$VrVar [wÒVH|$ `mßZrß ocohc{ct Amh{V. ""H$drMr odZdUr'' hr oQ>iH$mßMr ‡ª`mV H$odVm `mßZmM C‘{eyZ ocohc{cr Amh{. (Ò_•oVoMÃ|-^mJ 3, [•. 73). ¡`woc`m]mB™Mm c˙_r]mB™et ode{f ÒZ{h hm{Vm. À`m \$ma ‡{_i S>m∞∑Q>arU hm{À`m. c˙_r]mB™Zt Zog™J oejU ø`m`M| R>aodc| V{Ïhmß `mßZt À`mßZm ode{f gm¯ d CŒm{OZ oXc| hm{V|.

^m|S>{ H•$ÓUamd Xm_m{XaemÒÃr oQ>iH$mßM{ VÈU[UM{ ghH$mar d gp›_Ã oQ>iH$mß]am{]a h{oh JU{eemÒÃr c{c{ `mßM{ M{c{ hm{V{. dŒH•$Àdg_maß^mVyZ `mßZmoh Z{h_t ]ojg| o_iV. 1882 V oQ>iH$mßZt [ßMdQ>tV emim gwÍ$ H{$cr Vr `mß¿`m ghH$m`m©Z|. H•$ÓUamd MmßJc{ oeH$c{. doH$crMr [arjm [mg Pmc{. [U À`m [arj{Mm oZH$mc E{H$ `mBVH|$oh Am`wÓ` À`mßZm cm^c| Zmht. À`mß¿`m oZYZmZßVa À`mßM| MnaÃ ocohUmamg 25 È[`mßM| ]jrg oQ>iH$mßZt Omhra H{$c| hm{V| (ZmogH$ d•Œm. 20 _mM© 1887). [U V| H$m{Ut ocohÎ`mM| E{oH$dmßV Zmht.

_ßOwim]mB© Ohmc d _mdmi ""oQ>iH$mßZt _mÃ À`m[wT>| KamßV _hma _mßJ dJ°a{ gd© OmVrM{ H$m_Jma R>{d `mg gwÈdmV H{$cr.'' (Ò_•oVoMÃ|-^mJ 2, [•. 95) `mM| CXmhaU._ßOwim]mB© `mM Zmßdm¿`m Xm{Kr ]m`m À`mßZt H$m_mcm R>{dÎ`m hm{À`m. EH$ _hma d EH$ _mßJ. X{dXŒmmßZt Xm{KtZm AZwßH´$_| Ohmc _ßOwim]mB© d _dmi _ßOwim]mB© Aet Zmßd| oXct hm{Vr. [wT>| ]Ë`mM dfm™Zt Xm{Kroh oºÒVr PmÎ`m. Zmßd{ H$m`_ amohct. _dmi _ßOwim]mB©_wi| c˙_r]mB™Mr _mZ VÈU[UtM hmcm`cm cmJcr hm{Vr. (Ò_•oVoMÃ|-^mJ 3, [•. 80) amUy aIdmcXma (Ò_•oVoMÃ|-^mJ 3, [•. 46) hm _dmi _ßOwim]mB™Mm _wcJm. Ohmc _ßOwim]mB© (_ßOwim]mB© o^_mOr Jm`H$dmS>) `mßMm Am_Mm gß]ßY AoYH$ KoZÔ>. [wT>| 1923-24 V Ohmc _ßOwim]mB© Am_¿`mH$S>{ H$amMrcm `{D$Z amohÎ`m hm{À`m. AmÂhmß _wcmß_‹`| À`mßM| Zmßd __mAmOr Ag| hm{V|. c˙_r]mB™¿`m AI{a¿`m AmOmamßV __mAmOt¿`m H$›`m Vwigm]mB© gy`©dßer `m À`mß¿`m g{d{gmR>t _w‘m_ ZmerH$cm AmÎ`m hm{À`m. À`mßMt _wc| ZmVdßS>| AOyZ AmÂhmodf`t ÒZ{h^md ]miJyZ Amh{V.

_c{cw a{.Om∞Z (25-9-1872ó25-9-1962) h{ gßV[wÈf oQ>iH$mßM{ gp›_Ã d [wT>| AmﬂV Pmc{ hm{V{ (gwZ{¿`m AmV{M{ `O_mZ). && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 685$&&

^m`I˘`m¿`m o_eZ hm`ÒHy$c_‹`| oejUK{D$Z d`m¿`m 18Ï`m dfu V{ A∞H$m°›Q>›Q> OZac¿`m Am∞o\$g_‹`| Zm{H$arg cmJc{. [U Xm{Z dfm™VM Zm{H$ar gm{Sy>Z À`mßZt AmO›_ Y_©g{dH$mMr d C[X{eH$mMr d•oŒm ÒdrH$macr. 1895 _‹`| oºÒVr PmÎ`m]am{]a oQ>iH$ dgB©g J{c{ V{Ïhmß V{W| `m Xm{KmßMm ÒZ{h OwiyZ Amcm. 1896 _‹`| V{ oQ>iH$mß]am{]a Ah_XZJamg B©úaod⁄m-[nakmZemi|V hm{V{. dgB©, am{hm, cocV[ya dJ°a{ oR>H$mUt À`mßZt g{dm H{$cr. dgB©g À`mßMr _m_m da{aH$amßet _°Ãr O_cr. gß›`memMm gßgma _Yc| Jwc{cw h| [mÃ _m_mßZt a{. Om∞Z _c{cw d À`mßM{ gmSy> o_. JßJmam_Or Hw$H$mg `m X{mKmßMm o_cm[ H$Í$Z aßJodc{c| Amh{. ZßVa gw_ma| drg ]mdrg df~ a{. _c{cw ^m`I˘`mg ¯z_ _{_m{na`c MM©M{ [miH$ hm{V{. Ymo_©H$ d•oŒm, B©úamdarc AT>i l’m, ew^dV©_mZ‡gmamMr AmdS>, _Zo_imdy Òd^md, chmZ _wcmßda __Vm AmoU H´$sS>m‡{_ `m JwUmß_wi| Om∞Zgmh{] AÀ`ßV cm{H$o‡` d AmXaUr` R>ac{. 1930 _‹`| o_eZMr Zm{H$ar gm{Sy>Z V{ CÒ_mZm]mX `{W| ÒdVßÃ[U| Y_©g{dm d OZg{dm H$arV AI{a[`™V amohc{. V{W| À`mßZt AZmW _wcmßgmR>t dgoVJ•h Mmcodc| hm{V|. CÒ_mZm]mXM{ MM© a{. _c{cw `mßZtM ]mßYc{c| Amh{. oQ>iH$ [nadmamet À`mßMm —T> ÒZ{hgß]ßY hm{Vm. oQ>iH$mßMr CŒmaoH´$`m a{. _c{cyZt H{$cr. [wT>| 1932 _‹`| emßoVgXZmMm [m`m d A[©UodoY (Ka^aUr) Xm{›ht À`mß¿`m hÒV| Pmc|. AmOoh À`mß¿`m _wcmßZmVdßS>mßet d [VdßS>met Am_M{ oOÏhm˘`mM{ gß]ßY Amh{V.

_∞H≤$oZH$c a{. S>m∞. oZH$m{c MM© Am∞\$ ÒH$m∞Q>cßS>M{ o_eZar _amR>r d gßÒH•$V ^mfmßM{ JmT>{ A‰`mgH$, dmÒVÏ` [w `mg. Jm{Ic{ hm∞c, Q>m{a{›g _{_m{naAc hm∞c. Aem g^mJ•hmßVyZ kmZ{úa, VwH$mam_, am_Xmg, EH$ZmW, Aem odf`mßda od¤Œmm‡Mßwa _amR>r Ï`mª`mZ|. Indian Thesim. Psalms of Maratha Saints. The Making of Modern India. Pandita Ramabai (Builders of Modern India `m

_mocH|$V) B. AZ{H$ [wÒVH$mßM{ H$V}. 1924-30 M| XaÂ`mZ `mßMt AZ{H$ Ï`mª`mZ| d ZmZm [{R> MM©_Yrc ‡dMZ| _t E{H$c{ct Amh{V AmoU À`mß¿`m _amR>r d∫•$ÀdmZ| _r ‡^modV Pmc{cm Amh{. óÌ`m. _. AmT>md

_m_ßOr (dm_Z gImam_ oQ>iH$) ""_{h˛ `mß¿`m ÒdmYrZ _wc{]mi| H$Í$Z Am[Uß _m{H$i| Ïhmd| Agm _m_ßOtMm ]{V hm{Vm. gIyd›gß gmßJVmV H$s® _wcmß¿`m od⁄{gmR>t dm_ZamdmßZt ]Xcm[yaM| e{V odHy$Z Q>mH$c| && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 686$&&

AmoU oMIcJmßdMr dmS>r OJy oQ>iH$mcm oXcr. (Aer _m{H$i{ hm `mMr Am{T> oQ>iH$dßemßV AZ{H$mßZm cmJc{cr oXgV{. dm_Zamdmß¿`m d`m¿`m XwgË`m dfv À`mßM{ dS>rc gImam_ [mßSw>aßJ gßgmamMm À`mJ H$Í$Z oZKyZ J{c{. V{ [aV Amc{M ZmhtV Aer lwoV c˙_r]mB™Zt H$¿¿`m ocImUmßV oXc{cr hm{Vr. dm_Zamdmß¿`m ]m]VtV h| H$XmoMV Ò_emZd°amΩ` Agyß eH{$c. H$maU _{h˛ `mß¿`m ÒdmYrZ _wc|]mi| H$amdt hr ‡oVoH´$`m [pÀZoZYZm¿`m d{iMr Amh{.) ""c˙_r]mB©, VwÂhmcm cwJS>t [mohO{V Zm ?... EH$ [mohO{ Ag{c Va Mma È[`mßM| K{Vm|. Xm{Z [mohO{ AgVrc Va Xm{Z È[`mßMt Xm{Z o_iVrc.'' (_mÃ À`m H$miM{ ]mOma^md cjmßV K{Vmß Xm{Z È[`{ hr a∑H$_ chmZ ZÏh|. oedm` gIyd›gß¿`m gmßJ `m‡_mU| À`m H$mit dm_ZamdmßMm [Jma H{$di AR>am È[`{ hm{Vm.) ""_mP{ _m_ßOr ÂhUO{ AoVe` Q>m[oQ>[rM{ J•hÒW hm{V{. gmgy]mB© dmaÎ`mZßVa À`mßZr Xwga|ß cΩZ H{$c| Zmht H$s® BVa H$mßht ^mZJS>r H{$Î`m ZmhtV. À`mßM| dV©Z \$ma ew’ Ag{ [aÒÃr V{ _mV{g_mZ _mZrV.'' _m_ßOr e{Oma[mOmaMt _wc{]mi| Jm{im H$Í$Z À`mßZm gß‹`mH$mi¿`m Jm{Ô>r gmßJV.'' ""\w$cm_wcmßM{ H$od Zm.dm.oQ>iH$ `mßM{ oeew‡{_ doS>cm{[moO©V ÂhUmd| H$m` ? ""_m_ßOr _cm da oXÎ`m‡_mU{ N>irV. [U Xm{Z Jm{Ô>t]‘c À`mßM{ JwU ø`md{g{ dmQ>VmV. EH$ ÂhUO| À`mßZt H$Yt A[e„X dm[ac{ ZmhtV d H$Yt AßJmcm ]m{Q> cmdc| Zmht.'' hr hH$sJV gw_ma{ 1884 _Ycr. À`m H$mit Kam{Ka gwZmßZm H$gcr dmJUyH$ o_iV Ag{ oV¿`mer `mMr VwcZm hm{B©c H$m ? AmZßXamd AWm©V≤ [me]’ ÒdX{emo^_mZr hr ZmoQ>H$m oQ>iH$mßZt VrW©Í$[ dm_ZamdmßZm A[©U H{$c{cr Amh{. (Ò_•oVoMÃ|-^mJ 1, [•. 55) H$XmoMV≤ `m A[©Um_mJ| C[am{YmMroh Wm{S>r\$ma _mÃm Agyß eH{$c. H$maU dm_ZamdmßZr oQ>iH$mßH$Sy>Z 40 È[`{ Z{c{ AmoU À`m_wi| Amc{Î`m [mh˛UMmam¿`m AdYtV oQ>iH$mßZt hr ZmoQ>H$m ocohc{cr hm{Vr. oQ>iH$ X{dXŒmmßZm ocohVmVó"I know a particular man who rarely spoke of his own departed father and if he occasionally alluded to him, it was to illustrate how a generation ago it was thought below the dignity of a man that he should show himself attached && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 687$&&

to his own wife or to his own offspring. He had as a child reason to dislike his father, may even to feel hatted towards him which hatred duty and any goodness in the fellow had softened into a sort of indifference which almost reached oblivion. But the man became a Christian afterwards and began to grow in the grace and wisdom that comes from Christ. One morning he was thinking of his own son and wondered how he the son of a hardhearted man loved his son so much.....The man at once remembered how once he was very dangerously ill and how when his father realized his state, approached his pillow, caressed him, and wept. Only once in all his life time the man had found his father weeping, only once near his pillow only once carressing him, but that did not move him at all then. Now after nearly a generation with Jesus, he knew the meaning of those tears shed only once on his account, and found out that they were far much more worth than the tears of his father if he were to shed them a thousand times. The father of the man died when he was young and now when he is almost as old as him, he loves him and cries for him and feels full of appreciation of him

(4 IV 1916) (_cm EH$ _ZwÓ` MmßJcm _mhrV Amh{. hm Am[Î`m oXdßJV o[À`mMr AmR>dU Aer H$Yt H$mT>rV Zg{. H$Yt À`mMm CÎc{I H{$cmM Va _mJÎ`m o[T>tVÎ`m [wÈfmcm ]m`H$m{_wcmß]‘c ‡{_ XmIodU| H$g| H$_r[UmM| dmQ>{ h| XmIod `m[waVmM H$ar. ]mc[Um[mgyZ `m _mUgmcm Am[Î`m ]m[m]‘c ZmdS>. ZÏh| ¤{f^mdZm, ]miJm`cm H$maUoh hm{V|. _mÃ À`m_Yrc Wm{S>r\$ma H$V©Ï`]wo’ d gm°O›` `mß_wi| À`m ¤f^mdZ{Mr [naUoV EH$ VËh{¿`m CXmgrZV|V qH$dm odÒ_•Vr_‹`|M Pmc{cr hm{Vr. hm _mUyg [wT>| oºÒVr Pmcm. oºÒVmH$Sy>Z ‡mﬂV hm{UmË`m H•$[{V AmoU gwkV|V À`mMr dmT> hm{Dß$ cmJcr. EH$Xm gH$mir ÒdVï¿`m _wcmodf`t odMma H$arV AgVmßZm À`mM| À`mcm Zdc dmQy>ß cmJc| H$s® BV∑`m H$R>m{aˆX`r ]m[mMm _wcJm _r, AmoU _mPr _m¬`m _wcmda BVH$s _m`m H$er ? ... AmoU À`mcm EH$mEH$s AmR>dU Pmcr. ]mi[Ut Vm{ EH$Xm AoVe` AmOmar H$gm [S>cm hm{Vm; AmoU À`m AdÒW{Mr OmUrd hm{VmßM À`mMm ]m[ H$gm CRy>Z À`m¿`m AßWÍ$UmOdi Amcm. À`mcm Hw$admßiyZ Vm{ H$gm Alwod_m{MZ H$Íß$ cmJcm. h| gma{ À`mcm AmR>dc|. Am[cm ]m[ Alw T>mirV Amh{, Am[Î`m BVH$m oZH$Q> Amcm Amh{, Am[Î`mcm Hw$admirV Amh{, h| À`m _ZwÓ`mZ| C‰`m Am`wÓ`mßV EH$XmM H$m` V| && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 688$&&

[mohc{c|. [U À`m d{it À`mcm À`mM| H$mßhtM dmQ>c| Zmht. _mÃ AmO oºÒVm¿`m gmp›Z‹`mßV OdiOdi EH$ o[T>r cm{Q>Î`mda Am[Î`mgmR>t \$∫$ EH$Xm dmohc{Î`m À`m AlyßMm AW© À`mcm C_JV Amh{. ]m[ Oa hOma ]ma aS>Umam AgVm, Var À`m gmË`m Alyß[{jmß `m AlyßM{ _m{c oH$VrVar AoYH$ Amh{ h| À`mcm OmUdV Amh{. À`m _ZwÓ`mMm ]m[ À`m¿`m VÈU[UtM _aU [mdcm. [U AmO OdiOdi À`m¿`m d`mMm PmÎ`mZßVa À`mcm hr OmUrd hm{V Amh{. ‡{_mMm C_mim `{V Amh{, Alw XmQ>V Amh{V, AmoU ]m[modf`t¿`m H•$VkV{Z| À`mM| _Z ^Í$Z `{V Amh{.) _wi{ am.]. odZm`H$ H$mH$mOr * a{. Zmam`U dm_Z oQ>iH$ `mßM{ H$mßht H$mi Ah_XZJa `{W| dmÒVÏ` hm{V|. À`mßM{ gw[ßwÃ X{dXŒm `mßMr odZm`H$ H$mH$mOr _wi{ `mßMr [ohÎ`m[mgyZ _°Ãr. odZm`H$amd `mßMm O›_ _mK d. 12 eH{$ 1813 am{OrMm. doS>cmßM{ V{ EH$_{d [wÃ. KaMr Jna]r AgÎ`mZ| odZm`H$amdmßZt _hm]i{úat amhˇZ Jm{Ë`m BßJ´O AoYH$mË`mßZm gßÒH•$V d _amR>r oeH$dyZ À`m ÒdH$_mB©da B.A.,LL.B. [`™V oejU [yU© H{$c|. ZJa `{W| doH$cr Ï`dgm` gwÍ$ H$Í$Z oXdmUr d \$m°OXmarIQ>Î`mßV [maßJV dH$sc ÂhUyZ Zmßd H$_odc|. Xwga| _hm`w’mM{ d{it gaH$mar amÔ≠>r` `w’ AmKmS>rM{ g{H{´$Q>ar ÂhUyZ oH$À`{H$ df~ H$m_ [mohc|. Ah_XZJa ZJa[mocH{$M{ V{ ]arM df} g^mgX hm{V{. d H$mht H$mi V{ oejU[ßS>rV hm{V|. ]mcgwYma J•h, a{S> H´$m∞g AmoX AZ{H$ gm_moOH$ H$m`m©Vrc À`mßM{ H$m_oJar]‘c gaH$maZ| À`mßZm ‡W_ amdgmh{] d ZßVa amd]hmXwa Ag{ oH$Vm] X{D$Z À`mßMm Jm°ad H{$cm. oS>pÒQ≠>∑Q> JÏhZ©_|Q> ﬂcrS>a d [p„cH$ ‡m∞og∑`yQ>a ÂhUyZoh À`mßZt VrZ df} H$m_ [mohc|. X{dXŒmamd oQ>iH$ Oar [wT>{ ZmoeH$cm ÒWmo`H$ Pmc{ Var AS>rAS>MUtM{ ‡gßJt À`mßMr d odZm`H$amd _wi{ `mßMr gÑm_gcV hm{V Ag{. odZm`H$amd _wi{ Vm. 1.4.1970 am{Ot Ah_XZJa `{W| H$mcde Pmc{. ó_mYd odZm`H$ _wi

`m{J{ldamZßXVrW© Òdm_r (1868-1961) Òdm_r `m{J{úamZßXVrW© `mßM| [ydm©l_rM| Zmßd Õ`ß]H$ ^mÒH$a Ia{, `mßMm O›_ aÀZmoJar oOÎ¯mßVrc JwhmJa Jmßdt 1868 gmct Pmcm. Ia{ KamU| AÀ`ßV H$_©R> d AmMmagß[›Z hm{V|. ¯m_wi| Ymo_©H$ odoY, X{dVmM©Z, Ymo_©H$ J´ßWmßM| dmMZ BÀ`moX gßÒH$ma À`mß¿`mda ]mc[UtM Pmc{. Õ`ß]H$emÒÃtM{ dS>rc o^dßS>rg dH$sc hm{V{. À`mß¿`mH$S>{ AZ{H$ gÀ[wÈf `{V AgV. * Ò_•oVoMÃ| - ^mJ 3 && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 689$&&

À`mß¿`m ghdmgm_wi| Õ`ß]H$emÒÃt¿`m _yi¿`m AmMmaoZÔ> d A‹`mpÀ_H$ d•Œmrg CŒm{OZ o_imc| d JmdmßV Om{ H$m{Ur `m{Jr `{B©c À`mßMr ^{Q> K{D$Z d À`m¿`m ghdmgmßV amhˇZ Am[cr Am‹`mpÀ_H$ ‡JoV H$amd`mMr hm À`mßMm C[H´$_ gwÍ$ Pmcm. ¯m_wi| À`mßZm gßV _mYdZmW _hmamO, Jwcm]amd _hmamO, lr Jm|Xdc{H$a _hmamO, a_U _hof©, `m{Jr AaqdX BÀ`moX AZ{H$ gßV_hmÀÂ`mßM{ gmp›Z‹` cm^c|. d`m¿`m 17Ï`m dfv doS>cmß¿`m _•À`y_wi| gßgmamMr O]m]Xmar `mß¿`mda [S>cr. À`m_wi| gd© Hw$Qw>ß] [Zd{c `{W| gm{Sy>Z V{ oejUmgmR>t [w `mg J{c{ d 1891 _‹`| _∞oQ≠>H$ [arjm CŒmrU© Pmc{. [w `mg V{ amÔ≠>r` MiditV e∑` V{dT>m ^mJ K{V AgÎ`m_wi| À`mß¿`m hmcMmcrda JwﬂV [m{ocgmßMr ZOa Ag{. 1892 _‹`| V{ _wß]B©g Amc{. V{W| À`mßZr VrZ df~ Zm{H$ar H{$cr. V{W| dO´{Ìdar `{W| AZwÓR>mZ H$arV AgVmß EH$m d•’ J•hÒWmZ| À`mßZm [ßT>a[wacm Om `mg gmßoJVc|. [ßT>a[wamg 1897 * _‹`| _m{\$V BßJO ´ r emi|V gw[naQ>S| >Q| > ÂhUyZ V{ Í$Oy Pmc{. À`m d{it a{. Zm.dm.oQ>iH$ `mßZm [aV qhXwY_m™V ø`md| ÂhUyZ Õ`ß]H$emÒÃtZt ]arM IQ>[Q> H{$cr. [aßVw VtV `e Amc| Zmht. (Ò_•oVoMÃ|-^mJ 2) Õ`ß]H$emÒÃr Ia{ `mßZr _wcmßZm Ï`m[mar oejU ⁄md| Ag| [ßT>aro_Ã d•Œm[ÃmßVyZ AmJ´hmZ| ‡oV[mXZ H{$b|. V{Ïhmß gm{bm[ya¿`m Ï`m[mar _ßS>irZ| Aem ‡H$maMr emim H$moT>br d À`m emi{M{ _wª`m‹`m[H$ ÂhUyZ À`mßMr Z{_UyH$ H{$br. gm{bm[yabm À`mßMm _w∏$m_ gmV df~ hm{Vm. V{W| À`mßZm odOm[yaM{ ^mD$_hmamO C_arH$a `mß¿`m ghdmgmßV ‡H$me-gmjmÀH$ma Pmbm. [wT>| _wß]B©g `{D$Z À`mZt Xmda H$m∞b{O Am∞\$ H$m∞_g© _‹`| Zmßd KmbyZ Xm{Z dfm™V gßÒW|¿`m gd© [arjm oXÎ`m. À`mM dfv Agm{oeEQ>{S> AH$mCßQ>g≤ `m gßÒW{Z| À`mßZm Am∞oS>Q>g© [Xdr oXbr. À`mM dfv À`mßZt Ia{ AmoU Hß$[Zr Am∞oS>Q>g© Aer gßÒWm ÒWm[Z H{$br. 1922 V À`mß¿`m [ÀZtM| oZYZ Pmb|. 1925 V{ 40 `m H$mimßV. BßXyaM{ _mYdZmW _hmamO `mß¿`met À`mßMm g]ßY Ambm. h{M Ia{emÛrM{ `m{JJwÈ. 1943 _‹`| ^maVr H•$ÓUVrW© `mßZt À`mßZm ¤maH$m[rR>mM{ eßH$amMm`© [XmH$naVmß gß›`mg K{ `mgmR>t ]m{bmodb| d gß›`mgJ´hUmZßVa ^yO `{W| À`mßZm ¤maH$m[rR>mM{ eßH$amMm`© ÂhUyZ Ao^f{H$ H$a `mßV Ambm. `m [rR>mßVrb H$m{Q>m™V Mmby Agb{Î`m ^mßS>Um_wi| `mßZr eßH$amMm`©[XmMm À`mJ H{$bm. [wT>| [war¿`m Jm{dY©Z[rR>mM{ eßH$amMm`© ÂhUyZ À`mßZm Ao^f{H$ H$a `mßV Ambm. 1961 V À`mM| oZdm©U Pmb{. AßÀ`odoY ZmJ[wamg Pmbm. XhZ H$a `mßV *gZmß¿`m ]m]VrV MyH$ PmÎ`mM{ oXgV{. oQ>iH$mßZm ‡m`o¸V X{ `mMm ‡`ÀZ 1895 gmcr Pmcm. && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 690$&&

Amb|. Òdm_rM{ "_ßÃemÛ' d "[aH$m`m‡d{e' h{ Xm{Z J´ßW ‡og’ AgyZ AZ{H$ am{OoZem d [wÒVH|$ A‡H$moeV Amh{V. ñ eßH$a Jm{qdX M≈>{

aßJw]mB© bm{hmarU aßJamd ]ßS>{b gmßJVmVó""\$Ω`w©gZ J{Q>bm JwÈOt¿`m KamOdi EH$ bm{hmarU ahmV Ag{. Vr _m{R>r H$amar ]mB© hm{Vr. oVMm Zdam dmabm hm{Vm Var Vr gd© bm{hmaH$m_ hmVmZ| H$am`Mr. H$m{UmH$S>{ oVZ| Vm|S> d|JmS>b{b| Zmht. oQ>iH$mßZm oV¿`m `m ]m `mM| H$m°VwH$ dmQ>{. À`mß¿`mH$S>{ H$Yt H$m{Ur odYdm ]m`m `{D$Z Am[b| X°›` gmßJyß bmJÎ`m Va V{ ÂhUV,""R>rH$ Amh{ AmVmß AmbßV Va _m¬`mH$S>{ O{dyZ Om, [U À`m g_m{a¿`m bm{hmarU ]mB©H$S>{ Oam ]Jm. oV¿`mH$Sy>Z H$mßht oeH$m.'' ^mbMß– em. _m{S>H$ gmßJVmVñ""ZJamg \$Ω`w©gZ J{Q>bm oQ>iH$mß¿`m KamOdi EH$ bm{hmarU ahmV Ag{. oVM| V{W|M bm{hmaH$m_mM| XwH$mZ hm{V|. Vr oQ>iH$mßZm ^mD$ ÂhU{. oXdmir¿`m oXdgmßV oQ>iH$ Kat `{V hm{V{. À`mß¿`m oIemßVM gmam [Jma hm{Vm. bm{hmarU ÂhUmbr,""^mD$, ]ohUrbm H$mßht oXdmirMr Am{dmiUr Va Iar?'' oQ>iH$mßZt MQ>H$Z Am[bm gmam [JmaM oV¿`m hmVt X{D$Z Q>mH$bm.'' X{dXŒm `mda obohVmVñ""aßJy]mB© bm{hmarU ohZ| oQ>iH$mßH$Sy>Z Aem arVrZ| [°gm H$mT>bm Ag{b h| e∑` Zmht. H$XmoMV≤ b˙_r]mB™ZtM oVbm h| H$m_ gmßoJVb| Ag{b d oVZ| gma{¿`m gma{ [°g{ b˙_r]mB™H$S>{ oXb{ AgVrb.''

