OUTLINE 1.Introduction 2.Overview about structure of the genome 3.Evolution of coffee genome (compared to other plants, e.g. tea, cacao, etc.) 4. Summary
1. INTRODUCTION Valuable beverage crop Rubiaceae family,
more than 11,000 species in 660 genera Highest caffeine content plant
Reference: The coffee genome provides insight into the convergent evolution of caffeine biosynthesis (France Denoeud et al.)
• Scientific name: Coffea canephora • Nomenclature: Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Plantae – Plants Subkingdom: Tracheobionta – Vascular plants Phylum: Spermatophyta – Seed plants Division: Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants (angiosperms) Class: Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons Order: Rubiales Family: Rubiaceae – Madder family Genus: Coffea L. – coffee Species: Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner – robusta coffee
• Outcrossing, Reference: United States Department of Agriculture – Natural Resources Conservation Service • Heterozygous diploid (2n = 22 http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=COCA39
2. STRUCTURE OF GENOME NO sign of a whole-genome POLYPLOIDIZATION
Reference: The coffee genome provides insight into the convergent evolution of caffeine biosynthesis (France Denoeud et al.)
Defense response Gene families Metabolic process
Different catalytic activities
Reference: The coffee genome provides insight into the convergent evolution of caffeine biosynthesis (France Denoeud et al.)
3. EVOLUTION OF GENOME
Plant evolved caffeine production independently (an example of convergent evolution). Caffeine accumulates in different parts of plants: In aerial parts of coffee plant In leaves of tea In seeds of cacao
23 unique genes in ORTHOMCL170 gene family Encode special methyltransferase enzymes Ability to produce caffeine evolved at least TWICE
Reference: The coffee genome provides insight into the convergent evolution of caffeine biosynthesis (France Denoeud et al.)
No expansion in genome BUT expansion of family of genes
Reference: The coffee genome provides insight into the convergent evolution of caffeine biosynthesis (France Denoeud et al.)
SUMMARY • NO sign of a whole-genome POLYPLOIDIZATION • Less gene-order divergence to all other rosids • Little syntenic divergence relative to other asteroids • 23 unique genes produce caffeine evolved at least TWICE • No expansion in genome BUT expansion of family of genes