Sentence Correction Answers

1) Explanation All of the answer choices contain the word as. From the idiomatic expressions tutorial we know that as and as...as are both on the list of idiomatic expressions. This question requires an answer that is idiomatically correct. As much as is the correct idiomatic expression because it gives us the sense of an equal comparison, making B the best answer.

2) Explanation If we return to our list of common idiomatic expressions from the tutorial, we can quickly eliminate the wrong answers. Choice A is eliminated because it does not refer to anything, it would need to be they because the nouns preceding it are plural. However, this change would still not make choice A grammatically correct. The correct idiomatic expression is seem + infinitive (to). Without that, B is not grammatically correct. D is therefore the correct answer

3) Explanation The correct answer will provide us with subject-verb agreement. The subject - costs, the verb - amount, the agreement is found by referring to the expenses last year (in the past). The subject here is plural, we need to find an answer choice where the verb is in the past tense for a plural subject amounted. Choices A, C, and D remain. We are able to eliminate C because lower is an adjective, and in D lower sum is redundant. A is the correct answer, as it is concise, has subject-verb agreement, and does not complicate the sentence

4) Explanation This sentence is completed by the correct idiomatic expression. The correct idiomatic expression for this example is choice E - as a child. Choice D's at the time of indicates a brief amount of time, certainly more brief than childhood, and is unidiomatic. While being a child (B) seems to imply that John Doe has been acting like a child, rather than referring to his actual childhood. Choices A and C are simply not idiomatically correct. The correct answer, choice E, fits with as from our list of idiomatic expressions - as a child follows the same format of as a scout

5) Explanation In this example, is and call are in the present tense. This means that although the massacre happened in the past, it is being judged in the present, hence the answer choices with the past tense constituted are eliminated. Now the process of elimination comes down to the awkwardness of choices C and D, both are idiomatically incorrect, as enough so would have worked better as enough to constitute. We are left with B as the best answer.

6) Explanation This is an Idiomatic Expression problem. The correct Idiomatic expression is modeled after. B is the only correct possibility.

7) Explanation This is a Misplaced Modifier problem. What was "written long after its oral composition in the Dark Ages of Greece"? Not Homer! Eliminate A, B and E. Beside being awkward, who is this "one" reader in D? From the context of the sentence, it is clear that the author means the average modern reader, not one particular reader. So D is incorrect which only leaves C which is the correct answer

8) Explanation

This is first a Subject-Verb Agreement problem. Rules are the subject here, and so the verb must also be plural (prohibit). Eliminate A, B, and E for prohibits. We have a series here, which tells us that this is also a Parallel Construction problem. The words in the series must follow a consistent pattern. D is the only answer choice that boasts a consistent pattern (harassment, discrimination, and hazing) and therefore is the correct answer.

9) Explanation The correct answer A. This is an Idiomatic Expression problem. We use native to for plants and animals, and natives of for people. Eliminate B, D and E. Since we use the pronoun them later on in the sentence, we must use wolverines in the plural. Eliminate B.

10) Explanation This question involves parallel construction. In this series, the verbs not underlined are going and reaching. Because of this, we can eliminate all answer choices in which the verb cause does not follow the "-ing" pattern. Causing, choice C, is the only option with the gerund or "-ing" form, thus making it the correct answer.

11) Explanation In the sentence correction tutorial about comparisons, we learned that when more than two things are being compared, the superlative (most) is needed. The fact that ALL weather phenomena are being taken into account (we can assume this means more more than just two things), most is appropriate rather than more. Choices A and C contain more and are eliminated. Choice B is terribly awkward, as is E, which seems to go beyond the issue of all weather phenomena. Choice D then, is the best answer.

12) Explanation In this sentence, the first problem that arises is killed/badly injured. It is not logical to be both killed AND badly injured, to be killed OR badly injured is logical. Choices A and B are eliminated - killed and badly injured. Have been (E) is in the present perfect tense, but the fire occurred in the past (last spring). Of choices C and D, C is best because D does not make it clear that the fire occurred last spring - Last spring some of the cattle that were killed of badly injured in the fire OF 1990 had been.

13) Explanation In this sentence at that time indicates an action in the past. All of the answer choices are in the past, so this process of elimination will also be about finding the most concise, grammatically correct answer. Choice E has an element of redundancy by repeating villagers. Choice C ignores the other parts of the artistic community, describing the villagers instead of the larger community that they were a part of. Choices A and D are unnecessarily wordy. Choice B, the correct answer, is the most concise option.

14) Explanation This example requires the correct subject-verb agreement. Choice B pairs each with were - singular subject with the plural verb. Choice E also pairs the singular subject (in this case every one) with the plural verb were. Choice D has the plural subject salads incorrectly paired up with the singular verb was. In choice C the subject salad options agrees with were, however the placement of each of the salad options destroys the flow of the sentence each cannot be the plural salad options. Choice A is best - salad options/were, and proper sentence structure

15) Explanation The first part of the problem in this sentence is number/numbers - what is number/numbers referring to? This is a study of girls who studied engineering, in effect a specific group, or demographic. To describe a specific group we use a singular number, so we will look for an answer with number ( A, B, and C are numbers). Of the two choices left, E suffers from redundancy raised...increase. Choice D is the correct answer

16) Explanation In this sentence, the comparison is between dinosaur bones in Alberta, and dinosaur bones of South American predecessors. As old as is an equal comparison - Martha is as tall as Mary. We are not looking for an equal comparison because the bones found in Alberta are not the same age as those found in South America, thus choices C, D, and E are eliminated. Older than correctly compares the older Albertan dinosaur bones with the younger South American dinosaur bones. Supposedly is an adverb and cannot modify a noun (predecessors' bones). Supposed is an adjective, making choice A the correct answer.

17) Explanation In this example that is unnecessary, the pronoun one adequately refers to a microscopic plant parasite. Because the sentence refers to something that existed a long time ago, but has only been documented of late, to be is more appropriate than is. Is is in the present tense, and it is best to find an answer choice that encompasses both the past and present - the infinitive to be does this better. After eliminating that and is, we are left with choice E. This question has an assumption,(they assume), in effect it is not a fact. If we follow this reasoning through, to be a type is stating fact, whereas to be of a type is not quite as emphatic, it is an assumption

18) Explanation In this example, we are looking for subject-verb agreement. The first part of the sentence indicates that we are looking for something that happened in the past, hence the reference even fifteen years later. Some men and women is a plural subject, choices B and C have a singular subject and can therefore be eliminated. Choice A is in the present tense, and we are looking for an action that occurred in the past. Choice E is incorrect because it uses as instead of when, which would indicate a comparison that is not being made between some men and women. D is the best answer, using the past tense with a plural subject

19) Explanation This question is looking for parallel construction. We know this because it is a series of things separated by commas. We can eliminate choices A, B, and C immediately, because the other elements in this series do not contain to. We can then eliminate D because to sound is not in agreement with monitoring/receiving - sounding is, which makes E the correct answer

20) Explanation In this sentence, there is a link between a boom, flexible regulations, and companies looking for new areas in which to drill. One question that could be drawn from this link is how flexible have the regulations been? Such

does not answer this, it is a type or kind, and does not indicate the degree of flexibility in the regulations. How flexible have regulations been? So flexible (have regulations been). The element that distinguishes choice B as the right answer is that choice A has an extra so which changes the meaning of the phrase.

21) Explanation C is the correct answer. You have to avoid the Pronoun which in the last part of the sentence, because it seems to be referring to 1995. In the context of the sentence that makes no sense, since it should refer to the 80 billion dollars (remember, a which that follows a comma refers to the thing immediately before the comma). Using an amount is much clearer, and therefore we can eliminate D and E, since they use the inappropriate which. We can eliminate A because it is not idiomatic to say 30% more, but rather 30% higher. B can also be discarded because it uses the previous year's, without telling us exactly what belongs to the previous year

22) Explanation E is the correct answer. This is a Comparison question, and we know this because the sentence begins with Unlike. The thing or person immediately following Unlike is what we are going to compare, in this case most income taxes. The part of the sentence that begins with which is just extra information, so the last clause (part)of the sentence is the important part. We have to choose the answer choice that begins with something that can be compared with most income taxes. Unlike most income taxes...sales taxes, is the only possible comparison in the answer choice, and therefore E is correct.

23) Explanation D is the correct answer. If we look at the changes among the answer choices, we see that there is a difference between was and were, and its and their. Therefore this is both a Subject-Verb and a Pronoun problem. First, we must determine if the subject is either singular or plural. Since the subject of the sentence is ways, the verb must take the plural form. Therefore we can eliminate A,B, and C for having the singular was or has. Since the pronoun at the end of the sentence clearly refers to nationstates, we must eliminate the singular its in E, and accept D as our correct answer.

24) Explanation A is the correct answer. Part of the problem here is the Pronoun. We have a choice between their and its. Since the singular noun is Colombia, we can then eliminate C and D for the incorrect pronoun their. B has as...as, which is an inappropriate equal comparison. E gives us as...than, which is also incorrect. More ...than is the proper form of the comparison, which is only found in the correct answer, A.