amZS>{ dm_Z ]miH•$ÓU (1854-1899)* ZmeH$mg [ßMdQ>tV ]miH•$ÓUemÛr amZS>{ ÂhUyZ od¤mZ emÛr hm{V{. À`mßM{ dm_Zamd h{ oMaßOrd. `mßMm O›_ 1854 _‹`| Pmbm. Ka¿`m Jna]r_wi| À`mßZm emi|Vrb A‰`mgH´$_ [wam H$aVmß Ambm Zmht. Var gßÒH•$V hr KaMrM od⁄m AgÎ`mZ{ oVM| kmZ À`mßZm MmßJb| Pmb| hm{V|. d`m¿`m 14Ï`m dfvM V{ dV©_mZ[ÃmßV b{I obhßˇ bmJb{. ‡W_ BßXw‡H$meM{ ]mV_rXma ÂhUyZ V{ [Ã| [mR>drV; Vg|M od⁄moW©Xe|VM V{ ZmogH$d•ŒmmM{oh gß[mXH$ Pmb{. 1879 _‹`{ V{ bm{H$ohVdmXr ÂhUyZ ‡og’ Agb{Î`m Jm{[miamd X{e_wImßOdi amohb{. bm{H$ohVdmXr `mß¿`m J´ßWmßMt oQ>[U| `mß¿`m hmVmMtM AgV. À`mM H$mimßV R>mU| `{Wrb ohXw[ßMmM| gß[mXH$Àdoh À`mß¿`mH$S>{ Amb{. V| À`mß¿`m _•À`y[`™V À`mß¿`mH$S>{M hm{V|. * Ò_•oVoMÃ| - ^mJ 1 && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 691$&&

gy`m}X`oh À`mßZt ]a{M oXdg Mmbodbm. am.].X{e_wI `mßM|H$S>rb H$m_ gß[Î`mda 1884 [mgyZ À`mßZr kmZMjyM{ gß[mXH$Àd [ÀH$nab| d 1899 _‹`| V{ ﬂb{JZ| dmab{ À`m d{itoh V{ kmZMjyM{ gß[mXH$ hm{V|M. qhXw[ßMmßVrb H$mßht ‡H$maU| \$ma _Zm{a_ Amh{V. VetM kmZMjyßV VÀH$mbrZ [wÈfmßMr À`mßZt obohb{br MnaÃ_mbmoh \$ma bm{H$o‡` Pmbr hm{Vr. V{ amÔ≠>r` g^{M| _m{R>{ ^∫$ AgyZ Vr dmar V{ MwH$drV ZgV. g_mOgwYmaUmdmXr gßKmZ| V`ma H{$b{Î`m ‡oVkm[ÃH$mßV dm_ZamdmßMr ghr [mßMdr oXgV{. bm{. oQ>iH$mßMroh ghr ¯m [ÃH$mda Amh{. odZm{Xr d _Zo_imdy Òd^mdm_wi| À`mßMm o_Ã[nadma \$ma _m{R>m hm{Vm. a{. Zmam`Uamd oQ>iH$ h{ À`mßM| [ohÎ`m[mgyZ o_Ã hm{V| d ZßVa À`mßMr _m_{]hrU (MwbVrMr ^mMr) oXÎ`mZ| ¯m Hw$Qw>ß]met À`mßMm oZH$Q> gß]ßY hm{Vm. dm_Zamd h{ _m{R>{ _mo_©H$ d gßJ´hr AgV. b{I, oQ>[U|, H$odVm, \$m{Q>m{, [wÒVH|$ dJ°a|Mm À`mßMm gßJ´h À`mß¿`m o_Ã_ßS>itV _m{R>m H$m°VwH$mMm odf` Ag{. óeaÉß– dm_Z amZS>{

am_^mD$ (am_Mß– ]m[yamd Y_m©oYH$mar) am_^mD$H$mH$m _yiM{ ]meuH$S>M{. V{ oQ>iH$mß¿`m Kat H$g{ Amb{ `mMr _mohVr _bm o_imbr Zmht. X{dXŒm obohVmV ""¯m _mUgmZ| oQ>iH$mß¿`m e{dQ>Î`m AmOmamßV À`mßMr Or g{dm H{$br Vr _r H$Yr odgaUma Zmht... amÃ amÃ Vm{ OmJ{...AmB© gmaIr Odi Ag{. [U Vr AoVe` WH$br hm{Vr. OdiOdi AmOmarM hm{Vr. am_^mD$Z| EIm⁄m AmB©‡_mU| oQ>iH$mßMr H{$b{br g{dm _t [mohbr. Vr _m¬`m Ò_aUmßVyZ OmUma Zmht. am_^mD$Z| oQ>iH$mßM|M BVH|$ H{$b| EdT>|M ZÏh{ Va oQ>iH$ d b˙_r]mB© ¡`mM| H$arV À`mßM|oh Vm{ H$Íß$ bmJ{...KamßV AJXt Ka¿`mgmaIm dmJ{. od⁄m ]{VmMrM Agmdr. [U C[X{e N>mZ H$ar. odZm{Xr hm{Vm. [U ]T>mB©Im{a d b]mS> \$ma. À`m_wi|ß H$m{R>|oh H$m_mbm oQ>H$V Zg{ d MwH$bm \$H$sa _erXtV gmß[S>m`Mm Vgm H$m_ J{b| H$s® Am_¿`mH$S>{ `{D$Z _w∏$m_ R>m{H$m`mM... ^mÒH$aamd COJa{, _r d R>m|]a{ dJ°a|Zt À`m¿`m ZmßdmßM| Y_©o^H$mar d Y_©oY∏$mar Ag| odS>ß]Z H{$b| hm{V| d À`mß[°H$s® EImX| Zmßd AmÂhr dm[arV hm{Vm|.'' _m¬`m _mohVr‡_mU| [wT>| am_^mD$H$mH$m H$mßht oXdg S>m∞.lr.Ï`ß.H{$VH$amßH$S>{ hm{V|. kmZH$m{em¿`m ‡Vr I[od `mßV am_^mD$H$mH$mßMmoh ImarMm dmßQ>m Amh{.

am_^mD$ ggmU{* H$mimHw$≈> IS>]S>rV _mUyg. [U [[mßZm AmdS>m`Mm. Vm{ H$odVm H$ar ÂhUyZ H$s® H$m` gmßJVmß `{V Zmht. Vm{ oºÒVr hm{Vm Var _mßJdmS>ÁmßV ahmV Ag{. EH$ oXdg ggmU{ Am[br EH$ H$odVm K{D$Z Amb{. ]h˛V{H$ M|Ô>m ÂhUyZ H$m{UtVar _mßJ hm _ham[{jm ZrM * Ò_•oVoMÃ| - ^mJ 3 && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 692$&&

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b˙_rVZ`m (gm°.Aß]yVmB© C\©$ gÀ`^m_m]mB© oOdmOramd [Q>dY©Z) [ßT>a[wamg gImam_[ßV oQ>iH$mßM| o]ËhmS> gm°. Aß]yVmB© oOdmOramd [Q>dY©Z `mß¿`m dmS>ÁmßV hm{V|. XŒmy¿`m oejUmgmR>t ÂhUyZ b˙_r]mB© oQ>iH$ gImam_^mdm{Ot¿`m Kat `{D$Z amohÎ`m V{Ïhmß gm°. Aß]yVmB© [Q>dY©Z `mßMr d À`mßMr _°Ãr O_yZ Ambr. oQ>iH$ À`mßZm ›`m`bm Amb{ V{Ïhmß (Ò_•oVoMÃ|-^mJ 2, [•.43-45) gm°. Aß]yVmB™Zt b˙_r]mB™Zm AmJ´hmZ| gmßoJVb| H$s® À`mßZt [Vrgh Omd| AmoU [VrMm Y_© ÒdrH$mamdm. Vg| H$a `mg oQ>iH$ Hw$Qw>ßo]`mßMm odam{Y hm{Vm. gm°. Aß]yVmB© ÒdVï H$do`Ãr hm{À`m. À`m H$mit oÛ`mßM{ ZmßdmZ| À`mßM{ [VrM b{IZ H$arV AgV. AmoU hr Jm{Ô> gd©lwV hm{Vr. EH$Xm ""H$aß¡`mßVrb _m{XH$'' `m erf©H$mImbr EH$ gwßXa H$odVm ‡og’ Pmbr. Vr H$odVm b˙_r]mB© `m ZmßdmZ| ‡og’ Pmbr hm{Vr. Vr b˙_r]mB© oQ>iH$mßMr Agmdr `m g_OwVrZ| gm°.Aß]yVmB© [Q>dY©ZmßZt [wT>rb Am`m© H$Í$Z b˙_r]mB™H$S>{ [mR>dyZ oXbr, d ‡og’oh H{$br. Vr Am`m© Aeró _m{XH$ ]h˛ Jm{S> Ag{ AmH$maoh gw]H$ gmYbm ]mB© $& Vd ^À`m©M| À`mbm gm¯ Zg{ H$m H$Yt _bm VmB© $&& AWm©V hr Am`m© gm°. Aß]yVmB™M{ [oV oOdmOramd [Q>dY©ZmßZtM obhˇZ oXbr hm{Vr h| gmßJU| ZbJ{.ó X`mZßX oOdmOramd [Q>dY©Z

qb]mOr ]m{ÈS>{ oQ>iH$mßM{ EH$ oZH$Q>dVu d "Xa]mar'. h{ AßY hm{V{. H$od, Jm`H$ d gßJrVoejH$ && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 693$&&

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gßV ]idßV `edßV C\©$ H$mH$m* H$mH$m _yiM{ gm{bm[yaH$S>b{. 1904¿`m gw_mamg h{ OmbZm `{W| [ßoS>V (`wam{o[`ZmßM{ _amR>r oejH$) hm{V{. [wT>| H$mßht H$mi V{ EH$m A±Ωbm{ÏhaZ∞∑`wba emi{M{ h{S>_mÒVa hm{V{. V{ AÀ`ßV ohe{]r, Ï`dhmar AmoU [°emßZm d H$[S>ÁmßZm O[Uma{ J•hÒW hm{V{. X{ZmoQ> gmßJVmV,""H$mH$m oºÒVr Pmb{ V{Ïhmß À`mß¿`m]am{]a EH$ ]mB©oh oºÒVr PmÎ`m. À`m _m{R>Ám CÉ Hw$imßVÎ`m hm{À`m. [U [wT>| À`m Xm{KmßMm oddmh hm{Dß$ eH$bm Zmht. H$mH$m oºÒVr Pmb{ Var À`mßMm OmÀ`o^_mZ H$m`_ hm{Vm. À`mßZr bæ H{$b| V| dYw [yd©OmVrMr CÉHw$brZ _amR>m hm{Vr `mMr ImÃr H$Í$Z K{D$ZM.'' gßVH$mH$mßMt Xm{Z _wb| ^mÒH$a d _Zm{a_m _bm AmR>dVmV. _ZwVmB© ZmJ[wamg ]Ë`mM oeH$Î`m. [U À`m bm°H$aM dmaÎ`m. ^mÒH$aamdmßZm Hß$[m¢S>aM| H$m_ oeH$dyZ X{ZmoQ> Zt À`mßg ZmoeH$bm OZmdamß¿`m XdmIm›`mßV Zm{H$arda K{Vb| hm{V|.

gmR>{ am.gm. odZm`H$amd am.gm.gmR>{ H$od hm{ V { . À`mß ¿ `m H$odVm H$od goÉXmZß X `m Zmß d mZ| ododYkmZodÒVmamßV `{V AgV. X{ZmoQ> obohVmVó""amdgmh{] ÂhUO{ o[R>m¿`m oJaUrgmaIr H$mÏ`mMr oJaUr hm{Vr. dmç`met gß]ßY Z `{UmË`m H$m{UÀ`mVar gaH$mar ImÀ`mßV V{ H$mßhtVar hm{V{. [{›eZ K{VÎ`mZßVa V{ ZJamg ÒWmo`H$ Pmb{. H$mÏ`mM{ V{ _m{R>{ em°oH$Z hm{V{. ode{fVï À`mßZm [[mß¿`m H$odVm \$ma AmdS>V. À`mß¿`m ghdmgmZ| V{M _J H$odVm H$Íß$ bmJb{,""Aa{ Ambm H$dr Ambm [im [im'' Aer pÒWoV hm{B©. EH$m [maem¿`m XwH$mZmßV oeÍ$Zoh À`mßZm H$odVm JmVmßZm _t E{H$b| Amh{. Xwga| ""]m[mM{ Alw'' h| H$mÏ` À`mß¿`mM oMÃH$ma _wbm¿`m _•À`yZßVa [[mßZt obohb|.''

gmid{ S>m∞. lr[Vamd S>m∞. ]∞bßQ>mB©Z h{ E_.S>r. hm{V{. EH$m{oUgmÏ`m eVH$m¿`m CŒmamYm©V [m¸mÀ` d°⁄H$s` oejU X{ `mMr BH$S>{ gm{` ZÏhVr. À`m d{it S>m∞. ]∞bßQ>mBZ ¯mßZt C_amd ohdmi{, lr[Vamd * Ò_•oVoMÃ| - ^mJ 2 && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 694$&&

gmid{ AmUIr EH$ Aem oVKmßZm S>m∞∑Q>a ]Zodb|. lr[Vamd gmiÏ`mßZm amh˛ar `m XdmIm›`mßV Z{_b|. _wª` S>m∞∑Q>a ]∞b|Q>mBZ. [U À`mßM| gma| bj e{VH$s®V Ag{. V{Ïhmß oS>Ò[{›garM| gma| H$m_ lr[Vamdmßda [S>{. À`mß¿`mda [[mßMm d AmB©Mm \$ma odúmg hm{Vm. 1901 gmbt ]{]rbm ﬂb{J Pmbm V{Ïhmß _bm amh˛arg lr[VramdmßM{ Kat R>{d `mM{ R>ab{ d VrZ _ohZ{ _r À`mß¿`m Kat hm{Vm|. ó X{.Zm.oQ>iH$

hmd} o_g≤ am{Pmbr C\©$ AmB© * PZmZm ]m`]b A∞›S> _{oS>H$b o_eZ (ZBMM) ¿`m o_eZar ÂhUyZ ZmerH$ ‡mßVmV ""AmB™'' Zt AY©eVH$mhˇZ AoYH$ H$mi g{dm H{$br. 1932 V d`m¿`m 81Ï`m dfu À`mßZt ZmeH$mßVM X{h R>{odbm. 1896 ¿`m XwÓH$mimßV A_m[ bm{H$g{dm [wT>| ZmeH$mßVrb ""]mb[ya'' (hmd} ]{]rO hm{_) h| AZmWA^©H$mb`, Hw$>am{Ω`mßgmR>t C[MmaH|$– d dgoVJ•h, À`mß¿`m oZam{Jr _wbtgmR>r [m{bdW© hm{_, OZmdamßMm XdmImZm, AZ{H$ emim d gßÒWm Aem À`mß¿`m ]h˛odY [am{[H$mamß_wi| ZmerH$ [nagamßV o_g≤ hmd} ""AmB©'' `m ZmßdmZ|M Am{iIÎ`m OmV. `mßMm oQ>iH$mßMm ÒZ{h gw_ma| 1896-97 [mgyZMm. Obmb[wamg oQ>iH$mß]am{]a b˙_r]mB™Zm ^{Q>m`bm Amb{br _S>_ (Ò_•oVoMÃ|-2, [•. 31-32) ÂhUO{ `m hmd} AmB©M. oQ>iH$mß¿`m oZYZmZßVa X{dXŒm ZmeH$mg ÒWmo`H$ PmÎ`mda ""AmB©'' ¿`m ‡`ÀZmßZtM À`mßZm Â`woZog[mobQ>r, bm{H$b ]m{S>©, ÒHy$b ]m{S>©, Ïh{Q>naZar hm∞pÒ[Q>b Aet AZ{H$ g{dmj{Ã| C[b„Y Pmbt. X{dXŒm obohVmVó gÀ‡{__yoV© ‡^wMr OUw XyoVH$m hr J{br Var dgVg{ ˆX`mßVathr ]mi| ÒdH$s` J_Vr ohO J{qhJ{ht hrbmM `m{Ω` Ao^YmZ OJmßV ""AmB©''

ohdmi{ a{. AmZßXamd (1878-1922) _hmamÔ≠r` oºÒVr g_mOmßVb{ EH$ AÀ`ßV H$iH$irM{ d VS>\$Xma g_mOg{dH$. bhmZ[Ut [napÒWoV hbmIrMr. Amaß^rMt OdiOdi Xhm df~ oZÏdi Jwa| amI `mßV d * Ò_•oVoMÃ| - ^mJ 4 && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 695$&&

CZmS>∑`m H$a `mßV Kmbodbt.[U [wT>| h≈> YÍ$Z emi|V ‡d{e. dS>mi|, amh˛ar, Ah_XZJa o_eZemimßVyZ _amR>r 6dr [`™V oejU. ZJamßVrb o_eZatMt H$m_| d H$m`©[’oV [mhˇZ B©fm©; A_{naH|$V OmD$Z `m{Ω`Vm o_idm`Mr AmoU ÒdX{et `{D$Z g{dm H$am`Mr Agm oZYm©a. emim PmS>U{, ]mJ{bm [mUr KmbU| dJ°a{ H$m_| H$Í$Z ^m`I˘`m¿`m o_eZ hm`ÒHy$bM| oejU [wa| H{$b|. `{W| AgVmßZm oQ>iH$mßMr [ohbr ^{Q> (Ò_•oVoMÃ|-^mJ 2, [•.1). A_{naH|$Vrb A‰`mgmMr [yd©V`mar ÂhUyZ Ah_XZJa¿`m B©úaod⁄m-[nakmZ emi|V Mma df} A‹``Z. Xa dfm™V ghm _ohZ{ _wß]B©g amhˇZ o_iVrb Vt H$m_| H$Í$Z A_{naH$m`mÃ{gmR>t –Ï`gßM`. 1901¿`m XwÓH$mimßV [roS>Vmß¿`m gm¯mgmR>t oOdmM| amZ H{$b|. Xmam{Xma o\$Í$Z VrZ hOma Í$[`{ O_dyZ o‡p›g[m∞b ¯z_ `mßOH$S>{ AmUyZ oXb{. hr VS>\$ [mhˇZ ¯z_Zt `mßZm bhmZghmZ H$m±Q≠>m∑Q>| ⁄m`bm gwÈdmV H{$br. À`m]am{]a ew^d•Œm‡gmamM| AmdS>V| H$m_ ÒdVßÃ[U| Mmbodb|. ﬂb{Jam{Ω`mßMr g{dm H$aVmßZm EH$Xm ÒdVïM ﬂb{J¿`m O]S>ÁmßV gmß[S>b{ hm{V{. Mma df~ I[yZ O_odb{br [wßOr, H$mßht o_eZar o_ÃmßMr AÎ[ÒdÎ[ _XV d ]ßYw S>m∞. C_amd `mßZt oXb{br Wm{S>r\$ma a∏$_ `m AmYmamda AmZßXamd A_{naH{$bm oZKmb{. H$·mZmMr ^{Q> K{D$Z À`mßZt ]m{Q>rdaoh H$mßht H$m_ o_iodb|M. A_{naH{$V ]|Jma g{o_ZatV ]r.S>r.Mm A‰`mgH´$_ [yU© H{$bm. V{ J´∞¡`wEQ> ZgÎ`mZ| oS>J´r o_i{Zm. ÂhUyZ AmUIr Xm{Z df~ V{W|M amhˇZ ]r.E.d ]r.S>r. Xm{›hr [XÏ`m gß[mXZ H$Í$Z _m`X{et [aVb{. gmVmam `{W| H$mßht oXdg o_eZar ÂhUyZ H$m_ H{$b|. oedm` I{S>Ám[mS>Ámß_YyZ ew^d•Œm‡gmamgmR>t \{$Ë`m Mmby R>{odÎ`m. oeÈa ‡mßVmßV ]Xbr PmÎ`mda gmV AZmW _wbmßZm Am[Î`m KamßV Aml` X{D$Z ZdrZ g{dmH$m`m©g gwÈdmV H{$br. À`mgmR>t ÒWmoZH$ d _wß]B©H$a YoZH$mßH$Sy>Z X{UΩ`m o_iodÎ`m. (‡og’ Jmo`H$m Jm{haOmZ `mßOH$Sy>Zoh È. 1000 o_imb{) ]meubm ]XbyZ OmVmßZm ]am{]a 300 AZmW _wbmßM{ ""Hw$Qw>ß]''oh Z{b|. ]meu Â`woZog[mobQ>rM{ A‹`j[X o_imb|. H$ma^mamßV AZ{H$ gwYmaUm H{$Î`m. 1921V O›_Jmßdt ZJabm ]Xbr _mJyZ K{Vbr. 500 _wbm_wbtM{ ""Hw$Qw>ß]'' ZJamg ÒWmo`H$ H{$b|. `m H$m_t o_eZM| gm¯ ZÏhV|. aVZ Q>mQ>m `mßMr X._.2000 È. H$m`_ _XV o_iodbr. AZ{H$ o^ﬁY_u YoZH$ ohVqMVH$mßH$Sy>Z –Ï`ghmÊ` o_iodb|. 28 \{$]´wdmar 1922 am{Ot ZJa `{W| oZYZ. [ÀZr lr_Vr VmB©]mB© `mßZt 500 OUmßM| Hw$Qw>ß] gmß^mi `mgmR>B™ AmQ>m{H$mQ> ‡`ÀZ H{$b{. Am[b| gd© H$mßht À`mßV XdS>b|. [U && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 696$&&

À`mßZm `e Amb| Zmht (H$mßhr g_H$mobZmß¿`m _V| "o_eZË`mßZt À`mßZm `e o_iyß oXb| Zmht.) (XeaW od«>b H$X_ `mßZt obohb{b| MnaÃ d qMVm_U a{dOr Jm`H$dmS> (YmH$Q>m qMVy) `mßZt gmßoJVb{br hH$sJV `mß¿`m AmYma|)

¯z_ a{ ES>dS>© g∞H{$Q> (1848-1908) 1840 V{ 1951 `m EH$e| AH$am dfm™V ¯z_ Kam `m¿`m VrZ o[T>ÁmßZr o_eZar ÂhUyZ _hmamÔ≠>mMr g{dm ]Omdcr. S>m∞. am∞]Q>©, ES>dS>© d o_g gmam `m ^mdßS>mMr o[T>r Xwgar. a{. B©.Eg. ¯z_ C\©$ YmH$Q>{ ¯z_gmh{] ^m`Iim `{Wrc o_eZ hm`ÒHy$c_‹`| o‡p›g[m∞c hm{V{. (`m hm`ÒHy$ccm [wT>| À`mßM|M Zmßd X{ `mV Amc|). `mßMm O›_ _wß]B©Mm. oejU _mÃ A_{naH|$V `{c `woZÏhog©Q>tV d hmQ>©\$S>© g{o_Zar_‹`{ Pmc|. V{WyZ V{ qhXwÒVmZmßV g[pÀZH$ Amc{. Ah_XZJamg df©^a amhˇZ C^`VmßZr _amR>r ^mf{Mm A‰`mg H{$cm. 2 \{$]´wdmar 1871 am{Ot À`mßZt o_eZ emi{Mr (AmVmßM{ ¯z_ hm`ÒHy$c) ÒWm[Zm H{$cr. hm`ÒHy$cM{ o‡p›g[m∞c, _wcmß¿`m d _wct¿`m dgoVJ•hmßM{ gßMmcH$ ó `mßVM dgoVJ•hmgmR>t \ß$S> Jm{im H$a `mMr O]m]Xmar Amcr AmoU AZ{H$ d{imß kmZm{X` [ÃmM{ gß[mXH$ Aem ‡H$ma| YmH$Q>Ám ¯z_gmh{]mßZt ]h˛_wIr g{dm H{$cr.

