Short-answer Questions

Final examination Pharmacology practice questions…………..2006 Short-answer questions 1. Discuss the use of premedication in anesthesia. 2. Discuss the therapy of hey fever. 3. Which drugs exert their action by modifying gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synaptic transmission, and when are they used clinically? 4. Explain the analgesic effect of opioids. 5. Describe the neurochemical imbalance found in the brains of people suffering from Parkinson’s disease, and list the classes of drug used to correct this imbalance. 6. Explain first-pass metabolism. 7. Explain the differences between lignocaine and amiodarone in their use as antiarrhythmics. 8. Explain the effects and clinical use of warfarin. 9. Explain how local anesthetics inhibit nerve conduction. 10. Give an outline of the drug treatment of diabetes mellitus. 11. Explain the role of cAMP as an intracellular messenger in the cardiovascular system. 12. Describe the drugs used in the treatment of congestive heart failure, outlining their mechanism of action, route of administration, and the reasons for their use. 13. Explain how a drug molecule or transmitter can interact with a receptor to induce intracellular events involving second messengers. 14. What is the mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs, and what are the side effects associated with their use? 15. Describe the classes of drugs used in the treatment of peptic ulcers. 16. What are the different mechanisms of action of antibacterial drugs? Describe each of these mechanisms with examples. 17. Describe antibiotic resistance and its mechanisms. 18. List the drugs used for treatment of hypertension, and write mechanisms of action of each of these drugs.