Scotland Ssfs

A SCIENCE STRATEGY FOR SCOTLAND

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Further copies available from The Stationery Office Bookshop 71 Lothian Road, Edinburgh EH3 9AZ Tel 0870 606 55 66

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Making it work together

SCIENCE KNOWS NO COUNTRY, BECAUSE KNOWLEDGE BELONGS TO HUMANITY, AND IS THE TORCH WHICH ILLUMINATES THE WORLD. SCIENCE IS THE HIGHEST PERSONIFICATION OF THE NATION BECAUSE THAT NATION WILL REMAIN THE FIRST WHICH CARRIES THE FURTHEST THE WORKS OF THOUGHT AND INTELLIGENCE. Louis Pasteur

© Crown copyright 2001

Photography p7 © Keith Hunter/arcblue.com, p29, 31, 37 & 43, Creative, Edinburgh Designed and produced on behalf of the Scottish Executive by Astron

B18456-8-01

Science Strategy for Scotland

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Our Scotland is a modern, dynamic country. We are working together to make our nation more prosperous and our economy more competitive. We need to meet the challenges of global competition. To do so our country must harness its collective resources to achieve our ambitions. Our goal is simple but challenging: more jobs, better jobs and shared prosperity. We are working together to improve the quality of life and the quality of our environment throughout Scotland – from the northernmost island communities to the rural Borders, from the historic cities of the east and west to the new towns of central Scotland. We are investing for Scotland’s future… Working together we are creating a vibrant, competitive Scotland, confident of its place in the world… Recognising the quality of our scientists we will develop for the first time a comprehensive science strategy which will impact on enterprise and the quality of public service. The strategy will guide our investment decisions to maintain the excellence of our science base in Scotland leading to the earlier development of products and services which can improve quality of life. Working together for Scotland – A Programme for Government January 2001

Science Strategy for Scotland

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FOREWORD

BY THE MINISTER FOR SCIENCE

Scottish science is not a narrow, parochial activity. It depends on and contributes to global scientific advances. We must continue to collaborate across the UK, Europe and beyond to maximise the development and exchange of scientific ideas, and to target our efforts on areas where we can make the best contribution. TO MANY, SCIENCE CAN SEEM REMOTE FROM EVERYDAY LIFE, BUT THE TECHNIQUES OF SCIENTIFIC ENQUIRY – THE WAYS OF ASKING QUESTIONS AND

Science has the potential to improve all our lives. As a Scot I am immensely proud that our small nation has been pushing back the frontiers of science for over three hundred years. Scottish knowledge and discoveries have produced incalculable benefits for the world – from the telephone, the television and penicillin to more recently Dolly the Sheep. We are still leading the world in many areas of scientific endeavour. Our long tradition of excellence in science stands us in good stead for the challenges that will face us, as individuals and as a nation, in the 21st century. Our past economic successes have drawn heavily on our abilities in science, engineering and technology. The same abilities form a core part of our drive to ensure Scotland’s place as a leading knowledge economy, now and in the future. Key to this are our skills and our knowledge. I am determined that Scotland will face the challenges and opportunities of the future from a position of strength. We must build on, and invest in, our excellent science base. Our children must receive the highest quality science education, and our further and higher education institutions must be able to produce the scientists of tomorrow.

TESTING THE ANSWERS, THE IDEAS GENERATED AND THE TECHNOLOGIES DEVELOPED FROM THEM – IMPACT ON ALL OF US EVERY DAY. Consider the machines which help us, the illnesses cured, our homes and environment, our food, education and jobs. Science is relevant to the work of every part of the Scottish Executive, and that work must be informed by the best available scientific advice. In the role of Minister for Science, I am pleased to present the Scottish Executive’s first integrated Science Strategy. It sets the framework which will inform the detailed development of policy for the support and use of science in all its forms in pursuit of the objectives set out in Working together for Scotland – A Programme for Government. It will provide a focus for science matters across the Executive, ensuring that the cross cutting nature of science is exploited fully. It will help us to work together to establish policies and strategies which are consistent across the Executive, which take account of the UK and wider international dimension, and which develop to meet changing circumstances.

Wendy Alexander, MSP

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Science Strategy for Scotland

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FOREWORD

BY THE MINISTER FOR SCIENCE

Scottish science is not a narrow, parochial activity. It depends on and contributes to global scientific advances. We must continue to collaborate across the UK, Europe and beyond to maximise the development and exchange of scientific ideas, and to target our efforts on areas where we can make the best contribution. TO MANY, SCIENCE CAN SEEM REMOTE FROM EVERYDAY LIFE, BUT THE TECHNIQUES OF SCIENTIFIC ENQUIRY – THE WAYS OF ASKING QUESTIONS AND

Science has the potential to improve all our lives. As a Scot I am immensely proud that our small nation has been pushing back the frontiers of science for over three hundred years. Scottish knowledge and discoveries have produced incalculable benefits for the world – from the telephone, the television and penicillin to more recently Dolly the Sheep. We are still leading the world in many areas of scientific endeavour. Our long tradition of excellence in science stands us in good stead for the challenges that will face us, as individuals and as a nation, in the 21st century. Our past economic successes have drawn heavily on our abilities in science, engineering and technology. The same abilities form a core part of our drive to ensure Scotland’s place as a leading knowledge economy, now and in the future. Key to this are our skills and our knowledge. I am determined that Scotland will face the challenges and opportunities of the future from a position of strength. We must build on, and invest in, our excellent science base. Our children must receive the highest quality science education, and our further and higher education institutions must be able to produce the scientists of tomorrow.

TESTING THE ANSWERS, THE IDEAS GENERATED AND THE TECHNOLOGIES DEVELOPED FROM THEM – IMPACT ON ALL OF US EVERY DAY. Consider the machines which help us, the illnesses cured, our homes and environment, our food, education and jobs. Science is relevant to the work of every part of the Scottish Executive, and that work must be informed by the best available scientific advice. In the role of Minister for Science, I am pleased to present the Scottish Executive’s first integrated Science Strategy. It sets the framework which will inform the detailed development of policy for the support and use of science in all its forms in pursuit of the objectives set out in Working together for Scotland – A Programme for Government. It will provide a focus for science matters across the Executive, ensuring that the cross cutting nature of science is exploited fully. It will help us to work together to establish policies and strategies which are consistent across the Executive, which take account of the UK and wider international dimension, and which develop to meet changing circumstances.

Wendy Alexander, MSP

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Science Strategy for Scotland

This Strategy sets the framework which will inform the detailed development of policy for the support and use of science to achieve the Scottish Executive’s objectives set out in Working together for Scotland – A Programme for Government. VISION We shall work with others to make science work for the people of Scotland. We shall value science and harness its benefits in Scotland to increase prosperity and safeguard the environment. We shall communicate its potential to improve the quality of life for this and future generations in a way which secures public understanding and engagement. We shall develop our international reputation for the quality of our science and of our skills.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OBJECTIVES OF THE STRATEGY We will: 1 MAINTAIN A STRONG SCIENCE BASE FULLY

CONNECTED TO UK AND INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITY AND FUNDING SOURCES High quality curiosity-driven research will be supported and appropriate breadth maintained. Clear priorities for scientific development will be established. The proportion of targeted science research expenditure allocated to priority areas will be maximised. We will consult with the research community about policy on science. Funders of science will be encouraged to resolve the tension between communicating with the public and the confidentiality associated with exploring commercial potential. We will promote Scotland as a centre of scientific excellence and encourage career development for Scottish scientists. 2 INCREASE THE EFFECTIVE EXPLOITATION OF

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH TO GROW STRONG SCOTTISH BUSINESSES AND PROVIDE CUTTING EDGE SCIENCE TO MEET THE NEEDS OF THE PEOPLE OF SCOTLAND We will seek to ensure the effective transfer of scientific knowledge and skills, supporting science-based innovation and the exploitation of research. We will identify future challenges and opportunities for the development and application of science and take steps to equip Scotland’s workforce with the skills it needs. We will attract investment in the development of Scottish science-based innovation and attract high quality scientists to work in Scotland, through investment in world class facilities.

3 ENSURE THAT ENOUGH PEOPLE STUDY SCIENCE

TO A STANDARD WHICH WILL ENABLE THE FUTURE NEEDS OF THE COUNTRY TO BE MET Our aims are twofold: to secure very high levels of achievement by those specialising in science, and to ensure that all learners acquire the capacity to cope as citizens and decision makers when dealing with scientific issues. We will support the training and employment of additional science teachers and initiatives to ensure high quality updating of their skills. We will work to ensure the development of materials, accommodation, resources and assessment of school science. We will organise an international conference of science educators to consider innovative approaches at all stages of education. We will harness the widespread willingness to support science education and promote the understanding of, and enthusiasm for, science as a career. We will ensure there is good, unbiased information about education and career opportunities in science and ask Future Skills Scotland to analyse the supply of and demand for people with different levels of science qualifications. The higher education sector will be asked to ensure science courses develop generic skills and that opportunities to acquire business skills and work experience are offered. We will encourage the establishment of courses in science communication. 4 PROMOTE THE AWARENESS, APPRECIATION

AND UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE ACROSS SOCIETY We will consult widely with the public on science issues and continue to survey and take account of public attitudes to science. We will work closely with, and support where appropriate, organisations which aim to promote scientific understanding across society. We will encourage scientists to communicate new scientific discoveries, and their implications, to the public. We will support closer working together by the media, scientists and policy makers to promote science to the people of Scotland.

5 ENSURE THE EFFECTIVE USE OF SCIENTIFIC

EVIDENCE IN POLICY FORMULATION AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION BY GOVERNMENT The Minister for Science will work with the Royal Society of Edinburgh to establish a broadly based Scientific Advisory Committee, chaired by an outstanding scientist (who we intend should become the chief adviser on science to the Executive), to provide independent advice on strategic scientific issues. We will identify a set of priority areas for scientific activity in Scotland. We will regularly review the policies and spending of each Scottish Executive Department against the key objectives of the Science Strategy and the priorities identified. We will adhere to the principles contained in Guidelines 2000 – Scientific Advice And Policy-Making. We will maintain close links among scientific policymakers in the Executive, UK Government Departments and other public bodies and in the rest of Europe, and will make effective use of the UK and European science advisory systems. We will continue to welcome and participate in UK initiatives, taking appropriate account of distinctive Scottish circumstances. We will regularly review and update the Science Strategy.