¯z_ a{. S>m∞.am∞]Q>© A∞cZ M.A.,D.D.(1847-1929) S>m∞. Ama.E. ¯z_ C\©$ Wm{ac{ ¯z_gmh{] h{ a{. B©.Eg. ¯z_ `mßM{ Wm{ac{ ]ßYw. h{ Ah_XZJa Y_©‡mßVmM{ o_eZar hm{V{. 1895 _‹`| oQ>iH$ oºÒVr PmÎ`mda À`mßZm _wß]B©¿`m o_eZ emi|V (hÑtM| ¯z_ hm`ÒHy$c) YmH$Q>Ám ¯z_gmh{]mß¿`m hmVmImct oejH$mMr Zm{H$ar X{ `mßV Amcr. [U V{Wcr odcm`Vr M{hË`m_m{hË`mMr ewÓH$ oeÒV oQ>iH$mß¿`m Òd^mdmcm _mZd `mgmaIr ZgÎ`mZ| À`mßM{ dna>mßet IQ>H{$ CSy>ß cmJc{. V{Ïhmß Wm{aÎ`m ¯z_gmh{]mßZt oQ>iH$mßZm Ah_XZJa ‡mßVmV, Am[Î`m od^mJmßV ]m{cmdyZ K{Vc|. V{WyZ [wT>| e{dQ>[`™V À`mßZtM oQ>iH$mßZm ""gmß^moic|.'' S>m∞. am∞]Q>© ¯z_ h{ EH$ _m{R>{ H$V©]Jma, Ï`dhmaHw$ec Ag{ ‡emgH$ hm{V{. AmoU À`m]am{]aM V{ EH$ ‡{_i AmoU odZm{Xo‡` gX≤J•ÒWoh hm{V{. oQ>iH$mßgmaª`mcm gmß^miyZ K{U| XwgË`m H$m{Umoh o_eZar gmh{]mcm e∑` Pmc| ZgV|. kmZm{X` [ÃmM| gß[mXZ, Ah_XZJaMr oWAm∞cm∞oOH$c g{o_Zar, `wZm`Q>{S> MM© Am∞\$ BßoS>`mMr [ohcr _m∞S>a{Q>aoe[, [maZ{a ‡mßVmMr X{Ia{I Aet ododY ‡H$maMt H$m_| && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 697$&&

¯z_gmh{]mßZt `epÒdV{Z| [ma [mS>ct. "kmZm{X`' h| _amR>tVc| EH$ Ow›`mßVc| OwZ| [Ã. ‡W_ h| A_{naH$Z _amR>r o_eZ¿`m _mcH$sM| hm{V|. À`mM{ ghmo_eZmß¿`m _wI[ÃmßV Í$[mßVa KS>odc| S>m∞. ¯z_ `mßZtM. AZ{H$ oR>H$mUt H$m`©aV Aem oZaoZam˘`m o_eZmßM{ E{∑` ÒWm[Z Ïhmd| Aer À`mßMr CÀH$Q> B¿N>m d gVV IQ>[Q> Ag{. `wZm`Q>{S> MM© Am∞\$ BßoS>`mM{ V{M [ohc{ _m∞S>a{Q>a Pmc{ hm{V{. _mÃ À`mßM| hß{ E{∑`mM| ÒdﬂZ gmH$ma Pmc| V| À`mß¿`mZßVa, gr.EZ.Am`. (CNI) gmaIr _ßS>i| AmO h|M [yU© H$arV Amh{V. [o¸_ qhXwÒWmZmßVcr [ohcr g{o_Zar Ah_XZJamßV S>m∞. ¯z_ZtM ÒWm[Z H{$cr. ohcmM [w T >| Ah_XZJa oS>pÏhoZQ>r H$m∞ c { O h| Zmß d o_imc| . `m gß Ò W{ M r O]m]XmarAY©eVH$^a, 1926 [`™V S>m∞. ¯z_ `mßZtM gmß^moicr. a{. VwH$mam_ ZWm{Or, a{. oQ>iH$, a{. B_m_]j ]mdm, a{. _c{cw, a{. am.‡. C\©$ ]´Xa X{e[mßS>{ `mßgmaI{ oH$À`{H$ od¤mZ d g{dm^mdr oºÒV^∫$ `m [naemc{Z| _hmamÔ≠>mcm oXc{. Ah_XZJa `{Wrc ^Ï` C[mgZm_ßoXa h| S>m∞. ¯z_ `mß¿`mM [nal_mßM{ EH$ Jm{_Q>| \$i Amh{. Jmßdm¿`m _‹`dÒVtV oºÒVmM| C[mgZm_ßoXa, À`mdaMm VmO_hmcmgmaIm Kw_Q>, H$_i `m qhXw ‡VrH$mMm À`mßVrc dm[a MM©_YyZ BVaÃ AmT>iUmË`m R>amodH$ oMÃmßMm A^md h| gma| S>m∞. ¯z_M|M. h| _ßoXa ]mßY `mgmR>t oH$À`{H$ oºÒVr cm{H$mßZt Am[m[c| EH$EH$ _oh›`mM| CÀ[›Z oXc|. `wam{[r`Z AoYH$mË`mßZt [°g{ oXc{. A_{naH|$Vrc AZ{H$ o_eZmßZt Va hmV^ma cmodcmM AmoU `woZQ>{na`Z d am{_Z H∞$Wm∞ocH$ [ßWmß¿`m A_{naH$Z o_ÃmßZtoh X{UΩ`m oXÎ`m. EH$m B]´r Y_u`mZ|gw’mß `m B_maVrgmR>t X{UJr oXc{cr Amh{. S>m∞. ¯z_ `mßMr AmUIr EH$ _hmZ H$m_oJar ÂhUO{ VrZ hOma XwÓH$mi[roS>V A^©H$mßMm ‡oV[mi, oH$À`{H$ cm{H$mßZt XwÓH$mimßV Am[ct A^©H|$ Ajaeï dmË`mda gm{Sy>Z oXct hm{Vt. À`mßVct Wm{S>H$s®M XwÓH$mimZßVa AmB©]m[mßZt [aV Z{ct. ]mH$s® gdm™Mm ^ma `m gßV[wÈfmZ| dmohcm. À`mZ{ `mßZm ZwgV| A›ZdÒÃM oXc| Ag| Zmht, Va À`mß¿`mgmR>t YßX{oejUm¿`m gm{`r H$Í$Z oXÎ`m, AmoU gdm™Zm CÀH•$Ô> diU, Òdmdcß]ZmZ| OJ `mM| gm_œ`© AmoU$ Òdmo^_mZmM{ß OrdZ ‡mﬂV H$Í$Z oXc|. Ï`pŒH$eï oH$Vr OUmßZm gm¯ d _mJ©Xe©Z H{$c| `mMr JUVrM hm{Uma Zmht. 1926 V oZd•Œm hm{D$Z _m`X{et J{Î`mZßVaoh À`mßM| h| H$m`© [ÃÏ`dhmam¤ma| AI{a[md{Vm| Mmcc{c| hm{V{|. ""qhoXÒVmZm'' darc À`mß¿`m ‡{_mcm [ma ZÏhVm. _. JmßYr, cm{H$]ßYw gr. E\$. A±S>Áy´O,

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 698$&&

H{$ed Mß– g{Z Aem AZ{H$mßet À`mßM{ oOÏhm˘`mM{ ÒZ{hgß]ßY hm{V{. S>m∞. ¯z_ `mß¿`m _aUmZßVa À`mß¿`m B¿N>{‡_mU| À`mß¿`m X{hmM| XhZ H$Í$Z ajm Ah_XZJa¿`m H$]aÒVmZmßV AmUyZ [wa `mV Amcr. o_g{g H{$Q>r]mB© ¯z_ ¯moh [Vrgmaª`mM qhX‡{_r hm{À`m. [oVoZYZmZßVa À`mßZm A_{naH|$V M°Z [S>{Zm. [aV qhXwÒVmZmßV `{D$Z À`m ]mB© `{W| Am[cm [wÃ S>m∞. dm∞bQ>a ¯z_ `mßOH$S>{ e{dQ>[`™V amohÎ`m. c˙_r]mB™Zm À`mßZt H$mßht _ohZ{ dmB©g Am[Î`mOdi R>{dyZ K{Vc| hm{V|. oºÒVm`ZmßVrc ]a|M A‹`m` c˙_r]mB™Zt À`mß¿`m Kat ]gyZ ocohc{c{ Amh{V. Am[Î`m ImgJr [°emßVyZ ]arM a∑H$_ H{$Q>m]mB™Zt _•À`w[Ãm¤ma| oºÒVm`Zm¿`m ‡H$meZmgmR>t amIyZ R>{odcr hm{Vr.

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 699$&&

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b˙_rZmam`Umgß]ßYt AmUIr Wm{S>{g| Zmam`U dm_Z oQ>iH$, oMIcJmßdH$a ï [ydm©Y© Ò_•oVoMÃmßdÍ$Z Zmam`U dm_Z oQ>iH$mß¿`m Ï`pŒH$ÀdmMr ]arMer H$Î[Zm `{V Agcr Var À`mß¿`m gwadmVr¿`m gmohpÀ`H$ hmcMmcrodf`t \$mag| H$mßhrß À`mßV gmßoJVc{ Zmht. gmYmaUVï gZ 1900 [mgyZ 1919 [`©V¿`m À`mß¿`m gmnhÀ`mMr Wm{S>r\$ma _mohVr dmMH$mßOdi Amh{. AmYtMr Zmht. `mgmR>t À`mß¿`m [nhÎ`m [ohÎ`m ocImUmodf`t OwO]r _mohVr X{ `mMm hm ‡`ÀZ Amh{. Amaß^rß Amaß^t À`mß¿`m [wÒVH$mßda b{IH$mM{ Zmßd "" Zmam`U dm_Z oQ>iH$ oMIcJmßdH$a'' hß{ oXc{cß{ Agß{. AmÂhmßg C[c„Y Pmc{cr oQ>iH$mßMr [ohcr ‡H$merV H$odVm ""Y›` Y›` [ßMdQ>r '' hr ZmZm dm_Z oQ>iH$ `m ZmßdmZß{ 4-2-1882 ¿`m ZmogH$d•ŒmmßV Amc{cr Amh{. 1884-85 ¿`m gw_mamg À`mßMrß VrZ [wÒVHß{$ ‡og’ PmÎ`mMr _mohVr o_iV{. 1. _yoV©[yOm H$aU| hß{ [m[ ZÏh{ 2. qhXw cm{H$mß¿`m Y_©H$m`m©V gaH$ma ZH$m{. [wÒVH$mß¿`m Ame` _W˘`mßdÍ$ZM H$iyZ `{Vm{. À`m H$mit ZmerH$cm JßJ{¿`m (Jm{Xmdar¿`m) H$mßR>t oºÒVr Y_m}[NX{eH$ a{. cwH$g _cm{]m Om{er `mß¿`m ‡Mmag^m Mmcm`¿`m. oQ>iH$ À`mßZm dmaßdma AmS>drV d dmX KmcyZ Hwß$oR>V H$arV. À`mßVyZ ht [wÒVH|$ CX≤^yV Pmc{ct Agmdt. [wT>{ 1897 V oQ>iH$ ocohVmV, "" AmO oºÒVg{d{ÒVd gXm CÀgwH$ Aem ¯mM hmVmZ{ß À`mM oºÒVm¿`m qZX{¿`m ^amßV oH$Vr H$mJX ^aH$mßoS>c{ Amh{V.'' (Ò_•oVoMÃ|ó^mJ 1, [•.176) V| Ù`m d Aem AmUIr H$mßht ocImUmodf`tM Agmd|. hrß Xm{›hr [wÒVH|$ Zmam`U ^mÒH$a amZS>{ `mßZt Mmcodc{Î`m H$ma^mar [ÃmßV ‡W_ `{D$Z ZßVa ÒdVßÃ [wÒVH$Í$[mZ| ]mh{a [S>ct Agmdt Agm _mPm AßXmO Amh{. 3. hnaXmgmßH$naVmß MwQ>H{$óC[c„Y Zmht. `mMr _mohVroh Hßw$R>| o_iV Zmht. && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 700$&&

1. gßJrV JU[oVÒVdó JU[oVÒVdóh| oQ>iH$mßM| Ow›`mßV OwZ| C[c„Y [wÒVH$. 1885 (?) _‹`| odcmgmZßX _ßS>irZ| _wß]B©g BßXw‡H$memßV N>m[yZ ‡og’ H{$c{. ^y[m˘`m, [X|, AmaÀ`m dJ°a{ o_iyZ EHy$U 23 [⁄|, À`mßVct 4 gßÒH•$V. H$mßhtZm ZmQ>H$mßVÎ`m cm{H$o‡` Mmcr oXc{Î`m. JU[VrM| [aß[amJV dU©Z, ]mcJU{emM{ß dm∑MmVw`©, AmoU eßH$amMm o‡` g[© JU[Vr¿`m CßXamcm [H$S>m`cm YmßdVm{, Va gm|S> [mhˇZ hŒmr g_OyZ [md©VrMm cmS>H$m qgh PS>[ KmcVm{. oVH$S>{ V{ ^c{_m{R>{ [m{Q> ]KyZ XwßXw^r g_OyZ [m{a| À`mcm R>m{H$m`cm YmßdVmV AgÎ`m CWi odZm{Xr ∑c•ﬂÀ`m, `mß_wi| À`m H$mi¿`m JU{e^ŒH$mßZm h| [wÒVH$ ^mdc| AgÎ`mg Zdc Zmht. 4. KS>Ámi H$m` ÂhUV|?ó1886 `m [wÒVH$mMr O›_H$hmUt c˙_r]mB™Zt oXc{cr Amh{. (Ò_•oVoMÃ|-^mJ 2, [•. 66) h| _wcmßgmR>t ocohc{c| 30 ˚cm{H$mßM| H$mÏ` ^wOßJ‡`mV, _mocZr, dgßVoVcH$m, Bß–dOm, C[OmoV, emXy©codH´$soS>V Aem AZ{H$odY d•Œmmß_‹`| aoMc{c| AgyZ ""]mcH$Î`mU{¿Nw> _mVmo[Va d JwÈ `mßg À`mßZt `m chmZem [wÒVH$mßVrc h“V _wcmß¿`m _ZmßV q]]dyZ ⁄md| `m Ame{Z| ‡{_ d AmXa [waÒga ZOa'' H{$c{c| Amh{. ""h| [wÒVH$ VwÂhmßg Jm{S> dmQ>c| Va ImD$ ÂhUyZ `mMm AßoJH$ma H$am, H$Sy> cmJc| Va Am°fY ÂhUyZ ø`m,'' Aer Amaß^t _wcmßg odZßVr AgyZ ‡À`j H$odV|V ""hmVmßVyZ EH{$H$ [i oZgQy>Z Mmcc| Amh{ `mMm odMma H$a X{dmZ| oXc{Î`m ]h˛_m{c d{i{Mm ZrQ>[U| dm[a H$aerc Va B©úamcm gßVm{f X{erc'' Agm gmYmM C[X{e gm‹`mM e„XmV, À`mda ÒdX{e‡{_m¿`m ^mdZ{Mr [mßIa `mß_wi| h| H$mÏ` gag CVac{c| Amh{. 6. aß J [ß M _r (1886)óaßJ[ßM_r `m ZmßdmM| N>m{Q>| [wÒVH$óe|Xm{Ze| ‡Vró oQ>iH$mßZr 1886 VH$ N>m[c| hm{V|. À`mMr aMZm ]arM AmYtMr Agmdr. [wT>| 1889 V H$mÏ`Hw$gw_mßOoc _mogH$mßV À`mßZt V| [w›hmß oXc{c| Amh{.H•$ÓU AmoU Jm{[r ∑doMV≤ amYm `mß¿`m H´$sS>{¿`m dU©ZmMr ht 10 [⁄| Amh{V. Mmcr ZmQ>H$mßVrc gd©[naoMV [Xmß¿`m `m{oOc{Î`m Amh{V.oQ>iH$ H$dtZm e•ßJmaagmM| dmdS>| hm{V| Agm EH$ g_O AmOda ‡g•V Pmc{cm Amh{. [U `m H$odV{odf`t H$drZ| ÒdVï ÂhQ>c{c| Amh{, ""Oa Òd^mdm{pŒH$ Zm_H$ gwßXa AcßH$mamZ| _ßoS>V Agm gß^m{Je•ßJma ˆX`mÎhmXOZH$ Ag{c Va hr H$odVm __©kmßg Í$Mmdr Ag{ß Am_M{ß AZw_mZ Amh{.'' EH$ _m°O{Mr Jm{Ô> ÂhUO{ `m H$odV{ßVrb EH$ [X "" H$m` H$amd{ß hnabm?'' EH$ZmWodanMV JdiU ÂhUyZ od¤›_m›`Vm [mdyZ ]gbß{ Amh{. 7. gßJrV AmZßXamd oHßdm [me]’ ÒdX{emo^_mZr ZmoQ>H$m (1886)- EH$ ZdbmMr Jm{Ô> ÂhUO{ h| N>m{Q>| ZmQ>H$ oQ>iH$mßZr ""VrW©È[ dm_Zamd oQ>iH$ `mß¿`m MaUr && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 701$&&

A[©U'' H{$b{bß{ Amh{. AmZßXamd hm ÒdX{emo^_mZm¿`m ^wVmZ| [N>mS>b{bm VÈU A_{naH$m X{emg OmD$Z C[`w∫$ H$bm oeHy$Z `{ `m¿`m ‡`ÀZmßV AgVm{. À`mM{ YoZH$ ÒZ{hr À`mbm gm¯oh H$aVmV. ZmV{dmB©H$mßMm AWm©V odam{Y AgVm{. AmZßXamd A_{naH{$g Om `mgmR>rß _w]B©[`™V `{Vm{oh. [U Im{Q>Ám Vmam YmSy>Z À`mM{ ohVqMVH$ À`mbm À`m¿`m Jmdr [aV ]m{bmdyZ K{VmV. X{emo^_mZr [w›hm [me]’ hm{Vm{. oVgË`m AßH$mM{ e{dQ>rß ^aV^yo_ _mVm ÒdVï [´H$Q> hm{D$Z À`mMr g_OyV KmbV{. KarM amhˇZ ÒdX{emMr g{dm H$a. _mVmo[À`mMr d [ÀZrMr H$miOr K{, Agm AmX{e X{V{ AmoU "" Vwbm [wÃ hm{B©b d Vm{ VwPm h{Vy [yU© H$arb'' Agm Amerdm©X X{V{. `m ZmQ>H$m¿`m H$WmdÒVy_‹`{ß Zmdr›` Zgb| Var [mÃoMÃU|- ode{fVï Ûr[mÃ{ gwßXaM O_yZ J{b{br Amh{V. h| ZmQ>H$ aßJ^y_rdaoh Ambß{ hm{V{ß. `mdÈZ H$mßht o_Ã_ßS>ir oQ>iH$mßZmM AmZßXamd ÂhUyZ [wH$marV Ag{. ‡À`j ZmoQ>H{$[{jm Amaß^t¿`m N>m{Q>Ám ‡ÒVmdZ{dÍ$ZM b{IH$mMr ^ynß_H$m AoYH$ Ò[Ô> hm{V{. 8._mPm Am{gmS> [S>b{bm Jmßd (1886) ""Jm{ÎS>pÒ_W H$dt¿`m oX oS>PQ>}S> pÏhb{O Zm_H$ H$mÏ`mM{ß [⁄mÀ_H$ ^mfmßVa Zmam`U dm_Z oQ>iH$ oMIbJmßdH$a `mßZrß H{$b| V{ am.am.ZrbHß$R> Õ`ß]H$ Om{er `mßZt [´og’ H{$b|. _wß]B© ÒdX{e‡H$me N>m[Im›`mV N>mo[b|. _wimZwgma `m H$odV|V 16 gJ© AgyZ, gmH$s, qXS>r, hnaUr, emobZr Aem oH$À`{H$ d•ŒmmßMm [´`m{J H{$b{bm Amh{. H$mßht [Xmßda amJ Vmb dJ°a{oh oXb{b{ Amh{V."" lr_ßV amdgmh{] Zmam`U amdOr [{Ug{ VmbwH|$ gßJ_Z{a `mßg À`mß¿`m oZJ©d© d CXma Òd^mdmg bw„Y hm{D$Z H$À`m©Zß{ h{ H$mÏ` A[©U H{$b{ß Ag|.'' 9. Jß J m (1887) - `m [wÒVH$mMr O›_H$Wm Ò_•oVoMÃmßV (^mJ 1, [•.78-79) Amb{br Amh{. hr 23 [mZmßMr Jm{Ô> (J⁄) Iar [U Vr _yi H$odV{V obhˇZ Oer¿`m Ver J⁄mßV CVaÎ`mM| dmMmVmßZm ghO OmUdV|. g_mam{[mM| AmIar dm∑` Amh{- "" H$am ohbm Z_ÒH$ma. Mbm. h{ H$ob`wJmßVrb gmodÃr, Vwbm ¯m XmgmZwXmgmMm gmÔ>mßJ Z_ÒH$ma Agm{.'' h| [wÒVH$ H$À`m™Zr Am[Î`m oXdßJV _mV{bm A[©U H{$b{b{ß Amh{. 10. _mPr ^m`m ^m`m© (1887) - ""hr H$odVm Zmam`U dm_Z oMIbJmßdH$a `mßZr aoMbr. [wUß{ lr. oedmOr N>m[Im›`mßV N>m[yZ [wÒVH$H$À`m™Z| [´og’ H{$br.'' && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 702$&&

Amaß^rß Ãm{Q>H$er [´ÒVmdZm - A[©U[oÃH$m VtVM Ambr- oeInaUr d•ŒmmßVb{ 75 ˚bm{H$ AmoU AI{arg "" H{$b| H$mÏ` [aßVw À`mV __ hm{ gß]ßY H$mht Zg{ !'' hr gwMZm. Ag{ ¯m [wÒVH$mM| Í$[S>| Amh{. oQ>iH$mß¿`m VÀH$mbrZ H$odVmß_‹`{ d°`o∫$H$ AZw^yVrMm [m`m Agb{br hr [ohbrM ÂhUmdr bmJ{b. Vg|M ‡m°T>H$od oQ>iH$mß¿`m ÒÃrodf`H$ Img —oÔ>H$m{UmMr [ohbr Mmhˇboh À`mß¿`m `m H$odV|VM E|Hy$ `{Dß$ bmJb{br Amh{. [wT>{ß 1913-14 _‹`| oQ>iH$mßMr H$odVm ^mJ 1 `m [wÒVH$mßV g_modÔ> H$aVmZm oQ>iH$mßZr ¯m H$odV|V gwYma d \{$a]Xb BVH{$ H|$b{ H$s® Vr oZamirM EH$ H$odVm hm{D$Z ]gbr. `m Xm{›htMr VwbZm H$Í$Z [mh `mVßnh _m{R>r _m°O Amh{. 11. lr_ÇmJX≤JwÈ H°$bmgdmgr `edßVamd X{d_m_b{Xma `mßM{ dU©Z (1887)$`edßVamd _hmamO ^m{g{H$a C\©$ X{d_m_b{Xma h{ gQ>mU{ `{Wrb JmOb{b{ EH$ gßV[wÈf. À`mß¿`m oZYZmZßVa oQ>iH$mßZr h{ 11 [mZrß N>m{Q>{g| [wÒVH$ ZmogH$d•Œm N>m[Im›`mßV N>m[yZ [´og’ H{$b|. `m _hmamOmß¿`m ghdmgmßV oQ>iH$ H$Yt AgÎ`mM{ß `m [wÒVH$mdÍ$Z dmQ>V Zmht. Zmht ÂhUm`bm AßÀ``mÃ{bm V{ hOa Agmd{V Ag| `mßVrb dU©ZmdÍ$Z dmQ>V|. BVaÃ _hmamOmß¿`m Aª`mo`H$m d M_ÀH$ma `mßM| _mÃ MdrZ{ dU©Z H{$b{b| AmT>iV{. Amaß^tMr [´ÒVmdZm, VtV EH$ H$odVm g_modÔ>, [wT>| _wª` ‡H$aUmßV 23 [⁄{ (16 õm{H$ 7 [X|) AmoU e{dQ>r "" [wÒVH$H$À`m™Mr B©Ìdamg odZßVr '' VtV gmYyM| dU©Z _bm oZÀ` KS>md| hr [´mW©Zm, hm `m [wÒVH$mMm AmamIS>m. oQ>iH$mßMr Imog`V ÂhUO{ S>m{ig ^∫$s ohMm AOyZ Var CJ_ Pmb{bm oXgV Zmhr."" X{h VmbwH$m `edßVmZ{ß _m_bVr H{$br.'' h{ß [X dmMZr` Amh{. _m_bVr ÂhUO{ E{ohH$ gßgma, À`mgmR>rß [arjm AZwVm[mMr, odd{H$ hm hmVmImbrß \$S>Urg, oZÌM` hm [hma{H$ar, "hnahna' hr À`mMr "Amb]{b' h| [maß[mnaH$ Í$[H$ _mß{R>| ]hmaXma Amh{. EHß$XarßV d `© odf`merß V–x[ hm{D$Z ‡m_moUH$[U{ ^mdZ{Z| H{$b{b| h| dU©Z [wa| dmMÎ`moedm` Imbt R>{ddV Zmhrß. 12. ]m[mM{ Alw (1888) - ]m[mM{ Alw `m ZmßdmMt Xm{Z H$mÏ`{ß oQ>iH$mßZr obohbt. oQ>iH$mßMr H$odVm ^mJ 1 `mßVb| "" ]m[mM{ Alw '' V| Zd|. 1909 _‹`{ß EH$m o_Ãm¿`m _wbmda obohb{b|. OwZ| " ]m[mM{ Alw' À`mßZr obohb|. V| 15-11-1887 am{Ot ÒdVïMm oXdßJV _wbJm od⁄mZßX `mßg AZwbjyZ. h| 114 gm∑`mßM{ H$mÏ` 1888 _‹`{ß [wÒVH$Í$[mZ{ß ‡og’ Pmb|. oQ>iH$mß¿`m BVa oXK© H$odVmßhˇZ `mMr ‡H•$Vr oZamirM Amh{. [wÃod`m{Jm¿`m Vw\$mZmZ{ß H$dt¿`m AßV`m©_mda CR>Uma{ VŒdkmZmÀ_H$ odMmaVaßJ h|M `mM| ÒdÍ$[ AmoU h|M `mMß{ gm°ßX`©. && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 703$&&

