Senior Project Chapter 1

Proper waste disposal methods - 1 CHAPTER ONE Introduction Corporate social responsibility (CSR), also known as corporate responsibility, corporate citizenship, responsible business, sustainable responsible business (SRB), or corporate social performance, is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model. Ideally, CSR policy would function as a built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby business would monitor and ensure its adherence to law, ethical standards, and international norms. Business would embrace responsibility for the impact of their activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere. Furthermore, business would proactively promote the public interest by encouraging community growth and development, and voluntarily eliminating practices that harm the public sphere, regardless of legality. Essentially, CSR is the deliberate inclusion of public interest into corporate decision-making, and the honoring of a triple bottom line: People, Planet and Profit. Bata shoe company Kenya has been involved in various social corporate responsibility activities in Limuru but they have failed to keep the river clean over the years they have used harmful chemicals in the production of shoes. These chemicals are then deposited in the river. Over the years the river has disappeared and in its place a swamp has replaced it.

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Background of the study Bata is a large, family owned shoe company. It was started in 1894 in Zlín by Mr. Tomas Bata. It is currently headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland, and operates 4 business units worldwide: Bata Europe, Bata Emerging Markets, Bata Branded Business and Bata North America. Bata has a retail presence in over 50 countries and production facilities in 26 countries. In its history, the company has sold more than 14 billion pairs of shoes, serving at least 1 million customers every day. The Bata retail chain also includes ladies handbags, school and traveling bags and the Athlete's World sports shoes offering the latest in worldrenowned sports and leisure brands such as Power. Bata Shoe Company Kenya Ltd was started in 1939. It is the leading shoe manufacturer and retailer in Kenya with over 80 stores around the country. Its main factory is located in Limuru, Kenya. Limuru town is located on a mountainous landscape that borders the beginning of the Great Rift Valley. It is about thirty kilometers West of Nairobi. Limuru is a town whose development has been boosted by the presence of a few factories including the famous Bata Shoe Company.

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Problem statement There are no controlled landfills in Kenya and complete reliance is placed on open uncontrolled and burning. The main dump site serving Nairobi is located at Dandora. It covers about 26.5 Hectares and is estimated to contain some 1.3 million of waste. Many scavengers are present and tannery sludge, hospital waste including used syringes and other industrial wastes can be observed. The situation in smaller towns is similar, although the proportion of waste collected may be even lower. In Limuru, Bata shoe factory has its own incinerator. This is currently shut down by the council for making too much smoke. The plant was designed and built by a local firm in Nairobi. It is of steel construction and has water scrubbing to remove sulphuric and nitric acid. They are currently making some changes and hope to get it going again, as they are very short of landfill space. They have recently required operators to wear masks. Bata Shoe Company also dumps its waste in the local dumpsite. The local authorities rarely collect waste.

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General objective To help keep Limuru town clean and free from waste from Bata Shoe Company by looking for partners who will help the company buy or upgrade the current incinerator.

Specific objectives The researchers main objectives will include to: Find out the chemicals used in the company and their effects on the environment. Find out if the workers are equipped with proper protective gear. Find out if the workers are insured incase of injury. Find out if any of the waste can be recycled. Find out where waste is deposited.

Target audience The researcher hopes that the research findings will be used to educate children and their parents on the dangers of playing or visiting dumpsites. The researcher also hopes the local government officials will act fast in getting rid of waste from companies in Limuru.

Scope of study The researcher will take one month in the conducting research. Within it she plans on interviewing the local community and employees from Bata shoe company.

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Limitations of study The researcher experienced the following limitations: •

Limited time allocated to conduct the research.

•

Hostility from some the government officials.

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Some members of the community consider the dumpsite their business premises. They consider it a blessing that it is there because they collect garbage and sell it. They were not willing to listen or accept that the dumpsite is a dangerous site.

Definition of terms Incinerator: The term incinerate means to burn something until nothing is left but ashes. An incinerator is a unit or facility used to burn trash and other types of waste until it is reduced to ash. An incinerator is constructed of heavy, well-insulated materials, so that it does not give off extreme amounts of external heat. The high levels of heat are kept inside the furnace or unit so that the waste is burned quickly and efficiently. If the heat were allowed to escape, the waste would not burn as completely or as rapidly.

Environment: The natural environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, is a term that encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally on Earth or some region thereof.

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Tannery sludge: Tanning is the process of making leather, which does not easily decompose, from the skins of animals, which do. Often this uses tannin, an acidic chemical compound. Coloring may occur during tanning. A tannery is the term for a

place where these skins are processed. Sludge is a generic term for solids separated from suspension in a liquid. This 'soupy' material usually contains significant quantities of 'interstitial' water (between the solid particles). Commonly sludge refers to the residual, semi-solid material left from industrial wastewater, or sewage treatment processes. It can also refer to the settled suspension obtained from conventional drinking water treatment and numerous other industrial processes.

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CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW In this chapter I will concentrate on the various theories, previously written studies on waste disposal methods and the recommendations made.

Theories Full cost accounting Full cost accounting:(FCA) generally refers to the process of collecting and presenting information (costs as well as advantages) for each proposed alternative when a decision is necessary. It is a conventional method of cost accounting that traces direct costs and allocates indirect costs. A synonym, true cost accounting (TCA) is also often used. Experts consider both terms problematic as definitions of "true" and "full" are inherently subjective. Basis of triple bottom line Since costs and advantages are usually considered in terms of environmental, economic and social impacts, full or true cost efforts are collectively called the "triple bottom line". In this acceptance, FCA is a systematic approach for identifying, summing, and reporting the actual costs of solid waste management. It takes into account past and future outlays,

Proper waste disposal methods- 8overhead (oversight and support services) costs, and operating costs.Integrated solid waste management systems consist of a variety of municipal solid waste (MSW) activities and paths. Activities are the building blocks of the system, which may include waste collection, operation of transfer stations, transport to waste management facilities, waste processing and disposal, and sale of byproducts. Paths are the directions that MSW follows in the course of integrated solid waste management (i.e., the point of generation through processing and ultimate disposition) and include recycling, composting, wasteto-energy, and landfill disposal. The cost of some activities is shared between paths. Understanding the costs of MSW activities is often necessary for compiling the costs of the entire solid waste system, and helps municipalities evaluate whether to provide a service itself or contract out for it. However, in considering changes that affect how much MSW ends up being recycled, composted, converted to energy, or landfilled, the analyst should focus the costs of the different paths. Understanding the full costs of each MSW path is an essential first step in discussing whether to shift the flows of MSW one way or another.

Management Theory Lillian Gilbreth's work focused on inefficiency and waste Administrator

not only the

waste of time and motion but also the waste of potential human satisfaction and

Proper waste disposal methods - 9 fulfillment that could be derived from work. She believed that poorly planned jobs made work tiresome and destroyed enjoyment of the task. Her theory was that managers and owners needed to structure authority in the workplace and that each employee deserved basic human dignity. In The Psychology of Management, she argued that psychology could and should become part of scientific management. One of her studies is motion, which could “make visible the invisible.” “The Gilbreths state that work is made up of an infinite number of cycles-molecules-and that each cycle should in itself be made up of correct minute parts of the cycle-therbligs-atoms, otherwise there is lost motion or waste". Lillian Gilbreth, unlike Taylor, brought human elements to industrial engineering. She believed that satisfaction comes from using one’s skills, that standardized work could also be skilled work. { Gilbreth