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Science Strategy for Scotland

This Strategy sets the framework which will inform the detailed development of policy for the support and use of science to achieve the Scottish Executive’s objectives set out in Working together for Scotland – A Programme for Government. VISION We shall work with others to make science work for the people of Scotland. We shall value science and harness its benefits in Scotland to increase prosperity and safeguard the environment. We shall communicate its potential to improve the quality of life for this and future generations in a way which secures public understanding and engagement. We shall develop our international reputation for the quality of our science and of our skills.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OBJECTIVES OF THE STRATEGY We will: 1 MAINTAIN A STRONG SCIENCE BASE FULLY

CONNECTED TO UK AND INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITY AND FUNDING SOURCES High quality curiosity-driven research will be supported and appropriate breadth maintained. Clear priorities for scientific development will be established. The proportion of targeted science research expenditure allocated to priority areas will be maximised. We will consult with the research community about policy on science. Funders of science will be encouraged to resolve the tension between communicating with the public and the confidentiality associated with exploring commercial potential. We will promote Scotland as a centre of scientific excellence and encourage career development for Scottish scientists. 2 INCREASE THE EFFECTIVE EXPLOITATION OF

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH TO GROW STRONG SCOTTISH BUSINESSES AND PROVIDE CUTTING EDGE SCIENCE TO MEET THE NEEDS OF THE PEOPLE OF SCOTLAND We will seek to ensure the effective transfer of scientific knowledge and skills, supporting science-based innovation and the exploitation of research. We will identify future challenges and opportunities for the development and application of science and take steps to equip Scotland’s workforce with the skills it needs. We will attract investment in the development of Scottish science-based innovation and attract high quality scientists to work in Scotland, through investment in world class facilities.

3 ENSURE THAT ENOUGH PEOPLE STUDY SCIENCE

TO A STANDARD WHICH WILL ENABLE THE FUTURE NEEDS OF THE COUNTRY TO BE MET Our aims are twofold: to secure very high levels of achievement by those specialising in science, and to ensure that all learners acquire the capacity to cope as citizens and decision makers when dealing with scientific issues. We will support the training and employment of additional science teachers and initiatives to ensure high quality updating of their skills. We will work to ensure the development of materials, accommodation, resources and assessment of school science. We will organise an international conference of science educators to consider innovative approaches at all stages of education. We will harness the widespread willingness to support science education and promote the understanding of, and enthusiasm for, science as a career. We will ensure there is good, unbiased information about education and career opportunities in science and ask Future Skills Scotland to analyse the supply of and demand for people with different levels of science qualifications. The higher education sector will be asked to ensure science courses develop generic skills and that opportunities to acquire business skills and work experience are offered. We will encourage the establishment of courses in science communication. 4 PROMOTE THE AWARENESS, APPRECIATION

AND UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE ACROSS SOCIETY We will consult widely with the public on science issues and continue to survey and take account of public attitudes to science. We will work closely with, and support where appropriate, organisations which aim to promote scientific understanding across society. We will encourage scientists to communicate new scientific discoveries, and their implications, to the public. We will support closer working together by the media, scientists and policy makers to promote science to the people of Scotland.

5 ENSURE THE EFFECTIVE USE OF SCIENTIFIC

EVIDENCE IN POLICY FORMULATION AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION BY GOVERNMENT The Minister for Science will work with the Royal Society of Edinburgh to establish a broadly based Scientific Advisory Committee, chaired by an outstanding scientist (who we intend should become the chief adviser on science to the Executive), to provide independent advice on strategic scientific issues. We will identify a set of priority areas for scientific activity in Scotland. We will regularly review the policies and spending of each Scottish Executive Department against the key objectives of the Science Strategy and the priorities identified. We will adhere to the principles contained in Guidelines 2000 – Scientific Advice And Policy-Making. We will maintain close links among scientific policymakers in the Executive, UK Government Departments and other public bodies and in the rest of Europe, and will make effective use of the UK and European science advisory systems. We will continue to welcome and participate in UK initiatives, taking appropriate account of distinctive Scottish circumstances. We will regularly review and update the Science Strategy.

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Introduction

SCIENCE CAN MEAN DIFFERENT THINGS TO DIFFERENT PEOPLE AND IN DIFFERENT CONTEXTS. FOR THE PURPOSES OF THIS STRATEGY SCIENCE HAS BEEN INTERPRETED TO ENCOMPASS THE DEVELOPMENT, UNDERSTANDING AND THE APPLICATION OF THE PHYSICAL, LIFE AND SOCIAL SCIENCES. OUR APPROACH TO SCIENCE CAN NATURALLY BE EXTENDED TO ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY.

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Introduction

SCIENCE CAN MEAN DIFFERENT THINGS TO DIFFERENT PEOPLE AND IN DIFFERENT CONTEXTS. FOR THE PURPOSES OF THIS STRATEGY SCIENCE HAS BEEN INTERPRETED TO ENCOMPASS THE DEVELOPMENT, UNDERSTANDING AND THE APPLICATION OF THE PHYSICAL, LIFE AND SOCIAL SCIENCES. OUR APPROACH TO SCIENCE CAN NATURALLY BE EXTENDED TO ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY.

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Science Strategy for Scotland

The Scottish Executive has published its second programme of work, Working together for Scotland – A Programme for Government. That document reported on the Executive’s achievements and defined the Executive’s new commitments. Scientific activity has the potential to contribute towards meeting many of these commitments.

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The application, use and support of science by the private and public sectors will help the Executive achieve its vision of a knowledge-based economy as described in the The Way Forward – Framework for Economic Development in Scotland, A Smart Successful Scotland: Ambitions for the Enterprise Networks, and the Scottish Executive Report on the Knowledge Economy CrossCutting Initiative. Science and technology are vital to many Government programmes or services, including the health service, our understanding of our environment, and our rural economy. Our capacity to develop, understand and make best use of modern scientific advances requires high quality science education and a strong scientific research base. Our ability to make sound decisions on a wide range of policy issues depends on our access to the highest quality scientific advice. Because science has so much potential to help the Scottish Executive meet its priorities and achieve its aims for government, and for Scotland as a whole, the Scottish Cabinet identified science as a key issue to be addressed across the Executive. In September 1999 Henry McLeish, when Minister for Enterprise and Lifelong Learning, invited a group of independent, distinguished scientists: To identify the questions that need to be addressed in order to put in place a Science Strategy for the Scottish Executive; and to identify what additional mechanisms would be required to answer these questions and to implement such a strategy.

THE STRATEGY PRESENTS A FRAMEWORK WITHIN WHICH DETAILED POLICIES HAVE BEEN OR WILL BE DEVELOPED TO ADDRESS OVER TIME THE RANGE OF ISSUES IDENTIFIED BY THE SCIENCE STRATEGY REVIEW GROUP.

Their report (Report of the Science Strategy Review Group, April 2000), recommended that there was a need for a Science Strategy and identified a large number of questions and issues. Following widespread consultation on that report, this Strategy has been developed. The Strategy presents a framework within which detailed policies have been or will be developed to address over time the range of issues identified by the Science Strategy Review Group. The Executive is grateful to the very large number of individuals and organisations who contributed to the consultation process. The list of consultation questions, cross-referenced to the contents of this Strategy, has been published on the Executive’s Website (www.scotland.gov.uk).

SCIENCE – A POST-DEVOLUTION PARTNERSHIP Science and research are concurrent powers (i.e. some aspects are devolved and others are reserved) under the Scotland Act 1998. The Scottish Higher Education Funding Council is the responsibility of the Scottish Executive, the UK Research Councils and their operations are reserved (or accountable only to the UK Government). Post-devolution, this legislative structure preserves the so-called dual support system of research funding which resources most of the scientific research undertaken in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) across the UK. The dual support system involves the Scottish Higher Education Funding Council (SHEFC) – and its counterparts in other parts of the UK – funding research infrastructure, and the Research Councils funding specific research projects at HEIs. This arrangement requires close co-operation between SHEFC and the Research Councils. It supports both excellence and diversity in scientific research, and also ensures that HEIs remain responsive to international, national and local research and technology agendas. The most recent figures (1999-2000) show that the Research Councils spent £141million or 11% of their total budget in Scotland. The first commitment in this Strategy is to develop science in Scotland in a UK and international context, through this post-devolution partnership. The partnership approach is confirmed in the UK Government’s science and innovation policy, Excellence and Opportunity, which stated unequivocally that the Scottish Executive was committed to working together with the other administrations to ensure that the aims and objectives outlined were achieved across the UK, and particularly in Scotland. >

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Science Strategy for Scotland

The Scottish Executive has published its second programme of work, Working together for Scotland – A Programme for Government. That document reported on the Executive’s achievements and defined the Executive’s new commitments. Scientific activity has the potential to contribute towards meeting many of these commitments.

>

The application, use and support of science by the private and public sectors will help the Executive achieve its vision of a knowledge-based economy as described in the The Way Forward – Framework for Economic Development in Scotland, A Smart Successful Scotland: Ambitions for the Enterprise Networks, and the Scottish Executive Report on the Knowledge Economy CrossCutting Initiative. Science and technology are vital to many Government programmes or services, including the health service, our understanding of our environment, and our rural economy. Our capacity to develop, understand and make best use of modern scientific advances requires high quality science education and a strong scientific research base. Our ability to make sound decisions on a wide range of policy issues depends on our access to the highest quality scientific advice. Because science has so much potential to help the Scottish Executive meet its priorities and achieve its aims for government, and for Scotland as a whole, the Scottish Cabinet identified science as a key issue to be addressed across the Executive. In September 1999 Henry McLeish, when Minister for Enterprise and Lifelong Learning, invited a group of independent, distinguished scientists: To identify the questions that need to be addressed in order to put in place a Science Strategy for the Scottish Executive; and to identify what additional mechanisms would be required to answer these questions and to implement such a strategy.

THE STRATEGY PRESENTS A FRAMEWORK WITHIN WHICH DETAILED POLICIES HAVE BEEN OR WILL BE DEVELOPED TO ADDRESS OVER TIME THE RANGE OF ISSUES IDENTIFIED BY THE SCIENCE STRATEGY REVIEW GROUP.