"‡mUdÑ^{ H$odV{ VwoP`m N>ßX{| XwïI| ZmZm$& odga{ _r [na H$g| AmO h| XwïI K{Vg{ ‡mUm$&' hr gwÈdmV; od⁄mZßXmMr AmB©, AmOr, `mß¿`m XmÈU AdÒW{M{ dU©Z; " _mPm JwÈM Vyß', _bm OJm¿`m ZÌdaV{Mr oeH$dU X{ `mgmR>r [m{Q>r `{D$Z J{bmg' Aem ˆ⁄ H$Î[Zm; g_mOmßVrb ÈT>r d VÀH$mobZ gßgmaodf`r¿`m ^mdZm; oejU, [ßVm{Or, [mR>Á[wÒVH{$ß `mß]m]VM{ ZdrZ odMma; Am{KmAm{KmZ|M `{Umar ]mboddmhgmaª`m am{JQ> Mmbtdarb Q>rH$m; " _aUma{ V| dr`© Am_wM| \$img `{D$Z _aV|' Agbm C¤{J, "".... bm°H$a Ïhmd|, _•À`yM _J Vm{ Xya ]g{b H$gm a{?'' AgÎ`m d°MmnaH$ ∑b•ﬂÀ`m AmoU gß[yU© H$odV|V dhmV Agb{bm ghOH$Í$U ^mdmMm Am{K `mß_wi| hr H$odVm aogH$_m›` PmÎ`mg Zdb Zmhrß. dm.]. [Q>dY©Zmß¿`m _V| Va OwZ| ]m[mM{ Alw H$mÏ` ZÏ`mhyZoh gag CVab{b{ß Amh{. 13. draH$›`m (1888) "" hr bhmZer _Zm{aßOH$ H$mXß]ar Zmam`U dm_Z oQ>iH$ oMIbJmßdH$a `mßZrß aoMbr, [wU{ß kmZ‡H$me N>m[Im›`mßV N>mn[br... OmZ{dmar gZ 1888.'' ‡ÒVmdZ{Imbr VmarI _mÃ 5 _mM© 1888. AÑmCo‘Zm¿`m 5-50 df} AmYt `dZmßZr X{doJarda Òdmar H{$br d À`mßZm VtV [am^yV Ïhmd| bmJb| Aem H$pÎ[V BoVhmgmda hr ]{Vb{br Amh{. amOm am_amO `mß¿`m Owb_r amOdQ>r_wi| ‡Om AgßVwÔ> Pmb{br AgV{. d•’ [amH´$_r gaXma odO`qgh [´Om[jmMm Z{Vm ]ZVm{. À`mMr H$›`m H$_bm hr H$W{Mr Zmo`H$m. amO[jmg YÍ$Z amhUmË`m H•$ÓU amOmMm _wbJm _mYd hm Zm`H$. ‡Om[j amOmda MmbyZ Om `m¿`m ]{VmV AgVmß `dZmß¿`m ÒdmarM| d•Œm `{V|. Am[gmßVrb d°a ]mOybm R>{dyZ Xm{›hr [j EH$ hm{VmV d [aMH´$mM{ß oZdmaU H$aVmV. Zm`H$Zmo`H{$Mß{ o_bZ hm{Vß{ Agß{ Wm{S>∑`mV H$WmZH$, oQ>iH$mßM{ AmdS>V{ß VŒd ÛrMr V{OnÒdVm h{ Zmo`H{$¿`m o_fmZß{ Ï`∫$ Pmb{bß{ Amh{M. AmUIr EH$ _m°O ÂhUO{ AJXt AmO¿`m o\$Î_r oeaÒÀ`mgmaIr Zm`H$- Zmo`H$m ^{Q>VmßM JmUß{ gwZod `mg MwH$V ZmhrßV. 14. VrZ odYdm (1888) - draH$›`{]am{]aM VrZ odYdm ZmßdmMr oQiH$mßMr N>m{Q>r H$mXß]ar ‡og’ Pmbr. oh¿`m ‡oV C[b„Y ZmhrßV. 22 Am∞JÒQ> 88 ¿`m kmZm{X`mßVyZ oh¿`mda odÒV•V Ao^[´m` Amb{bm Amh{. kmZm{X` obohVm{- "" `m [wÒVH$mßV Am]m^Q> Zmßdm¿`m AodMmar YZbm{^r ]´m˜UmZ{ß Am[Î`m VrZ _wbrß¿`m bæm¿`m gß]ßYmZ{ß H$er AdÒWm H{$br À`mMß{ dU©Z H{$bß{ Amh{...... Jm{ajUmH$naVmß _ßS>˘`m ÒWm[Z ÏhmÏ`mV, À`mßMr X`m _ZwÓ`mg `mdr [U [m{a∑`m b{H$amßM{ Ag{ hmb _ZwÓ`mZ{ H$amd{V hr _m{R>r odbjU Jm{Ô> Amh{..... [Vr¿`m [ÌMmV g›_mJm©Z{ß MmbyßM Agm oObm odÌdmg Zg{b && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 704$&&

oVZ| Xm|›hr Hw$bmßg H$bßH$ bmd `m[{jt Xwgam [nV H$amßdm h| ]a{ß.'' 15. _wbmßg `m{Ω` ]ojg (1989) - ododYkmZodÒVma ï 1890 _mM© ÂhUVm{ - h{ ""Y_©VŒd'',""AmB©'',""]m['' BÀ`mXr 10 odf` Amh{V. lr Amﬂ[mgmh{] ]wQ>r `mß¿`m Aml`mZ{ß h| V`ma H{$b{b| Amh|. _wbmß¿`m H$Î`mUmg AZwbjyZ AbrH$S>{ Orß bhmZ bhmZ [wÒVH{$ß [´og’ hm{V Amh{V. À`mß[°H$sß h{ß EH$ g_Ob| [mohO| ... [⁄| ]ar Amh{V. dmB©Q IoMV ZmhrßV. odMmamßMr AgßJVrnh \$maer —oÔ>g [S>V Zmhrß...... am.oQ>iH$mßMr Or gag H$odVm AmÂhrß [mohb{br Amh{ oV¿`m[wT{ß ‡ÒVwV H$mÏ` EH$X_ o\ Hß{$ [S>{b.'' odÒVmamM{ß ÂhUU| Ia|M Amh{. Xm{Z dfm™_mJ| oZKmb{b| "" KS>Ámi H$m` ÂhUV|?'' `m[{jmßoh h{ H$mÏ` oZag dmQ>Vß{. `mßM{ gß^mÏ` H$maU H$À`m™Z{ [´ÒVmdZ{ßV gmßoJVb| Amh| "" h| V`ma H{$b{ß H$s® Zmhrß, V{Ïhmß AmÂhr bhmZ hm{Vm|. "" V{Ïhmß oQ>iH$mßMr EH$ AJXrß ‡maßo^H$ H$odVm ÂhUyZM ¯m `m{Ω` ]ojgmH$S>{ [mohb| [mohO{. 16. gß J rV Jm{ X w ï Iod_m{ M Z ZmQ>H$ (1889) -Jm{ajU‡MmamgmR>rß oQ>iH$mßZrß obohb{b| h| VrZ AßH$sß ZmQ>H$ Jm{ajU N>m[Im›`mZ{ oeimob[rda N>m[b{b| Amh{. Amaß^r¿`m gyÃYmaZQ>r¿`m ‡d{emßV b{IH$mMm CÎb{I ""_mPm o_Ã Jm{Hw$bg{dH$'' Agm Pmb{bm Amh{. [wT>| À`mbmM ""Jm{g{dH$'' ÂhQ>b{b{ Amh{. AH$]a ]mXehmZ{| Am[Î`m am¡`mßV Jm{dYmbm ]ßXr H{$br hm{Vr `m E{oVhmogH$ KQ>Z{da ¯m ZmQ>H$mMr C^maUr H{$b{br AgyZ ode{fVï XwgË`m AßH$mVrb H$mOr -- emÛr[ßoS>VmßVb{ dmXgßdmX `m ‡MmaH$m`m©bm oZpÌMVM C[H$maH$ R>aUma{ Amh{V. ÛrMr V{OnÒdVm h{ oQ>iH$mßM{ AmdS>V{ VŒd `m ZmQ>H$mßVnh Zmo`H$m amYm oh¿`m H$m_oJar_YyZ [´H$Q>bß{ Amh|M. ZmQ>H$ ‡MmamgmR>rß obohb{b| AgÎ`mZ{ß ‡`m{Jgm°H$`m©Mr b{IH$mZ| H$miOr K{Vb{br oXgV{. ""‡`m{J H$aUmamßg AS>MU Z [S>mdr ÂhUyZ `mßV gßJrV \$ma Wm{S>{ R>{ndbß{ Amh{. ÛrM{ß gm|J EH$M AgyZ À`mgoh JmU{ß Zmhrßß.'' 17. Jm{ a jm d Jm{ a jm[a [⁄| B. (1889) - Jm{XwïIod_m{MZ ZmQ>H$m]am{]a Jm{ajUm¿`m ‡MmamW© AZ{H$ bhmZ _m{R>r [wÒVH{$ß À`m AdYrßV oQ>iH$mßZt obohb{bt AgmdtV. Jm{ajm `m 112 [mZmß¿`m [wÒVH$mMm CÑ{I XmV{ gyMt_‹`{ß gm[S>Vm{. Jm{ajm[a [⁄{ß ZmdmßMß{ EH$ 32 [mZr [wÒVH$ _bm o_imb{b| Amh{. Amaß^r b{IH$mMr ‡ÒVmdZm, [⁄mÀ_H$ A[©U[Ã, gßJrV Jm{odbm[, Jm{ajU odf`r \$Q>H$m, Jm`rMm hß]aS>m hr VrZ XrK© [⁄| EH$ g_mam{[mÀ_H$ [X AmoU [aoeÔ>Í$[mZ{ß ]m,b. Hw$bH$Uu oboIV ""Y{ZwH$mH$me'' d e{dQ>r OmohamVrMr Mma [mZ| EdT>m [wÒVH$mMm [gmam Amh{. darb && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 705$&&

oV›hr XrK© [⁄| bhmZghmZ [wpÒVH$mß¿`m È[mZß{ [´og’ Pmb{brß Agmdrß Ag|, ""OmohamVr'' dÈZ oXgV|. `m H$odVmß_‹`{ß oQ>iH$mßM{ H$mÏ` [´m°T> PmÎ`mgmaI{ dmQ>V{ß. ‡gmX AmoU oOÏhmim hr À`mßMr Xm{›ht d°oeÓQ≤`ß{ `mß_‹`{ß oXgyZ `{VmV. CŒmam`wÓ`mßVrb oQ>iH$mß¿`m ^o∫$H$odVmßet `mßMß{ OdiM{ß ZmV| OmUdV|. `mßI{arO ""The Cow's Appeal'' `m ZmßdmM| BßJ´Or H$mÏ`nh À`mßZr obohb| AgÎ`mM{ CÎb{I gmß[S>VmV. V{ ]h˛V{H$ ""JmB©Mm hß]aS>m'' `m ‡H$aUmM| ^mfmßVa Agmd|. 18. H•ß$ÓUmZßX _wHwß$XamO C\©$ XmXmOr _hmamO gmY gmYw (1889) - h| [wÒVH$ Jm{ajU N>m[Im›`mßVM [U Q>mB[mßV N>m[b{b| Amh|. _wI[•> _mÃ oeimob[rMß{. [wÒVH$ 48 [mZmßM{ AgyZ 4 [mZ| [´ÒVmdZ{Mr, 22 gßVoMÃmßMr d AmIar 22 [mZ| ""H•$ÓUod`m{Jodbm['' XrK© H$odV{Z| Ï`m[b{bt Amh{V. EH$m{oUgmÏ`m eVH$mßVb{ gßVMnaÃ, AmoU Vß{nßh MnaÃZm`H$m¿`m M{Î`mZ{ß obohb{b|. Ag{ AgVmß À`mßV XßVH$WmßMr AmoU M_ÀH$mamMt a{bM{b Agm`bm hdr. (AmoU Xm{Z dfm©_mJÎ`m X{d_m_b{Xma- MnaÃmßV Ver Amh{nh) [U ‡ÒVwV [wÒVH$mßV Vgb| OßOmi ZmhrßM. MnaÃZm`H$, À`mßMt AmB©]m[| ^mD$]ohUr `mßMr Ymo_©H$Vm _m{O∑`m ‡gßJmßVyZ doU©b{br Amh{. ÒdVï XmXmOr _hmamOmßM{ dU©Z H$aVmßZmoh À`mß¿`m gmYwÀdm[{jmß À`mMß{ H$odÀd, d∫•$Àd `m JwUmßdaM AoYH$ ^a oXb{bm AmT>iVm{. [wÒVH$mMm CŒmamY© ""H•$ÓUod`m{Jodbm['' h{ 113 H$S>Ï`mßM{ß odbm[JrV. [ydm©[ma¿`m d•Œmd°oMÕ`m]am{]a VÀH$mobZ bm{H$o‡` [Xmß¿`m Mmbtdahrß aMZm H{$b{br Amh{. [ohbm õm{H$ gßÒH•$V AgyZ À`mßV ZmJ[wamM| Zmßd ""\$oU[war''Ag| Amh|. EH$m pÒWa_oV gÀ[wÈfmM| bm°oH$H$ MnaÃ ÂhUO{ H$mÏ`aMZ{bm \$magm AZwHy$b odf` Zgmdm. À`mßV gßKf©, g_a‡gßJ `mßZm dmd ZmhrßM. Vargw’mß oQ>iH$mß¿`m aMZ|Vrb ‡gmX d ‡{_i[Um `m JwUmß_wi{ß H$odVm H$m{R>|hr Zrag dmQ>V Zmhrß. oedm` Òd^mdm{o∫$, ghm{o∫$, ew’ [maß[mnaH$ Í$[H$ `m AbßH$mamßMr M[Ib `m{OZm, Am{KdVr dmUr AmoU H$dtM{ d `© odf`mßerß [yU© VmXmÀÂ` `mß_wi{ß h{ß J⁄ odf`mdarb [⁄ ˆ⁄ d am{MH$ Pmb{b| Amh{. 19. X{drMm ‡gmX- 1891 X{dr ÂhUO{ dUrOdirb g·l•ßJ JS>mdarb Aß]m, 1890-92 _‹`| dUrg AgVmßZm oQ>iH$ ohM| [a_^∫$ Pmb{ hm{V|. oh¿`mda [X|, ÒVm{Ã|, AmaÀ`m,^y[m˘`m Aer oH$À`{H$ [⁄| À`mßZr aoMbt. X{dr ^mJdV ZmßdmMm Am{dr]’ J´ßWnh obohbm hm{Vm. Vm{ ‡og’ Pmbm Zgmdm. oZdS>H$ [⁄mßMm X{drMm ‡gmX hm gßJ´h && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 706$&&

V{Wrb o_ÃmßZr H$moT>bm. X{dr¿`m [mfmU_yVußVyZ gmjmV≤ ]´˜mMm d{Y K{UmË`m "og’'[wÈfmß[mgyZ ""eaU Vwbm _r AmB© ^dmZr Xmdt gwV_wI[Ÿmbm'' ÂhUyZ Ym` _m{H$b `mË`m "]’Ûr' [`™V AZ{H$odY ^yo_H$mßdÍ$Z H$od À`m X{dr ^dmZrMr AmidUr H$naVm|. H$mßqh [X| gßÒH•$VmV obohb|broh Amh{V. H$dt¿`m CŒmam`wÓ`mßVrb ^o∫$JrVmßM{ gma| ode{f `m H$odVmßVyZ OmUdVmV. [wT>| oºÒVr PmÎ`mZßVa `mVtb EH$Xm{Z [⁄mßV Wm{S>m \$ma\{$a H$Í$Z oQ>iH$mßZr Am[Î`m ""^OZgßJ´hmV'' À`mßMm g_md{e H{$b{bm Amh{. (1892-95 `m H$mimßVrb oQ>iH$mßMr gmohnÀ`H$ hmbMmb ÂhUO{ ""F$of'' AmoU ""H$mÏ`Hw$gw_mßOnb d ododY odf`ßVaßJrUr'' ht Xm|Z _mogH|$, ZmZmOr _hmamO H$m[erH$amnX gßV[wÈfmßda ÒVwoV[a [⁄|, (gwYmaH$)? [ÃmßVyZ H$mßht H$odVm EdT>mM gwJmdm bmJVm{. 1894 _‹`| kmZm|X` d 95 V ]mb]m{Y_{dm `m oºÒVr oZ`VH$mobH$mßet oQ>iH$mßMm [naM` Pmbm. Xm{›hrVyZ À`mßM{ J⁄[⁄ obImU, [´W_ ""OJp›_Ã' d [wT>| H$mhrß H$mi "nd⁄mWu' `m Q>m{[UZmdmßZr `{Dß$ bmJb|. (oQ>iH$mßMr \w$bm_wbmßMr gmarM H$odVm ]mb]m{Y_{Ï`mßVyZ 1895 V{ 1910 XaÂ`mZ `{D$Z J{bt ÂhUVmß `{B©b. kmZm{X`mM{ V{ [wT>| 1912 _‹`| gß[mXH$M Pmb|. e{dQ>[`™V À`mßZrß h{ H$m_ H{$b|.) 1893 _‹`| À`mßZr d{Uy ZmßdmMr EH$ H$mXß]ar obohbr hm{Vr Ag| F$of _mqgH$mVrb OmohamVrdÍ$Z oXgV{.) 20. \w$bmßMm hma (1895)- kmZm{X` d ]mb]m{Y_{dm `mßVyZ [´og’ Pmb{Î`m 24 [⁄mßMm hm N>m{Q>m gßJ´h OJo_Ã `m Q>m{[UZmßdmZ{ oQ>iH$mßZr H$mT>b{bm Amh{. o_g{g gr.B©.¯z_]mB© `mßZm hm A[©U H{$b{bm AgyZ À`mda VmarI 2-9-95 hr Amh{. 21. oºÒVO`ßVrMr ^{Q> (1896) ññ oºÒVr ^o∫$[a bhmZ_m{R>rß ZD$ [⁄|, H$Vm© "" OJp›_Ã''. 22. ¯mbm ÂhUmd{ ‡roV (1898) ]mb]m{Y_{Ï`mßV Amb{br EH$ H$Wm, b{IH$mM{ß Zmßd od⁄mWu. AerM EH{$H$ H$WmßMr oQ>iH$mßMr AZ{H$ bhmZ ghmZ [wÒVH|$ `m H$mimV oZKmbt Agmdt Ag| oXgV|. 23. EH$m od⁄mœ`m©Mr gmj (1898) A Spiritual A wakening among India's Students ¯m [wÒVH$mßgmR>rß oQ>iH$mßZr Am[Î`m Y_©_V [nadV©ZmMm d•ŒmmßV A Student's Testimony obhˇZ oXbm. [wT>| À`mßZrM À`mMm _amR>r AZwdmX ""EH$m && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 707$&&

od⁄mœ`m©Mr gmj'' ]mb]m{Y_{dm _mogH$mßVyZ (Zm{Ïh|]a -oS>g|]a 1897) oXbm d ZßVa [wÒVH$Í$[mZß{ ‡og’ H{$bm. hm gmamM _OHy$a Ò_•oVoMÃmV (Ò_•oVoMÃ{ß -^mJ 1) gm_modÓQ> Pmb{bm Amh{. 24. oºÒVr _ZwÓ`mM{ß _aU (1898)ñ h| N>m{Qß>{ [wÒVH$ oZ]ßY qH$dm MM©_Yrb g_©Z Aem ÒdÍ$[mM{ß Amh{. Ò_•oVoMÃmßVrb b˙_r]mB™Zr dJib{Î`m EH$m H$mÈ `[yU© ‡gßJmdÍ$Z h| obohb{bß{ Amh{. oQ>iH$ `mßV gmßJVmVñ ""OyZ Vm. 15 am{Ot EH$ d Vm 23 am{Or Xwgar ¯m[´_mU{ EH$m d`mßVrV odYd{¿`m gX≤JwUr, goeojV, gwerb _wbr X{dm¿`m Karß J{Î`m. Òd[Vr‡_mU{ß oVbm Bhbm{H$s Am[br ÂhUm`bm ohM Xm{Z E{ohH$ ‡{_mMr MmbVr]m{bVr odYmZ{ß hm{Vt. VemßV EH$ _wbJr 18 dfm©Mr Va Xwgar 22 dfm™Mr, EH$m jUmßVM À`m o]MmË`m AmB©Mm ‡mU em{H$md{JmZ{ß oZKyZ Omdm. [U Vr oºÒVr Amh{. X{dmMr `m{OZm, ‡rnV, oºÒVmM{ [wZÈÀWmZ ¯m[mgyZ hm{UmË`m AHwß$R>Á Ame{Z| oVbm gmßdÈZ Ynab| Amh|. AÒVw, ¯m ]mB©da Amb{Î`m `m ‡gßJmZ{ß h| [wÒVH$ obhmd|g| AmÂhmßg dmQ>b|.''

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 708$&&

Zmam`U dm_Z oQ>iH$ gm`Z AßemÀ_H$ Hwß$S>br

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O›_ 6 oS>g|]a 1861 (d{i oZo¸V ZgÎ`mZ{ amoeHwß$S>br oXbr Amh{)

Ò[Ôr>H$aU gm`Z Mß– Hwß$^{Mm AgyZ hr amne _mZdVmdmXr Amh{. d À`m_wi{ Hwß$^amne h{ [Q>V|. Mß–-ewH´$ `woV H$odÀdmßM| ^mdZmerb _mJm©M| Xe©Z KS>odV|. aod-he©b [´oV`wnV AßemÀ_H$ AgyZ À`m_wi{ hm H$odˆX`mMm _mUyg _m{R>m bT>mD$ d•ŒmrMm hm{Vm. unorthodox d À`m_wi| À`mM| d gZmVZr oº¸Z Y_©[ßWr`mßM{ßnh \$ma [Q>b| ZgV|. ]wY-eoZ bm^`m{Jm_wi|M Òd^md qMVZerb Pmbm. d Am[Î`m odMmamßZm [∏$r ]°R>H$ o_id `mgmR>rß gßem{YZ H{$b|. ]wY-JwÍ$ bm^`m{JmZß{ À`mßV CÉ odMmagaUr Ambr. ]wY-Z{[¿`wZ oÃH$m{Umß_wi| [´dmg, H$Î[Zmeo∫$ ^a[ya, [U H$mhtet ÒdﬂZmiy d À`m_wi| AÏ`dhmar. ÂhUyZ V{ Hw$Umdaoh odúmg R>{drVñ d \$gJV hm{B©. eoZ- JwÍ$ `woV [wÃqMVm, gß[oŒmqMVm, gß[ŒmrMr À`mßZrß H$Yrß o\$oH$aM H{$br Zmht. [U AÎ[gßVoV, _wbmßMm ]mi[UmMm AmOma, `mß_wi{ß ht \$i|nh ^a[ya ^m{Jmdrß bmJbt.

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 709$&&

Mß–- aod bm^`m{J, `mßZ{ oddmh bm°H$a, [ÀZr MmßJbr d bm{H$_m›`Vmoh bm°H$a. Mß–mM{ [pÌM_ H|$X´m®V _ßJi. EHy$U Òd^md Vm[Q> [U BVaoh gd© `m|JmßH$S>{ [mhVmß `mMm [naUm_ PJS>m H$a `mH$S>{ Pmbm. bT>mD$[Um Ambm.

`m emÛmV _bm ÒdVïbm H$mqhnh JÂ` Zmht. oQ>iH$ d b˙_r]mB© `m Xm{Kmß¿`m Hwß$S>Î`m [naoeÔ>mV AgmÏ`m Aer H$mqh dmMH$mßZr _mJUr H{$br. Ah_XZJa `{Wrb S>m∞.[r.[r.^mJdV `mßZt oQ>iH$mßMr Hwß$S>br V`ma H$Í$Z oXbr.À`mßM{ AmÂhr F$Ur Amhm|VM. b˙_r]mB™Mr O›_oVWr C[b„Y hm{ `mgmaIr ZgÎ`mZ{ß Vr _mJUr _mÃ [yU© H$aVm Ambr Zmhr. oQ>iH$ Jm{Ib{ dßed•jmßVrb CVmamoh dmMH$mß¿`m _mJUrdÍ$ZM oXb{bm Amh{. && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 710$&&

b˙_r]mB™M{ gmohÀ` b˙_r]mB™Mr ª`mnV Amh{ Vr Ò_•oVoMÃmßMr b{oIH$m ÂhUyZM. À`m_wi| À`mßM| BVa b{IZ Oam _mJ|M [S>Î`mgmaI| Pmb{ Amh|. À`mß¿`mß gmohÀ`g{d{Mr Wm{S>∑`mV H$Î[Zm X{ `mMm hm ‡`ÀZ Amh{. 1. Ò_•oVoMÃ| ]mB™Zm gmohÀ`b˙_r hm Ao^Zd oH$Vm] o_imbm Vm{ Ò_•oVoMÃmß_wi|M. À`mß¿`m b{IZmbm gwÈdmV gw_ma{ 1924 [mgyZ Pmbr. À`mAmYr À`mß¿`m AmR>dUr À`mß¿`m Vm|Sy>Z oH$À`{ßH$mßZr AmoU oH$À`|H$Xm E{H$b{Î`m Amh{V. 1923 V \$mXa O∞H$ od›Òbm{ `mß M { Narayan Vaman Tilak The Christian Poet of Maharashtra h| [wÒVH$ ]mh{a [S>b|. _bm dmQ>V| À`mdÍ$ZM X{dXŒmamdmß¿`m _ZmßV H°$H$ oXdg Km{iV Agb{br oQ>iH$-MnaÃ oboh `mMr H$Î[Zm ode{f \$m{\$mdy bmJbr AmoU À`m gßH$oÎ[V MnaÃmßgmR>r À`mßZrß b˙_r]mB™H$S>{ AmR>dUtMr _mJUr H{$br. 1924 _‹`| gmohÀ`Mm`© lr[mX H•$ÓU H$m{ÎhQ>H$a `mßMm oQ>iH$ [nadmamerß [naM` Pmbm. À`mßZm b˙_r]mB™¿`m AmR>dUr \$ma AmdS>Î`m. AmoU À`m Amh{V VemM [´og’ ÏhmÏ`m Agm AmJ´h À`mßZr Ynabm. [wT>{ ‡^mH$a lr[mX `mßM{ß gßOrdZr _mogH$ gwÍ$ Pmb|. À`mVyZ Ò_•oVoMÃ| H´$_eï [´og’ hm{D$ bmJbt. ]mB© ÂhUV,""`m ]m[b{H$mßZr _m¬`m Ò_•oVoMÃmßZm [ßI bmdb{.'' Ò_•oVoMÃ{ h| Zmßd _mÃ ]mB™Zrß oXb{b| Zmht. X{dXŒmamd, [´m{.^m.b.[mQ>UH$a d H$XmoMV≤ ‡.lr.H$m{ÎhQ>H$a `mß¿`m EH$m AZm°[MmnaH$ ]°R>H$s®VyZ h{ Zmßd oZKmb|. Ò_•oVoMÃmßV [ohbm ^mJ [´H$moeV Pmbm Vm{ 15 oS>g|]a 1934 am{Or. AmoU À`mZßVa ]am{]a EH$m dfm©Zß{ oVgam ^mJ. `mM d{ir b˙_r]mB™Mm Q>m{b{OßJ gÀH$mag_maß^ ZmerH$H$amßZr H{$bm. A‹`j[XmdÍ$Z o‡.AÃ{ (AmMm`© C[mYr ZßVaMr) `mßZt gmohÀ` b˙_r ÂhUyZ b{oIH{$Mm Jm°ad H{$bm. Mm°Wm ^mJ 15-12-36 `m oXderßññ ]mB™¿`m oZYZmZßVañññ ‡H$moeV Pmbm. `mßVrb [ohbt 84 [•>| ]mB™¿`m hmVMt AgyZ ]mH$s® b{IZ X{dXŒmamdmßM{ Amh{. ]mB™¿`m oZYZm[`™VMr hH$sJV `mßV Amb{bt Amh{. Ò_•oVoMÃmß¿`m Amd•Œ`m AZ{H$ PmÎ`m. gdm©V AoYH$ dmoMbr J{br Vr X{dXŒmamdmßZr gßj{[ H{$b{bt gßoj· Ò_•oVoMÃ|. À`mZßVaMr gmohÀ` AH$mX_rMrß Ò_•oVoMÃ| Wm{S>r\$ma gßoj·M Amh{V. hm gßj{[nh X{dXŒmamdmßZtM H$Í$Z oXbm. `m Amd•Œmrbm S>m∞. H$_bm]mB© X{e[mßS>{ `mßMr ‡ÒVmdZm && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 711$&&

Om{S>b{br Amh{. o_g Om{g{\$mBZ B›dÒQ>a `mßZr Ò_•oVoMÃmßM{ H{$b{{b{ I Follow After h{ g_J´ BßpΩbe ^mfmßVaoh ‡og’ Amh{. `mZßVaMr Ao^Zd Amd•oŒm (1974) hr dmMH$mß¿`m _ohVrMr Amh{. [´ÒVwV Amd•oŒm h{ oVM|M ZdrZ gßÒH$aU Amh{. 2. oºÒVm`Z : h{ Am{dr]’ _hmH$mÏ` obhm`bm oQ>iH$mßZr 1910 ¿`m gw_mamg gwÈdmV H{$br. V{ À`mß¿`m hmVyZ [yU© Pmb| Zmhr 10 [yU© A‹`m` AmoU 11Ï`m¿`m 106 ¿`m Am{Ï`m oQ>iH$mß¿`m hmV¿`m Amh{V. [wT>{ H°$H$ df} h{ _hmH$mÏ` A[wa{M amohb| hm{V{. oQ>iH$mß¿`m ¯mVrV V{ A[wa|M [wÒVÈ[mZ{ ‡og’oh Pmb{ hm{V{. 1930 _‹`{ H$›`{¿`m oddmhm_wi{ CX≤^db{Î`m dmXimM{ oZo_Œm hm{D$Z b˙_r]mB™Zr oºÒVm`Z [yU© H$a `mMr ‡oVkm H{$Î`mMr hH$sJV dmMH$mßZm _mhrV Amh{. (Ò_•oVoMÃ|-^mJ 4. [• 94 [hm) 11 [mgyZ 75 [`™VM{ A‹`m` ]mB™Zr gw_ma{ [mMß dfm™V [wa{ H{$b{. oQ>iH$mßZr gm{S>b{bm YmJm CMbyZ b˙_r]mB™Zr _hmH$mÏ` ]{_mby_ [yU© H{$b| Ag{ _mÃ Zmhr. Xm{Kmß¿`m oboh `mßV _m{R>rM V\$mdV Amh{. ]mB™M| b{IZ h{ oºÒVMnaÃ Amh{ oQ>iH$mß¿`m oboh `mßV H$WmdÒVy[{jmß VX≤ZwfßJmZ{ AZ{H$ odf`mßM{ odd{MZ AoYH$ Amh{. 76 dm A‹`m` obhyZ X{dXŒmmßZr `m J´ßWmßMr [yoV© H{$br. AmoU 1938 _‹`{ H$nd oJare `mßZr h{ _hmH$mÏ` gß[moXV H{$b{. gmß‡V `m¿`m ‡Vr Xwo_©i Pmb{Î`m Amh{V. ÒdV: b˙_r]mB© oºÒVm`ZmbmM Am[b{ OrodVH$m`© _mZrV AgV. ([hm Ò_•oVoMÃ| - ^mJ 4) 3. ^abr KmJa : hm b˙_r]mB©¿`m Ò\w$Q> H$odVmßMm gßJ´h X{dXŒmamdmßZr 1951 V gß[moXV H{$bm. H$od AmoU H$mÏ`, AmÀ_[a, Ûr[wÈf, dmgÎ`, ‡mgßoJH$, È[H$mÀ_H$, amÔ≠>r`, Ag{ 12 od^mJ. À`mßV EHy$U 54 H$odVm d 13 dm od^mJ oºÒVm`ZmßVrb d|M{ Aer `mMr _mßS>Ur Amh{. _mÃ `mßV b˙_r]mB™Mr gmarM Ò\w$Q> H$odVm Amb{br Zmhr. oQ>iH$mß‡_mU{M ]mB™¿`moh AZ{H$ H$odVm H$mbm¿`m CXamßV Zmhrem Pmb{Î`m Amh{V. "^abr KmJa' h{ Zmßd "_r VwPr _mder Vwbm ›`md`m Amb{' `m ]mB™¿`m ‡og’ H$odV{dÈZ oXb{b{ Amh{. ‡mÒVmodH$ oZd{XZmßV X{dXŒmamd ÂhUVmV. ""Ò_•oVoMÃ|, oºÒVm`Z d AmVmß ^abr KmJa Aer VrZ _m{R>mbr [wÒVH{$ _m¬`m ¯m AS>mUr [U ‡{_i _mV{Z| obohbr h{ [mhˇZ Y›` dmT>V{.''