25) Explanation This is an Idiomatic Expression Problem. The correct Idiomatic Expression is considered X Y. No as, to be, or like. The correct answer is D.

26) Explanation

This is a Comparison problem. We are comparing the treachery of Benedict Arnold with the treachery of Earl Tostig. Eliminate A, B and C for attempting to compare Arnold's treachery with Tostig himself. As well, the use of the past present ("had been" and "had not been") in C and E is unnecessary. D is the right answer because it correctly compare the treachery of Arnold to that (the treachery) of Tostig

27) Explanation The correct answer choice is B. This is first a Misplaced Modifier problem. Who were the administrators, engineers, and soldiers? The Romans, not Rome or the Roman state. Eliminate A, C, and D. Then we are given a choice between the possessive adjectives its and their. Since Romans are plural, the correct choice is B with their.

28) Explanation A is the correct answer. Part of the problem here is the Pronoun. We have a choice between their and its. Since the singular noun is Colombia, we can then eliminate C and D for the incorrect pronoun their. B has as...as, which is an inappropriate equal comparison. E gives us as...than, which is also incorrect. More ...than is the proper form of the comparison, which is only found in the correct answer, A.

29) Explanation This is a Comparison problem. We know it is because of the word like and as. Since we are comparing someone/something with Fernand Braudel, it will be most likely a person (i.e. Arnold Toynbee), and so we will use the word like rather than as. The did in A is superfluous, so the correct answer is B

30) Explanation This is a Comparison problem. In the original sense of the sentence, Howe was as committed to X... as he was to Y...Eliminate C, D, and E. The preservation is more parallel with the study than is preserving with the study. The correct answer is A.

31) Explanation This is an Idiomatic Expression problem. The correct Idiomatic expression is modeled after. B is the only correct possibility.

32) Explanation This is primarily a Parallel Construction problem. Whatever follows not only must be parallel with what follows but also. A and C are the only parallel answer choices, since they have not only with... but also with... In order to address in A is idiomatic, but C's in order of addressing is not idiomatic. A is the correct answer.

33) Explanation This is a Misplaced Modifier problem. What was "written long after its oral composition in the Dark Ages of Greece"? Not Homer! Eliminate A, B and E. Beside being awkward, who is this "one" reader in D? From the context of the sentence, it is clear that the author means the average modern reader, not one particular reader. So D is incorrect which only leaves C which is the correct answer.

34) Explanation This is first a Subject-Verb Agreement problem. Rules are the subject here, and so the verb must also be plural (prohibit). Eliminate A, B, and E for prohibits. We have a series here, which tells us that this is also a Parallel Construction problem. The words in the series must follow a consistent pattern. D is the only answer choice that boasts a consistent pattern (harassment, discrimination, and hazing) and therefore is the correct answer.

35) Explanation The correct answer A. This is an Idiomatic Expression problem. We use native to for plants and animals, and natives of for people. Eliminate B, D and E. Since we use the pronoun them later on in the sentence, we must use wolverines in the plural. Eliminate B.

36) Explanation C is the correct answer. We have Subject-Verb agreement problems here. A, B, D, and E all have the singular forms each or every with the plural form of the verb were later in the sentence. C avoids this problem altogether by not using each or every.

37) Explanation A is the correct answer. Part of the problem here is the Pronoun. We have a choice between their and its. Since the singular noun is Colombia, we can then eliminate C and D for the incorrect pronoun their. B has as...as, which is an inappropriate equal comparison. E gives us as...than, which is also incorrect. More ...than is the proper form of the comparison, which is only found in the correct answer, A. 38) Explanation B is the correct answer. If we examine the changes in the answer choices, we see to accept and accepting, and turn, turning, and to turn. This is therefore a Parallel Construction problem. Examine the part of the sentence that is not underlined The first verb in the series is collecting, so the others must follow the same form. B is the correct answer, because it has collecting, accepting, and turning. All the other answer choices are not parallel.

39) Explanation D is the correct answer. From the Like and the As we know immediately that this is a Comparison problem. We are comparing two people, so Like is better than As. Eliminate A,B, and C. As well, the also in E is redundant: the Like has already established the similarity between the two authors.

40) Explanation E is the correct answer. This is a Parallel Construction problem. We know that by seeing how the form of the verb changes among the answer choices: bring, bringing, be bringing, etc. A has be bringing and lower, which is not parallel. B gives us bring and lowering, which is also not parallel. C has bring.... by lowering, which avoids the parallel structure problem, but changes the meaning needlessly. D has the awkward be bringing and be lowering,/em>. The correct answer, E, gives us the parallel bring and lower.

41) Explanation

D is the correct answer. If we look at the changes among the answer choices, we see that there is a difference between was and were, and its and their. Therefore this is both a Subject-Verb and a Pronoun problem. First, we must determine if the subject is either singular or plural. Since the subject of the sentence is ways, the verb must take the plural form. Therefore we can eliminate A,B, and C for having the singular was or has. Since the pronoun at the end of the sentence clearly refers to nation-states, we must eliminate the singular its in E, and accept D as our correct answer.

42) Explanation A is the correct answer. This is a Comparison question, and therefore what follows Like or As must be compared with the next noun in the sentence, in this case Thomas Jefferson,/em>. B is incorrect because it uses the unidiomatic many another. As is not idiomatic in comparisons of persons, and therefore we can eliminate C, D, and E. A correctly uses Like, which clearly establishes the similarity among the people compared.

43) Explanation B is the correct answer. This is a Subject-Verb Agreement problem - we know this because the verb changes among the five answer choices. The subject is the one of every three, and we know that one person is singular. Therefore, the verb also has to be singular. A with the plural live is therefore incorrect. C uses should live, which is a moral imperative, not a fact, and therefore changes the meaning unnecessarily. D employs might live, raising a doubt that again changes the meaning needlessly. And E is incorrect because it uses the past perfect form had lived, which needlessly places the sentence in the past.

44) Explanation C is the correct answer. This is a Comparison question. Since we will be comparing Winston Churchill, a person, in the first part of the sentence we also need a person. Like is better than As when we compare people, and therefore we can eliminate A, B, D, and E. The only possible correct answer is C, with compares the two people appropriately: Not unlike King Pyrrhus.....Winston Churchill

45) Explanation D is the correct answer. This is both a Subject-Verb Agreement and a Pronoun problem. First, we know that it is a Subject-Verb problem because the verb changes from plural to singular in the answer choices (have decreased and have decreased). The subject of the sentence is number, which is singular, so we can eliminate A and B. The other major change is his or their, and since ,em>people is plural, we can discard his, and therefore answer choice C as well

46) Explanation B is the correct answer. This is primarily a Pronoun problem. Look at the changes in the answer choices: they, themselves, and it. Is the subject singular or plural? Army is what we are discussing, and since that word is singular, we can eliminate all the answer choices that have they or themselves - A, C, D, and E. B, which uses the singular it, is the correct choice.

47) Explanation E is the correct answer. Let us examine the changes among the answer choices. The most striking change has to be is or are. We know that there is a Subject-Verb problem here. Since the subject transformation is singular, we can automatically eliminate B and D, which bear the

inappropriate are. This is also a Pronoun problem since we also have they or it in the last clause of the sentence. Since in this part of the sentence we are clearly discussing labor and management, the it in C is inappropriate, and we can eliminate that answer choice. E is better than A because the present continuous tense in A (they are acting) is unnecessary and both of these groups is less ambiguous than the they in A.

48) Explanation The correct answer is B. This is a variant of a Comparison problem, in that we are comparing what both these groups of people earn. A changes the meaning with the verb own. C suggests that high school graduates earn university graduates. D suggests that they earn the earnings of university graduates, and also has the ungrammatical university graduate's earnings. E also suggests that high school graduates are earning university graduates, and also uses the incorrect amount of university graduates rather than number of university graduates.

49) Explanation The correct answer is A. The correct idiomatic expression is widely anticipated. We can eliminate B an C for the unidiomatic there was wide anticipation. D should be eliminated for As at the beginning of the sentence, since there is no comparison being made here. E should be discarded for the awkward there being.

50) Explanation The correct answer is A. The correct idiomatic expression is widely anticipated. We can eliminate B an C for the unidiomatic there was wide anticipation. D should be eliminated for As at the beginning of the sentence, since there is no comparison being made here. E should be discarded for the awkward there being.

51) Explanation The correct answer is B. The correct idiomatic expression is contrary to popular belief. All the other answers choices are unidiomatic.

52) Explanation The correct answer is C. For the GMAT, the idiomatic expression should be either expected X to be Y or expected that X would be Y. Hence, C is the best answer because it follows the expected X to be Y pattern.

53) Explanation The correct answer is A. We use credit to when we give credit to someone or something for doing something, but in that case the word credit is not a noun but a verb, which is not the situation here. When credit is used as a verb, as it is in this sentence, the correct idiom is credit with having done something. Therefore A is best

54) Explanation This is a classic continue-the-idea type question. Very simply, look for descriptive words (adjectives or adverbs) in the text that could give us a clue about how to continue the idea. The text tells us that these organizations are

moving from "vertical hierarchies" to ones that are "egalitarian" "horizontal" "flexible". So we want to find the same in the answer choices. A talks about being "more democratic and open". A is your answer.