Their report (Report of the Science Strategy Review Group, April 2000), recommended that there was a need for a Science Strategy and identified a large number of questions and issues. Following widespread consultation on that report, this Strategy has been developed. The Strategy presents a framework within which detailed policies have been or will be developed to address over time the range of issues identified by the Science Strategy Review Group. The Executive is grateful to the very large number of individuals and organisations who contributed to the consultation process. The list of consultation questions, cross-referenced to the contents of this Strategy, has been published on the Executive’s Website (www.scotland.gov.uk).

SCIENCE – A POST-DEVOLUTION PARTNERSHIP Science and research are concurrent powers (i.e. some aspects are devolved and others are reserved) under the Scotland Act 1998. The Scottish Higher Education Funding Council is the responsibility of the Scottish Executive, the UK Research Councils and their operations are reserved (or accountable only to the UK Government). Post-devolution, this legislative structure preserves the so-called dual support system of research funding which resources most of the scientific research undertaken in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) across the UK. The dual support system involves the Scottish Higher Education Funding Council (SHEFC) – and its counterparts in other parts of the UK – funding research infrastructure, and the Research Councils funding specific research projects at HEIs. This arrangement requires close co-operation between SHEFC and the Research Councils. It supports both excellence and diversity in scientific research, and also ensures that HEIs remain responsive to international, national and local research and technology agendas. The most recent figures (1999-2000) show that the Research Councils spent £141million or 11% of their total budget in Scotland. The first commitment in this Strategy is to develop science in Scotland in a UK and international context, through this post-devolution partnership. The partnership approach is confirmed in the UK Government’s science and innovation policy, Excellence and Opportunity, which stated unequivocally that the Scottish Executive was committed to working together with the other administrations to ensure that the aims and objectives outlined were achieved across the UK, and particularly in Scotland. >

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Science Strategy for Scotland

SCIENCE IN THE SCOTTISH EXECUTIVE The Scottish Executive has a wide range of responsibilities for science and science-related activities. A considerable number of the Executive’s policy responsibilities, are informed and underpinned by science. These include: Transport Environment Agriculture Fisheries Roads Health Education Development of a knowledge-based economy

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The Scottish Executive spends considerable amounts on science (Table 1), although how much depends on which activities are included as science expenditure. The UK published statistics on science, engineering and technology (SET), reported that the Scottish Executive spent around £75 million per year on SET activities in 1998-99. The equivalent provisional figure for 1999-00 is some £120 million. However, when funding for SHEFC and some other

In the spirit of partnership, the Executive will work closely with, and take account of dialogue with and advice from: The Office of Science and Technology (part of the Department of Trade and Industry) and the Chief Scientific Adviser to the UK Government; The Council for Science and Technology which is the UK Government’s premier advisory body on major science and technology issues of strategic importance; The established system of UK Scientific Advisory Committees which provide independent expert advice on a wide range of specific scientific subjects; The Foresight programme, which develops visions of the future, identifies potential opportunities, threats and potential needs to guide today’s decisions in business, academia and government; and The Department of Trade and Industry which leads UK negotiations with the European Commission in respect of the substantial investment in scientific research programmes and infrastructure, through the Framework Programme and through European Structural Funds. This dialogue will take place within the context of the overarching Memorandum of Understanding with the UK Government, a range of Concordats with UK Government Departments and the Research Councils, and committees such as the Chief Scientific Adviser’s Committee and the Science and Engineering Base Co-ordinating Committee, of which the Executive is a member.

Table 1. Approximate Expenditure on Science by Scottish Executive Departments

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Scottish Executive Department

Enterprise and Lifelong Learning

Science Research Expenditure (1) 1999-00 (£m, provisional)

121

Science Total (incl. teaching, etc) 1999-00 (£m, estimated)

400

Justice

1

1

Health

41

41

Development

4

4

Education

1

230

52

100

221

776

Environment and Rural Affairs Total

(1) On the basis reported in “The Forward Look of Government Funded Science, Engineering and Technology 1999”, Office of Science and Technology.

bodies is included, a better estimate would be £220 million per year. This definition does not include the very significant amounts spent on science education and on several other science and technology related activities. It is estimated that under this much wider definition of science expenditure, the Scottish Executive spends around £800 million per year on science, science related activities and teaching.

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Science Strategy for Scotland

SCIENCE IN THE SCOTTISH EXECUTIVE The Scottish Executive has a wide range of responsibilities for science and science-related activities. A considerable number of the Executive’s policy responsibilities, are informed and underpinned by science. These include: Transport Environment Agriculture Fisheries Roads Health Education Development of a knowledge-based economy

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The Scottish Executive spends considerable amounts on science (Table 1), although how much depends on which activities are included as science expenditure. The UK published statistics on science, engineering and technology (SET), reported that the Scottish Executive spent around £75 million per year on SET activities in 1998-99. The equivalent provisional figure for 1999-00 is some £120 million. However, when funding for SHEFC and some other

In the spirit of partnership, the Executive will work closely with, and take account of dialogue with and advice from: The Office of Science and Technology (part of the Department of Trade and Industry) and the Chief Scientific Adviser to the UK Government; The Council for Science and Technology which is the UK Government’s premier advisory body on major science and technology issues of strategic importance; The established system of UK Scientific Advisory Committees which provide independent expert advice on a wide range of specific scientific subjects; The Foresight programme, which develops visions of the future, identifies potential opportunities, threats and potential needs to guide today’s decisions in business, academia and government; and The Department of Trade and Industry which leads UK negotiations with the European Commission in respect of the substantial investment in scientific research programmes and infrastructure, through the Framework Programme and through European Structural Funds. This dialogue will take place within the context of the overarching Memorandum of Understanding with the UK Government, a range of Concordats with UK Government Departments and the Research Councils, and committees such as the Chief Scientific Adviser’s Committee and the Science and Engineering Base Co-ordinating Committee, of which the Executive is a member.

Table 1. Approximate Expenditure on Science by Scottish Executive Departments

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Scottish Executive Department

Enterprise and Lifelong Learning

Science Research Expenditure (1) 1999-00 (£m, provisional)

121

Science Total (incl. teaching, etc) 1999-00 (£m, estimated)

400

Justice

1

1

Health

41

41

Development

4

4

Education

1

230

52

100

221

776

Environment and Rural Affairs Total

(1) On the basis reported in “The Forward Look of Government Funded Science, Engineering and Technology 1999”, Office of Science and Technology.

bodies is included, a better estimate would be £220 million per year. This definition does not include the very significant amounts spent on science education and on several other science and technology related activities. It is estimated that under this much wider definition of science expenditure, the Scottish Executive spends around £800 million per year on science, science related activities and teaching.

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Science Strategy for Scotland

THIS FRAMEWORK WILL ENSURE THAT THE SCOTTISH EXECUTIVE EXERCISES ITS POWERS IN RELATION TO SCIENCE IN AN EFFECTIVE MANNER, BUILDS ON THE STRENGTHS OF THE SCIENCE BASE IN SCOTLAND AND LINKS THE VARIOUS STREAMS OF SCIENCE ACTIVITY IN SCOTLAND TO ACHIEVE THE DEVELOPMENT OF OVERARCHING PRIORITIES FOR SCIENCE IN SCOTLAND.

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SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Individual Scottish Executive Departments have responsibility for supporting and funding scientific research in their areas of responsibility and for making effective use of science to underpin their policy and regulatory functions. Scottish Executive funding therefore underpins a wide variety of scientific research programmes including: the higher education science base infrastructure (via SHEFC); the infrastructure and a programme of agricultural, biological and related research at the five Scottish Agricultural and Biological Research Institutes (SABRIs), the Fisheries Research Services Agency and elsewhere; research to improve the health of the people of Scotland and the services provided to them by the NHS in Scotland; and a scientific research fellowship programme aimed at enhancing the transfer of ideas and technology from the research community into wealth creation and improvement of the quality of life, administered by the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

SUPPORT FOR SCIENCE BASED ORGANISATIONS The Executive also funds a number of agencies and related bodies, such as the Scottish Agricultural Science Agency, the Scottish Environment Protection Agency and the Food Standards Agency Scotland to provide it with expert scientific advice and to perform regulatory and statutory scientific functions in relation to national, European and other international legislation and agreements. Many of these organisations also carry out or commission scientific research in support of their functions. In addition the Executive supports a variety of organisations which promote public engagement with science and encourage debates about scientific issues. SCIENCE EDUCATION Expenditure on science education accounts for the greatest proportion of the Executive’s total science expenditure. Most of this is spent by other organisations, mainly local authorities (school science education) and the Scottish Higher and Further Education Funding Councils (post-school education). Some is spent directly by the Executive, for example, by commissioning the production of support material for teachers of science. SUPPORT FOR SCIENCE BASED INNOVATION The Executive places considerable importance on maximising the economic benefits of scientific activity. To support this priority the Executive and its agencies encourage, support and fund a range of initiatives to promote commercialisation, technology transfer and the use of science by public and private organisations to improve their products and processes. This Strategy provides an overarching framework of policies to guide the provision and use of science in pursuit of the Scottish Executive objectives as described in Working together for Scotland – A Programme for Government. This framework will ensure that the Scottish Executive exercises its powers in relation to science in an effective manner, builds on the strengths of the science base in Scotland and links the various streams of science activity in Scotland to achieve the development of overarching priorities for science in Scotland.

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Science Strategy for Scotland

THIS FRAMEWORK WILL ENSURE THAT THE SCOTTISH EXECUTIVE EXERCISES ITS POWERS IN RELATION TO SCIENCE IN AN EFFECTIVE MANNER, BUILDS ON THE STRENGTHS OF THE SCIENCE BASE IN SCOTLAND AND LINKS THE VARIOUS STREAMS OF SCIENCE ACTIVITY IN SCOTLAND TO ACHIEVE THE DEVELOPMENT OF OVERARCHING PRIORITIES FOR SCIENCE IN SCOTLAND.