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 712$&&

gmohÀ`b˙_rMr dmQ>Mmb emb{` oejUmMm JßYoh Z bm^b{Î`m gmohÀ`b˙_r¿`m `m j{ÃmVrb ‡dmgm¿`m Wm{S>∑`mßV _mJm{dm K{U{ _Zm{aßOH$ Amh{. 1814 (]h˛V{H$ gﬂQ>|]a) _‹`{ ]mB™Zr Am[br [ohbr H$odVm nbohbr. (Ò_•oVoMÃ| - ^mJ 1, [•. 160) À`m[ydu H$odV{er gß]ßYM ZÏhVm Ag{ _mÃ ZÏh{. oQ>iH$mß¿`m H$odV{Mr [ohbr lm{Vr d Q>rH$mH$ma b˙_r]mB© Agm`¿`m EH$m H$odV|V oQ>iH$mßZr H{$b{br H$mÏ`aÀZmdbrdarb Q>rH$m ]mB™¿`m bjmßV Ambr d À`mßMr "H$i `mMr eo∫$' [mhˇZ oQ>iH$mßZm Zdb dmQ>Î`mM{ Ò_•oVoMÃmßV Amb{b{ Amh{M. b˙_r]mB™¿`m AmB© H$do`Ãr hm{À`m, H$odo`oÃ hm e„X _mÃ À`mß¿`m H$mir ‡MobV ZÏhVm. ]mB© obohVmV. "" AmB©bm obohVmß dmMVmß `{V ZÏhV{. _Zmbm odaßJwim ÂhUyZ oVZ| JmUr aMmdt d e{OmË`m[mOm`mß¿`m gwZmb{H$s®H$Sy>Z [mR> H$ÈZ ø`mdr'' hmM H$mÏ`aMZ{Mm YmJm o^Hy$VmB© `mß¿`mH$S>{oh Amb{{bm oXgVm{. Vr _m¬`mda EH$ JmU| ÂhUV Ag|. "" _°Zm VwPm J q[Oam _m`{Mm'' dJ°a{. Jm `mMm AW© Agm hm{Vm H$s, ""_°Z{ Vwbm H$m|Sy>Z R>{db| Amh{ Var hm q[Oam ÂhUO{ H°$XImZm Zmhr AmÂhmbm _m`{Z{M Vwbm H$m|S>md{ bmJV{. ZmhrVa Vy H{$ÏhmßM ^waH$Z CSy>Z Omerb.'' JmUr aM `mMm N>ßX (H$odVm oboh `mMm ZÏh{) b˙_r]mB™H$S>{oh OwZmM Agbm [mohO{. À`m ÂhUVmV - ""_t oV¿`mda EH$ _m{R>| ˆX`–mdH$ JmU| aMb| hm{Vß d V{ oVbm oeH$d `mH$aVmß ]m{bmdb{ hm{V|. (Ò_•oVoMÃ| - ^mJ 2. [•.83) 1855 _‹` H$odXß[Vr¿`m odahm[H$mbm¿`m Amaß^r Amaß^r À`mßMm H$odVm]’ [ÃÏ`dhma Mmbm`Mm. `mMm oZX}e ]mB™¿`m gÀH$mag_maßmV [m{. Om{Ji{H$a d A‹`j o‡.AÃ{ `m Xm{Kmßoh ^mfUmßV Amb{bm Amh{. _mÃ hm [ÃÏ`dhma ÂhUO{ ‡{_[ÃmßMr X{dK{d ZÏhVr. O| O| _Zr Amb{ V{ gma| ]mB© H$odVmÍ$[mZ| obhrV. gdV, Zdam, XiU Aem H$mßhrH$mßhr È[H$mÀ_H$ H$odVm À`m obhˇZ YmS>m`¿m` BVH|$M. ""_bm H$mßhr À`mß¿`mOdi _mJm`M{ ZÏhV| H$s À`mßZm H$mßhr gmßJm`M{ ZÏhV{'' (Ò_•oVoMÃ{- ^mJ 2, [•. 11) `m [ÃmßVrb EH$Xm{Z H$odVmM AmO C[b„Y Amh{V À`m ""^abr KmJa'' _‹`{ g_modÔ> Amh{V. `mM H$mimßV ]mb]m{Y_{dm _mogH$mßV "" AÈUˆX`m oM_wH$Î`m [ojam`m'' h| b˙_r]mB™Zr H{$b{b{. ''Little Robin Red Breast" M| ^mfmßVa Amb{b{ Amh{. 1900 gmbr E{∑`g^{V (Am∞∑Q>m|]a 23 V{ 30 XaÂ`mZ) ]mB™M{ [ohb| ^mfU Pmb|. && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 713$&&

1900-01 `m dfm™V oQ>iH$mßZr ""oºÒVr'' _mogH$ Mmbodb{ `m H$m_mßV À`mßZm b˙_r]mB™M| gm¯ Ag{ AßH$m¿`m KS>Ám Kmb `m[mgyZ AßH$ [m{ÒQ>mßV Z{D$Z Q>mH$s[`™VM{ gm{[ÒH$ma Om{S>rZ| Mmbm`M{ `m _mogH$mßV b˙_m]mB™¿`m H$odVm _YyZ_YyZ `{V AmO À`m C[b„Y ZmhrV. 1901 _‹`{ pÏh∑Q>m{na`m _hmamUr¿`m oZYZmda ]mB™Mr EH$ H$odVm ""oOH$S>{ oVH$S>{ oIﬁVm'' ]mb]m{Y_{Ï`mßV Amb{br Amh{. 1904 [mgyZ ]mB™¿`m H$odVm AZ{H$ _mogH$mßVyZ AYyZ _YyZ `{D$ bmJÎ`m. 1906 _‹`{ oQ>iH$mßMm ""^OZgßJ´h'' [ß. a_m]mB™Zr ‡og’ H{$bm. À`mßV ""^yV O]a _m{R>| ]mB© J ! Pmob PS>[U H$È JV H$mB J'' Ag| EH$ ^mÈS>dOm ^OZ Amh{. EH$ Am{i oQ>iH$mßMr Xwgar b˙_r]mB™Mr Aer g_Ò`m[yoV© H$arV H$arV V{ C^`VmßZr aoMb{b| Amh{. 1907 gmbr OiJmdß¿`m H$odgß_{bZmbm b˙_r]mB™Zr YmS>b{bm gßX{e "" H$od VwÂhr o^H$mnaU _r hm{ Vw_¿`m Xmar'' hm MmßJbmM JmObm. `m¿`m AZwfßJmZ{ b˙_r]mB© AmoU H$od AZßVVZ` `mßMm H$odVm]’ Om]gmb oºÒVr ZmJnaH$mßVyZ ]a{M oXdg Mmbbm hm{Vm. 1909 V{ 1914 `m H$mimßV ]mB©¿`m [wÓH$iM H$odVm _mogH$ _Zm{aßOZmßVyZ ‡og’ PmÎ`m. À`m[°H$s ""H$aß¡`mVbm _m{XH$'' ""[oV[ÀZr'', ""_r VwPr _mder'' dJ°a{ H$odVmßM{ ode{f H$m°VwH$ Pmb|. 1914 _‹`{ b˙_r]mB™Zr EH$ gm_moOH$ H$mXß]ar obhm`bm K{Vbr hm{Vr. Vr H$Yr [yU© Pmbr Zmhr. oV¿`mdarb ]mbH$drMm Ao^‡m` _mÃ gd©lwV Amh{. (Ò_•oVoMÃ{^mJ 3) `mM gw_mamg oQ>iH$mßZr b˙_r]mB™Zm H$sV©Z H$a `mM{ ""Q≠>{oZJ'' oXb{. amh˛arg ZJamg ]mB™Mr H$sV©Z| hm{V. oQ>iH$mßMm ""H$sV©ZH$bm['' _wª`V: b˙_r]mB™gmR>rMß nbohb{bm Amh{. [wT>{ oQ>iH$mß¿`m ZßVa H°$H$ dfm™Zr 1932-33 gmbr b˙_r]mB™Zr H$sV©ZmMm Xm°am H$mT>Î`mM| _bm AmR>dV{. _‹`ßVar H$mßhr H$mi b˙_r]mB™M{ b|IZ Wmß]Î`mgmaI{ Pmb|. [U 1919 _‹`| oQ>iH$mß¿`m oZYZmZßVa À`mßMr ‡oV^m [w›hm OmJ•V Pmbr. AmoU e{dQ>[`™V H$m`©aV amohbr. oQ>iH$mß¿`m _mJ{ XwgË`m qH$dm oVgË`mM oXder À`mßZr ""lr_Vr Zmßd _O Amb{ & gm°^mΩ` Î`mbm J{b{'' hr ‡og’ H$odVm obohbr. ( Ò_•oVoMÃ| - ^mJ 4) 1919 Am∞JÒQ> 5 am{Or b˙_r]mB™Mm [ohbm ZmVw O›_mg Ambm. À`m oXder À`mßZr && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 714$&&

obohb|br "" oM_wH$b| ]mbH$ _m¬`m[wT>{'' hr À`mßMr gdm}ÀH•$Ô> H$odVm R>amdr. ( Ò_•oVoMÃ| - ^mJ 4, [•> 17-19) 1919-21 `m H$mimßV X{dXŒmmßZr oQ>iH$mßMr kmZm{X`mßVrb Xm{Z gXa| ""oºÒVmZwdV©Z'' AmoU ""A^ßJmßOob'' hr [wT>| Mmbodbr. `m ZÏ`m A^ßJmßObrVb{ 11 A^ßJ b˙_r]mB™M{ Amh{V. [wT>|oh À`mßZr AZ{H$ A^ßJ obohb{. oQ>iH$mß¿`m A^ßJmMm e{dQ>Mm MaU ""Xmg ÂhU{...'' Agm`Mm b˙_r]mB™Mr N>m[ Agm`Mr ""XmgmMr hr Xmgr'' 1923 : 1924 (?) Ò_•oVoMÃmßM| b{IZ gwÈ Pmb{. 1924-1928 `m H$mimßV ZmVdßS>mßZm oeH$od `m¿`m oZo_ŒmmZ{ b˙_r]mB™Zr oH$À`{H$ oeewJrV| obohbt. À`mßVrb H$mhr ""^abr KmJa'' _‹`| Amh{V. H$mßhr J{br À`mßVb{ AmH$S>ÁmM{ JmU| ode{f ‡og’ Amh{ (Ò_•oVoMÃ|-^mJ 4) 1930-1931 _‹`{ b˙_r]mB™Zr ‡^mV\{$Ë`mVyZ ^mJ-^mJ ÂhU `m[{jm [wT>mH$ma K{Vbm. ‡^mV\{$Ë`mßgmR>r X{e^o∫$[a H$dZ| À`mßZr ]arM obohbr ""amÔ≠>r` JrV'' ZmdmM{ N>m{Q>{g| [wÒVH$oh ‡og’ H{$b{. H$mimam_ _ßoXa ‡d{e gÀ`mJ´hmdÈZoh ]mB™Zr H$odVm obohÎ`m, À`mßVrb ""am_mog dmQ> Zmhr'' h{ EH$ H$dZ H$m` V| AmO C[b„Y Amh{. ( Ò_•oVoMÃ| - ^mJ 4) 1933 ZmoeH$ `{Wrb H$odgß_{bZm¿`m ÒdmJVm‹`j[XmdÍ$Z b˙_r]mB™Zr H{$b|b| ^mfU `m ^mfUmdÈZM oºÒVrVa aogH$mßZm ]mB™¿`m d∫•$ÀdmMr OmUrd Pmbr. `mM dfv ZmJ[ya _amR>r oºÒVr gmohÀ` gß_{bZmM| A‹`j[X b˙_r]mB™H$S>{ Amb|. À`mßM{ A‹`jr` ^mfU gd©Xya JmOb|. hr Xm{›hr ^mfU| ‡ÒVwV [wÒVH$mßV [naoeÔ>È[mZ{ oXb{br Amh{V. 1934-35 Am`wÓ`m¿`m AI{a¿`m [dm™V b˙_r]mB™Zm À`mß¿`m g_J´ gmohÀ`g{d{Mr [mdVr o_imbr. 15 oS>g|]a 1935 am{Or Ò_•oVoMÃmß¿`m oVgË`m ^mJmM| ‡H$meZ Pmb|. À`mM d{ir ZmoeH$H$amßZr ]mB™Mm ^Ï` gÀH$mag_maß^ gmOam H{$bm. A‹`j[XmdÈZ o‡. AÃ{ `mßZr ]mB™Zm ""gmohÀ`-b˙_r'' hr Ao^Zd [Xdr ]hmb H{$br. 1936 \{$]´wdmar 24 am{Or b˙_r]mB™Mm AßV Pmbm. À`mßMr gmohÀ`g{d{Mr B¿N>m AI{a[md{Vm| OmJ•V hm{Vr. e{dQ>Î`m AmOmamV À`mßZr C“ma H$moT>b| "" _mPr ^mH$ar ^mOyZ Pmbr. odÒVdmda e{H$m`Mr amohbr Amh{ '' && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 715$&&

* b˙_r]mB™M{ EH$ [Ã* Ò_•oVoMÃmß_‹`{ X{dXŒmamd obohVmV, ""EH$ [ÀZr oOdßV AgVm Xwgar H$Èß Z`{ h| oVM| _V ZwgV{ ÒdV:[waV{ ZgyZ À`mgmR>r oVbm AJXr ÒdV:¿`m _wbm‡_mU{ o‡` Agb|Î`m _mUgmßer oVZ{ VßQ>{ H{$b{. À`mßM{ Iam{IaM H$mZ o[aJmib|'' ( Ò_•oVoMÃ{ - ^mJ 4, [• 110) `mM ]m]VrV bm{H$_V ]Zod `mMm ]mB™Mm EH$ ‡`ÀZ ÂhUO{ [wT>| oXb{b| [Ã _{ 1935 _‹`| h| AZ{H$ _amR>r [Ãmß_YyZ ‡og’ Pmb{b| Amh{. kmZ‡H$memZ{ß `mbm _m{R>{ erf©H$ oXb| hm{V|. V| [Ã Ag{. EH$ [ÀZr oOdßV AgVm [wZb©æ H$a `mMr gmW EH$[pÀZÀdm¿`m H$m`⁄mMr AmdÌ`H$Vm lr_Vr b˙_r]mB© oQ>iH$ `mßMr gyMZm am. am. kmZ‡H$meH$V} `mßg AoIb _hmamÔ≠>r` gwoeojV ]ßYw^oJZtZm odZßVr H$a `mßV `{V{ H$s AbrH$S>{ EH$ ^`ßH$a gmW gwÈ Pmbr Amh{. Var oV¿`mda am_]mU Am°fYmMr `m{OZm H$aU| h| AmÂhm ‡À`{H$mßM{ AmoXH$V©Ï` Amh{. Vr [wÈfdJm©V \°$bmdV Mmbbr Amh{. À`m[mgyZ qhXw g_mOmbm AZrVrM| ÒdÈ[ `{V Amh{. AmO OdiOdi [ﬁmg df} [wZod©dmhmMr arV gwÈ Pmbr Vr `m{Ω` Amh{. gmV, AmR>, ]mam, [ßYam dfm™¿`m AmßV]mh{a _wbtZm V| `m{Ω` hm{V|, [U AmVmß EH$ oZamirM ‡Wm [Sy> [hmV Amh{. EH$ ]m`H$m{ oOdßV AgyZ oVbm _wb{]mi| Pmbr Agbt Var oV¿`m Camda Xwgar AmUVmV. EH$ Jm` JmimßVyZ H$mT>VmV d Xwgar JmimßV bm{Qy>Z oVbm [m`mZ| VwS>odVmV, o^Ñ, H$m{ir, R>mHy$a `mßZm AmÂhr Zmßd| R>{odVm|, [ßaVw V{ ]a{. [aßVw À`mhˇZ oH$Vr Var CÉdUu` od¤mZ, ZmdmßOb{b{, d`m{d•’, MmaMma [m{amßM{ ]m[, drg drg df} ‡[ßM MmbdyZ EIm⁄m JmB©bm da H$mT> `mg Am[bm hmV X{VmV. Jm` Zg{b Va EIm⁄m Hw$_mnaH{$¿`m AmB©]m[mß¿`m J˘`mM| bm{T>U| Xya H$aVmV. AmO[`™V oOZ| gßgma H{$bm, Mma _wb| Pmbt, V{Ïhmß AmdS>Vr hm{Vr d AmVmßM ZmdS>Vr Pmbr ! am{_m›g ! am{_m›g ! H$emMm am{_m›g ! oºÒVr bm{H$mß‡_mU{ H$m`Xm H$ÈZ ø`m. [wT>| Ïhm. _J [mhˇß am{_m›g. Am[U AmVmß ÂhUmb AmÂhr g^m ^adyZ À`mßMm oZf{Y H$naVm{. Am_¿`m oZf{Ymbm ^rH$ H$m{U KmbVm{? [U g^m ^adm d ¯m Jm{Ô>rMm [yU© odMma H$am. ZmBbmOmÒVd H$mßhrVar ¯mß¿`m _mJ| * kmZ‡H$me, 12 _{ 1935 && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 716$&&

gaH$mar H$m`Xm H{$Î`oedm` h| bm{H$ ew’rda `{Uma ZmhrV. _J À`mßZm ÂhUmd| gaH$ma¿`m odlmßoVgXZmßV gmV df} am{_m›g H$arV ahm. hr odZßVr. Am[br, b˙_r]mB© oQ>iH$

AJXr ÒQ>{[ ]m` ÒQ>{[ 15 oS>g|]a 1935 am{Or Pmb{Î`m gÀH$mamg CŒma X{VmßZm b˙_r]mB™Zr Am[Î`m odH$mgmM| dU©Z ""AJXr ÒQ>{[ ]m` ÒQ>{['' `m e„XmßZr H{$b{ hm{V{. À`mß¿`m Y_©H$Î[ZmßMm odH$mgoh Aem ""AJXr ÒQ>{[ ]m` ÒQ>{['' [’VrZ{M Pmb{bm Amh{. À`mßZr oQ>iH$mßgmaIr Am[br ""gmj'' obhˇZ R>{odb{br Zmhr. EdT>ÁmdÈZ - qH$dm EdT>ÁmMm \$m`Xm K{D$Z "" e{dQ>r gVrbm [VrdmMyZ X{d Zmht hr qhXwY_m™Vrb oeH$dUM oºÒVr Y_© ÒdrH$maVmßZm À`mß¿`m [mR>rer hm{Vr.'' Agm od[`©ÒV AmJ´h S>m∞. H$_bm]mB© X{e[mßS>{ `mß¿`mgmaª`m odXwfrZ{ßoh Yamdm1 AmoU AJXt AbrH$S>{ _wß]B© XyaXe©ZmZ| "" gJi{ Y_© gmaI{M _J Am[Î`m _mUgmßZm H$embm XwIdm`M{ ÂhUyZ _r oºÒVr Pmb{''2 Agb{ H$mßhrVar ]mÓ\$i odYmZ b˙_r]mB™¿`m Vm|S>t KwgS>md| Ag{ Km{a A›`m` b˙_r]mB™da hm{V Amh{V. b˙_r]mB™¿`m ApÒ_V{Mr AoU Òd`ß‡k{Mr OmUyZ]wOyZ XIb K{ `mßV `{V Zmhr. Ag| ÂhUU| H´$_‡m· Amh{. Ò_•oVoMÃmßMr gmj Va Aer Amh{ H$s® oZU©` K{ `mMr d{i Ambr ÂhUO{ b˙_r]mB© Vm{ ÒdV:M K{D$Z _m{H$˘`m hm{VmV AmoU ZßVa À`m oZU©`mbm oQ>iH$mßMr ghOJÀ`m hmoX©H$ AZw_oV o_iyZ OmV|. dmÒVodH$ [hmVmß oºÒVrY_© ÒdrH$mÈZ b˙_r]mB™Zt Am[Î`m oºÒVr[UmM{ gmW©∑`oh H$g| H{$b| À`Mr AJXr ÒQ>{[ ]m` ÒQ>{[ H°$o\$`V Ò_•oVoMÃmßV oZ:gßoXΩY e„XmßV Amb|br Amh{. À`mß¿`m À`m ÒQ>{ﬂg `{W{ Wm{S>∑`mV X{Vm{. [ohbr ÒQ>{[ : AZo^k AmoU oZpÓH´$` oQ>iH$ oºÒVr hm{B©[`™V "" _mJ©'' hr ]mOy ]mB™Zm _mhrVM Zmhr. oQ>iH$mßMr ^yo_H$m AmH$bZ H$a `mMr Hw$dV Zmht, oOH$sa Zmhr, H$s o\$H$sa Zmhr. ""_r À`mß¿`mH$S>{ J{b{ AmoU V{ _wgb_mZ Pmb{ Va? Ag| À`mßZm dmQ>{ oQ>iH$ J{b{ BVH|$M À`mßZm OmUdb{ AmoU V{dT>ÁmZ| À`mßZm oOdmdaM| XwIU| Amb{.'' Xwgar ÒQ>{[ : Amem]›Y : [ßT>a[wamg oQ>iH$ `{D$Z ^{Q>b|. "" _mÒVamßMr IQ>[Q>'' hm{D$Z J{br. J{b|bm [oV [aV `{U| AJXtM Ae∑` H$m{Q>rVb{ Zmht hr Amem 1. Ò_•oVoMÃ| gmohÀ` AH$mX_r Amd•Œmr- ‡ÒVmdZm

2. XyaXe©Z 12-2-1983

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 717$&&

]mB™ ¿ `m _Zmß V ÈObr AmoU ""Amem]›Y'' Hw $ gw _ g—eß ‡m`em{ ¯ß J ZmZmß g⁄:[moV‡Uo` ˆX`ß od‡`m{J{ ÈΩUo’''* hm H$mbmoXmgm{ÀH$ M_ÀH$ma KSy>Z `{D$Z ]mB™Mr OrodV{¿N>m ]imdbr. oVgar ÒQ>{[ : Am[Î`mH$Sy>Z hm{B©b V|. b˙_r]mB™Zt Am[Î`m _yi Òd^mdmZwgma MT>mB™M{ Ym{aU AmIb|. oQ>iH$mßZm [aV AmU `mMm MßJ ]mßYyZ Zdggm`mg, d´Vd°H$Î`{, C[mgVm[mg H$ÈZ eara H$Ô>odb| À`mßZm OmUyZ K{{ `mMm `ÀZ _mÃ H{$bm Zmhr. Mm°Wr ÒQ>{[ : VŒdmßV Zmhr Var V[erbmßV VS>Om{S> Am[bm gZmVZ Y_©, gm|di{Am{di{, _yoV©[yOm gma{ H$Q>mjmZ{ gmß^miyZ [oVJ•hr AmJ_Z. `m Mma [m`Ë`mßZm ]mB™Zm gw_ma| Mma df} bmJbr. [U Am[Î`m Friend - Philosopher-Guide ¿`m ghdmgmßV `m[wT>rb AoYH$ H$R>rU [m`Ë`m À`m df© ghm _oh›`mß¿`m AdYrV ghO MTy>Z J{Î`m. [mßMdr ÒQ>{[ : Km|Q> odfmMm H$s® A_•VmMm? OmoV^{X g_yi J{bm. ghmdr ÒQ>{[ : [a_VgohÓUwVm - hm°erbm K{VmßZm Am[br H•$oV X{dmbm [gßV Amh{ H$s Zmhr h{ [maI `m¿`m ]w’rZ{ ]mB™Zr ]m`]bbm H$m°b bmodbm. hm _mJ© Im{Q>m. [U [a_Y_m©Mm J´ßW H$m°b bmd `mBVH$m [odÃ _mZ `mMr gohÓUwVm Im{Q>r ZÏh{. gmVdr ÒQ>{[ : "" _O [mﬂ`mda X`m H$a'' ‡mW©Z{Mr Jm{S>r bmJbr. ˆX`ÒW [a_{úamer ]m{b `mMm A[yd© AZw^d bm^bm'' VX≤ZßVa ‡H$Q>[U{ oºÒVmMm ÒdrH$ma H{$bm. `mZßVaoh ]mB™M| ""`moÃH$ H´$_U'' MmbyM amohb{, Am[Î`m hmVyZ oºÒVm`Z _hmH$mÏ`mMr [yoV© Ïhm`Mr hm{Vr ÂhUyZ Am[Î`mbm oºÒVr hm{ `mMr ‡{aUm Pmbr AmoU V{ [yU© hm{D$Z Am[Î`m oºÒVr hm{ `mM| gmW©∑` Pmb| h{ g_mYmZ '' b˙_r]mB™Zm `mM X{ht `mM S>m{imß bm^b|. AJXr ÒQ>{[ ]m` ÒQ>{[ : BßJ´Or agadi step by step `m A. X{. oQ>iH$ nboIV [wpÒVH{$Mm gmamße.