55) Explanation This is a subjunctive problem. GMAT loves this type of question. The intial verb is one of command (require) do we have to use a that and put the second verb in the subjunctive mood - the simple form (be, do have, go, etc.). So, we can eliminate B and D for no that and no "pay". We can also eliminate C for the use of their referring to the word company. And E has a very awkward structure: whose actions? The correct answer is A.

56) Explanation The correct answer is C. This is a comparison problem. The sentence begins with "Unlike Corinth...." so after the clause that begins with which, we have to say what was unlike Corinth. C tells us "ancient Sparta", which is comparable to Corinth. All the other answer choices fail to do this.

57) Explanation A strange type of question. According to ETS (and we are playing their game) if you use one you do not need to follow it with that. And the idiom is "believe A to be B". So the correct answer is E.

58) Explanation The correct answer is D. The correct idiom is mistake X for Y. Thus, we can eliminate A and B for the incorrect mistake X as Y. E uses the incorrect mistake X to be Y, and therefore should also be discarded. As well, both B and E say his own, which incorrectly suggests the ship belonged to the French officer. Additionally, both C and E inappropriately use leaving rather than and let, making the rest of the sentence ungrammatical

59) Explanation The correct answer is C. The appropriate idiomatic expression is contrast X with Y. Therefore, we can eliminate A, B and E for not following the form contrasted...with. Moreover, in the latter part of the phrase, see as is more idiomatic than see to be. Thus, we can eliminate D, and C is our answer.

60) Explanation The correct answer is E. Consider is usually synonymous with regard as, as it is in this particular case. The word consider does not need as, like, to be, or anything else between it and the object being described. Therefore, we can eliminate A, C, and D. As being in B is unidiomatic. Additionally, the word people is plural in English and thus we can eliminate C for the use of the singular pronoun its.

61) Explanation The correct answer is B. When discussing different possibilities, it's much better for the GMAT to use whether and not if. We can eliminate A for if. As well, between whether and whether or not, we should choose the somewhat less redundant whether. So eliminate D. The GMAT test also prefers can or able to to the less idiomatic capability for. Thus, eliminate E. We can eliminate C because it uses depends on the ability to restore. Whose ability?

This problem is also a Parallel Construction problem. B, the correct answer, has the parallel form restore...move. A has the unnecessary can restore...can move. C has ability to restore..moving. The be able in D, while more parallel, seems redundant. And E has capability for...move.

62) Explanation The correct answer is A. According to the explanations of ETS problems that are similar to this one, on account of is idiomatic in a sentence such as this one, and therefore D and E are incorrect. B and C both have the awkward being, and B also bears the unidiomatic because of. A is clear and idiomatic.

63) Explanation The correct answer is A. A uses the correct form of the idiomatic expression so X that Y, establishing a cause/effect relationship between X and Y. None of the other answer choices follows this correct form, and as well they are very awkward.

64) Explanation The correct answer is D, which uses the form to be in danger of + a gerund (doing, being, etc.). All the other sentences use unidiomatic forms. Additionally, B uses an ambiguous and inappropriate they. E is also incorrect because it uses a present tense, and the date 1998 clearly puts this sentence in the past tense.

65) Explanation The correct answer is C. In the first part of the sentence we have regard, and therefore we need the idiomatic structure regard..as. This would eliminate A, B, and E. We can eliminate the ambiguous they in A and E: who are they? As well, we can eliminate A and D for using if and not whether, which is more appropriate when discussing different possibilities.

66) Explanation The correct answer is A. The appropriate idiomatic expression is aim at + gerund (increasing, improving, doing, etc.). Therefore we can eliminate C, D, and E for using unidiomatic forms. As well, we have a Parallel Construction problem with the two verbs increasing and improving. B has increasing... to improve. C gives us the increase... to improve. D has increasing...with the improvement, and in E we have to increase... improving. Only A has the grammatical increasing... improving.

67) Explanation This is a Parallel construction problem. "...Latin American countries have found it difficult to maintain....". The following verbs in the series must follow this pattern, with either the simple form of the verb (maintain), or the infinitive (to maintain) for all of them. E is the only answer choice that boasts a consistent pattern, and therefore is the correct answer.

68) Explanation

This is an Idiomatic Expression problem. The correct expression is mistake X for Y. Eliminate A, C and E. It is also a Pronoun problem - them or it. Since it is the singular set we are are talking about, the correct choice is it, and the correct answer is B.

69) The correct response to Question 1 is (B). In the original version (A), the word "upon" confuses the meaning of the sentence, by suggesting nonsensically that comets grow large in appearance immediately- as soon as they appear as a tiny speck. (B) is concise and clears up the confusion created by "upon" in the original version. (C) is nonsensical. (D) is no better than the original version. The word "when," like "upon," confuses the meaning of the sentence. (E) is nonsensical

70) The correct response to Question 2 is (A). The original version (A) is grammatically correct and is the best version. (B) is wordy and awkward. (C) alters the meaning of the original version by suggesting not using waterfront land at all. (D) is nonsensical. (E) contains "utilizations," which is not a word.

71) The correct response to Question 3 is (E). The original version (A) is redundant in its use of "job" twice; the first occurrence is unnecessary. Also, "at times" is idiomatically improper here. (Two proper idioms here would be sometimes and occasionally.) (E) corrects both problems by omitting "job" from the beginning of the sentence and by replacing "at times" with "sometimes." Both (B) and (C) fail to correct the redundancy, and they are awkwardly constructed. In (D), the phrase "In some cases some" is awkward. Moreover, this phrase alters the meaning of the original version by going too far in limiting the situations in which a demonstration is requested.

72) The correct response to Question 4 is (D). The original sentence (A) misplaces the phrase "Even for high school freshmen and sophomores." Because this phrase is intended to modify "many students," the author should reconstruct the sentence so that the two phrases appear nearer to each other.

(B) is constructed in a way that confuses the sentence's meaning, as well as nonsensically equating "high school students" with "theories."

(C) inserts the modifying phrase "for many high school freshmen and sophomores" between two closely related ideas. The author should connect those ideas syntactically by moving the modifying phrase to either the beginning or the end of the sentence. (D) moves the initial phrase to the end of the sentence, clarifying the sentence's meaning. (E) employs improper diction. It is awkward to speak of a person's interest as "held in" a particular subject.

73) The correct response to Question 5 is (E). The original sentence (A) is faulty in two respects. First, the sentence treats the compound subject ("interest rates" and "the supply of money") as singular by using "either† or"; the predicate should agree by also referring to the subject in the singular form, using "a factor" rather than "factors." Second, the verb phrase "can† be" is improperly split. Third, the phrase "can† be factors contributing to" is redundant and wordy. (B) is faulty in two respects. (B) improperly separates the components of the progressive verb "can be." Also, the phrase "one or the other" duplicates the earlier phrase "either† or," resulting in redundancy and unnecessary wordiness. (C) improperly splits the progressive verb "can contribute," and also separates that verb from its modifying prepositional phrase "to the amount† " (D) improperly separates the preposition "to" and its object "the amount of†," thereby confusing the meaning of the sentence (the improper construction suggests that interest rates and the supply of money contribute to the level of government spending). (E) remedies all the original sentence problems by uniting the verb parts, rewording the predicate to agree in form with the subject, and removing the redundant language.

74) The correct response to Question 6 is (B). The original version (A) is faulty because the plural subject "benefits" is followed by the singular verb "is." (B) remedies the original sentence's problem by using the plural "are," which agrees with "benefits." (C) improperly uses the word "furthering," suggesting that exercise is a benefit or goal that is being furthered. (D) improperly uses the subjunctive verb form ("would be") instead of the more appropriate present tense ("are"). (E) improperly uses the subjunctive verb form ("would be") instead of the more appropriate present tense ("are").

75) The correct response to Question 7 is (C). The original sentence (A) contains a misplaced modifying phrase (following the comma). The sentence's construction suggests that it is the electorate that cannot reasonably be disputed, although this makes little sense in the context of the sentence as a whole.

(B) suffers from a confusing syntax. It appears from the sentence's construction that the elected officials - rather than the fact that they ignored their electorate's wishes - cannot be disputed. (B) also misplaces the prepositional phrase "on this issue" between the gerund "ignoring" and the object of that gerund, "the wishes of the electorate." (C) remedies the underlined phrase's faulty construction by rephrasing it as a noun clause. (D) improperly uses a comma between two clauses that do not constitute independent sentences on their own. (D) also sets up a parallel between "were ignored†" and "cannot reasonably." Both phrases seem to refer to "the wishes of the electorate," although this is probably not the intended meaning. (E) is the second-best response; it corrects the misplaced-modifier problem in the original version. In two respects, however, (E) is not as effective a sentence as (C). First, in (E) it is less clear that the modifying phrase "on this issue" refers to the wishes of the electorate. Second, (E) employs the passive voice ("wishes...were ignored by...officials") rather than the preferred active voice ("officials ignored the wishes...").