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SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Individual Scottish Executive Departments have responsibility for supporting and funding scientific research in their areas of responsibility and for making effective use of science to underpin their policy and regulatory functions. Scottish Executive funding therefore underpins a wide variety of scientific research programmes including: the higher education science base infrastructure (via SHEFC); the infrastructure and a programme of agricultural, biological and related research at the five Scottish Agricultural and Biological Research Institutes (SABRIs), the Fisheries Research Services Agency and elsewhere; research to improve the health of the people of Scotland and the services provided to them by the NHS in Scotland; and a scientific research fellowship programme aimed at enhancing the transfer of ideas and technology from the research community into wealth creation and improvement of the quality of life, administered by the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

SUPPORT FOR SCIENCE BASED ORGANISATIONS The Executive also funds a number of agencies and related bodies, such as the Scottish Agricultural Science Agency, the Scottish Environment Protection Agency and the Food Standards Agency Scotland to provide it with expert scientific advice and to perform regulatory and statutory scientific functions in relation to national, European and other international legislation and agreements. Many of these organisations also carry out or commission scientific research in support of their functions. In addition the Executive supports a variety of organisations which promote public engagement with science and encourage debates about scientific issues. SCIENCE EDUCATION Expenditure on science education accounts for the greatest proportion of the Executive’s total science expenditure. Most of this is spent by other organisations, mainly local authorities (school science education) and the Scottish Higher and Further Education Funding Councils (post-school education). Some is spent directly by the Executive, for example, by commissioning the production of support material for teachers of science. SUPPORT FOR SCIENCE BASED INNOVATION The Executive places considerable importance on maximising the economic benefits of scientific activity. To support this priority the Executive and its agencies encourage, support and fund a range of initiatives to promote commercialisation, technology transfer and the use of science by public and private organisations to improve their products and processes. This Strategy provides an overarching framework of policies to guide the provision and use of science in pursuit of the Scottish Executive objectives as described in Working together for Scotland – A Programme for Government. This framework will ensure that the Scottish Executive exercises its powers in relation to science in an effective manner, builds on the strengths of the science base in Scotland and links the various streams of science activity in Scotland to achieve the development of overarching priorities for science in Scotland.

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12/13

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Maintain a strong science base fully connected to UK and international activity and funding sources

THIS WILL REQUIRE EXECUTIVE SUPPORT FOR HIGH QUALITY SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN OUR HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM AND RESEARCH INSTITUTES AND THE NURTURING OF GLOBAL LINKS.

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14/15

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Maintain a strong science base fully connected to UK and international activity and funding sources

THIS WILL REQUIRE EXECUTIVE SUPPORT FOR HIGH QUALITY SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN OUR HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM AND RESEARCH INSTITUTES AND THE NURTURING OF GLOBAL LINKS.

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14/15

Science Strategy for Scotland

THE MAINTENANCE OF AN INTERNATIONALLY STRONG SCIENCE BASE DEPENDS ON SUPPORT FOR GOOD QUALITY, EFFECTIVE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ACTIVITY IN THE HIGHER EDUCATION SECTOR AND IN OTHER PUBLICLY FUNDED BODIES.

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The science base is made up of the people and organisations in Scotland that investigate the world and the way it works. The Science Base is one of our most important sources of new ideas, knowledge and techniques which has the potential to benefit the people of Scotland – and the world – by identifying and solving existing problems, opening up new possibilities and increasing our understanding. The science base allows us to take part in, and gain from, scientific advances in other countries and allows us to bring new knowledge to bear on Scottish problems. It supports efforts to attract skilled workers and investment into the Scottish economy. We are committed to ensuring that our science base has internationally recognised strengths and makes a significant contribution to our economic objectives. Overall, the Scottish science base is high quality. It has been improving and has the potential to grow. However, while appropriate breadth is important, no country can afford to provide public funds for unlimited scientific activity, no matter how good. Public money is already targeted on the most important parts of the science base. This money pays for the skilled people, the resources and the physical infrastructure to work on areas of current or future importance. It also pays for specific projects relevant to our policy priorities. These priorities need to be continuously reviewed. We need to be clear about what we want the science base to do for us, and how broad, how strong, and how specialised it should be. These decisions must be taken with an awareness of international as well as national developments.

The maintenance of an internationally strong science base depends on support for good quality, effective scientific research activity in the Higher Education sector and in other publicly funded bodies. This needs to be supplemented by privately funded research and development (R&D), including commercial R&D. If maximum benefit from investment in science is to be achieved, there has to be effective partnership and co-ordination among those funding science, those undertaking scientific activity, those providing advice and those depending on scientific outputs. Given the constraints of size, Scotland cannot be a world leader in all areas of science, and cannot maintain an effective science base or take advantage of the benefits of scientific activity in isolation from the rest of the UK or the international community. The importance of ensuring that Scottish science is fully linked with UK, European and wider global activity cannot be overstated. We must participate in and maintain a competitive edge in international research activity.

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16/17

Science Strategy for Scotland

THE MAINTENANCE OF AN INTERNATIONALLY STRONG SCIENCE BASE DEPENDS ON SUPPORT FOR GOOD QUALITY, EFFECTIVE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ACTIVITY IN THE HIGHER EDUCATION SECTOR AND IN OTHER PUBLICLY FUNDED BODIES.

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The science base is made up of the people and organisations in Scotland that investigate the world and the way it works. The Science Base is one of our most important sources of new ideas, knowledge and techniques which has the potential to benefit the people of Scotland – and the world – by identifying and solving existing problems, opening up new possibilities and increasing our understanding. The science base allows us to take part in, and gain from, scientific advances in other countries and allows us to bring new knowledge to bear on Scottish problems. It supports efforts to attract skilled workers and investment into the Scottish economy. We are committed to ensuring that our science base has internationally recognised strengths and makes a significant contribution to our economic objectives. Overall, the Scottish science base is high quality. It has been improving and has the potential to grow. However, while appropriate breadth is important, no country can afford to provide public funds for unlimited scientific activity, no matter how good. Public money is already targeted on the most important parts of the science base. This money pays for the skilled people, the resources and the physical infrastructure to work on areas of current or future importance. It also pays for specific projects relevant to our policy priorities. These priorities need to be continuously reviewed. We need to be clear about what we want the science base to do for us, and how broad, how strong, and how specialised it should be. These decisions must be taken with an awareness of international as well as national developments.

The maintenance of an internationally strong science base depends on support for good quality, effective scientific research activity in the Higher Education sector and in other publicly funded bodies. This needs to be supplemented by privately funded research and development (R&D), including commercial R&D. If maximum benefit from investment in science is to be achieved, there has to be effective partnership and co-ordination among those funding science, those undertaking scientific activity, those providing advice and those depending on scientific outputs. Given the constraints of size, Scotland cannot be a world leader in all areas of science, and cannot maintain an effective science base or take advantage of the benefits of scientific activity in isolation from the rest of the UK or the international community. The importance of ensuring that Scottish science is fully linked with UK, European and wider global activity cannot be overstated. We must participate in and maintain a competitive edge in international research activity.

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16/17

Science Strategy for Scotland

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As well as maintaining a core of basic scientific activity, we have to identify and concentrate on areas of science where we have the potential to be world leaders, which will benefit our economy and people, and which are likely to be key areas of science in the future. Scotland is one of the world leaders in a number of key scientific areas, including bioscience and genomics, medical research and e-science. It makes sense to maintain and build on these strengths over time, and to focus on areas where we may be developing similar scientific potential – or where economic development considerations are paramount.

SCIENTISTS IN ACADEMIA AND RESEARCH INSTITUTES HAVE ALWAYS WORKED AS PART OF A GLOBAL NETWORK – SEEKING OUT THE BEST SCIENTISTS IN THE WORLD WITH WHOM TO COLLABORATE. THIS SHARING OF IDEAS AND INFORMATION AND WORKING TOGETHER TO INFLUENCE SCIENCE POLICY IS KEY TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE.

An important objective of any strategy for science must be to maintain and enhance Scotland’s international reputation as a place where high quality scientific work is undertaken; as a place in which it is desirable to invest in scientific work; and as a place where it is desirable to do scientific research. This requires access to global scientific knowledge and expertise. Scientists in academia and research institutes have always worked as part of a global network – seeking out the best scientists in the world with whom to collaborate. This sharing of ideas and information and working together to influence science policy is key to the advancement of science. In addition to international collaboration we also need to be able to recruit, retain and professionally develop sufficient high quality scientists across a range of disciplines, as well as other staff required to support their work. Scotland is successful at attracting scientists with international reputations to work in its science base. Equally some of our scientists go to work in other countries. This is recognised as being a healthy part of the global scientific network, but our science base needs to continue to be attractive to other scientists and investors. The Scottish Executive will continue to support high quality scientific activity directly and through its funding agencies.

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18/19

Science Strategy for Scotland

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As well as maintaining a core of basic scientific activity, we have to identify and concentrate on areas of science where we have the potential to be world leaders, which will benefit our economy and people, and which are likely to be key areas of science in the future. Scotland is one of the world leaders in a number of key scientific areas, including bioscience and genomics, medical research and e-science. It makes sense to maintain and build on these strengths over time, and to focus on areas where we may be developing similar scientific potential – or where economic development considerations are paramount.

SCIENTISTS IN ACADEMIA AND RESEARCH INSTITUTES HAVE ALWAYS WORKED AS PART OF A GLOBAL NETWORK – SEEKING OUT THE BEST SCIENTISTS IN THE WORLD WITH WHOM TO COLLABORATE. THIS SHARING OF IDEAS AND INFORMATION AND WORKING TOGETHER TO INFLUENCE SCIENCE POLICY IS KEY TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE.

An important objective of any strategy for science must be to maintain and enhance Scotland’s international reputation as a place where high quality scientific work is undertaken; as a place in which it is desirable to invest in scientific work; and as a place where it is desirable to do scientific research. This requires access to global scientific knowledge and expertise. Scientists in academia and research institutes have always worked as part of a global network – seeking out the best scientists in the world with whom to collaborate. This sharing of ideas and information and working together to influence science policy is key to the advancement of science. In addition to international collaboration we also need to be able to recruit, retain and professionally develop sufficient high quality scientists across a range of disciplines, as well as other staff required to support their work. Scotland is successful at attracting scientists with international reputations to work in its science base. Equally some of our scientists go to work in other countries. This is recognised as being a healthy part of the global scientific network, but our science base needs to continue to be attractive to other scientists and investors. The Scottish Executive will continue to support high quality scientific activity directly and through its funding agencies.