* _{KXyV- 9 && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 718$&&

amÔ≠>r` JrV o[´`H$a qhoXÒVmZ $& A_wMm $&& Y´w. && hrM gwImMr, gm°^mΩ`mMr, gd© JwUmßMr ImU $& Iam{Ia $&$& 1$&& qMVm ¯mMr H$Èß gd©Xm, ¯mMm YÈß Ao^_mZ $& Iam{Ia $&&2$&& X{Dß$ YZmbm, X{Dß$ _Zmbm, ¯mÒVd X{Dß$ ‡mU $& Iam{Ia $&&3$&& ÒdX{e -g{dm ÈM{ Z Vm{ Za X{h Ogm oZÓ‡mU Iam{Ia $& Vm{ ZM oºÒVr OmU && 4$&& o‡` X{emM| A_w¿`m X{dm, oZÀ` H$ar Vyß ÃmU $& Iam{Ia $&&5$&& - Zm. dm. oQ>iH$ (2)

Mmb - (AmZßX Hß$X ) `m qhXr ]mobH$mßZm{ Am]mbd•’ OZ hm{ ÒdmVßÕ` - JrV JmDß$ ÒdmVßÕ` h| KamßV $&&Y´w $&& H$m_mer bmJw AmYr `m Am[wÎ`m KamßV XmÈet hmH$bm{Zr ÒdmVßÕ` h{ KamßV $&& 1$&& amkr[Xmg Xmdyß `m Am[wÎ`m KamßV H$mT>m{oZ gyV d{J| ÒdmVßÕ` h| KamßV $&&2 $&& AmUy [w›hmß O{ J{b| H$m°eÎ` h| KamßV OZV{g hmV X{Dß$ ÒdmVßÕ` h| KamßV $&&3 $&& ]mimßg K{Dß$ I{i K{Dß$ ÒdX{er _mb dÛ| ÒdX{er b{Dß$ ÒdmVßÕ` h| KamßV $&&4$&& K{Dß$ ÒdX{er _mb CŒm{OZmg X{Dß$ Yß⁄mg XrZamV ÒdmVßÕ` h| KamßV $&& 5$&& J•h-amÔ≠> gmdam`m ]ßXr Zg{ KamßV d´V oZÀ` Mmbdm`m ÒdmVßÕ` h| KamßV $&& 6$&& K{ amÔ≠> O›_ AmYr ¯m Am[wÎ`m KamßV ÒdmVßÕ` hr ‡^mV h| JmD$ `m KamßV $&& 7$&&

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 719$&&

(3)

Mmb - (Mß–H$mßV amOmMr H$›`m ) qhX_m` hr Jm` A^mJr \$m{S>r hß]aS>m oºÒVr OZ hm{ Mbm [wT>{ Ïhm h| o]aS>| gm{S>m $&&1$&& XS>[emhrMm \$mßg bmJbm gwam AgyarMm oV¿`m H$maU| Zme Ohmbm A[wÎ`m amÔ≠>mMm $&& 2$&& Kam{K∂S>r hr H$am [{aUr `{Dß$ ⁄m [rH$m Ï`gZm[m`r X{e ]wS>mbm, Xmna–`m X{Im $&& 3$&& Vm{S>m ]ßYZ H$am _m{H$ir hß]aV{ Jm` Ï`gZ| gm{S>m [Xa [gÈZr odZdrV{ _m` $&& 4$&& (4)

Mmb - (KZÌ`m_ gwßXam) Mbm Mbm V{ ]ßYw^oJZtZm{ $& Am[Uoh OmD$ $& amÔ≠>-`em{Xm _ßWZ H$naV{ hmV oVbm bmdyß $&& 1$&& H$mamJ•ht¿`m S>{Ë`m_‹`{ $& H°$er aod Kmbr $& [hm hm{ ›`m`X{dVm hmV KmbwZr ]KV{ da Imbr $&& 2 $&& g·g_w–r ZmX Kw_{ hm $& oV¿`m _ßßWZmMm $& [hm hm{ ZmZmodY ¯m oV¿`m [mH$˘`m ]iH$Q> ÒVß^m¿`m $&& 3$&& ›`m`ZrVr¿`m gm{¡di Xm{Ë`m $& ÒVß^m¿`m ^m|Vr $& [hm hm{ oZÒdmWm©Mr Xm{ar em{^V{ À`m _‹`mdaVr $&& 4$&& oJarXatVyZ ZmX hm{Vg{ $& AdZr IS>]S>bt $& [hm hm{ oºÒVr OZ hm{ CR>m CR>m Va ‡^mV Pmbr $&& 5$&& (5)

Mmb - (CMb Am[wbm Imß]) gm{Sw> Ï`gZ|, Vm{Sw> ]ßYZ _mV•^yo_bm H$ÈoZ dßXZ e[W dmh˛oZ gmßJy oVObm VwOda gmam Ord. $&& 1$&&

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 720$&&

Ï`gZm[m`t oH$Vr ]wS>mb{ gmZ Wm{a V{ R>ma Ohmb{ didwoZ À`mßZm AmUw ewo’da VwOda gmam Ord . $&&2$&& gmßJ gmßJ Vyß A[wb{ h{Vy gm{Sw>Zr Ao^_oV AdK{ qH$Vy AmOdar Oar ^Q>H$V o\$abm| VwOda gmam Ord $&& 3 $&& gmßJ gmßJ Vyß A[wb{ h{Vy gm{Sw>Zr Ao^_oV AdK{ qH$Vy AmOdar Oar ^Q>H$V o\$abm| VwOda gmam Ord $&& 3 $&& _m°Zm YÈoZ H$mß J{ ]get Hß$R> XmQ>bm Aly Z{Ãt hm gÀ`mJ´h gmßJ Hw$UmÒVd VwOda gmam Ord $&& 4 $&& _wH{$ ]m{b J{ VwP{ H$imb{ O{ hm{V{ Vd ˆX`t XS>b{ AgwZr X{er Var [aX{er A_wMm gmam Ord $&& 5 $&& [m{Q>mgmR>r dUdU o\$aVr XrZ, [wßJw O{ Xmam{Xmar CMbyß À`mßZm X{D$oZ ‡mUm VwOda gmam Ord $&& 6 $&&

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 721$&&

(6)

Mmb - (Mbm Mbm PUt [X CMbm ) Ka h{ A[wb{ Òd¿N> H$am. JwÈ-_ßÃ Yam, C[X{e H$am $$&& Yw´ $&& gÀ` dXm`m ^roV Zmhr, IË`m gßJVt B©˚da amhr. Ao^_mZmbm Xya H$am $& JwÈ-_ßÃ Yam $& C[X{e H$am $&& 1 $&& _oXam[mZ{ ZH$m{ ZmMU{ _Z X{dm¿`m R>m`t a_U{ ‡^y gmßJVm{ gÀ` Yam $& JwÈ -_ßÃ Yam$& C[X{e H$am $&$& 2 $&& ÒdX{e ‡{_r _m{e{ Pmbm ÒdOZmß gmR>r I[bm PQ>bm bT>{ oH$Vr hm dra Iam $& JwÈ-_ßÃ Yam $& C[X{e H$am $&& 3$&& ÒdX{e-‡{_r emÛmYmar ÒdOZmß gmR>r l_br ^mar _Zt ‡{_ dam hm ‹`{` Yam $& JwÈ-_ßÃ Yam $& C[X{e H$am $&& 4 $&& X{emgmR>r `{ey aS>bm oH$Vr AßVar Vm{ H$idibm Ò_am Am[wÎ`m JwÈdam $& JwÈ-_ßÃ Yam $& C[X{e H$am $&& 5 $&& (7)

Mmb- (e{dQ>r ‡^wam`m) AOwZr OmJ{ Ïhm a{, VwÂhr gma{ gmdY Ïhm a{ $$&& Y´w $&& XwÈZr _mb Ambm, Ord À`mZ{ A_wMm ^wbbm È∑`mMm Q>∏$m Pmbm, [°gm dmh˛oZ`m Z{bm $&& 1$&& J•ohMr J{br dmQ>r, [na H$mßM bmJ{ [mR>t ; oVMmhr Mya Pmbm, [°gm dmh˛oZ`m J{bm $&& 2 $&& dÛ h| [aX{er, _D$ bmJ{ ÂhUwoZ K{er; X{h hm gOoder, [a∑`mßZm [°gm X{er $&& 3$&& gm{›`mM| ZmU| J{b{, oZH$bmM| hmVr Amb|, && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 722$&&

H$bmoh b`m J{br, [Xat hr Jna]r Ambr $&& 4$&& OwZ| V| gma{ J{b{, [a∑`mM{ gma{ Pmb{; `m_wi{ Zme Pmbm, YßX{dmbm R>ma ]wS>mbm $&& 5 $&& (8)

Mmb - (Vyß Q>mH$ oMÈZr hr _mZ) ZM qhX[wÃ S>aUma $& [wT>| gaUma $& Oer eo∫$ Vg| H$aUma $& [wT>{ gaUma $&& Y´w $&& amÔ≠>m¿`m Mm°\{$amßV $& dUdm hm ^S>H{$ AmßV $& odPod `m Ord X{Uma $& [wT>| gaUma $&& 1 $&& Aær¿`m ^{gya ¡dmbm $& J´moeVr Z^t¿`m H$mim $& ]KwoZ H$mß dra S>aUma $& [wT>| gaUma $&& 2 $&& ÒdmVßÕ` ^maV^yZ| $& O{ H$S>{ K{Vb| Vm›h{ $& ]{_mZ H$g{ hm{Uma $& [wT>| gaUma $&& 3 $&& Hw$Ur X{Dß$ odŒm oMŒmmbm $& Hw$Ur X{h A[u X{embm $& Hw$Ur X{dr AmidrUma $& [wT>| gaUma $&& 4 $&& `{ Ymd OJm¿`m ZmWm $& VyßM hm{B© A_wMm Z{Vm $& _J Zmhr H$Yr haUma $& [wT>| gaUma $&& 5 $&& (9) D$R> Ordm, ‡mWu X{dm, ]m{b dßX{ _mVa_≤ $& MmbVmßZm hmM Mmbm{ _ßÃ dßX{ _mVa_≤ $&& Y´w $&& H$m`© H$naVmß O›_^yM| Km{f dßX{ _mVa_≤ ew’ ^md| ew’ Jmd| _ßÃ dßX{ _mVa_≤ $&& 1 $&& _mV•^yMm _ßÃ gm{[m ]m{b dßX{ _mVa_≤ E{∑` amhm{ ^{X Omdm{ ]m{b dßX{ _mVa_≤ $&& 2$&& X{e-g{dm hm odgmdm _ßÃ dßX{ _mVa_≤ amÔ≠> JmB© h|M AmVm e„X dßX{ _mVa_≤ $$&& 3$&&

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 723$&&

(10) ^d ^` ^` ^` ÂhUer $& gmßJ a| H$emM{ ? O` O` O` O` VwoP`m $& H$mß Z `{B dmM{ ? $&& Yw´ $&& X{e]ßYw Vd _aVr $& I{X Z Vm{ Vd oMŒmr, oZÀ` VwPr _æ d•oŒm $& ajUt VZyM{ $&& 1 $&& Q>miwoZ`m OZg{dm $& aojVm{g oZOOrdm ]wS>drU| JwÈZmßdm $& [m[ Km{a gmM| $&& 3 $&& AÒV Z ¡`m oZÀ` CX` $& oºÒV C^m _•À`wßO` Vm|da Vyß OJt oZ^©` $& gm¯ K{Dß$ À`mM| $&& 4 $&& - Zm. dm. oQ>iH$ (11) Mbm og’ Ïhm, `m g_am $& O`Km{f H$am, O`Km{f H$am ! H$am Àdam a{, H$am Àdam; O`Km{f H$am, O`Km{f H$am !$&& Y´w $&& T>mb H$at ø`m odúmgmMr, H$Q>Áma ø`m a{ ‡^wdMZmMr, Ia{[U{ ]mßYm H$_am, O`Km{f H$am, O`Km{f H$am $&& 1$&& ‡gßJ [S>bm OmUwZ ]mßH$m oXdg Ag{ Vm| PwßOm qOH$m ! ‡^w A[wbm Vna odO` Iam; O`Km{f H$am, O`Km{f H$am $&& 2 $&& ˆX`t, BH$S>{, oVH$S>{, [wT>Vr _mJ| Imbr, qH$dm daVr, oºÒV C^m, hm ^md Yam, O`Km{f H$am, O`Km{f H$am $&& 3$&& - Zm. dm. oQ>iH$

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 724$&&

SKETCH OF A BRAHMIN WOMAN By. Miss H.L. Bruce

(1895 _‹`{ oQ>iH$mßZr Y_m™Va H{$b|. À`mZßVaMr gw_ma| Mma df} hm oQ>iH$Xmß[À`m¿`m Am`wÓ`mßVrb ""[naj{Mm H$mi'' hm{Vm. `m AdYtV H$mßhr oXdg odX{er o_eZË`mßZm _amR>r ^mfm oeH$od `mM| H$m_ ( o_eZË`mß¿`m ^mf|V "[ßoS>qVJ') H{$Î`mZ{ oQ>iH$mßMm AZ{H$ `wam{o[`Z d A_{naH$Z o_eZË`mßer oOÏhm˘`mMm ÒZ{h O_yZ Ambm. o_g h∞Q>m© ]´yg ¯m À`m[°H$sM. oQ>iH$mßZr ¯m ]mB™Mm CÑ{I "" _mPr oºÒV¤mamß ]hrU'' Agm H{$b{bm Amh{. oQ>iH$mßer Jﬂ[mJm{Ô>r H$aVmßZm ]´yg]mB™Zr hiyM b˙_r]mB™Mm odf` H$mT>mdm AmoU oQ>iH$ H$m` ÂhUVmV À`mMr Zm|X H$Í$Z R>{dmdr. oQ>iH$mßMr À`mßZm `m odf`mda [Ã|oh `m`Mr. `m gJ˘`mßdÈZ À`mßZr h| ""EH$m ]´m˜UrM| oMÃ'' a{ImQ>b{b| hÒVoboIV ÒdÍ$[mßV _bm C[b„Y Pmb|. h{ H$Yr H$m{R>| ‡H$moeV Pmb{b| ZgUma. Am[Î`m hmbMmbr Am[Î`m X{edmgr o_ÃmßZm godÒVa obhˇZ H$iod `mMm o_eZar [m`ßS>m Ag{. oVV∑`m[waVr gro_V ‡og’r _mÃ `mbmoh o_imb{br Agmdr ) It is in faintest outline that I have been able to prepare for you the following sketch of Mrs. N.V. Tilak who has recently suffered all that it is possible for a high caste woman to suffer through her husband's acceptance of Christianity, She is the wife of my Marathi teacher, the wife of his love and choice. You should hear their sweet love story, such an one as is well nigh incredible in India; how they played together in the fields,in the woods, in the river; how he even taught her to swim and they entered into one another's delights with heedless abandon. Their keenly responsive and poetic natures seemed made to confide in each other, while no thought of marriage embarrassed those days of free intercourse marriage in India having naught to do with personal love or preference, only with the desire of the elders. But by and by Mr. Tilak was considered of marriageable age, and his family friends began looking about for a suitable bride. They may have hastened matters a little in as much as Mr. Tilak was beginning to develop all a poet's eccentricities. He showed such a passionate love of nature and fondness for books, that, lest books should make him mad, they had temporarily deprived him of everything in the literary line, pen and ink included; but all to no purpose. The prisoner had become almost beside himself under the restraint and had succeeded in convincing his solicitious relations that books could never make him mad except as they were taken away from him

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Marriage was next proposed in order that family cares and responsibilities might make him more like other men. But again he picked against the pricks; his sensitive and highly strong nature rebelling against the thought of marriage thus forced upon him. Although according to oriental ideas of propriety. this was a most immodest thing to do. A youth is expected to show becoming indifference to any arrangements for his marriage which may be made by his elders. It is equally immodest for him to say he would like to be married or that he would not like to be. The tide of public feeling ran high, and when Mr. Tilak could resist it no longer he proposed a compromise which should allow him to name his own bride. Thus he chose his old time associate, who though of suitable caste and family, would never have been chosen for him because her complexion was darker than his; and thus he entered upon that union which was to prove such a blessing to him in the days to come until he must surrender all for Christ's sake and the Gospel's. Only a single glimpse may I give you of their early married life, which, notwithstanding the love between them, was one of perpetual restraint. To look at each other - an act of questionable propriety , to sit and talk together-an offence to the elders. To read and write -most horrible thing ! What Brahmin woman would be so unorthodox as to do this. It was only subrosa, when they could elude the vigilance of their elders, that a little free intercourse was allowed them. Nor was this embarrassment relieved by the birth of their first child. How did the father long to hold it in his arms. He might not even look at it. Stolen glances could not satisfy such a nature as his; he must gaze for hours upon that little one who was his own. And so it happened one day, stealthily creeping to the cradle he kidnapped his baby and escaped with it into the field. An; this was rapture indeed to look and look without thought of the grim elders, - to dream a poet's dream with no one to interrupt him or say him nay; to love and love as anywhere but in India, a man may love his child. Meantime the alarm was given, a search instituted, there was anxious running to and fro about the house; and finally, hidden amongst the flowers and grass, out of doors, the child was found in his father's arms. I believe he only returned on condition that he might have thereafter a little more freedom in the house; this was of necessity granted him. But not long was the child for this world; and a second child followed it into the home eternal. '' For of such is the Kingdom of Heaven." After the third little one was born the parents moved into another city far away from any elders who might embarrass them by their presence. && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 726$&&

And just a little glimpse must I give you of the unconventional life they lived together here, thereafter. Mrs. Tilak entering enthusiastically into her husband's plans; reading, writing and studying with him in his new and engrossing study of the life of Christ. Her husband had now become a Christian at heart, She, too was intellectually convinced while sympathetic in this as in all things else that affected his happiness. They were talking together one day about uniting themselves with the people of God. " How do we know " she queried, " what we ought to do? Let us cast lots," And her husband with a prayer in his heart that the disposing of the lot might be of the Lord prepared, in consultation with his wife, three papers marked as follows : 1st. My wife and I should become Christians together. 2nd. My wife and I should not become Christians 3rd. I should become a Christain, and my wife should follow me. Scattering these papers on the floor Mrs. Tilak told their little boy Sharadchandra to bring her one of them. He ran and picked up No. 3. "But", she objected, " that happened to be written on a larger piece of paper than the others and it is only natural that a child should pick up the largest. Let us try again "So with great precision, she cut three papers just the same size. marked them as before, threw them down, and deleaf Sharadchandra pick up one of them. Again he laughingly brought No. 3. " It only happened so" she still persisted ''there must be some mistake. It only happened so.'' And Mr. Tilak, who had received remarkable answers to prayer before this, trusted that a third time the disposal of lots should be of the Lord. So Sharadchandra brought No. 3 again to his mother, little thinking how much of joy and sorrow compliance with this lot must bring into all their lives. But Mrs. Tilak knew not the cost of becoming a Christain and when she counted it, she turned heart-sick aways. Dealth was preferable to shame and ignominy of it all, Her whole spirit revolted against the demands of Christ. She would not love him who was asking her to pay so dear. Thus her husband had to leave her and child with all else beside, and face alone the fearful persecution that followed his baptism. It swept over him with violence sufficient to rob him of reason and life, but for the sustaining presence of God. I have been privileged to know Mr. Tilak Intimately during the past few months, as Balbodhmewa matters have kept us in constant touch with each other. At Mahabaleshwar he often told me of communications from his wife. These were in prose or poetry, passionate pleadings with him to return. In one she said bitterly she

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would write a tragedy and dedicate it to him. She seemed to be sick unto death with the agony of separation. He sent her repeated assurances that he would be true to her, promising never to marry another, not to take away her child, both of which things, the law permitted him to do. At one time when it was suggested that if he secured possession of his son, his wife would soon follow, he answered simply, "I could never separate a child from its mother." At another time, when we were speaking of his happy matrimonial choice, he surprised us by saying " Happy though I thought it once, I am sometimes inclined to regret it now. If I had married a stupid woman, she would have come with me." But the love flashed into his eyes, as he said this, and we knew, that, far from regretting ought, he was only proud that his wife was not a stupid woman, after all. And trustful too, was he, that in God's good time if he could but bide it patiently she would be given back to him, " not so much for my sake", he would say " as for the sake of her soul's salvation," As the Mahabaleshwar season drew near to a close, Mrs. Tilak calls to her husband became irresistibly touching She was dying, dying for love and he must not delay to come to her. We were all solicitous test he should be unable to withstand the temptations of Pandharpur. But to that sacred city, one of the strongholds of Hinduism, he ventured; and there our thoughts and prayers followed him, while blasts of persecution more pitiless than the first spent their force upon him, well nigh beating the breath out of his body and the Christ life out of his soul. "I know thy works and where thou dwellest even where Satari's seat is: and thou holdest fast my name and hast not denied my faith" - This was one of the messages I sent him, and in response to such expressions of sympathy he would write something as follows: I quote from several letters. " My wife is dangerously ill. Her position is quite pitiable. She is a noble woman burning with a pure true love and spirit of faithfulness. She promised on an oath that she would not break her caste to save her sister's husband when he took strong fever, at the news of my Baptism. She cannot and will not break that oath, nor is she able to forget me and be calm. My relations openly say that they would rather see her dead than joined with me. They ought to have been moved by this manifestation of woman's true love but, instead, they are mean enough to taunt her the more for it. Now she says, my dear madam ( I cannot write her words fully, it breaks my heart, and yet I will try) She says: "the fates have not decreed that I should place my hands in yours and die. But till we ascertain what is their will, may the daily vision of your face be mine." We do not know all the ways of God, yet my heart is broken, and I believe our lives will prove a complete

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tragedy. I have lost all appetite, and sleep, and strength, during only three days. I grieve for the native Christians. I love them and would have been of great use to them. Please remember me to all, and join your voice in prayer with mine. You know in what an unbearable fiery trial I have been placed and you know perhaps all my circumstances. My wife suffers actually from a broken heart. To leave her is to give a decisive blow to her physical life to stay with her is to give a blow to my eternal life. she will die for love, but will not follow Christ for love. All my prayers and expostulations seemed lost upon her. I trust you will find time to continue addressing her upon the subject, in simple but poetic marathi. She will at least listen to you. Will you do this for God's sake? I believe you will. If you and Miss Emily Bissell and Mrs. Hume of Bombay, all of you, try to reach my wife, I hope God will give you success, People say nothing if my wife receives letters from other ladies; but to write hereself, she cannot do this, as long as she chooses to abide in social slavery; and yet when I asked her, she said she had no objection to write out a friendly letter secretly, and send it to you. You may not know that in the family in which we live, it is even a sin myself and my wife to sit and talk together, not because I am a Christain, but because to do so is to offend the elders of the house". " The translation of 'God's beautiful lesson' for the Balbodhmewa has braced up my dropping spirits to a considerable extent. Praise the Lord. It is unnecessary that I should send my own translation of the Robin Red Breast song. I explained to my wife the meaning of the English verses and she prepared the enclosed Marathi translation which is more literal and simple than mine. I trust it may receive the prize. (Note-this-poetry received the 4 Rs. prize and was published in the July Balbodhmewa) " Hope seems to return to me. Doctors said that no medicines would cure my wife, except hope of me. Though she could not herself express such a desire, she would have come very gladly, But no, the hard hearted champions of Brahmin hypocrisy would rather see a loving wife die, and a loving husband follow her than break the caste. Under such circumstances, I happened to come here; and, as I realized that I was going to be the cause of the dealth of my wife, I was almost beside myself, But, praise God, it seems that He is going to save me from any desperate step and will give me my wife again. Yes, I shall have to wait long here. Praise the Lord. It gives me strength and opportunity to learn this and go. I am starting for Bombay today. I am very much debilitated in constitution owing to the various anxieties to which I have been subject during the past two months. My wife is

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better, but I fear my leaving her may make here worse again, I do not know why I fear when I know everything is in the hands of God. I have at least clearly discovered that I am too weak to stay here, though human vanity shows me otherwise. The husband and father are still stronger in me than the devotee." Dear friends; With Mr. Tilak's return to Bombay, I must leave the account of his wife for the present. Since writing the above I have waited many a week in order that I might add a happy sequel to my story, but the end is not yet; and I will not keep you longer waiting. The skies are one more heavily overcast ( Sept. 26, 1895), and it may be granted to some friend in the homeland through the prayer of faith to dissipate the stormy clouds here. Let us ask our Father if we may individually do anything to help in such a crisis time as this. H.L.Bruce Satara, India June 30th, 1899. The principal thing I have to share with you today is news for which some of you in the home land have been waiting and praying for years. The sequel to the Story of a Brahmin woman, I can also give you only privately. Let me copy from the private letters just received from Mr. N.V. Tilak of our Mission telling the circumstances of his wife's return Pandharpur 8/6/1899 I had not the least intention of going to Pandharpur when I left Mahabaleshwar. While at Wai, one evening, after prayer, I was as if possessed with the strongest impulse to go to Pandharpur. I came here; and, to my joy and astonishment found my wife fully decided to come over to me, with my son. In a moment, I saw her defying all those relations and friends whom to the last hours she regarded with utmost faith and affection. We shall all start next Monday for Ahmednagar, if everything goes on well. However, we must still continue praying for a matter of equal or perhaps much more importance. My wife's pride of caste, and her faith in useless, heathen observances is simply boundless and the boundless grace and power of God must be invoked for the saving of her soul. Her conditions to which I have agreed are these : 1. She will live separately from me, until she herself comes out. She does not think it a sin to break caste without the knowledge of the caste.