76) The correct response to Question 8 is (D). The original sentence (A) suffers from faulty parallelism. The second occurrence of "from" should be deleted to restore the proper parallelism between the phrases "the host" and "the diplomat's." At the same time, the word "both" is redundant in light of the words "the other" at the end of the sentence, thereby confusing the meaning of the sentence. (B) remedies the original sentence's problems but presents a usage problem. The phrase "each other" should refer to only two persons or things. Because the potential number of "citizens" (guests) might exceed two, "one another" should be used instead. (C) suggests a nonsensical meaning - that the country itself (rather than a person) seats its citizens. The construction also creates ambiguity as to what the rules require. (D) remedies the original sentence's faulty parallelism by reconstructing the phrase, using the subjunctive form ("that† be"). (E) is faulty in two respects. It includes the word "to" twice; the second occurrence is redundant and should be omitted. Also, the use of double possessive adjectives ("diplomat's" and "country's") is improper.

77) The correct response to Question 9 is (A). The original version (A) is the best one.

(B) is nonsensical; "lower" appears to refer to energy products rather than to demand. In (C), the phrase "in view of" in inappropriate to express the meaning of the original version. Also, the idiom "decline in" is preferred over "decline of." (D) includes the awkward phrase "being that." Also, prices are not said to "lessen in amount," but rather "decline" or "lower."

In (E), the phrase "considering the fact that" is wordy, and it distorts the meaning of the original version, unfairly suggesting that the lessening demand for alternative energy products is surprising.

78) The correct response to Question 10 is (C). The original sentence (A) is faulty in two respects. First, it improperly uses "because" instead of "because of." Second, the construction leaves it unclear as to whether the modifying phrase "already in wide use" refers to "other pesticides" or to "chemical compositions." (B) misuses the phrase "because of." The author should follow this prepositional phrase with a modifying clause by inserting a comma followed by "which" after "in wide use" ("in wide use, which† "). (C) corrects the misuse of "because" by replacing it with "due to." (D) is redundant in its use of both "since" and "due to." This redundancy results, in turn, in an awkward construction. (E) misplaces the adverbial clause "already in use," which is intended to refer not to "chemical compositions" but rather to "other pesticides."

79) Correct Answer: C Solution: The correct phrase is 'accompanied by'. This eliminates options 1 and 2. Option 4 is wrongly structured; it is the president who is accompanied, not the secretary. Between options 3 and 4, the only difference is the placement of the modifier 'only' which is used for the secretary and not for the word 'accompanied'. Hence option 3 is correct.

80) Your Answer: Correct Answer: D Solution: The modifier 'needing a variety of disguises,' qualifies for the pronoun 'he'. As a general rule, the modifier must be placed as near to the noun or pronoun it qualifies, as possible. Hence options 2, 3 and 5 are eliminated. Moreover, in options 2 and 3, the relative pronoun 'who' is used at a wrong place, and in options 1 and 5, 'founded' is used in place of 'found'. Option 4 is both, grammatically and structurally correct.

81)

Correct Answer: A Solution: The 'first Principle' of sentence correction questions is, 'never make an unnecessary correction. There is nothing wrong with the original sentence. The modifier is correctly used and the part also follows 'subject-verb agreement'.

82) Correct Answer: D Solution: The problem here is with the modifier. The use of 'only' makes it somewhat awkward. Moreover, use of a noun (completeness) in place of an adverb (completely) makes it wrong. Option 2 uses preposition 'on' where it is not required. Option 3 changes the meaning of the sentence, and is hence

eliminated. Option 5 misses a preposition and unnecessarily adds article 'the', which makes it wrong. The only option that is correct is 4.

83) Correct Answer: C Solution: A question on parallelism. Two 'actions' are being described in the part of the sentence, and both the 'actions' must be in the same form. Only option 3 takes care of it. (The two actions that need to be in the same form are 'balancing' and 'gripping'). Option 5 unnecessarily uses 'having' twice. Option 4 is not structured properly and uses 'another' instead of 'other'. Option 3 is correct in every sense.

84)

Correct Answer: D Solution: Option 1 is incorrect as it uses the adjective AFTER the noun it qualifies. Options 2 and 3 are eliminated as they use an adverb instead of an adjective. Option 5 unnecessarily uses 'though' and 'also' that makes it awkward. Hence the correct option is 4.

85) Correct Answer: A Solution: The 'first Principle' of sentence correction questions is, 'never make an unnecessary correction'. There is nothing wrong with the original sentence. None of other options is properly structured. Hence option 1 is correct.

86) Correct Answer: B Solution: The only problem with the original sentence is its structure. 'cells of Russian' should be replaced with 'Russian cells'. Moreover, the use of the modifier 'only' at the appropriate place can make the sentence correct. Option 3 changes the meaning of the sentence, and hence it is eliminated. Option 4 misses a preposition and unnecessarily uses reflexive pronoun 'themselves'. The last option is not structured properly. Hence option 2 is correct.

87) Correct Answer: E Solution: A question on parallelism. As the sentence has several 'actions', all the 'actions' must be in the same form. Only option 5 takes care of it. None of other four options follows the rule of parallelism

88) Correct Answer: B Solution: Yet another question on parallelism. As the sentence has several 'actions', all the 'actions' must be in the same form. Only option 2 uses the correct forms of the 'actions' (started and began). None of the other options maintains parallelism.

89) Correct Answer: B

Solution: The original sentence uses preposition 'at' instead of 'in', and is not structured properly. Hence option 1 is eliminated. All other options, except option 2, are improperly structured and make no sense.

90) Correct Answer: E Solution: A sentence that tests the knowledge of 'prepositions' and 'parallelism'. Whenever there are more than one subjects or objects in a sentence, they should always maintain parallelism. In this case, 'starving-children', 'desertification' and 'famine', must all be in the same form. Only option 5 uses them appropriately. All the other options are poorly structured.

91) Correct Answer: D Solution: The determiner (pronoun) to be used here must be 'one's', and not 'his'. This eliminates options 1 and 3. Option 2 is incorrect as it uses a noun (comprehension) in place of a verb (comprehend) and an adjective (quicker) in place of an adverb (quickly). Option 5 breaks the rule of parallelism. Hence the only correct option is 4.

92) Correct Answer: B Solution: 'entrust with' is the correct phrase. Options 1 and 4 are thus eliminated. The phrase 'entrust with' is always followed by a purpose. The purpose in this case is 'upliftment' and not 'schemes' or 'programs'. This eliminates option 3. Option 5 changes the meaning of the sentence. Hence it is also eliminated. The only correct option is 2.

93) Correct Answer: C Solution: First of all, the use of relative pronoun must be checked. Mr. Wilson is the subject here, so the relative pronoun to be used here must be 'who'. Option 2 is thus eliminated. Now comes the structure of the sentence. The original sentence, and options 2 and 5 are inappropriately structured. Option 4 uses present tense instead of past tense. Option 3 is properly structured and leaves no ambiguity. Hence it is the correct option.

94) Correct Answer: A Solution: The 'first Principle' of sentence correction questions is, 'never make an unnecessary correction'. There is nothing wrong with the original sentence. Option 2 is not structured properly. Option 3 uses 'them' which is not necessary. Options 4 and 5 change the meaning of the original sentence. Hence these options are eliminated.

95) Correct Answer: A Solution: The 'first Principle' of sentence correction questions is, 'never make an unnecessary correction'. There is nothing wrong with the original sentence. Option 2 doesn't go with 'subject-verb agreement'. Option 3 unnecessarily uses the superlative form, that too without definite article. Option 4 is

not structured properly and option 5 changes the meaning of the original sentence.

96) Correct Answer: C Solution: The first flaw in the given sentence is violation of the rule of 'subjectverb agreement'. The word 'research' is singular, and hence 'does' must be used with the verb. Option 2 takes the sentence in the past tense and is hence eliminated. Option 4 also violates the rule of 'subject-verb agreement'. And option 5 is improperly structured. Option 3 makes the sentence meaningful.

97) Correct Answer: A Solution: The 'first Principle' of sentence correction questions is, 'never make an unnecessary correction'. There is nothing wrong with the original sentence. Options 2 and 5 change the meaning of the original sentence. Option 3 uses an adverb instead of an adjective. And option 4 is not properly structured.

98) Correct Answer: C Solution: The sentence tests the knowledge of Tenses. How can 'future archaeologists' 'discovered' something? Options 2, 4 and 5 are inappropriately structured. Hence option 3 is correct

99) Correct Answer: (D)

Solution: Choice (A) is incorrect because the plural verb "have" does not agree with its singular subject "the rising cost." Both (B) and (C) are incorrect because they turn the sentence into a fragment. Choice (E) is incorrect because "rising cost" is still singular. Choice (D) is the correct answer since now the plural verb "have" agrees with its plural subject "the rising costs."

100) Correct Answer: (D) Solution: Choice (A) is incorrect because the phrase "using the Hubble telescope" does not have a noun to modify. Choice (B) is incorrect because the phrase "using the Hubble telescope" still does not have a noun to modify. Choice (C) offers a noun, "astronomers," but it is too far from the phrase "using the Hubble telescope." In choice (E), the phrase "with the aid of the Hubble telescope" does not have a noun to modify. Choice (D) offers a noun, "astronomers," and places it immediately after the modifying phrase "using the Hubble telescope." The answer is (D).