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18/19

Science Strategy for Scotland

Working closely with Scottish, UK and European funders, the Executive will also: invest in the joint Science Research Investment Fund in order to develop our scientific capacity; consult with the research community about scientific priorities;

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To maintain a strong science base, fully connected to UK and international activity and funding sources, the Executive will: promote Scotland as a centre of scientific excellence in which to buy or do science, with particular emphasis on areas where Scotland has a global reputation; continue to provide funding to support curiosity driven research, allocated on the basis of quality, to maintain appropriate breadth; establish a number of priority areas that reflect current scientific strengths and future opportunities, to meet our economic needs and maintain our international competitiveness. These will include, but not be limited to, bioscience and genomics, medical research and e-science;

work with the Higher Education Funding Councils, the Research Councils, the Office of Science and Technology and the Departments responsible for higher education across the UK, to implement the review of transparency in research funding, and to conduct a critical examination of how to avoid a repetition of previous under-investment in university research infrastructure; encourage funders of research to specify clearly the expectations placed on researchers, and resolve any potential tensions that exist in current research funding conditions which require both communication with the public as citizens and taxpayers about their work, and a proactive, often initially confidential, approach to exploring commercialisation; and encourage funders and employers to ensure good career and staff development for those engaged in scientific research.

in discussion with funders maximise the proportion of targeted science research expenditure that is allocated to these priority areas, bearing in mind the need to make sure that we invest for the future as well as for current needs; consider further how the relationship between the Scottish Agricultural and Biological Research Institutes and the higher education research base might evolve in the future to enhance the delivery of the strategic objectives for science; and encourage and where necessary support participation in scientific exchange programmes.

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20/21

Science Strategy for Scotland

Working closely with Scottish, UK and European funders, the Executive will also: invest in the joint Science Research Investment Fund in order to develop our scientific capacity; consult with the research community about scientific priorities;

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To maintain a strong science base, fully connected to UK and international activity and funding sources, the Executive will: promote Scotland as a centre of scientific excellence in which to buy or do science, with particular emphasis on areas where Scotland has a global reputation; continue to provide funding to support curiosity driven research, allocated on the basis of quality, to maintain appropriate breadth; establish a number of priority areas that reflect current scientific strengths and future opportunities, to meet our economic needs and maintain our international competitiveness. These will include, but not be limited to, bioscience and genomics, medical research and e-science;

work with the Higher Education Funding Councils, the Research Councils, the Office of Science and Technology and the Departments responsible for higher education across the UK, to implement the review of transparency in research funding, and to conduct a critical examination of how to avoid a repetition of previous under-investment in university research infrastructure; encourage funders of research to specify clearly the expectations placed on researchers, and resolve any potential tensions that exist in current research funding conditions which require both communication with the public as citizens and taxpayers about their work, and a proactive, often initially confidential, approach to exploring commercialisation; and encourage funders and employers to ensure good career and staff development for those engaged in scientific research.

in discussion with funders maximise the proportion of targeted science research expenditure that is allocated to these priority areas, bearing in mind the need to make sure that we invest for the future as well as for current needs; consider further how the relationship between the Scottish Agricultural and Biological Research Institutes and the higher education research base might evolve in the future to enhance the delivery of the strategic objectives for science; and encourage and where necessary support participation in scientific exchange programmes.

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20/21

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Increase the effective exploitation of scientific research to grow strong Scottish businesses and provide cutting edge science to meet the needs of the people of Scotland

THIS WILL REQUIRE HIGHER EDUCATION, BUSINESS, PUBLIC SECTOR ORGANISATIONS AND THE EXECUTIVE TO WORK TOGETHER TO MAKE MORE EFFECTIVE USE OF SCIENTIFIC EXPERTISE AND KNOWLEDGE TO STIMULATE INNOVATION, SOLVE PROBLEMS, RAISE PRODUCTIVITY AND IMPROVE QUALITY OF LIFE IN AREAS SUCH AS HEALTH, THE ENVIRONMENT AND FOOD.

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20/23

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Increase the effective exploitation of scientific research to grow strong Scottish businesses and provide cutting edge science to meet the needs of the people of Scotland

THIS WILL REQUIRE HIGHER EDUCATION, BUSINESS, PUBLIC SECTOR ORGANISATIONS AND THE EXECUTIVE TO WORK TOGETHER TO MAKE MORE EFFECTIVE USE OF SCIENTIFIC EXPERTISE AND KNOWLEDGE TO STIMULATE INNOVATION, SOLVE PROBLEMS, RAISE PRODUCTIVITY AND IMPROVE QUALITY OF LIFE IN AREAS SUCH AS HEALTH, THE ENVIRONMENT AND FOOD.

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20/23

Science Strategy for Scotland

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The importance of science to the economy has been recognised in a number of recent Scottish Executive publications and policy initiatives. The Way Forward – Framework for Economic Development in Scotland stresses the Executive’s commitment to encouraging a culture of enterprise through supporting innovation, the commercialisation of research and new business formation. The Scottish Executive Report on the Knowledge Economy Cross-Cutting Initiative indicates that knowledge has become the driving force of economic growth, social development and job creation and the primary source of competitiveness in the world economy. Among the priorities identified are: encouraging all firms to intensify their knowledge-based activities and to innovate; and improving transformation systems and the transfer of intellectual property to release the flow from the knowledge base to Scottish businesses. The Digital Scotland Task Force recognised that digital technologies are creating swift, lasting and widespread change across many aspects of the world today. It identifies the need for Scotland to obtain and retain maximum economic and social advantage from information and communication technologies to make Scotland a world-class digital nation.

Scotland’s science base is a source of excellent research producing, in many cases, innovative work recognised as world class. Scotland’s industry base is also recognised as having world class innovative potential in a number of fields such as telecommunications, biotechnology and opto-electronics. In addition, the range of public services, including government, the National Health Service and social services have the need and ability to draw on scientific outputs to improve their impact.

BECAUSE OF THE HIGH QUALITY OF ITS SCIENCE BASE, AND THE INNOVATIVE POTENTIAL OF ITS INDUSTRY AND PUBLIC SERVICES, SCOTLAND COULD BE AT THE FOREFRONT OF TRANSFORMING KNOWLEDGE INTO NEW PRODUCTS, PROCESSES AND SERVICES. THIS POTENTIAL HAS TO BE MAXIMISED. The Scottish industrial base is characterised by a relatively low level of investment in research and development and a large number of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs). Scotland’s SMEs can play a key role in developing the economy through the application of science-based research to produce highly competitive products and processes. Much of the Scottish Executive Report on the Knowledge Economy Cross-Cutting Initiative deals with actions to help SMEs exploit new technologies, create more innovative companies and increase “industry pull” from the science base. These are recognised as critical priorities for Scottish Enterprise in particular. Economic success will require a greater receptiveness to know-how and its commercial potential among individuals and enterprises. Both the science base and business have roles in the commercial and exploitation potential of science and it is important that they develop common webs of communication. The Executive’s role is to encourage and support this activity, and to remove artificial barriers.

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24/25

Science Strategy for Scotland

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The importance of science to the economy has been recognised in a number of recent Scottish Executive publications and policy initiatives. The Way Forward – Framework for Economic Development in Scotland stresses the Executive’s commitment to encouraging a culture of enterprise through supporting innovation, the commercialisation of research and new business formation. The Scottish Executive Report on the Knowledge Economy Cross-Cutting Initiative indicates that knowledge has become the driving force of economic growth, social development and job creation and the primary source of competitiveness in the world economy. Among the priorities identified are: encouraging all firms to intensify their knowledge-based activities and to innovate; and improving transformation systems and the transfer of intellectual property to release the flow from the knowledge base to Scottish businesses. The Digital Scotland Task Force recognised that digital technologies are creating swift, lasting and widespread change across many aspects of the world today. It identifies the need for Scotland to obtain and retain maximum economic and social advantage from information and communication technologies to make Scotland a world-class digital nation.

Scotland’s science base is a source of excellent research producing, in many cases, innovative work recognised as world class. Scotland’s industry base is also recognised as having world class innovative potential in a number of fields such as telecommunications, biotechnology and opto-electronics. In addition, the range of public services, including government, the National Health Service and social services have the need and ability to draw on scientific outputs to improve their impact.

BECAUSE OF THE HIGH QUALITY OF ITS SCIENCE BASE, AND THE INNOVATIVE POTENTIAL OF ITS INDUSTRY AND PUBLIC SERVICES, SCOTLAND COULD BE AT THE FOREFRONT OF TRANSFORMING KNOWLEDGE INTO NEW PRODUCTS, PROCESSES AND SERVICES. THIS POTENTIAL HAS TO BE MAXIMISED. The Scottish industrial base is characterised by a relatively low level of investment in research and development and a large number of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs). Scotland’s SMEs can play a key role in developing the economy through the application of science-based research to produce highly competitive products and processes. Much of the Scottish Executive Report on the Knowledge Economy Cross-Cutting Initiative deals with actions to help SMEs exploit new technologies, create more innovative companies and increase “industry pull” from the science base. These are recognised as critical priorities for Scottish Enterprise in particular. Economic success will require a greater receptiveness to know-how and its commercial potential among individuals and enterprises. Both the science base and business have roles in the commercial and exploitation potential of science and it is important that they develop common webs of communication. The Executive’s role is to encourage and support this activity, and to remove artificial barriers.

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24/25

Science Strategy for Scotland

Together with other actions proposed as part of the Knowledge Economy Cross-Cutting Initiative the Executive will, with or through other key players in Scotland, the UK and internationally:

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Scientists who want to commercialise their work need to draw on management and business skills. We must foster a culture which supports innovation and enterprise and ensures that emerging scientists acquire some of the necessary skills before or during their initial career and support lifelong learning opportunities for established scientists. Science makes a vital contribution to Scotland’s economic growth, environmental stability and the well-being of the Scottish people. We must ensure that future needs and opportunities that can be met through scientific advances are identified. To facilitate the use and development of research opportunities to the benefit of the country, it is essential that the best information is shared among all interested parties and that clear lines of communication are established among these parties. There have to be strong links between the science base and those who can make effective use of the outputs of the science base.

encourage the research community and the Enterprise Network to secure more effective transfer of scientific knowledge and skills by developing and supporting initiatives to promote the exploitation of knowledge. A technology transfer office is being established to ensure that innovations arising from NHSScotland will be effectively implemented and exploited. In the short-term we expect promising, relatively new initiatives such as the Proof of Concept Fund to be maintained at least until they can be fully evaluated; publish a separate examination of commercialisation in Scottish HEIs, and confirm our intention to work with DTI on a systematic survey of higher education/business interactions; review and improve schemes (such as SMART, SPUR and TCS – formerly the Teaching Company Scheme) that promote and support science based innovation; equip Scotland’s workforce with the skills it needs, with particular emphasis on science and technology including the new information and communication technologies; provide opportunities for scientists and potential scientific entrepreneurs to obtain the necessary management and business skills; take account of UK Foresight exercises to identify future challenges and opportunities for the development and application of science; and

SCIENCE MAKES A VITAL CONTRIBUTION TO SCOTLAND’S ECONOMIC GROWTH, ENVIRONMENTAL STABILITY AND THE WELL-BEING OF THE SCOTTISH PEOPLE. WE MUST ENSURE THAT FUTURE NEEDS AND OPPORTUNITIES THAT CAN BE

continue to invest in world class facilities and the education of a scientifically literate workforce, highlight areas of science where we already have a critical mass of world class activity, attract investment in the development of Scottish science based innovation and attract high quality scientists to work in Scotland.