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2. She likes to study English and medicine. 3. My son will be sent to the Government School. 4. All my income, except Rs. 5 per months shall be handed over to her. 5. I am allowed to read and pray in her presence; but not to preach. But if the same by conduct and devotion is allowed, it is enough. So also to pray in her presence is not a small thing, I shall require at least Rs. 40/- to leave this place. The heathen tongawallas and cartmen are combined in refusing to take us to the Railway station which is 31 miles away. A Mohammedan will do it, if I give him Rs. 20/- for the whole tonga. I am not going to borrow; but I am confident my friends will help me as much as they can, at this time. Thank for your sympathy and prayers. continued through so many months. Ahmednagar 14/6/1899 Many thanks for your most sympathetic letter. The whole story of my wife's coming to stay as my neighbour in Ahmednagar is simply a miracle. At Pandharpur three women who were once opposed to me suddenly changed their attitude and pressed my wife to join me. My brother, who was outwardly on my side, but secretly was rousing all the relations of my wife utterly failed in his attempt. His own wife stood fast by me. Men then called upon me to satisfy them as to why I become a Christian, and the Spirit put words into my mouth which made them almost speechless. Tongawallas who were planning to make it hard for me to go to the station, gave way before prayer. Then after I came here the Brahmins made it quite a trial for me to get a house. Mr. and Mrs. Pendse begged, threatened, and did almost everything possible to dissuade my wife from even living as my neighbour. The most surprising thing is that my child who once was horrified at the mention of my name, suddenly grew very very fond of me. At every step I prayed and at every step God helped me. It is only today that my family came to live near the Lecture Hall Compound, Just in the neighbourhood of Christians. December 28/1899. Some of you may be waiting impatiently for the sequel to the Sketch. Here it is, so far as I know it myself, Mr. and Mrs. Tilak with their little boy, are at last reunited. During Dr. Ballantine's absence from his station on Government plague duty, at Ahmednagar, this orthodox Christian husband and orthodox Hindu wife and child occupy two rooms of the

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Rahuri mission Bungalow. Dr. Ballantine knowing my interest in the family, kindly arranged for me to go out and visit them at the close of mission meetings. Servants, tonga and indeed the whole Bungalow with all its furnishings was placed at their disposal for the day, and Mrs. Tilak became my hostess. As she stepped forward to welcome me graciously, as any missionary lady might do, I saw for the first time the heroine of my Sketch. The fair slight woman she is, with eyes that betoken supreme suffering in the past - supreme happiness now. Did you ever see such eyes? Upon the fore head is the dot of red paint of which every married woman is proud. I used to think it had some idolatrous significance; but have been told positively that it means one has a living husband. Nothing more nothing less, I have asked; " Is there in it no reference to the Gods?" and have received this answer " Only that a woman's husband is her God" In the years of Mrs. Tilak's separation from her husband when there seemed no hope of their ever been reunited, and she was practically a widow, she yet clung to this mark that she was not a widow. How much more must she cling to it now a loved wife in her husband's home. God bless her. She extended her hands to me, by way of greeting and led me into the Bungalow where every provision had been made for my comfort. In a little while Mr. Tilak and I sat down to table, Mrs. Tilak waiting upon us, for she might not eat until afterwards. She only breaks caste with her husband alone Eight or ten varieties of Brahamin cooking prepared by her hand made a delicious lunch. When it was over, we strolled into the garden for a heart to heart talk together. She knew it was that I had come for, and she did not disappoint me. Her heart had been touched by my long continued prayers on her behalf. Once she had written "You have prayed all these years for me a stranger. Such devotion is known to us in India but is usually that of a wife for her husband." Now she confided to me that she too, had been praying to her Gods. " How could I not have prayed in my loneliness" She said " This is in answer to both our prayers, yours and mine." " What a wonderful answer"! I exclaimed, " Could we ever have thought we should meet under such circumstances? God has been leading us, step by step, and He and will still lead on" "Uh," She replied shriking back, "He has led me far enough. I could wish to stay just where I am. It is all right now. I am more than content to be with husband and child in a house of our own. And I do not despise the native Christians. Indeed I am friendly in my manner towards them, and I let them come and go as they will. It does not matter even if they touch me, because for their sakes, I wear this simple dress that is not supposed to && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 732$&&

communicate defilement. As for my husband, I do not try to keep caste with him any more. I did at first, but now he sometimes brings the water or helps with the cooking. We eat together. You see I never meant to come so far as this, when I started. I have been led on and on, almost in spite of myself." "He who has led can lead further." I said "yes" she answered,"but only if He change my heart. I shall never become a Christian until there is a real heart change within me." "I hope you never will," I said," if you become a Christian, let it be more than in name. Yield yourself to God's working and He will change your heart, as he has your husband's and mine. It is real change in us. Do you doubt it?" "No It must be real. You have had an experience that I have not," She admitted and then she went on talking confidentially until the shadows fell. After supper she sang for me some of her songs. She has what her husband calls the gift from Heaven. If not from heaven, one wonders where the faultless rhythm came from. For none of the rules of Marathi poetry has she ever learned. She just sings away as sweetly as a bird in the woods. But of late she has lost much of her inspiration. "Poetry does not come to me". She sings, "Poetry is jealous, as other friends are, since I have rejoined my husband. It must needs be so with exclusive affection. The river flowing to the sea has every thing to give its individuality, banks of its own, and wild flowers. But when it has reached the sea, where are its banks, where are wild flowers? It has nothing left of its own and it asks for nothing but to lose itself for ever in the sea..... Let us leave her singing - this dear salt that must yet to be won for Christ. Yours sincerely, H.L.Bruce. May 1900* The last letters say that Mrs. Tilak is asking, " When may I be baptised ?" "To me to live is my husband and to die before him is glory." This was the religion of a faithful Brahmin wife - Mrs. Tilak.

* `mZßVa _ohZm^amVM Vm. 8 Owb° 1900 am{Or b˙_r]mB™Mm ]mo·Ò_m Pmbm. && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 733$&&

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&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 736$&&

ododY odf`VaßoJUr. • H$mßX]ar d{Uw (?) F$of _mogH$ • ZmQ>H$ (?), gßV ZmZmOr_hmamO ÒVm{Ã| B. • ]mB™Mr [ohbr H$odVm. • kmZm{X`mßVyZ H$odVm (OJp›_Ã ZmdmZ{)

• ]mb]m{Y_{Ï`mßVyZ \w$bm_wbmßMr H$odVm gwÈ • kmZm{X`mßV J⁄ [⁄ b{IZ \w$bmßMm hma • EH$m od⁄mœ`m©Mr gmj (]mb]m{Y_{Ï`mßVyZ) • oºÒVO`ßVrMr ^{Q>, ¯mbm ÂhUmd{ ‡roV B. b{IZ • oºÒVr _ZwÓ`mM{ _aU

• oºÒVr [Ã • Am_¿`m odYdm. • oºÒVO`ßVr AmoU

1904 :

1905 :

oºÒVgXZ ]mßYb{ ( amh˛ar) Am∞JÒQ> 31 (amh˛ar Zmam`U dm_Z oQ>iH$ dm[r [ß. a_m]mB©¿`m ]m`]b ^mfmßVam gmR>t H{$S>Jmßdmg d [aV

1906 :

1907

OiJmßdr H$odgß_{bZ ]mbH$dtMm CX`

df©‡oV[Xm. AmZßXr]mB© B. [wÒVH{$ • oºÒVr ZmJnaH$ [Ã gwÈ • _{ar Om{›g d oVM| emÛ •ÛrOmVrMm _oh_m B. [wÒVH{$ • ^OZgßJ´h • CYb{ [wŒm, MmßJbm _|T>[mi, ]m{Y AmoU aßOZ B. [wÒVH{$ aßOZ B. [wÒVH{$ • oH$À`{H$ ^o∫$JrV{

1908

• gwerbm, Òdam¡` h|M Ia| Òdam¡` • _mogH$ _Zm{aßOZmVyZ H$odVm

1909

• ]m[mM{ Alw, dZdmgr \w$b B. • b˙_r]mB© H$aß¡`mßVrb _m{XH$. d [oV[ÀZr H$odVm • Ao^Z`H$mÏ`_mbm gß[mXZ • oºÒVm`Z _hmH$mÏ`mg

1910

ZmoeH$, gam{X{ Hw$Q>ßo]`mßer [naM` ]mbH$dtM{ gßJm{[Z ‡maß^

1911 1912

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 737$&&

• o]´Q>∞oZ`m, Òdam¡` AmoU oÛ`m ( ZmQ>H$) erbß [a ^yfU_≤ (ZmQ>H$) JdVmMr JßOr (IßS>H$mÏ`) kmZm{X`mM{ gß[mXZ (1919 [`©V)

1913-14

b˙_r]mB™Zm H$sV©ZH$b{M{ d oWAm∞bm∞OrM{ [R>

1914

aI_m]mB© Imß]{Q>{ oZYZ

1915

1916-17

gmVmam : X{dmMm Xa]ma

1918 Eo[´b 30

X{dXŒm-ÈW oddmh

1918 5 _{ 1919 9 _{. 1919 _{ 11

]mbH$od _mdib{ oQ>iH$mßM{ oZ`m©U b˙_r]mB™Mr H$odVm [wZ: AdVabr

1919 Am∞JÒQ> 5 [ohbm ZmVw Zmam`U O›_ _m¬`m[wT>{'' 1919-22 : [ohbr d e{dQ>br Zm{H$ar (_wß]B©) 1920 _{ 20 gImam_ dm_Z oQ>iH$ oZYZ 1920 AH$am _wbr d EH$ _wbJm Am∞JÒQ> 8 : A[KmVr _•À`w 1921 OmZ{. 5 : H•$ÓUamd gam{X{ oZYZ 1921 _{ 29 : Xwgam ZmVy Aem{H$ 1922 _{ 5 : [. a_m]mB™M| X{hmdgmZ 1922 gﬂQ>|. 10 : ZmV _ram 1922 oS>g|]a 25 : H$amMrg ‡`mU 1924 A∑Q>m{]a 21 : H$amMr gm{S>br Ah_XJamg AmJ_Z

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 738$&&

• H$sV©ZH$bm[ • b˙_r]mB©Mr H$mßX]ar • ]mB©Mt H$sV©Z| • oQ>iH$mßMr H$odVm ^mJ 1 ‡H$moeV • _wß]B© ZmQ>Ágß_{bZmA‹`j • _wß]B© gmohÀ`gß_{bZmg gßX{e • oºÒVmZwdV©Z kmZm{X`mßVyZ gwÈ • A^ßJmßObrg kmZm{X`mßVyZ gwÈdmV qXqXJb EFMC _‹`{ Ï`mª`Z_mbm • ZdrZ oddmh[’Vr • oºÒVm`Z, A^ßJmßßOob, Xa]ma JrV| B.

""lr_Vr Zmßd _O Amb{ gm°^mΩ` b`mbm J{b{.'' "" oM_wH$b{ ]mbH$

1924 oS>g|]a : ZmoeH$bm ÒWmo`H$ 1925 Owb° 30 : YmH$Q>m ZmVy Y´wd. 1930 : ZmZmgmh{] [|S>g{ oZd©Vb{ 1931 : Vmam-h{_Mß– oddmh 1932 _{ 29 : emßoVgXZ 1933 gﬂQ>|. 16 ZmoeH$ H$odgß_{bZ oS>g|]a 28 ZmJ[ya oºÒVr gmohÀ`gß_{bZ 1934 oS>g|. 15: ZmoeH$ 1935 oS>g|. 15 gÀH$mag_maß^ gmohÀ` b˙_r oH$Vm] 1936 \{$]´w 24 : ""[yU© Pmb{''

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 739$&&

• Ò_•oVoMÃ{ b{IZmg gwÈdmV • oºÒVm`Z[yVuMm oZYm©a ""emßVrgXZ'' Xm{Z H$odVm ÒdmJVm‹`j A‹`j Ò_•oVoMÃ| ^mJ 1 bm ‡H$meZ Ò_•oVoMÃ| [yU© ‡H$meZ

[naoeÔ>-7

b˙_r]mB© oQ>iH$- Ï`o∫$ AmoU gmohÀ` oZdS>H$ gßX^© Ò_•oVoMÃ| - MnaÃodf`H$ _mohVr AÃ{ ‡.H{$. : ^mfUmMm gmamße Ò_•oVoMÃ{ A. Amd•oŒm 1973 : 114 _hmÀ_m JmßYtZr Am[b{ "gÀ`mM{ ‡`m{J' obohVmßZm Om{ _m{H$i{[Um d oZ^©`Vm ‡JQ> H{$br Amh{, VrM b˙_r]mB©¿`m OrdZmVoh ‡H$fm©Z| OmUdV{. À`mß¿`m AmÀ_MnaÃmßV Pwß]amßVrb ew’ bm{bH$m‡_mU{ Am`wÓ`mM{ Ia| ‡oVq]] d{Jd{J˘`m aßJmßoZer —Ô>rg [S>V{ AZm_ _•À`wb{I. kmZ_ßoXa _m. 36 : [•. 225 b˙_r]mB™¿`m _•À`yZßVa À`mßZm dmohb{br l’mßOob, Ò_•oVoMÃm]‘b obohVmßZm : _amR>rVrb AmÀ_MnaÃ[a J´WmßV gd©l{> R>amd| BV∑`m `m{Ω`V{M{ [wÒVH$ CVab| AgyZ _hmamÔ≠>m¿`m J{Î`m AY©eVH$mßVrb gm_moOH$ BoVhmg H$i `mg À`mMr ]h˛_m{b _XV Pmbr Amh{. H$mU{H$a AZßV : gmohÀ`-b˙_r. Amb_Jra oXdmir 68 : 18-20 b˙_r]mB™¿`m O›_eVm„Xr¿`m oZo_ŒmmZ{ À`mß¿`m dmL>_`JwUmMm Jm°ad H$aUmam b{I H$m{bV{ od. o^. : AmB©¿`m gmoﬁ‹`mßV. Ûr _{ 37 : 624-29 b˙_r]mB™¿`m _•À`wg_`r¿`m AmR>dUr ImZm{bH$a Jß. X{. : Adm©MrZ _amR>r dmL≤>_`g{dH$, o¤Vr` IßS> b˙_r]mB© oQ>iH$ `mßMr MnaÃa{Im.

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 740$&&

Jm{Ib{ C_m]mB© H°$. Zmam`U dm_Z oQ>iH$ ( EH$ ha[b{b{ Ò_•oVoMÃ ) [wÈfmW© Am∞∑Q>m{. 37:205 - 209 "Ò_•oVoMÃm'V ^mJ 1, ‡H$aU 7 _‹`{ oQ>iH$mß¿`m V•Vr` [bm`Zm¿`m ( 1881-85) `m H$mbIßS>mMm CÑ{I Amh{; [U V[erb b˙_r]mB™ZmM _mhrV ZgÎ`m_wi{ oXb{bm Zmhr. `m H$mimßVrb H$mßhr ^mJm_‹`{ oQ>iH$mßer [naM` Ambm ZgÎ`mZ{ À`mMm V[erb Vg{M À`m H$mimer gß]ßoYV A›` Ï`∫$sMr Zmßd| Ò_•oVoMÃmßMr [wadUr ÂhUyZ AoYH$ gßem{YZmgmR>r oXb{br hr _mohVrhr E{H$sd AgÎ`mZ{ À`mbm "lwoVoMÃ' ÂhUmd{, Aer odZßVr. oQ>iH$ A. X{ : AJXr ÒQ>{[ ]m` ÒQ>{[ - ‡H$mH$ a{. gw. X. H$aßXrH$a, 1963 oQ>iH$ A. X{ : Agadi step by step - ‡H$meH$ : _m`mdVr oQ>iH$, ZmoeH$, 1966 oQ>iH$ A. X{ : emßoVgXZ, _m`mdVr A. oQ>iH$, ZmoeH$, 1975 : 10 + 62 Ò_•oVoMÃmßVrb KQ>Zmß]‘b d oZd{XZm]‘b [yaH$ _mohVr d d{Jim X•oÔ>H$m{Z X{ `m¿`m h{VyZ{ obohb{Î`m AmR>dUr KmQ>{ od X. : AmB©M{ _aU ! H$mßhr ÂhmVma{ d EH$ ÂhmVmar. Jß. X{. ImZm{bH$a : 114-120 b˙_r]mB©¿`m _•À`wg_`rM{ dU©Z VmÂhmU{ gwYm : lr_Vr b˙_r]mB© oQ>iH$ `mß¿`m ghdmgmVrb H$mßhr jU Ûr Am∞J. 33:13-15 b˙_r]mB™¿`m H$odVmgß]ßYr H$mßhr AmR>dUr [mQ>UH$a ^m. b. : b˙_r]mB© oQ>iH$. ‡oV_m (_wß.) 11-9-33 : 2-5 b˙_r]mB© gmohpÀ`H$ Xe©Z d Ï`o∫$Xe©Z. ]m]a gam{oOZr : ^maVr` Ûr - aÀZ{ ^mJ 4 Wm. Om{S>r-bm{IßS>{, ‡H$meZ, [wU{, 1949 : 2+3 -32. && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 741$&&

_Zm{ha _mYd : AmB™¿`m AmR>dUr. ‡oV^m (_wß.) 1-4-36 : 9-12 b˙_r]mB™¿`m _•À`wg_`r¿`m AmR>dUr _Zm{ha _mYd : b˙_r]mB© oQ>iH$mß¿`m ghdmgmV, bobV Ow. 68 : 1012, 30 b˙_r]mB© _•À`g_`t¿`m AmR>dUr Vg|M À`mß¿`m b{IZ[’Vr]m]V _mohVr ("Zde∫$s' _YyZ [wZ_w©o–V) _mS>Im{bH$a J. Õ`ß. : "_mVrMr Myb' ¿`m oZo_ŒmmZ{ bobV oS>. 71 : 15-18 b˙_r]mB™¿`m "Ò_•oVoMÃmßV' V X{. Zm. oQ>iH$ `mßZr gwYmaUm H{$Î`m. Vg{M b˙_r]mB™Zr H$mßhr Jm{Ô>r - Vmam]mB© oQ>iH$ `mßM{ O›_ - ahÒ` d ÈW]mB™Zm H{$b{bm gmgwadmg - `mßMm ]wo’[waÒga AZwÑ{I H{$bm Agm Amam{[ bobV Om 72 g‡{_ Z_ÒH$ma 24-33 `m gXamßV , nS> 71 _Yrb CÑ{Im]m]V MMm© d ‡oVoH´$`m _mS>Im{bH$a J. Õ`ß.: bobV oS> 71 _Yrb CÑ{Im]m]V AmUIr _mohVr ^mJdV XwJm© : gZgZmQ>r `emgmR>r ! _mS>Im{bH$amßM{ Amj{[ Ag‰` d AgßÒH•$V[UmM{ Mm°Yar gm{[mZX{d : ÈW]mB™Mm gmgwadmg b˙_r]mB™Zr H{$bm h{ odYmZ MwH$sM|! KmQ>{ od. X. : odH•$V Hw$Vyhb ! Ò_•oVoMÃmßMr O›_H$Wm d Vmam]mB™Mr O›_H$Wm `m]‘b _mohVr _Zm{ h a _mYd : "Ò_•oVoMÃmß'¿`m gß]ßYmßVrb Im{Q>{[Um _mS>Im{bH$amß¿`m odYmZmßMm ‡oVdmX bobV E 72 g‡{_ Z_ÒH$ma : 34-42 _mS>Im{bH$a J. Õ`ßß. : _mZg[wÃmß¿`m _Zm{Ï`Wm ! Am[Î`m _yi Amj{[mM{ (bobV oS> 71) g_W©Z H$a `mgmR>r AoYH$ _mohVr. && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 742$&&

oQ>iH$ A. X{ : Ò_•oVoMÃ{ AmoU _mS>Im{bH$a H$mH$m. _mS>Im{bH$amßMr odYmZ{ d À`m odÈ’ [wadb{br _mohVr. Vg{M `m gßX^m©Vrb X{. Zm. oQ>iH$ `mßM{ _yi [Ã CX≤Y•V. dËhmS>[mßS>{ d. H•$.: ^maVr` Ûr-aÀZ{. gwodMma ‡H$meZ _ßS>i, ZmJ[ya. 1966 : 105-107 b˙_r]mB©M| gßoj· MnaÃ. oQ>iH$ A. X{. : _Z H{$dT>ß H{$dT>ß, _m`mdVr oQ>iH$, ZmoeH$, 1973 [•. 21-30 Zm. dm. oQ>iH$ `mßZr b˙_r]mB™er H{$b{bm oddmh - b˙_r]mB™Zm ‡{_ OS> `mZ| - `m{OZm[yd©H$ H{$bm hm{Vm, ÂhUV{ Vm{ ‡{_oddmh hm{Vm Aer AmR>dU Vg|M oQ>iH$Xß[Vr¿`m A›` AmR>dUr oQ>iH$ A. X{. : o_Ã hm{, _m`mdVr oQ>iH$, ZmoeH$, 1977. [•. 28-34 Zm. dm. oQ>iH$ d b˙_r]mB© oQ>iH$ `mßZr obohb{Î`m oºÒVm`Zm¿`m ^mJmßVrb gmÂ`-^{XmßMr oMoH$ÀgH$ g_rjm. [•. 35-41 : Ò_•oVoMÃmß_Yrb KQ>ZmßH$S>{ d{J˘`m X•oÔ>H$m{ZmßVyZ [mhˇZ H{$b{b{ Zm. dm. oQ>iH$mßM{ Òd^mdXe©Z. oQ>iH$ A. X{ : odl„Y emaXm IwX© : _m`mdVr oQ>iH$, ZmoeH$ 1978, [•. 67-69, 72-73, 75-79, 101-104 d BVa A›` [Ãmß]am{]a Ò_•oVoMÃmßV g_modÔ> Pmb{Î`m d ‡gßJmßMr _mohVr X{Umar, _V^{X Zm|XodUmar [Ã{, Ò_•oVoMÃ| Ao^Zd Amd•Œmr, 1973, emßoVgXZ `m [wÒVH$mßdarb Ao^‡m`. B. Mm g_md{e " _m{XH$ ]h˛ Jm{S> Ag{ -[•¿N>{¿`m H$À`m© b˙_rVZ`m ÂhUO{ Aß]yVmB© [Q>dY©Z `m b˙_r]mB™¿`m _°ÃrU Aer _mohVr [waodUma{ À`mß¿`m oMaßoOdmßM{ [Ã Vg{M adt– q[J{ `mß¿`m "eV[mdbr' _Yrb Ò_•oVoMÃmgß]ßYr H{$b{Î`m odYmZmßM{ Ò[Ô>rH$aU B. oR>[g{ ‡oV^m : hX≤JV≤ - am_Mß– XmÒVmZ{ A∞ S> Hß$., [wU{. 1981 A›` oÛ`mß¿`m AmÀ_MnaÃmß]am{]aM - b˙_r]mB© oQ>iH$mß¿`m Ò_•oVoMÃmßVyZ && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 743$&&

Hw$Qw>ß]mgßÒWm, oejU, gmgyadmg, Xm[À`OrdZ, gm_moOH$ OrdZ B. gm_moOH$ OrdZmßJm¿`m hm{UmË`m Xe©ZmM{ odd{MZ X{e[mßS>{ A. Zm. : AmYwoZH$ _amR>r dmL≤>_`mMm BoVhmg, ^mJ Xwgam, ÏhrZg ‡H$meZ, [wU{, 1958. [•. 671 OrdZmVrb agmÀ_H$V{Mm VQ>ÒW[U{ [U CÀH$Q>V{Z{ AmÒdmX K{ `mMr eo∫$ AßJr Ag `mdaM H$m{UÀ`moh _mUgmM{ gmohpÀ`H$ hm{U{ Adbß]yZ Amh{ AmoU h{ B©úar X{U| b˙_r]mB™Zm ^a[ya bm^b{ hm{V|. X{e[mßS>{ H$_im]mB© : ‡ÒVmdZm - gßoj· Ò_•oVoMÃ{, gmohÀ` AH$mX_r, _wß]B© 1958, 1968 O›_[mgyZ odoj·, odoMÃ Òd^mdm¿`m _mUgmßV dmJm`Mr d{i{ `{D$Zoh b˙_r]mB©_‹`{ _mZogH$ odH•$oV Ambr Zmhr. À`mßMr d•oŒm gXm AmZßXr AmoU Ï`o∫$_ŒdmV ÒdVßÃ[Um amohbm. Varoh [VrM{ AZwgaU H$a `mM| qhXy gßÒH$ma d OmoV^{Xm¿`m, odQ>mim¿`m ÈT> H$Î[Zm Am{bmßSy>Z ÒdrH$mab{br _mUwgH$s, ghmZw^yoV, ^yVX`m hr oºÒVr Y_©_yÎ`| `mßMm g_›d` À`mß¿`m _ZmßV oXgVm{. h| gd© ZmQ>Á[yU© ‡gßJmßVyZ Ï`∫$ H$aUmar À`mßMr Òd`ß^y, gw]m{Y dU©Ze°br AmoU MnaÃH$mambm AmdÌ`H$ Aer gmYb{br Ã`ÒWmMr ^yo_H$m `m_wi{ MnaÃdmL≤>_`mßV `m H•$VrZ{ AÏdb XOm©M| ÒWmZ o_iodb{ Amh{. oZ\$mS>H$a ZmW : Ò_•oVoMÃ{, ^m 1 bm ([wd) dmL≤>_`, ^m 35 : 851-856 Ò_•oVoMÃ| d MnaÃ `mßVrb o^ﬁVm gmßJyZ hr Ò_•oVoMÃ| oOÏhm˘`mZ| obohb{bt `WmVœ` dU©Z H$aUmar Aer Amh{V. `mßV oQ>iH$mß¿`m H•$VrM| odd{MZ dm g_W©Z Zmhr [U AoVe` oOdßV M°V›`_` nZd{XZ Amh{. Ag{ dU©Z. [mßJmaH$a b. am. : Ao^‡m`, Ò_•oVoMÃ{ A. Am. 1973 : 112 Ò_•oVoMÃmßV ^mf{Mm gmY{[Um d odMmamßMm ‡mßOi[Um h{ Xm{Z JwU AÀ`wÀH$Q> Amh{V `mV gÀ`V{bmM H$b{M{ ghOgm¢X`© ‡m· Pmb{ Amh{. [wÒVH$ hmVt K{Vb{ H$s [wT>{ H{$Î`moedm` M°Z [S>V Zmhr. BVH$s AmH$f©Ueo∫$ b˙_r]mB™¿`m b{IUtV && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 744$&&