101) Correct Answer: (D) Solution: Choice (A) is incorrect since "eating properly" (verb-adverb) is not parallel to "sensible exercise" (adjective-noun). Choice (B) offers two parallel nouns, "exercise" and "diet." However, a general truth should be expressed in the present tense, not in the past tense. Choice (C) is not parallel since it pairs the noun "exercise" with the gerund (a verb acting as a noun) "dieting."

Choice (E) makes the same mistake as choice (A). Choice (D) offers two parallel nouns--"exercise" and "diet"--and two parallel verbs--"tells" and "results." The answer is (D).

102) The corrected sentence must conclude with a verb phrase that is parallel with the two preceding verb phrases, helping to educate freedmen and supporting children; in other words, the final phrase should begin with another present participle, or "-ing" verb form. The fourth answer choice is the best answer. It supplies a participial verb phrase that completes the parallel construction.

103) The first answer choice presents a dangling modifier. The phrase beginning the sentence can fit nowhere in the sentence and make logical sense. Coming first, it modifies employees, the nearest free noun in the main clause; i.e., the first answer choice says that the employees were added to the increase in hourly wages. The second answer choice also begins with a dangling modifier; moreover, the simple past tense requested is needed to place an action before the present action are . . .seeking. In the third answer choice, were does not agree in number with the subject of the clause, increase, and it is not clear whether added to the increase is supposed to modify program or benefits. The fourth answer choice also lacks agreement (increase...were). The last answer choice is best.

104) The best answer will start with because. The initial phrase in the first answer choice is wordy, the second answer choice is unidiomatic, and the third answer choice does not precisely establish causal relationship. Also, amount is incorrect; number refers to a group of countable members, whereas amount is for undifferentiated masses such as sand or water. There is no subject-verb agreement in the first answer choice (amount ...affect), the third answer choice (amount...effect), or the last answer choice (numbers ...effects); moreover, the proper verb here is affects, not effects. In the last answer choice, numbers and areas should be singular, not only to agree with the verb but also to refer precisely to the sum total of low-income people in each region where the census is conducted. The fourth answer choice is the best answer.

105) Answer 4 In the first answer choice, the best answer, older is placed so that it modifies both languages and writing systems. The second answer choice in incorrect because the wording suggests that Arabic replaced all writing systems, not just older ones. The present tense becomes in the third answer choice is inconsistent with replaced. Also, and implies that two separate events are being discussed: that Arabic became the dominant language and then that it replaced older languages. The fourth answer choice combines the erroneous wording of the second answer choice, the tense problem of the third answer choice, and the imprecise use of and. The last answer choice includes wording and tense mistakes, and, contrary to the sense of the sentence, having replaced states that Arabic replaced older languages before the Arab conquest of Egypt

106) Exp lan at ion : D is the best answer.

This choice is best. The phrasing a div or ce th at o ccu rr ed wh en th ey we re c hil dr en correctly uses the relative clause tha t o cc urr ed to modify a d ivo rc e and includes a pronoun and verb (th ey we re ) that refer unambiguously to their antecedent, me n and wo men . This choice (A) incorrectly introduces the when...phrase with occurring, thus illogically making divorce the grammatical referent of when a child; furthermore, the singular child does not agree with the plural men and women. B replaces child with children but otherwise fails to correct the errors of structure and logic in the first choice. C corrects only the error created by occurring. E includes an incorrect verb tense (has occurred) and wrongly replaces when with as. Also, each was does not properly refer to men and women.

107) Explanation: C is the best answer. In this choice, the best answer, an are a abo ut t he si ze of Co lor ad o clearly describes a rough equivalence between the area of Colorado and the area overseen by the companies. In A and B, the plural verb have does not agree with the singular subject number. A is also wordy, since that is can be deleted without loss of clarity. The absence of an area in B and E impairs clarity: the phrase beginning with about must modify a noun such as area that is logically equivalent to the number of acres given. In D and E, up to is unidiomatic; the correct expression is from x to y. In D, the size of Colorado’s is unidiomatic, since of Colorado forms a complete possessive

108) Explanation: B is the best answer. Only this choice, the best answer, preserves the sense of the original, uses the correct idiom, and observes the parallelism required among and within the three main verb phrases. Because the verb phrases used to describe the bats’ duties are governed by the phrase different duties such as, they should each be expressed in the present participial (or “-ing”) form to parallel defending and scouting. A, C, D, E violate parallelism by employing infinitives (to...) in place of participial phrases. In E, the singular sentinel is not consistent with residents, and the omission of and distorts the meaning of the original.

109) Explanation: For parallelism, the linking verb is should link two infinitives: the only way to salvage…is to process. E, the best choice, has parallel infinitives and uses fruit to refer unambiguously to citrus. This choice also expresses the cause-and-effect relationship between the return of warmer weather and the rotting of the fruit. A begins with an infinitive, but the plural pronouns them and they do not agree with the singular noun citrus. B, C, D do not begin with an infinitive, and all present pronoun errors: the plural pronouns cannot grammatically refer to citrus or fruit, nor can they refer to farmers without absurdity. A, C, D merely describe the cause-and effect relationship between the return of warmer weather and the rotting of the fruit as contemporaneous

110) Explanation: The expression as old as indicates equality of age, but the sentence indicates that the Brittany monuments predate the Mediterranean monuments by 2,000 years.

B, the best answer, older than makes this point of comparison clear. This choice also correctly uses the adjective supposed, rather than the adverb supposedly used in the fourth and fifth choices, to modify the noun phrase Mediterranean predecessors. A, C, E do not state the comparison logically. The adverb supposedly is incorrectly used in these choices, to modify the noun phrase Mediterranean predecessors.

111) Explanation: E, which says attempt to metabolize, is best. The phrase the chemical irritant is also the most concise and precise conclusion for the sentence because it clearly refers to the dioxin mentioned earlier. Although an “-ing” verb such as trying can sometimes be used as a noun, the phrase the organism’s trying to metabolize in this choice is unidiomatic because trying is used as the object of organism’s. In B, trying that it metabolize is ungrammatical. The noun attempt could follow organism’s; also, it would parallel the noun enzymes, and parallelism is needed here because the sentence uses the linking verb are to equate enzymes and attempt. In C and D, however, attempt to try is redundant

112) Explanation: C is the best answer. The phrase the more the children should be completed by a parallel phrase that begins with a comparative adjective and a noun phrase, as in the greater their…advantage. Only this choice correctly completes the structure with a parallel phrase. A, B, D and E present structures that are unwieldy and awkward in addition to being nonparallel, and that state the relationship between language use and skills development less clearly than the correct choice does. Also, in B and D, underlaying and underlay are incorrect; the meaning of this sentence requires the present participle of “underlie,” underlying, as a modifier of skills.

113) Explanation: D, the best answer, correctly parallels the amount…used by with that used by, in which that is the pronoun substitute for amount. Moreover, this answer solves the agreement problem of the first and second choices by omitting the to be verb used with visible and placing visible before equipment; the phrase visible equipment is also parallel with unobtrusive equipment. A and B incorrectly use the plural verb are with the singular noun equipment. In B, C and E, when used by does not parallel amount...used by and nonsensically suggests that the people are used by the equipment.

114) Explanation: E is the best answer. The pronoun that in A and B should be deleted, since the pronoun one is sufficient to introduce the modifier and the sentence is more fluid without that. In B and C, it and that it are intrusive and ungrammatical: the idiom is “believe x to be y.” in the context of this sentence, the infinitive to be is more appropriate than the limited present-tense is in referring to an event that occurred long ago but has been discovered only recently. Finally, A, B, and D lack of and so illogically equate this particular explosion with the whole class of explosions to which it belongs: it is not a type but possibly one of a type.

115) Explanation: A is the best answer. B, C and D incorrectly omit that after agree; that is needed to create the parallel construction agree that there is waste...and that the government...spends. E, though it retains that, is grammatically incorrect: because it starts with an independent rather than a subordinate clause and separates its two independent clauses with a comma, it creates a run-on sentence with no logical connection established between the halves. In B, the agreement...to the fact is unidiomatic. B, C, and E alter the tense of the original sentence by saying that voters agree rather than that they may agree.

116) Explanation: E, the best answer, is clear and concise; it correctly uses a present participle (or “-ing” verb) to introduce the modifier describing how the scholars worked. In A, the introductory clause beginning based on modifies scholars, the noun that immediately follows it: in other words, this says that scholars were based on the accounts of various ancient writers. B is awkward and imprecise in that the referent for the pronoun it is not immediately clear. C and D are wordy and awkward. In D by the accounts...they used is an unidiomatic and roundabout way of saying that scholars used the accounts.