MET THROUGH SCIENTIFIC ADVANCES ARE IDENTIFIED.

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26/27

Science Strategy for Scotland

Together with other actions proposed as part of the Knowledge Economy Cross-Cutting Initiative the Executive will, with or through other key players in Scotland, the UK and internationally:

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Scientists who want to commercialise their work need to draw on management and business skills. We must foster a culture which supports innovation and enterprise and ensures that emerging scientists acquire some of the necessary skills before or during their initial career and support lifelong learning opportunities for established scientists. Science makes a vital contribution to Scotland’s economic growth, environmental stability and the well-being of the Scottish people. We must ensure that future needs and opportunities that can be met through scientific advances are identified. To facilitate the use and development of research opportunities to the benefit of the country, it is essential that the best information is shared among all interested parties and that clear lines of communication are established among these parties. There have to be strong links between the science base and those who can make effective use of the outputs of the science base.

encourage the research community and the Enterprise Network to secure more effective transfer of scientific knowledge and skills by developing and supporting initiatives to promote the exploitation of knowledge. A technology transfer office is being established to ensure that innovations arising from NHSScotland will be effectively implemented and exploited. In the short-term we expect promising, relatively new initiatives such as the Proof of Concept Fund to be maintained at least until they can be fully evaluated; publish a separate examination of commercialisation in Scottish HEIs, and confirm our intention to work with DTI on a systematic survey of higher education/business interactions; review and improve schemes (such as SMART, SPUR and TCS – formerly the Teaching Company Scheme) that promote and support science based innovation; equip Scotland’s workforce with the skills it needs, with particular emphasis on science and technology including the new information and communication technologies; provide opportunities for scientists and potential scientific entrepreneurs to obtain the necessary management and business skills; take account of UK Foresight exercises to identify future challenges and opportunities for the development and application of science; and

SCIENCE MAKES A VITAL CONTRIBUTION TO SCOTLAND’S ECONOMIC GROWTH, ENVIRONMENTAL STABILITY AND THE WELL-BEING OF THE SCOTTISH PEOPLE. WE MUST ENSURE THAT FUTURE NEEDS AND OPPORTUNITIES THAT CAN BE

continue to invest in world class facilities and the education of a scientifically literate workforce, highlight areas of science where we already have a critical mass of world class activity, attract investment in the development of Scottish science based innovation and attract high quality scientists to work in Scotland.

MET THROUGH SCIENTIFIC ADVANCES ARE IDENTIFIED.

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26/27

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Ensure that enough people study science to a standard which will enable the future needs of the country to be met

THIS WILL REQUIRE A SCHOOL CURRICULUM WHICH MEETS THE NEEDS AND CHALLENGES OF THE 21ST CENTURY, AND WHICH IS DELIVERED BY TEACHERS WHO HAVE THE NECESSARY MOTIVATION, KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS, RESOURCES AND SUPPORT.

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28/29

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Ensure that enough people study science to a standard which will enable the future needs of the country to be met

THIS WILL REQUIRE A SCHOOL CURRICULUM WHICH MEETS THE NEEDS AND CHALLENGES OF THE 21ST CENTURY, AND WHICH IS DELIVERED BY TEACHERS WHO HAVE THE NECESSARY MOTIVATION, KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS, RESOURCES AND SUPPORT.

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28/29

Science Strategy for Scotland

High quality school science education for all must be followed by provision of a wide range of further and higher education and training opportunities. We also need good careers advice and effective communication of the opportunities that a science education can offer. SCHOOL EDUCATION

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Science education in schools is an area where the Executive can take a wide range of actions to promote science, and where recent studies indicate that there is still much to be done. Strong support for science education in schools is more likely to lead to the development of a culture that is comfortable with scientific thinking and which encourages young people to pursue science and related subjects. What happens in our schools lies at the heart of making Scotland a scientifically confident society. Young children are fascinated by dinosaurs, volcanoes, space ships, insects and bubbling test tubes. Our aim must be to encourage and build on that natural curiosity and excitement about science, to ensure that throughout their school education, children and young people have access to a stimulating and dynamic curriculum that progressively develops their scientific knowledge, understanding and skills leading to positive and informed attitudes to science. School science education has two important objectives: to lay the foundations for the development of Scotland’s future scientists; and to give everyone the skills and confidence to act as informed and questioning citizens in relation to scientific issues. National advice on the curriculum recommends that science is taught to all pupils at all stages up to S4. Most primary schools are in the process of introducing science education as part of their environmental studies curriculum, although provision varies considerably across schools. Science courses are provided to all pupils in S1/S2, and virtually all pupils undertake at least one science course in S3/S4. The sciences remain the most popular subjects in S5/S6 after English and mathematics, but uptake has fallen in recent years. The range of provision has been updated and extended as part of the development of the Scottish National Qualifications.

As well as demonstrating knowledge and understanding of scientific facts and concepts, young people need to be able to interpret and evaluate evidence, take account of ethical, social and economic issues, make informed decisions, communicate effectively about science, and cope with future scientific developments. Pupils’ classroom experience often concentrates on the acquisition of knowledge and practical skills, at the expense of engaging with scientific issues and learning how to make informed choices based on a knowledge and understanding of science. We need to help teachers deliver a vibrant curriculum via a range of high quality learning and teaching experiences that promote effective lifelong learning of science, especially the capacity to respond effectively to new scientific developments and issues. The curriculum should feed children’s curiosity about science and build on their enthusiasm. Although Scottish children show high interest in science at the early stages, standards of attainment are below expected national levels in P7 and S2, and relatively low by international standards. In primary schools and in S1/S2, most schools have limited information about the progress and attainment of individual pupils relative to national attainment targets in science. The attainment of pupils in S3-S6 in national examinations is generally good, relative to the standards set in the syllabuses. Many of those who achieve the highest standards in the sciences go on to study medicine and related disciplines. This is a worthwhile outcome but we also need high levels of achievement by all learners of science, to form a secure base for public understanding of science and effective citizenship, and to ensure the supply of very able scientists.

YOUNG CHILDREN ARE FASCINATED BY DINOSAURS, VOLCANOES, SPACE SHIPS, INSECTS AND BUBBLING TEST TUBES. OUR AIM MUST BE TO ENCOURAGE AND BUILD ON THAT NATURAL CURIOSITY AND EXCITEMENT.

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30/31

Science Strategy for Scotland

High quality school science education for all must be followed by provision of a wide range of further and higher education and training opportunities. We also need good careers advice and effective communication of the opportunities that a science education can offer. SCHOOL EDUCATION

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Science education in schools is an area where the Executive can take a wide range of actions to promote science, and where recent studies indicate that there is still much to be done. Strong support for science education in schools is more likely to lead to the development of a culture that is comfortable with scientific thinking and which encourages young people to pursue science and related subjects. What happens in our schools lies at the heart of making Scotland a scientifically confident society. Young children are fascinated by dinosaurs, volcanoes, space ships, insects and bubbling test tubes. Our aim must be to encourage and build on that natural curiosity and excitement about science, to ensure that throughout their school education, children and young people have access to a stimulating and dynamic curriculum that progressively develops their scientific knowledge, understanding and skills leading to positive and informed attitudes to science. School science education has two important objectives: to lay the foundations for the development of Scotland’s future scientists; and to give everyone the skills and confidence to act as informed and questioning citizens in relation to scientific issues. National advice on the curriculum recommends that science is taught to all pupils at all stages up to S4. Most primary schools are in the process of introducing science education as part of their environmental studies curriculum, although provision varies considerably across schools. Science courses are provided to all pupils in S1/S2, and virtually all pupils undertake at least one science course in S3/S4. The sciences remain the most popular subjects in S5/S6 after English and mathematics, but uptake has fallen in recent years. The range of provision has been updated and extended as part of the development of the Scottish National Qualifications.

As well as demonstrating knowledge and understanding of scientific facts and concepts, young people need to be able to interpret and evaluate evidence, take account of ethical, social and economic issues, make informed decisions, communicate effectively about science, and cope with future scientific developments. Pupils’ classroom experience often concentrates on the acquisition of knowledge and practical skills, at the expense of engaging with scientific issues and learning how to make informed choices based on a knowledge and understanding of science. We need to help teachers deliver a vibrant curriculum via a range of high quality learning and teaching experiences that promote effective lifelong learning of science, especially the capacity to respond effectively to new scientific developments and issues. The curriculum should feed children’s curiosity about science and build on their enthusiasm. Although Scottish children show high interest in science at the early stages, standards of attainment are below expected national levels in P7 and S2, and relatively low by international standards. In primary schools and in S1/S2, most schools have limited information about the progress and attainment of individual pupils relative to national attainment targets in science. The attainment of pupils in S3-S6 in national examinations is generally good, relative to the standards set in the syllabuses. Many of those who achieve the highest standards in the sciences go on to study medicine and related disciplines. This is a worthwhile outcome but we also need high levels of achievement by all learners of science, to form a secure base for public understanding of science and effective citizenship, and to ensure the supply of very able scientists.

YOUNG CHILDREN ARE FASCINATED BY DINOSAURS, VOLCANOES, SPACE SHIPS, INSECTS AND BUBBLING TEST TUBES. OUR AIM MUST BE TO ENCOURAGE AND BUILD ON THAT NATURAL CURIOSITY AND EXCITEMENT.

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30/31

Science Strategy for Scotland

will ask the Higher Education Institutions responsible for the delivery of teacher education and training to train additional secondary science teachers;.