Amh{. [mQ>H$a a_{eMß– : AmÀ_MnaÃ EH$ dmL≤>_`‡dmh AmoU _amR>r AmÀ_MnaÃ{ (A‡H$moeV ‡]ßY) _wß]B©, od⁄m[rR>, _wß]B©, 1966. [•. 268, 283-300 AmÀ_MnaÃm¿`m XOm©‡V OmUmË`m _amR>rVrb Xm{Z AmÀ_MnaÃm[°H$s EH$ Agm "Ò_•oVoMÃm'Mm Jm°ad H$ÈZ [oVMnaÃ gmßJU{ hr _wª` ‡{aUm Agbr Var oQ>iH$mßBVH|$M "Òd'bmoh _hŒd o_imÎ`mZ{ V{ AmÀ_MnaÃoh Amh{; Ag{ gmßJyZ AW©[yU© AZw^dmßMr oZdS> d À`m AZw^dmßVrb AZ›`gmYmaUÀd `WmW© ÒdÈ[mV Ï`∫$ H$a `mgmR>r bm^b{br g_W© ^mfme°br hr Ò_•oVoMÃmßMr d°oeÔ>`{ hm{V Agm Ao^‡m` `m AmÀ_MnaÃmM{ odZm{X, ‡gßJmVrb Xwd{ Om{S> `mM{ H$m°eÎ` ]oh_w©I d•Œmr, __©k dU©ZerbVm `m JwUmßM{ odd{MZ. [m‹`{ ‡^mH$a : "Ò_•oVoMÃ'Vrb oQ>iH$Xe©Z - gÀ`H$Wm Ow 76:31-39 bm{H$OrdZm¿`m Ò[e© Pmb{br e°br, gMm{Q>r d odZm{X]wo’ h{ b˙_r]mB™¿`m b{IZmM{ ode{f Z_yX H$ÈZ `m [wÒVH$mßV hm{UmË`m oQ>iH$mß¿`m Òd^mdXe©ZmM| odd{MZ, A›` Am°[MmnaH$ gmohÀ`mßVyZ hm{UmË`m oQ>iH$-Xe©Zm[{jm d{Ji| Ag| À`mß ¿ `m ApÒWaVm, odoj·[Um, ›`y Z Jß S >mß V y Z CX≤ ^ d{ b r dM© Ò do‡`Vm, odZm{X]w’rMm A^md `m JwUmß (!) M{ Xe©Z "Ò_•oVoMÃmß'V hm{V|. _mÃ À`mß¿`m Ahß_›`V{M| e{dQ>t Cﬁ`Zoh hm{V J{Î`mM| oXgV| Ag| oZarjU Zm|Xdb{ Amh{. q[J{ adt– : eV[mdbr, amOhßg ‡H$meZ, [wU{, 198, [•. 128-129 Ò_•oVoMÃmß¿`m ‡H$meZmMr E{H$sd H$Wm. `m _mohVrMm ‡oVdmX "odl„Y emaXm IwX©' g[m. A. X{. oQ>iH$ `m [wÒVH$mV Amh{. [ßoS>V ^. lr. : "H$do`Ãr oQ>iH$', Ûr E 47 : [•. 435-347 b˙_r]mB™¿`m H$mÏ`mMr agJ´hU[a g_rjm, hr H$odVm ghOm{X≤JmamÀ_, ‡mgmoXH$ AgyZ ‡m_wª`mZ{ ^o∫$, H$ÈU AmoU dmÀgÎ` `m VrZ agmßZr Ao^qgoMV Pmbr Amh{. (^abr KmJa, 1948 ¿`m ‡ÒVmdZ|V [wZ_w©oXV) ]m]a gam{ o OZr : oÛ`mßMr _amR>rVrb gmohÀ`g{dm ( A‡H$moeV ‡]ßY) _wß]B© od⁄m[rR>, _wß]B©, 1950 : [•. 339-346 && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 745$&&

[a^mfm d [aX{er dmVmdaUmV JßYoh Zgb{b|, oZ:gßH$m{M _m{H$i{[UmZ{ H{$b{b{ oQ>iH$mßM{ oOdßV oMÃU d Ï`o∫$ÀdXe©Z Ag|. "Ò_•oVoMÃmß'M{ _yÎ`_m[Z H$ÈZ À`mß¿`m ododY JwUd°oeÔ>`mßM{ _yi CVmË`mßgh odd{MZ. H$U{H$a ‡oV^m : _amR>r dmL≤>_`mßVrb nÛ`mßMr AmÀ_MnaÃ{ - EH$ oMoH$ÀgH$ A‰`mg H$mbIßS> B.g. 1880 V{ 1980. A‡H$moeV ‡]ßY _wß]B© od⁄m[rR>, _wß]B©. 1987. [•. 76, 78-86, 89, 97-99, 116-117, 148-150 [VrM| MnaÃ oboh `mMm C‘{e [U ÒdV:¿`m OrdZmMm ÒÃm{V Agm o_giyZ J{b{bm H$s® V| A[nahm`©[U{ b˙_r]mB™M| OrdZMnaÃoh R>ab| oH$]h˛Zm b˙_r]mB™¿`m ]oh_w©I Ï`o∫$Àdm_wi{ Vr Xm{KmßMrM H$hmUr Z amhmVmß VÀH$mbrZ gm_moOH$ OrdZmM{oh oMÃ R>ab{. [Vr hmM X{d _mZ `m¿`m H$mimV b˙_r]mB™Zr oQ>iH$mßZm _mUyg ÂhUyZ g_OyZ K{Vb{. À`mß¿`m odoj·[Umoh _m{H$i{[UmZ{ ÒdrH$mabm. oQ>iH$ MnaÃmMm odH$gZerb KmQ> `m AmÀ_MnaÃmbm bm^bm Amh{. Agm Ao^‡m` `m gß X ^m© V erbdVr H{ $ VH$a, brbm]mB© [Q>dY© Z B. A›` gmohpÀ`H$[ÀZt¿`m AmÀ_MnaÃmer Vm°boZH$ odd{MZ. Ûr ^mf{¿`m M°V›`_` Í$[m_wi{ `m H$bmH•$Vr¿`m `emßV Ame`m¿`m bmQ>m oH$Vr AmoU Ao^Ï`o∫$¿`m oH$Vr h{ gmßJU{ H$R>rU Ag| gmßJyZ `m ^mfme°brM{ odÒVmamZ| odd{MZ. oH$bm}ÒH$a _mbVr : oÛ`mß¿`m gmohÀ`g•oÔ>M{ odhßJ^mdbm{H$Z, Ûr _m 64 : 17, 21, 41 Adbm{H$Z H$aVmßZm , "`m Xm[À`m¿`m gmßgmnaH$ d gm_moOH$ OrdZmMr `m [wÒVH$mßVyZ oXgUmar oMÃ| H$_mbrMr dmÒVd, ‡^mdr dR>br Amh{V. ‡dmhr ^mfm, ‡À``H$mar, ZmQ>Á[yU© d{YH$ ‡gßJmßMr oZdS>, Z_©odZm{XmMm MVwamB©Z| H{$b{bm dm[a `m_wi| hr H$bmH•$Vr qMaOrd R>abr Amh{. oH$bm}ÒH$a _mbVr g· (gmV H$do`Ãt¿`m oZdS>H$ H$odVmßMm gßJ´h) H$m∞p›Q>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ, [wU{, 1953. [•. 5-13 && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 746$&&

b˙_r]mB©¿`m H$mÏ`mMr agJ´hU[a g_rjm Hw$iH$Uu dm. b. : b˙_r]mB© oQ>iH$ ( MnaÃa{Im). _amR>r odúH$m{e IßS> 6 gß[m. b˙_UemÛr Om{er, _hmamÔ≠> am¡` gmohÀ` - gßÒH•$Vr _ßS>i, _wß]B©. 1977. [•. 850 b˙_r]mB™M| MnaÃ d dmL≤>_` `mßMm gßoj· AmT>mdm. Ï`o∫$, ‡gßJ EdT>{M ZÏh{ Va EH$ gß[yU© H$mbIßS> oOdßV[U| dmMH$mß¿`m g_m{a C^m H$a `mM{ gm_œ`© [mZm[mZmßV Amh{. AmÀ_MnaÃmÀ_H$ b{IZ. Am[br _yi ‡H•$Vr Z gm{S>Vm l{> H$bmH•$Vr¿`m [mVirda H$g| [m{hm|My eH$V{ `mM| _amR>tVrb EH$_{d CXmhaU ÂhUO{ Ò_•oVoMÃ{ ! JmS>Jri JßJmYa : Ò_•oVoMÃ{ gmohÀ`mM{ _mZXßS>, [m∞ﬂ`wba, _wß]B©, 1962 : [•. 67-88 oQ>iH$mßM{ JwUXm{f`w∫$ Ï`o∫$_Àd, À`mßMm gßV[UmH$S>{ Mmbb{bm ‡dmg `m ]am{]a oºÒVr g_mO d o_eZar `mßM{ AZw^dodú, VÀH$mbrZ g_mOpÒWVr oQ>iH$mßM{ dmL≤>_`OrdZ d À`mß¿`m gß[H$m©V Amb{Î`m Agßª` Ï`o∫$oMÃmßM{ a{ImQ>Z h{ gd© `m AmR>dUrVyZ ghO[U{ Amb{b{ Amh{. À`mßMr ^mfme°br hr À`mß¿`m ]oh_w©I, ZmQ>`mÀ_H$ ‡gßJmßMm d{Y K{UmË`m, odZm{Xerb Aem Òd^mdmM{ ‡oVq]] AgyZ Vr _amR>r gmohpÀ`H$mßMm EH$ _mZXßS> Pmb{bm Amh{. Ag{ ÂhUyZ `m ^mfme°brM| d odZm{Xm¿`m AZ{H$ odY d°oeÓQ>`mßM{ dU©Z. CÀH•$Ô> [m¸mÀ` gmohÀ`mer VwbZm H$aVmß `{B©b Ag| [wÒVH$ Agm Ao^‡m`. Om{Ji{H$a a. lr : Ao^‡m`, Ò_•oVoMÃ| A. Am. 1973 : 113 oZ:gßH$m{M _m{H$i{[UmZ{ b˙_r]mB©Zr gd© d•Œmm›VmM| a{ImQ>Z H{$Î`m_wi{ oQ>iH$mßMm Òd^md, ÒdV: b{oIH{$Mr _Z:pÒWVr d VÀH$mbrZ [napÒWVr `mßM{ Am[Umg `WmW© Xe©Z hm{V{. gmYr KaJwVr ^mfm d gy˙_ _mo_©H$ odZm{XmMr [IaU `m_wi{ `m J´ßWmbm AZ›`_Zm{ha È[ ‡m· Pmb{ Amh{. Om{Ji{H$a a. lr. : ‡ÒVmdZm ^abr KmJa b{. b˙_r]mB© oQ>iH$, H{$. o^. T>di{, _wß]B©, 1948 : 1-11

&& Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 747$&&

b˙_r]mB™¿`m Ï`o∫$ÀdmVrb AmemdmXr[Um, AßV:H$aUmMr AmV©Vm B. JwUmßM{ dU©Z H$ÈZ odf`mßZwgma JrVmßM{ dJuH$aU d agJ´hU[a g_rjU. Om{er A. _. : MnaÃ-AmÀ_MnaÃ - VßÃ AmoU BoVhmg, gwodMma ‡H$meZ _ßS>i, ZmJ[ya, 1956 : 132, 190 J•hOrdZmM| BVH|$ a_Ur` d ‡m_moUH$ dU©Z OJm¿`m dmL≤>_`mßVhr gmß[S>Uma Zmhr; Ag{ _V Ï`∫$ H$ÈZ Ò_•oVoMÃmß¿`m ^mfm[’VrZ{ gm¢X`©, oMÃ_` dU©Z, oZd{XZmVrb _m{H$i{[Um d [yd©J´haohVVm `m d°oeÔ>`mßM{ dU©Z. Om{er Zm. J. ::"Ò_•oVoMÃmß'Mr Ao^Zd Amd•Œmr ([w[) gÀ`H$Wm g. 75 : 55-57 ZdrZ Amd•Œmr¿`m gß[mXZm_mJrb ^yo_H{$er gh_oV d `m gß[mXZm]‘b K{VÎ`m J{b{Î`m Amj{[mßM{ oZamH$aU H$a `mMm ‡`ÀZ. Om{er EZ≤. Q>r. : Ò_•oVoMÃ| EH$ ododYmßJr A‰`mg ([w[) d°Iar oXdmir 75:31-36 a{. oQ>iH$mßM{ MnaÃ d b˙_r]mB™M{ AmÀ_MnaÃ Aem Xm{›hr dmL≤>_`‡H$mamßda g_W©[U{ AoYH$ma gmßJy eH$Umar A‡oV_ H$bmH•$oV ! oQ>iH$MnaÃmßVrb gd© gwXwÔ> N>Q>m AmoU À`mßMm Ï`o∫$_ŒdodH$mg Xe©odUmË`m AmR>dUtMr oZdS>, Xm{fXe©Z hr ‡{_mXamZ| d ghmZw^yVrZ| H$ÈZ oQ>iH$mß]‘b AZmXa oZ_m©U hm{Uma Zmht `mMr K{Vb{br XjVm, [ydm©`wÓ`mßVrb Ò_•oV gmßJVmZm Ï`o∫$-‡gßJmßM{ `WmVœ` VQ>ÒW[U{ Xe©Z-oMÃU dmMH$mßMr CÀHß$Q>m H$m`_ R>{dUmar H$bmÀ_H$ dU©Z e°br `m JwUmß_wi{ oQ>iH$mß‡_mU|M hm b˙_r]mB™¿`moh Ï`o∫$_ŒdodH$mgmMm Amb{I ]Zbm Amh{, Agm Ao^‡m`. oQ>iH$ A. X{. : ‡ÒVmdZm Ò_•oVoMÃ| Ao^Zd Amd•Œmr 1973. gß[m. A.X{. oQ>iH$, ZmoeH$ , 1973 : 3-18 Ò_•oVoMÃmßMm d `© Zm. dm. oQ>iH$ `mßM{ Ï`o∫$Àd AmpÀ_H$ ‡dmg hm _ybV: _Zm{d{YH$ d ZmQ>Á[yU© odf` AmoU À`mßVrb ZmQ>Á d AX≤^wVVm AMyH$ oQ>[yZ && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 748$&&

K{Umar b˙_r]mB™Mr Ao¤Vr` e°br Aer Ò_•oVoMÃmß¿`m `emMr _r_mßgm H$Í$Z; AmÀ_d•Œm `m dmL≤>_`‡H$mam¿`m gÀ`Xe©Zm¿`m H$mßht AßJ^yV _`m©Xm Amh{V À`m ^Í$Z H$mT> `mgmR>r gß[mXZ AmdÌ`H$ Aer ^yo_H$m Ò[Ô> H{$br Amh{. hm gß[mXZ h{Vw _ZmV R>{dyZ Ò_•oVoMÃmßV Amb{Î`m dmÒVdmMr Xwgar ]mOy XmIdU{, À`mda AoYH$ ‡H$me Q>mH$U| dm ÃwQ>r ^ÈZ H$mT>U| `mgmR>r AoYH$ V[erb X{UmË`m, _V^{X Zm|XdUmË`m od[wb Q>r[oQ>[Ur J´ßWmV oXÎ`m Amh{V. ^mb{ a md od_b : AmYwoZH$ _amR>r dmL≤>_`mVrb oÛ`mßMr AmÀ_MnaÃ| EH$ A‰`mg - 1910-1975. gmohÀ` ‡gma H|$–, ZmJ[ya, 1986, [•. 66-73, 168, 203-206 _ZmMm _m{R>{[Um H$Zdmiy[Um, H•$VkVm]wo’, odZ_´Vm, Òdmo^_mZr[Um, l’merbVm, oZamJg d AH•$oÃ_ odZm{X]wo’ `m JwUmßZr `w∫$ b˙_r]mB™M| Ï`o∫$Àd À`mß¿`m obImUmßV ‡oVq]o]V Pmb{ Amh{. À`mßZr VÀH$mbrZ g_mOpÒWVrM| Xe©Zoh KS>db{b{ Amh{. oQ>iH$mßM{ ‡{_i, bhar, odoj·, CXma, gßVm[r, [am{[H$mar Ag{ JwUXm{f`w∫$ Ï`o∫$ŒdXe©Z KS>odVmZm K{Vb{bm H$m°VwH$`w∫$, ‡{_m¿`m gˆX`V{¿`m —oÔ>H$m{ZmßVyZ À`mßMr [oV^o∫$, [oVl’m d [oVoZ>m OmUdV{. _{h|Xi{ C¡dbm : _amR>rVrb oÛ`mßMr AmÀ_MnaÃ{ ( B.g. 1910 V{ 1982), (A[´H$moeV ‡]ßY) lr. Zm. Xm. R>mH$agr od⁄m[rR>, _wß]B©, 1985, [•. 27-29, 35-36, 249-267. Ò_•oVoMÃmßVrb H$WZe°brM{ odõ{fU H$aVmßZm ‡gßJmßM| Xw]{ Om{S>Uma{ oZd{XZ, X°ZßoXZr, [Ã|, H$odVm B. ¿`m C[`m{JmßVrb Am°oMÀ` `mßMm odMma. g_mOoMÃUmMr d°oeÔ>`| Vg|M Ò_•oVoMÃmßMr dmL≤>_`rZ g_rjm H$aVmßZm b{oIH{$Mr gßd{XZerbVm, AZw^dmßVyZ gÀ`em{YZ H$a `mMr d•oŒm, e°brMr d°oeÔ>`|, JVOrdZmbm EH$ gwgßJV AmH$ma X{ `mMm ‡`ÀZ B. JwUmßM{ odd{MZ. `mXd g. Am. : _hmH$odo`Ãr b˙_r]mB© oQ>iH$ ( 1868-1938), o‡`Xeu ‡H$meZ, H$m{Îhm[ya, 1988: 82 b˙_r]mB™¿`m H$mÏ`odf`H$ VŒdkmZmM| odd{MZ. À`mß¿`m H$odVmßMr AmÀ_[a, gm_moOH$, dÀgb Aer od^mJUr H$ÈZ `m H$odVm ÂhUO{ [⁄È[ AmÀ_MnaÃM && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 749$&&

AgÎ`mMm Ao^‡m`. Vg|M "oºÒVm`Z' `m H$mÏ`mMr odÒV•V g_rjm. amdV{ J. H$m. : _amR>r MnaÃ-_ybVŒd| d g_rjm gam{O amdV{, _wß]B© h{ [wÒVH$ EH$mMd{ir ZdË`mM| MnaÃ d ]m`H$m{M{ AmÀ_MnaÃ Amh{. À`mß¿`m Ï`o∫$_Œdm¿`m g_j [°byßM{ Vg{M C^`Vmß¿`m odH$gZerb , ‡JÎ^ hm{V OmUmË`m Ï`o∫$_ŒdmßM{ Xe©Z `{W| hm{V|. b˙_r]mB™¿`m bmobÀ`[yU© H$WZe°br_wi{, Ûrgwb^ oOdßV ]m{bm^mf{_wi{ `mbm H$W{M| [na_mU bm^b| Amh{. MnaÃ hr EH$ dmL≤>_`rZ H•$oV Amh{. `m _yÎ`odMmam¿`m `m H•$VrZ{ Am[Î`m AßJ^yV JwUmßZr ]iH$Q>r AmUbr Amh{. dmK_ma{ odZm`H$ : Ò_•oVoMÃ{ ([w[) A_•V, Oy. 74 : 158-161 "Ò_• o VoMÃ{ ' `m J´ ß W mMr _w b ^y V _hŒmm _m›` H$ÈZoh AmÀ_MnaÃmß V "A[nahm`©[U{' `{Umam EH$mßJr[Um d gÀ`Xe©ZmMm A[wa{[Um `m ÃwoQ> `{VmV Ag| _V Ï`∫$ H$ÈZ `m ÃwoQ> ^ÈZ H$mT> `mgmR>r ZdrZ Amd•ŒmtV A. X{. oQ>iH$ `mßZr H{$b{Î`m [´`ÀZmßMm AmoU Hw$eb d gˆ⁄ gß[mXZmMm Jm°ad. d°⁄ gam{oOZr : Ò_•oVoMÃ{ _mVr AmoU _yVu, _∞O{pÒQ>H$ ]wH$ ÒQ>m∞b, _wß]B© 1975. 91-103 Ï`o∫$oZÔ>, MnaÃmÀ_H$ KQ>Zmß¿`m ]ßYZmßVyZ gwQy>Z Ò_•oVoMÃ| hr b˙_r]mB™¿`moh ZH$iV EH$ ÒdVßÃ, Òd`ß[yU© bobVH•$oV ]Zbr Amh{. h| bmobÀ` H$g| ‡m· Pmb| `mMr _r_mßgm H$aVmZm b{oIH{$¿`m g^m{dVmbM| dmL≤>_`rZ dmVmdaU, AZw^dmet gdm™JmZ{ g_ag hm{ `mMr ghOd•oŒm, _w∫$ _Z, "`emVœ`' dU©Z H$a `mMr ‡{aUm OrdZodf`rMr C[OV Im{b g_O, gßd{XZerbVm AmoU ododY ZmQ>Á[yU© ‡gßJmßZm Vm|S> X{VmßZm Amb{bm AmÀ_odúmg `m JwUmßMm [na[m{f À`mß¿`m b{IZmßV H$gm oXgVm{ `mßM{ odd{MZ. `m‡_mU{M b˙_r]mB© OmUrd[yd©H$, ]wo’[waÒga b{IZ H$È bmJÎ`mda oVgË`m IßS>mßV Amb{Î`m H$bmhrZV{Mmoh CÑ{I H{$bm Amh{. d°⁄ gam{oOZr : "Ò_•oVoMÃmß'Mr Ao^Zd Amd•Œmr ([w[) _mVr AmoU _yVu, _∞O{pÒQ>H$ ]wH$ ÒQ>m∞b, _wß]B© - 1975 : 104-108. A. X{. oQ>iH$ `mß¿`m gß[mXZm_mJrb ^yo_H{$et _V^{X _yi Ò_•oVoMÃmßZm && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 750$&&

[yaH$ Aer _mohVr X{ `mZ| \$mag| H$mßhr gmYb{ Zmhr. À`mE{dOr ZdrZ C[b„Y H$mJX[Ãmß¿`m AmYma| gß[mXH$mßZr ZdrZ gmYma MnaÃM og’ H$amd`mßg [mohO{ hm{V|, Agm Ao^‡m`. oeadmS>H$a od. dm : Ò_•oVoMÃ| ‡ÒVmdZm. "Ò_•oVoMÃ{' Ao^Zd Amd•oŒm 1973 : 38 ("Ò_•oVoMÃ|' ^mJ 4 Wm, Am. 2, 1956 `m gßj{[ H{$b{Î`m Amd•ŒmrMr ‡ÒVmdZm ) AZmg∫$ ]w’rZ{ H$V©Ï` H$arV amh `mMr oZ>m AmoU XmQ> H$mim{Imbmoh gm{Z{ar oH$Zma bmdUmar odZm{Xd•oŒm `m b˙_r]mB™¿`m Xm{Z JwUmßMm oZX}e. [Vr¿`m _•À`yZßVa ÒdV:¿`m ÒdVßÃ ApÒVÀdmMm d gm_œ`m©Mm Pmb{bm gmjmÀH$ma d À`mZßVaMm OrdZ‡H$me `m Mm°œ`m ^mJmßV doU©b{bm Amh{. e{dQ>¿`m H$mimßV À`mß¿`m b{ IZmbm, Ï`mgß Jmbm, d∫• $Àdmbm ode{ f ^a Amb{ bm hm{ V m. ‡ÒVmdZ| V [wÒVH$m¿`m agJ´hUm]am{]aM `m AI{a¿`m H$mbIßS>mM{ ode{f oMÃU. e{I, _ra BghmH$ : b˙_r]mB© oQ>iH$mßMr Ò_•oVoMÃ{ : EH$ qMVZ, [´oV_m ‡H$meZ, [wU{, 1987 : 102. "Ò_•oVoMÃ{' `m AmÀ_MnaÃmMm dmL≤>_`rZ d gm_moOH$ Aem C^`odY —oÔ>H$m{ Z mß V y Z H{ $ b{ b m oMoH$ÀgH$ A‰`mg. Ò_• o VoMÃmß M r Aß V J© V aMZm, ‡gßJoZo_©Vr, Ï`o∫$oMÃU, dmL≤>_`rZ ÒdÈ[ Vg{M À`m_YyZ hm{Uma{ g_mOXe©Z `mß]‘b b{IH$mZ{ V[erbdma odÒV•V odd{MZ H{$b{ Amh{. gaX{gmB© a. Jm{. : b˙_r-Zmam`U - Am_Mm gßgma, Jß. [mß. [aMwa{ ‡H$meZ _ßoXa, _wß]B©, 1948 : 37-53 (_yi b{IZ - ]m`H$mß¿`m —oÔ>H$m{ZmßVyZ Zda{' `m b{I_mb|V - b˙_rZmam`U hßg \{$ 48 : 9-14) Ò_•oVoMÃmß"V b˙_r]mB™Zr oQ>iH$mß¿`m JwUXm{fmßM{ `WmVœ` oMÃU H{$b{ [U V{ AßoV_V : oQ>iH$mßZm Wm{a _mZyZ - ^o∫$^md[yd©H$, ghmZw^yVrZ|, ‡{_mXamZ{ !gaX{gmB™Zr _mÃ Ò_•oVoMÃmßVrb CVmË`mß¿`m AmYma| [oV ÂhUyZ oQ>iH$mßM{ H$mßhr Xm{f CXm. [ÀZr]m]V ‡{_ gZmVZr daMÓ_mdmXr —oÔ>H$m{Z, gohÓUwV{Mm A^md, && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 751$&&

[Vr¿`m _m{R>{[Um]‘b gße` B. XmIdyZ oXb{ Amh{V. gadQ>{ od. gr. : _amR>r gmohÀ`-g_mbm{MZ IßS> 3 MnaÃ 1918, 1965 : 198-200 Mmaoh ^mJmßVrb H$W{Mm gmamße . b˙_r]mB© oQ>iH$ - gmohÀ` gß[Xm oQ>iH$, b˙_r]mB© - Ò_•oVoMÃ| 1. ‡W_ ‡H$meZ - ^mJ 1 : 1934 : ^mJ 2 : 1935: ^mJ 3 : 1936 ^mJ 4: 1937. 1953 [`™V gmV Amd•Œ`m. 2. gßoj· Amd•oŒm, H{$. o^. T>di{, _wß]B© 1940 3. gßoj· Amd•oŒm, gmohÀ` AH$mX_r, _wß]B© - 1958, 1968. 4. Ao^Zd Amd•oŒm, 1973, gß[m. A. X{. oQ>iH$ gß[yU© 1,2,3,4, ^mJ, [naoeÔ>{ d odf`oZX}egyMr Q>r[m, ViQ>r[m, ‡[yaH{$ B. _mJm™Zr AoYH$ _mohVr [wadb{br. 5) daXm ‡H$meZ, [wU|. BßJ´Or ^mfmßVa (First Part only) I follow After. tr. by E. Josephine Inkster. Oxford University Press London. 1950 (published in India by Geoffrey Cumberledge. Oxford University Press. Madras)

pp : 353 oQ>iH$ b˙_r]mB© : ^abr KmJa, H{$. o^. T>di{, _wß]B© - 1948. Zm. dm. oQ>iH$ d b˙_r]mB© : oºÒVm[Z gßH$bZ : gwYm ^Q> && Ò_•oVoMÃ|$- [naoeÔ>{ && 752$&&

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