117) Explanation: D, the best answer, says concisely in the same way as to. (Formulas: a set form of words, as for stating something with authority, for indicating procedure to be followed, or for use on some ceremonial occasion). In A, the they after because is ambiguous; it seems illogically to refer to formulas because they and formulas are each the grammatical subject of a clause and because the previous they refers to formulas. In A, and B, do not apply to...in the same way as they do to is wordy and awkward. Also in B, because they refers to formulas, the introductory clause states confusedly that the formulas are growing. In C and E, subject to the <same> applicability of...is wordy, awkward, and imprecise; furthermore, are is preferable either before or after established big businesses to complete the comparison. Finally, the referent of they is not immediately clear in the choice of E.

118) Explanation: C, the best answer, is idiomatic and concise, and it correctly uses the progressive verb form are forcing to indicate an ongoing situation. In A and B, rates of is incorrect; when rates means “prices charged,” it should be followed by for. Also, in B, are a force for does not accurately convey the meaning that the soaring rates are actually forcing cutbacks in the present. In the choices of A and E, it is redundant to say that soaring rates have risen. Similarly, the word rises makes this choice of D redundant.

119) Explanation: D, the best answer, correctly follows estimated with to be. Also, the word “provide” observes the plural fragments. A, B, C and E present structures that are not idiomatic when used in conjunction with estimated. B, C and E all mismatch the singular verb provides with its plural subject, fragments. In C and E, what was is unnecessary and wordy. In C, the use of the verb phrase estimated that it is produces an ungrammatical sentence.

120) Explanation: C is the best answer because it uses the idiomatically correct expression distinguishes between x and y and because it provides a structure in which the relative clause beginning which may be violent clearly modifies mood swings. A, B,D and E use distinguishes in unidiomatic constructions. Additionally, their in A is intrusive and unnecessary. The modifier of mood swings in B and D (perhaps violent) is awkward and less clear than the more developed clause which may be violent.

121) Explanation: E, the best answer, correctly uses a parallel construction to draw a logical comparison: unlike a typical automobile loan, … lease-loan…It is the only option that supplies an active verb form, does not require, to parallel requires. A illogically compares an automobile loan, an inanimate thing, with a lease-loan buyer, a person. In C, buyers makes the comparison inconsistent in number as well as illogical. B and D are syntactically and logically flawed because each attempts to compare the noun loan and a prepositional phrase: with lease-loan buying and for the lease-loan buyer. B and D are also imprecise and awkward.

122) Explanation: A is the best because it correctly uses the simple past tense, the residents…at that time were, and because it is the most concise. All but the correct choice are wordy. In B and D, the replacement of were with the past perfect had been needlessly changes the original meaning by suggesting that the Native Americans had previously ceased to be part of the widespread culture. In C, D and E, the word people redundantly describes the residents rather than the larger group to which the residents belonged. These choices are also imprecise because they state that the culture, rather than people, spoke to the Algonquian language. E displays inconsistent tenses and an error of pronoun reference, people which.

123) Explanation: C correctly links wives with were, eliminates the unnecessary pronouns, and provides a clearer structure. Every choice except the correct choice contains errors of agreement. The pronoun constructions in these choices are wordy. In A and E, the singular subject (each, every one) does not agree with the plural verb were. In D, the plural subject women is mismatched with the singular verb was. In B, the subject and verb agree, but the descriptive phrase placed between them creates an illogical statement because each cannot be wives; each can be one of the wives, or a wife. B, D and E are very awkwardly structured and do not convey the point about Hemingway’s wives clearly

124) Explanation: In this sentence, the initial clause modifies the nearest noun, identifying it as the thing being compared with wheat. B, the best choice, logically compares wheat to rice by placing the noun rice immediately after the initial clause. This choice also uses that to refer to protein in making the comparison between the proteins of rice and wheat. By making protein the noun modified, A, C and D illogically compare wheat with protein and claim that the protein in rice has more protein than wheat does. In C and D, the comparative structure higher in quality than it is in wheat absurdly suggests that rice protein contains wheat. E needs either that in or does after wheat to make a complete and logical comparison

125) Explanation:

A is the best answer. The construction so abundant has capital been …that correctly and clearly expresses the relationship between the abundance and the investors’ response. In B, the repetition of so is illogical and unidiomatic. C, D and E alter somewhat the intended meaning of the sentence; because of its position in these statements, such functions to mean “of a king” rather than to intensify abundant. D awkwardly separates has and been. The omission of that from C and E makes them ungrammatical 126) Explanation: B is the best answer. In A, C and E, in attributing...behavior modifies the perpetrators, producing the illogical statement that the perpetrators rather than the defense attorneys are attributing behavior to food allergies. C is also wordy. D avoids the initial modification error by using a passive construction (in which the attributors are not identified), but attributed x as the cause of y is unidiomatic. In E, attributing...as is unidiomatic. In the correct form of the expression, one attributes x, an effect, to y, a cause; or if a passive construction is used, x is attributed to y.

127) Explanation: C, the best answer, places not and but in such a way that the distinction between springing to life in a flash of inspiration and evolving slowly is logically and idiomatically expressed. A and B are faulty because, for grammatical parallelism, not in a flash... must be followed by but in ..., not by a conjugated form of the verb. Moreover, were slowly evolved is incorrect in B because evolve, in this sense of the word, cannot be made passive. D and E correctly place not before spring, as does the correct answer. D, however, contains inconsistent verb tenses. E contains the faulty passive and an intrusive they.

128) Explanation: D, which presents the comparison logically and idiomatically, is the best answer. Because a count of women employed outside the home at any given time will be expressed by a single number, the use of the plural noun numbers in these choices of A, B and C is illogical. In A, the phrase grew by more than a thirty-five percent increase is redundant and wordy, since the sense of increase is implicit in the verb grew. In C and E, the passive verb forms were raised and was raised are inappropriate because there is no identifiable agent responsible for the raising of the number of women employed. In E, was raised by...increase is redundant.

129) Explanation: Only in the choice of E, idiomatically completes whether with an infinitive, to sign, that functions as a noun equivalent of decision. E also uses the noun conversion, which grammatically completes the phrase begun by undergoing. In A, B and C, the phrase being converted is awkward and redundant, since the sense of process indicated by being has already been conveyed by undergoing. A and D can be faulted for saying if rather than whether , since the sentence poses alternative possibilities, to sign or to sign.

130) Explanation: C is the best. The third verb phrase in the series describing bulls and cows should have the same grammatical form as the first two. Only this choice has a present participle (or

“-ing” form) that is parallel with the two preceding verbs, receiving and fetching. Instead of the present participle, A and B use the past tense (excited). D uses an auxiliary verb (would excite) instead of the present participle. Instead of the present participle, E uses the past perfect tense (had excited). Additionally, the incorrect verb tenses in B and E are introduced by a pronoun, IT, that lacks a logical noun referent.

131) Explanation: B is the best answer. The sentence compares one thing, an adverse change in climate, to all other things in its class-that is, to all the possible disasters that threaten American agriculture; therefore, the sentence requires the superlative form of the adjective, most difficult. Rather than the comparative form, more difficult, which appears in A and D, the sentence requires the superlative form of the adjective, most difficult. In A and C, the use of maybe is unidiomatic, and difficult should be completed by the infinitive to analyze. E is awkwardly phrased and, when inserted into the sentence, produces an illogical structure: the possibility...is...the analysis that.

132) Explanation: On in the choice of C, the best answer is published in Harlem followed immediately by the messenger. Also, this choice makes it clear that the clause beginning who refers to Randolph. A and B present dangling modifiers that illogically suggest that Owen and Randolph, rather than the Messenger, were published in Harlem. In E, the phrase and published in Harlem is too remote from the Messenger to modify it effectively. In E, being produces an awkward construction, and the placement of the main clause at the end of the sentence is confusing.

133) Explanation: E includes the correct verb forms, suggests, eliminates that, and properly employs the future tense, will continue to expand. That this tense is called for is indicated both by the future time to which the coming months refers and by the parallel verb form will proceed in the non-underlined part of the sentence. So E is the best answer. In A and B, the verb suggest does not agree with its singular subject, rise. In context, the phrase into the coming months in A and D is not idiomatic; in the coming months is preferable. In A, C and D, the that appearing after but creates a subordinate clause where an independent clause is needed for the new subject, mixed performance

134) Explanation: A is the best answer. The other choices are unidiomatic or unnecessarily wordy. The pronoun they, which appears in B, C and E, has no grammatical referent.

135) Explanation: C is the best answer. The noun development is parallel to use. Also, the correct form of expression, no less…than, appears. Besides being wordy, the clauses beginning what was and the thing that was in A and B cause inconsistencies in verb tense: the use of the new technology cannot logically be described by both the present perfect has been and the past was. In B and D, developing the compact disc is not parallel to the use of the new technology to revitalize...performances. The phrase none the less...than and no less...as in D and E are unidiomatic

136) Explanation:

By making people the subject of the sentence, D best expresses the intended contrast, which pertains not so much to skills as to people’s willingness to recognize different areas of weakness. A illogically compares skills to a disinclination. B compares skills to many people. C makes the comparison logical by casting analytical skills as the subject of the sentence, but it is awkward and unidiomatic to say skills bring out a disinclination. Also, the referent of they is unclear, and weak to a degree changes the meaning of the original statement. In E, having a disinclination...while willing is grammatically incomplete, and admit their lack should be admit to their lack.