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Most primary school teachers have limited formal training in science. Many secondary science teachers have undergone limited updating in their specialism since graduating, and some are uncertain about their capacity to teach science topics outside that specialism. We need to refresh and update their knowledge of modern science. The teaching of science in schools should also reflect best scientific practice in the wider scientific community, and should be supported by effective interaction with that community. We need teachers of science who have the necessary confidence, competence, resources and support. We also need to address the need to recruit sufficient new teachers to replace those who will retire soon. Science should be taught in a safe, modern environment that promotes effective learning. In many schools, there has been relatively little investment in science equipment and accommodation in recent years. To ensure that enough people study science to a standard which will enable the future needs of the country to be met, the Executive: has asked Learning Teaching Scotland to prepare exemplar material for teachers of science in primary and early secondary school; will develop more rigorous assessment of science as part of the development of a coherent assessment system across the 3-14 stages to support learning and teaching and the monitoring of performance;

will consider, as part of more general reviews of Initial Teacher Education and Continuing Professional Development, what changes are needed to enable delivery of a high quality science education and will support initiatives to provide teachers of science with high quality professional updating; will ask the Scottish Qualifications Authority to ensure that national examinations test candidates’ capacity across the full range of knowledge, understanding and skills as specified in the Examination Arrangements; will ask Learning Teaching Scotland to advise on how best to ensure that all school pupils have the opportunity to acquire the capacity to cope as citizens and decision makers with scientific issues; will work with the science community, the network of Scottish Science Centres, and business and industry to harness their willingness to provide practical support to science education, and to promote young people’s understanding of and enthusiasm for science as a career; will work with local authorities to consider how to secure the provision of modern accommodation and resources for science education; and will as part of Science Year, organise an international conference of science educators, to consider innovative approaches to the teaching of science, at school and post school levels including community education and wider public understanding across society.

is giving Local Authorities resources to employ additional teachers, as part of the recent pay and conditions settlement. Together with some additional targeted resources, these will enable education authorities to support the teaching of science in primary schools, and to enable experienced science teachers to undertake sabbaticals; >

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will ask the Higher Education Institutions responsible for the delivery of teacher education and training to train additional secondary science teachers;.

>

Most primary school teachers have limited formal training in science. Many secondary science teachers have undergone limited updating in their specialism since graduating, and some are uncertain about their capacity to teach science topics outside that specialism. We need to refresh and update their knowledge of modern science. The teaching of science in schools should also reflect best scientific practice in the wider scientific community, and should be supported by effective interaction with that community. We need teachers of science who have the necessary confidence, competence, resources and support. We also need to address the need to recruit sufficient new teachers to replace those who will retire soon. Science should be taught in a safe, modern environment that promotes effective learning. In many schools, there has been relatively little investment in science equipment and accommodation in recent years. To ensure that enough people study science to a standard which will enable the future needs of the country to be met, the Executive: has asked Learning Teaching Scotland to prepare exemplar material for teachers of science in primary and early secondary school; will develop more rigorous assessment of science as part of the development of a coherent assessment system across the 3-14 stages to support learning and teaching and the monitoring of performance;

will consider, as part of more general reviews of Initial Teacher Education and Continuing Professional Development, what changes are needed to enable delivery of a high quality science education and will support initiatives to provide teachers of science with high quality professional updating; will ask the Scottish Qualifications Authority to ensure that national examinations test candidates’ capacity across the full range of knowledge, understanding and skills as specified in the Examination Arrangements; will ask Learning Teaching Scotland to advise on how best to ensure that all school pupils have the opportunity to acquire the capacity to cope as citizens and decision makers with scientific issues; will work with the science community, the network of Scottish Science Centres, and business and industry to harness their willingness to provide practical support to science education, and to promote young people’s understanding of and enthusiasm for science as a career; will work with local authorities to consider how to secure the provision of modern accommodation and resources for science education; and will as part of Science Year, organise an international conference of science educators, to consider innovative approaches to the teaching of science, at school and post school levels including community education and wider public understanding across society.

is giving Local Authorities resources to employ additional teachers, as part of the recent pay and conditions settlement. Together with some additional targeted resources, these will enable education authorities to support the teaching of science in primary schools, and to enable experienced science teachers to undertake sabbaticals; >

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Science Strategy for Scotland

IN THE CONTEXT OF THE INCREASING NEED FOR SOCIETY AND PEOPLE TO MAKE DIFFICULT DECISIONS ABOUT CONTROVERSIAL CHALLENGING ISSUES SUCH AS CLONING AND GLOBAL WARMING, SCIENCE EDUCATION NEEDS TO BE ABOUT POST-SCHOOL EDUCATION There is a continuing need for substantial numbers of people trained in science, across a wide range of disciplines. There is an increasing need for scientists with both a secure base of core scientific skills and specialist knowledge and skills. The capacity to work closely with other specialists in multidisciplinary teams is also increasingly important.

>

In the context of the increasing need for society and people to make difficult decisions about controversial challenging issues such as cloning and global warming, science education needs to be about more than acquisition of scientific knowledge and skills. Scientists need the capacity to understand, and reach balanced informed views, on a range of complex issues, communicate about science, and contribute effectively to debates and decision making. Effective science education is more complex than simply studying one or two specialist subjects to a high level. We need more courses of undergraduate and postgraduate study across a wide range of scientific disciplines that develop not only specialist scientific knowledge and skills, but also the capacity to contribute to decision making about scientific issues, plus generic skills such as communication and entrepreneurship. Lifelong learning in science is increasingly important if people are to keep abreast of new thinking and developments. It is important for those working in management, finance and government to have a broad understanding of science, since they make business, investment and policy decisions about scientific issues. This will be partly achieved by the recruitment of those with formal qualifications in science into such posts, but also by ensuring that decision makers have sufficient scientific awarenesss. As those working at technician level are increasingly qualified to degree level, it is important to ensure that their education provides them with a secure base of practical skills, and work experience, as well as the necessary theoretical knowledge.

MORE THAN ACQUISITION OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS.

An important source of qualified scientists and technicians is people who have returned to formal education. Some of them will need basic science education, perhaps as part of a wider access programme. Attention must be paid to providing courses of study at all levels (including those designed to encourage people back to formal education) that will enable adults to gain access to further and higher education science courses. The Executive will: ask Future Skills Scotland to work with others to undertake an analysis of the supply and demand for people with science qualifications, with a view to offering advice to education and training providers; ask the Scottish Funding Councils and the further and higher education institutions how undergraduate and post graduate science courses might best develop the generic skills of communication, decision making and working in teams; and how all science students might have the opportunity to acquire business and entrepreneurship skills, and to undertake work experience; encourage the establishment of a range of undergraduate and short courses in science communication; and ask Careers Scotland to ensure there is good quality, unbiased information and advice about education and career opportunities in science.

>

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Science Strategy for Scotland

IN THE CONTEXT OF THE INCREASING NEED FOR SOCIETY AND PEOPLE TO MAKE DIFFICULT DECISIONS ABOUT CONTROVERSIAL CHALLENGING ISSUES SUCH AS CLONING AND GLOBAL WARMING, SCIENCE EDUCATION NEEDS TO BE ABOUT POST-SCHOOL EDUCATION There is a continuing need for substantial numbers of people trained in science, across a wide range of disciplines. There is an increasing need for scientists with both a secure base of core scientific skills and specialist knowledge and skills. The capacity to work closely with other specialists in multidisciplinary teams is also increasingly important.

>

In the context of the increasing need for society and people to make difficult decisions about controversial challenging issues such as cloning and global warming, science education needs to be about more than acquisition of scientific knowledge and skills. Scientists need the capacity to understand, and reach balanced informed views, on a range of complex issues, communicate about science, and contribute effectively to debates and decision making. Effective science education is more complex than simply studying one or two specialist subjects to a high level. We need more courses of undergraduate and postgraduate study across a wide range of scientific disciplines that develop not only specialist scientific knowledge and skills, but also the capacity to contribute to decision making about scientific issues, plus generic skills such as communication and entrepreneurship. Lifelong learning in science is increasingly important if people are to keep abreast of new thinking and developments. It is important for those working in management, finance and government to have a broad understanding of science, since they make business, investment and policy decisions about scientific issues. This will be partly achieved by the recruitment of those with formal qualifications in science into such posts, but also by ensuring that decision makers have sufficient scientific awarenesss. As those working at technician level are increasingly qualified to degree level, it is important to ensure that their education provides them with a secure base of practical skills, and work experience, as well as the necessary theoretical knowledge.

MORE THAN ACQUISITION OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS.

An important source of qualified scientists and technicians is people who have returned to formal education. Some of them will need basic science education, perhaps as part of a wider access programme. Attention must be paid to providing courses of study at all levels (including those designed to encourage people back to formal education) that will enable adults to gain access to further and higher education science courses. The Executive will: ask Future Skills Scotland to work with others to undertake an analysis of the supply and demand for people with science qualifications, with a view to offering advice to education and training providers; ask the Scottish Funding Councils and the further and higher education institutions how undergraduate and post graduate science courses might best develop the generic skills of communication, decision making and working in teams; and how all science students might have the opportunity to acquire business and entrepreneurship skills, and to undertake work experience; encourage the establishment of a range of undergraduate and short courses in science communication; and ask Careers Scotland to ensure there is good quality, unbiased information and advice about education and career opportunities in science.

>

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>

Promote the awareness, appreciation and understanding of science across society

THIS WILL REQUIRE SKILLED COMMUNICATION OF THE IMPACT OF SCIENCE ON EVERYDAY LIFE, INCLUDING THE BENEFITS AND RISKS, ON A FOUNDATION OF A SOUND SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION SYSTEM AND ACCESS TO INFORMATION.

>

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>

Promote the awareness, appreciation and understanding of science across society

THIS WILL REQUIRE SKILLED COMMUNICATION OF THE IMPACT OF SCIENCE ON EVERYDAY LIFE, INCLUDING THE BENEFITS AND RISKS, ON A FOUNDATION OF A SOUND SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION SYSTEM AND ACCESS TO INFORMATION.

>

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Science Strategy for Scotland

>

New scientific discoveries – and indeed new technologies based on existing knowledge – are allowing our lifestyles to change at a faster rate than ever before. Today, more than ever, we are relying on science and scientists to help us answer questions and address problems that were unthinkable even just 20 years ago. Science is all around us and as such has a great impact on all our lives. The importance of science to wider society was highlighted by the House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology, in their in-depth study of Science and Society.