137) Explanation: B is the best answer. It uses verb tenses correctly to indicate that construction of the buildings was completed prior to the earthquake. A and C illogically state that some buildings were both destroyed and damaged; or is needed to indicate that each of the buildings suffered either one fate or the other. In using only verb tense, were, A fails to indicate that the buildings were constructed before the earthquake occurred. C and D use the present perfect tense incorrectly, saying in effect that the buildings have been constructed after they were destroyed last year. E suggests that the construction of the buildings, rather than the earthquake, occurred last year, thus making the sequence of events unclear.

138) Explanation: A is the best answer. The activities listed are presented as parallel ideas and should thus be expressed in grammatically parallel structures. This choice correctly uses the simple past tense defined to parallel organized and provided. It also correctly joins the last two parallel phrase with and and clearly expresses the relationship of rights and obligations to resources. C preserves parallelism but is wordy, and its has no logical referent. B, D and E replace the verb phrase with a subordinate modifier, violating parallism and making the statements ungrammatical. Furthermore, it is unclear what defining...consumption in B is intended to modify. In D, whose incorrectly attributes rights and obligations to resources. E presents rights and obligations as defining, rather than as being defined.

139) Explanation: E, the best answer, is both grammatically correct and concise. A, B and C are flawed because the countable noun dioxins should be modified by many rather than much, which is used with uncountable nouns such as “work” or “happiness”. In addition, A and C incorrectly use the singular verb comes with the plural noun dioxins. C and D are needlessly wordy. D requires that before North Americans to be grammatically complete.

140) Explanation: C, the best answer, avoids modification problems by using a noun phrase in which price clearly refers to $20.2 million. And by using a comma after Rhone to set off the phrase that modifies the bridge of Trinquetaille, this choice makes the painting the subject of was sold. A comma is needed after Rhone in A and D to set off the modifying phrase that begins Vincent…; without the comma, the phrase appears to be part of the main clause, and it is thus unclear what noun should govern the verb sold. Furthermore, it in the choice of A has no logical referent. In this choice of D, being is not idiomatic. These choices of B and E produce the illogical statement that the painting was the second highest price.

141) Explanation: A is the best answer. The phrasing are native to correctly suggests that the toad species is indigenous to, and still exists in, South America. The correct phrase, in an attempt, is completed by an infinitive (here, to control). In this choice of B, native in is unidiomatic. In these choices of C and E, natives of illogically suggests that each toad now in Florida hails from South America. In these choices of D and E, had been inaccurately implies that the toads are no longer native, or indigenous, to South America, and introduced to Florida is unidiomatic. In the choices of B, D and E as attempts and as an attempt are wrong because the attempt consists not of the toads themselves, but of their introduction into the environment. The correct phrase, in an attempt, should be completed by an infinitive (here, to control), as in the correct choice.

142) Explanation: B is the best answer: in sentences expressing a conditional result (x will happen if y happens), the verb of the main clause should be in the future tense and the verb of the if clause should be in the present indicative. Thus, is taught is consistent with will take. This answer correctly uses the adjective separate to modify course. In the choices of A, D and E would be taught and was taught are not consistent with will take. For clarity, only in the choices of C, D and E should immediately precede the entire IF clause that it is meant to modify. Also, the intended meaning is distorted when the adverb separately is used to modify required or taught, as in the choices of A, C and E.

143) Explanation: D, the best answer choice, the phrase sediments from the Baltic sea tells where the sediments originate, findings provides a noun for consistent to modify, and in the area clearly identifies where the industrial activity is growing. All of the incorrect choices contain ambiguities. In the choices of A and B, the words which and where appear to refer to sediments. In the choice of E, it is not clear what consistent describes. In the choices of A, C and E, there is no logical place to which there or its could refer.

144) Explanation: C is the best because the participle protecting begins a phrase that explains what the shields did. The choices of A and B awkwardly use the singular word method to refer to items of military equipment rather than to the use of such items. Also, a method of protecting would be more idiomatic than a method to protect or a method protecting in the choices of A and B. in the choices of B and D, as is incorrect. Also, a protection in the choice of D has no noun for which it can logically substitute. The choice of E is incomplete; used to protect would have been acceptable.

145) Explanation: The corrected sentence must contrast an effect of spot-welding with an effect of adhesive bonding. To do so logically and grammatically, it must describe the effects in parallel terms. When inserted into the sentence, the choice of D produces the parallel construction over a broad surface rather than at a series. Having no word such as over or at to indicate location, the choices of A, B and C fail to complete the parallel and so illogically draw a contrast between surface and series. In the choices of E, as against being is a wordy and unidiomatic way to establish the intended contrast

146) Explanation:

Only E, the best answer, corrects the problems found in the other choices. The predicate has never been applied refers to a span of time, from the writing of the Constitution to the present, rather than to a past event (as was does), and the phrase is required indicates that the provision still applies. The phrase call…to consider is idiomatic, and to do so can substitute grammatically for it. The choices of A, B, C and D contain tense errors (the use of was never applied with has been required in the first choice, for example), unidiomatic expressions (call...for considering), and uses of a pronoun (it) with no noun referent. By introducing the subordinating conjunction whereby, the choices of C and D produce sentence fragments

147) Explanation: C is the best answer because its phrasing is parallel and concise. It also uses the idiomatic expression worried about rather than worried over or worrying over; worried about is preferable when describing a condition rather than an action. Whereas this answer uses compact and parallel noun phrases such as the removal …and the failure…,the other choices employ phrases that are wordy, awkward, or nonparallel. The choices of A, D and E begin with unnecessarily wordy phrases. The choice of D is also flawed in that the plural pronoun they does not agree with the singular noun administration.

148) Explanation: A is the best answer, for it alone makes clear that the land now known as Australia was considered the antipodes before it was developed. In the choice of B, it has no logical referent, because the previous clause describes a time when there was no Australia. Nor does it have a referent in the choice of C: substituting Australia for it produces a nonsensical statement. The choice of D is wordy, with the unnecessary what was, and imprecise in suggesting that Australia was considered the antipodes after it became Australia. The choice of E similarly distorts the original meaning, and the past perfect had been is inconsistent with the past tense used to establish a time frame for the rest of the sentence.

149) Explanation: E is the best answer. The choice of A presents a dangling modifier. The phrase beginning the sentence has no noun that it can logically modify and hence cannot fit anywhere in the sentence and make sense. Coming first, the choice of A modifies heartbeats, the nearest free noun in the main clause; that is, the choice of A says that the heartbeats are using the Doppler ultrasound device. The choice of B contains the same main clause and dangling modifier, now at the end. Contrary to intent, the wording in the choice of C suggests that physicians can use a Doppler ultrasound device after they detect fetal heartbeats. In the choice of D the phrase using...device should follow physician, the noun it modifies.

150) Explanation: Grammatically, the participial phrase beginning delighted must modify the subject of the main clause. Because it is the manager who was delighted, C, this choice, in which the company manager appears as the subject, is the best answer. The choices of A, B, D and E create illogical statements by using it, the decision, the staff, and a raise, as the sentence subject. Use of the passive voice in the choices of A, D and E produces unnecessary wordiness. The construction the decision of the company manager was to in the choice of B is unnecessary wordy.

151) Explanation: E, the best answer, uses the adverbial phrase more quickly than to modify the verb phrase gain weight. This choice of E is also the only choice with consistent verb tenses. The first verb in the clauses introduced by showed that is exercise. In the choices of A, B and C, quicker than is incorrect because an adjective should not be used to modify a verb phrase. The choices of A and B incorrectly compound that present tense verb (exercise) with a past tense verb, associated. The choices of C and D correctly use associate, but follow with the past tense required and the present perfect have required. Both incorrectly conclude with the future tense will gain

152) Explanation: The best answer, E, correctly compounds the tow infinitives to affect and induce with and. The use of the phrasing can heat.. enough to affect in this choice is more idiomatic than the use of the subordinate clause beginning with that in several of the other choices. The use of the phrasing can heat...enough to affect in the choice of A (and in the correct answer) is more idiomatic than the use of the subordinate clause beginning with that in the other choices. The choice of A incorrectly separates the two infinitives to affect and induce with a comma when it should compound them with and. The choice of B produces an illogical and ungrammatical statement by making induce parallel with the verb heat rather than with the appropriate form of the verb affect. The choice of C lacks agreement in using the singular pronoun it to refer to the plural noun displays. The choice of D is faulty because induces cannot fit grammatically with any noun in the sentence

153) Explanation: This choice of C, which uses because and it as the singular subject of a clause, is the best answer. As used in the choices of A, B and D, the phrases on account of and because of are unidiomatic. Because, which appears in the choices of C and E, is preferable here since because can introduce a complete subordinate clause explaining the reason why the golden crab has not been fished extensively. The choices of B and E also produce agreement errors by using the plural pronouns their and they to refer to the singular noun crab. The choices of A and D fail to provide a noun or pronoun to perform the action of living, but even with it’s the phrases would be more awkward and less clear than it lives.

154) Explanation: This choice of B uses the correct participial form, doubling, to modify the preceding clause. B is the best answer. The pronoun which should be used to refer to a previously mentioned noun, not to the idea expressed in an entire clause. In the choices of A, C and E, which seems to refer to a vague concept involving the detection of moons, but there is no specific noun, such as detection, to which it can refer. Also in the choice of E, the use of the phrasing the number...now known that orbit is ungrammatical and unclear. The choices of A and D use known as orbiting rather than known to orbit, a phrase that is more idiomatic in context, even though the fourth choice uses the correct participial form, doubling, to modify the preceding clause.

155) Explanation: D is the best answer. In the choice of A, it, the subject of the main clause, seems to refer to baby, the subject of the subordinate clause; thus, this answer seems to state that the newborn baby, rather than its sense of vision, would be rated 20/500. Similarly, the choices of B and E use awkward and ambiguous phrasing that suggests that the sense of

vision, rather than an adult with 20/500 vision, would be considered legally blind. The choice of C incorrectly uses the semicolon, which should separate independent clauses, to set off a verb phrase. The phrase if an adult in this answer is also illogical, since it states that a baby could also be an adult.

156) Explanation: A is the best answer. The choices of B and C present faulty comparisons: in the second choice, Jackie Robinson’s courage is compared to Rosa Parks herself, not to her courage, and in the third choice, it is compared to both Rosa Parks and her refusal. The choice of D does not make clear whether it was Jackie Robinson or Rosa Parks who showed courage in refusing to move to the back of the bus; in fact, saying for refusing rather than who refused makes it sound as if courage moved to the back of the bus. The choice of E incorrectly uses AS rather than like to compare two noun phrases.

157) Explanation: C is the best answer. In the choice of A, the rising of costs is unidiomatic. In the choice of B, costs...has lacks subject-verb agreement. The choices of D and E produce sentence fragments since because makes the clause subordinate rather than independent.

158) Explanation: E is the best answer. The corrected sentence must make clear that both damaging and slowing the growth of refer to forests. This answer is the only choice that does so without introducing errors. In the choice of A, OF is required after growth. In the choices of B and C, the use of the damage instead of damaging produces awkward and wordy constructions. Without to after damage, the choice of B is grammatically incomplete. In the choice of C, the slowness of does not convey the original sense that the rate of growth has been slowed by acid rain. The choice of D also changes the meaning of the sentence by making both damaged and slowed refer to growth.

159) Explanation: B, the best answer, uses the idiomatic and grammatically parallel form the same to x as to y. Because the choice of A lacks the preposition to, it seems to compare the appearance of natural phenomena to that of a person standing on land. The choices of C and D unnecessarily repeat would and wrongly use the singular it to refer to the plural phenomena. The choices of C and E each contain a faulty semicolon and produce errors in idiom, the same to x just as to. The choices of D and E use the definite article the where the indefinite article a is needed to refer to an unspecified person.

160) Explanation: Only this answer of E, the best choice, uses the correct tense, observes parallelism, and is idiomatic. Because the sentence describes a situation that continues into the present, the choices of A and B are incorrect in using the past perfect had elected, which denotes an action completed at a specific time in the past. Also, alternatives presented in the expressions x rather than y and x instead of y should be parallel in form, but the choices of A and B mismatch the noun retirement with the verb forms face and facing. The choice of C is faulty because have elected, which is correct in tense, cannot idiomatically be followed by a participle such as retiring. The choices of A, B and D fail to maintain

parallelism, even though the fourth choice correctly follows have elected with an infinitive, to retire.

161) Explanation: This choice of C, the best answer, places the Maya immediately after its modifier and uses the active verb form built. The choices of A, B, and D illogically suggest that the palace and temple clusters were architects and stonemasons. For the modification to be logical, architects and stonemasons must immediately precede the Maya, the noun phrase it is meant to modify. The choices of A, B and D also use the passive verb form were built, which produces unnecessary awkwardness and wordiness. The choice of E is awkwardly phrased and produces a sentence fragment, because the appositive noun phrase architects and stonemasons cannot serve as the subject of were the Maya.

162) Explanation: This choice of A is the best because it is idiomatic and because its passive verb construction, has been shifted, clearly indicates that the light has been acted upon by the rapid motion. In the choice of B, the active verb has shifted suggests that the light, not the motion, is the agency of action, but such a construction leaves the phrase by the rapid motion of the galaxy away from the earth without any logical or grammatical function. In the choice of C, the construction the extent that light is ungrammatical; denotes the extent must be completed by to which. The choice of D incorrectly employs an active verb, shifting, and extent of light is imprecise and awkward. The choice of E is faulty because it contains no verb to express the action performed by the rapid motion.

163) Explanation: The construction range from x must be completed by to y, as in the choice of B, the best answer: Johnson’s paintings range from …portraits. to…views. The incorrect choices produce an unidiomatic construction.

164) Explanation: This choice of D is the best, is idiomatic, clear, and concise. The choices of A and B incorrectly use much rather than many to describe the countable noun others; much should be used with uncountable nouns such as “joy” or “labor”. Even if this error were corrected, though, the choices of A and B would still be wrong. Because more than x necessarily includes the sense of at least as many as x, it is redundant and confusing to use elements of both expressions to refer to the same number of women. In the choices of A and C, not any support agreements is wordy and awkward. The choices of A, B and E redundantly use both at least and more. The choice of E incorrectly links the singular verb was with the plural subject others.

165) Explanation: The intended comparison should be completed by a clause beginning with as and containing a subject and verb that correspond to the subject and verb of the main clause. In this choice of E, the best answer, it refers unambiguously to the phrasal subject owning … land, the verb was corresponds to is and today’s young adults are appropriately compared to earlier generations. The choices of A and B lack a verb corresponding to is and a clear referent for that. The choices of C and D are confusing and illogical because their verbs, did and have, cannot substitute for is in the main clause.

166) Explanation: C is the best answer. In the choices of A and B, the plural pronouns their and they do not agree with the singular noun bank. The choices of B, D and E, illogically shift from the plural customers and funds to the singular check, as if the customers were jointly depositing only one check. In the choice of D, requires a bank that it should is ungrammatical; requires that a bank is the appropriate idiom. In the choice of E, the use of the passive construction is to be delayed is less informative than the active voice because the passive does not explicitly identify the bank as the agent responsible for the delay.

167) Explanation: This choice of D, the best answer, describes the warning signs in parallel phrases. Despite surface appearances, the nouns changes and variations are parallel with tilting, but the verbal forms changing and varying in the choices of A, B, and C are not: tilting, one of the deformations of the earth’s crust, is used here as a noun that is parallel to fluctuations, whereas changing and varying are used as verbs indicating some action undertaken. Moreover, these verbs are used incorrectly because the sentence mentions no subject that is performing these actions. The choices of B and E illogically state that it is not the strain but the measurements that portend danger. In the choice of E, among wrongly suggests a comparison of different electrical properties rather than of different behaviors of the same properties.

168) Explanation This choice of A which is both idiomatic and concise, is best. In the choice of B, to contrast is wrong because the phrase are in danger must be followed by of, not by an infinitive. The phrase have a danger is unidiomatic in the choice of C. in the choice of D, the phrase by contraction Trypanosomiasis requires of after contraction; even if this correction were make, though, the passive construction would be unnecessarily wordy and also imprecise, because it is the disease more than the act of contracting it that poses the danger. In the choice of E, have a danger is again unidiomatic, and the that clause following the phrase is, within the structure of the sentence, ungrammatical and awkward.

169) Explanation: In this sentence, the first noun of the main clause grammatically identifies what is being compared with a funded pension system; to be logical, the comparison must be made between comparable things. Only this choice of E, the best answer, compares one kind of system of providing for retirees, the funded person system, with another such system, social security. The choices of A, C and D all illogically compare the pension system with the approach taken by Social Security itself. In the choice of B, the comparison of pension system with foundation is similarly flawed.

170) Explanation: Grammatically and idiomatically sound, D is the best choice. When consider means “regard as”, as it does in this sentence, its object should be followed immediately by the phrase that identifies or describes that object. Thus, to be, as, and as being in the choices of A, B and C produce unidiomatic constructions in the context of the sentence. Also, although if and whether can be used interchangeably after some verbs, question if, which appears in the choices of A and B, is unidiomatic. In the choice of B, they is

unnecessary. The choice of E also contains the unnecessary they, and it uses the ungrammatical construction consider...facilities are.

171) Explanation: A is the best answer. In the choices of B, both must come before acknowledgement if it is to link acknowledgment and effort; as misplaced here, it creates the unfulfilled expectation that the reduction of interest rates will be an acknowledgement of two different things. Moreover, both...as well as...is redundant: the correct idiom is both x and y. in the choice of C, the plural verbs acknowledge and attempt do not agree with their singular subject, reduction; also, it is imprecise to characterize a reduction as performing actions such as acknowledging or attempting. In the choices of D and E, the use of the participle reducing rather than the noun reduction is awkward. The choices of B and D misplace both. The choice of E repeats both the redundancy of the second choice and the agreement error of the third choice.