TODAY, MORE THAN EVER, WE ARE RELYING ON SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS TO HELP US ANSWER QUESTIONS AND ADDRESS PROBLEMS THAT WERE UNTHINKABLE EVEN JUST 20 YEARS AGO. A recent survey of attitudes to science, carried out in collaboration with the Office of Science and Technology and the Wellcome Trust, has shown that people have a wide range of views, opinions and beliefs about science and scientific innovations. While some have complete confidence in science and adapt to and accept resultant new technologies quickly, others are sceptical and wary of new developments and need to be convinced of their value. Other groups are completely unaware of or uninterested in science and technology with very little appreciation of the importance of science to them or to the future of society.

There is also a perception that scientists and policy makers are working together to promote a culture of secrecy. This has led to a crisis in confidence in relation to science and scientific advice. Lord Phillips makes many recommendations in his report, The BSE Inquiry, as to how science and scientific advice should be handled within government to ensure that similar situations can be avoided in the future. Scientists must be aware of the implications of their work and must be prepared to engage with the public and debate their work openly in relation to individual needs, policy requirements and organisational needs as well as the future needs of society. There are many activities and organisations across Scotland which aim to engage society with science, raising levels of appreciation, awareness and understanding. The new network of Scottish Science Centres is the most recent addition to this landscape. This diversity offers a wide range of learning opportunities for people’s different needs, but carries with it the risk of confusion and of being less than fully effective. We will encourage bodies such as the Scottish Science Trust and the Royal Society of Edinburgh to consider how to achieve the best balance between promoting the most effective use of resources through co-operation and co-ordination, and getting the full benefits of diversity and local responsiveness.

>

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Science Strategy for Scotland

>

New scientific discoveries – and indeed new technologies based on existing knowledge – are allowing our lifestyles to change at a faster rate than ever before. Today, more than ever, we are relying on science and scientists to help us answer questions and address problems that were unthinkable even just 20 years ago. Science is all around us and as such has a great impact on all our lives. The importance of science to wider society was highlighted by the House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology, in their in-depth study of Science and Society.

TODAY, MORE THAN EVER, WE ARE RELYING ON SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS TO HELP US ANSWER QUESTIONS AND ADDRESS PROBLEMS THAT WERE UNTHINKABLE EVEN JUST 20 YEARS AGO. A recent survey of attitudes to science, carried out in collaboration with the Office of Science and Technology and the Wellcome Trust, has shown that people have a wide range of views, opinions and beliefs about science and scientific innovations. While some have complete confidence in science and adapt to and accept resultant new technologies quickly, others are sceptical and wary of new developments and need to be convinced of their value. Other groups are completely unaware of or uninterested in science and technology with very little appreciation of the importance of science to them or to the future of society.

There is also a perception that scientists and policy makers are working together to promote a culture of secrecy. This has led to a crisis in confidence in relation to science and scientific advice. Lord Phillips makes many recommendations in his report, The BSE Inquiry, as to how science and scientific advice should be handled within government to ensure that similar situations can be avoided in the future. Scientists must be aware of the implications of their work and must be prepared to engage with the public and debate their work openly in relation to individual needs, policy requirements and organisational needs as well as the future needs of society. There are many activities and organisations across Scotland which aim to engage society with science, raising levels of appreciation, awareness and understanding. The new network of Scottish Science Centres is the most recent addition to this landscape. This diversity offers a wide range of learning opportunities for people’s different needs, but carries with it the risk of confusion and of being less than fully effective. We will encourage bodies such as the Scottish Science Trust and the Royal Society of Edinburgh to consider how to achieve the best balance between promoting the most effective use of resources through co-operation and co-ordination, and getting the full benefits of diversity and local responsiveness.

>

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Science Strategy for Scotland

To promote the awareness, appreciation and understanding of science across society, the Executive will, working with funders and other key players: continue to take part in UK surveys of, and take account of, public attitudes to science and technology;

>

A basic scientific understanding is important as it allows individuals to take part in debates based around science on issues that affect their lives. We need to increase public awareness of how science is relevant and important, to individuals and to wider society. We must in particular seek to bring about a better understanding and acceptance of scientific uncertainty and risk across society and increase public confidence in the use of science in policy making. If people have the opportunity to access scientific information they will be better placed to make informed choices on issues that affect them and allow them to influence others. The media also need to recognise the role they play in informing the public about science, and take responsibility for how they present information and comment on scientific issues.

work closely with, and provide support where appropriate, to organisations whose aim is to promote scientific understanding across society; encourage bodies such as the Scottish Science Trust and the Royal Society of Edinburgh to consider how to achieve the best balance between promoting the most effective use of resources through co-operation and co-ordination, and getting the full benefits of diversity and local responsiveness; provide support in 2001-02 through the Scottish Science Trust to the network of Scottish Science Centres, to deliver agreed objectives;

encourage scientists in Higher Education and Scientific Research Institutions to communicate with the public about their work and discuss the implications of their research for society; in collaboration with the Scottish Science Trust disseminate information about the availability of and demand for training and education in science communication;

IF PEOPLE HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO ACCESS SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION THEY WILL BE BETTER PLACED TO MAKE INFORMED CHOICES ON ISSUES THAT AFFECT THEM AND ALLOW THEM TO INFLUENCE OTHERS.

consult the public on science issues, through organisations including the Scottish Civic Forum and the network of Scottish Science Centres; and support initiatives that enable the media, scientists and policymakers to work more closely together to effectively promote science to the people of Scotland.

>

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Science Strategy for Scotland

To promote the awareness, appreciation and understanding of science across society, the Executive will, working with funders and other key players: continue to take part in UK surveys of, and take account of, public attitudes to science and technology;

>

A basic scientific understanding is important as it allows individuals to take part in debates based around science on issues that affect their lives. We need to increase public awareness of how science is relevant and important, to individuals and to wider society. We must in particular seek to bring about a better understanding and acceptance of scientific uncertainty and risk across society and increase public confidence in the use of science in policy making. If people have the opportunity to access scientific information they will be better placed to make informed choices on issues that affect them and allow them to influence others. The media also need to recognise the role they play in informing the public about science, and take responsibility for how they present information and comment on scientific issues.

work closely with, and provide support where appropriate, to organisations whose aim is to promote scientific understanding across society; encourage bodies such as the Scottish Science Trust and the Royal Society of Edinburgh to consider how to achieve the best balance between promoting the most effective use of resources through co-operation and co-ordination, and getting the full benefits of diversity and local responsiveness; provide support in 2001-02 through the Scottish Science Trust to the network of Scottish Science Centres, to deliver agreed objectives;

encourage scientists in Higher Education and Scientific Research Institutions to communicate with the public about their work and discuss the implications of their research for society; in collaboration with the Scottish Science Trust disseminate information about the availability of and demand for training and education in science communication;

IF PEOPLE HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO ACCESS SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION THEY WILL BE BETTER PLACED TO MAKE INFORMED CHOICES ON ISSUES THAT AFFECT THEM AND ALLOW THEM TO INFLUENCE OTHERS.

consult the public on science issues, through organisations including the Scottish Civic Forum and the network of Scottish Science Centres; and support initiatives that enable the media, scientists and policymakers to work more closely together to effectively promote science to the people of Scotland.

>

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>

Ensure the effective use of scientific evidence in policy formulation and resource allocation by government

THIS WILL REQUIRE THE SCOTTISH EXECUTIVE TO PUT PROCEDURES IN PLACE TO OBTAIN OBJECTIVE AND UP TO DATE SCIENTIFIC ADVICE, IN WHICH THE PUBLIC AND SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY CAN HAVE CONFIDENCE, TO INFORM POLICY MAKING AND SPENDING DECISIONS; AND TO MAKE CONSISTENT INPUT TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE POLICIES AT UK AND EUROPEAN LEVEL.

>

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Ensure the effective use of scientific evidence in policy formulation and resource allocation by government

THIS WILL REQUIRE THE SCOTTISH EXECUTIVE TO PUT PROCEDURES IN PLACE TO OBTAIN OBJECTIVE AND UP TO DATE SCIENTIFIC ADVICE, IN WHICH THE PUBLIC AND SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY CAN HAVE CONFIDENCE, TO INFORM POLICY MAKING AND SPENDING DECISIONS; AND TO MAKE CONSISTENT INPUT TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE POLICIES AT UK AND EUROPEAN LEVEL.

>

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Science Strategy for Scotland

Many of the hardest questions facing society and government in recent years have been about scientific issues, arisen because of scientific developments, or have relied on science for their answers. These issues include cloning, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), BSE and global warming.

>

Government often needs to identify issues, assess risk, take decisions and provide advice and leadership at a time when scientific evidence is far from conclusive and there may be disagreement and uncertainty among the scientific community. Sometimes, consideration of these issues has a strong ethical dimension. Government also needs to be able to demonstrate that it has taken the best possible scientific advice, and explain the basis for its decisions, to a public that is somewhat sceptical of the extent to which decisions have been made on the basis of sound scientific evidence. Government needs to provide advice to the public, who increasingly need to take personal decisions on the basis of complex, uncertain or apparently conflicting scientific evidence. Recent examples include whether to use a mobile phone, whether to consume GM foods and whether to choose certain vaccinations. In order to make sound decisions about priorities and investment, Government needs to be aware of future as well as current scientific issues and opportunities. Although it benefits from links with UK and European scientific advisory groups, and from its extensive network of contacts with the Scottish science base, there is no formal mechanism to consult on strategic scientific issues, establish and review overall scientific priorities, or to ensure that these are being coherently addressed across the Executive, and by relevant organisations.

Departments across the Executive allocate substantial resources to scientific activities. It is not practical to bring all this activity together into a single part of the Executive. For example, the commissioning of health-related research, the production of curriculum advice for teachers of science, and the provision of advice to Ministers on climate change need to be managed within relevant policy areas.

THERE IS HOWEVER SCOPE FOR MORE CO-ORDINATION BOTH OF POLICY AND SPENDING ACROSS THE EXECUTIVE TO ENSURE EFFECTIVE DELIVERY OF OVERALL OBJECTIVES. The publication of Lord Phillips Report, The BSE Inquiry, raised important issues about the need for Government to have an effective, transparent and consistent approach to decision making about scientific issues. Recent research suggests that the public has limited confidence in that process, and often mistrusts statements made by Government Ministers and scientists. Government needs the capacity to commission and interpret the best scientific advice. The Executive requires staff with the skills and experience needed to obtain, interpret and provide high quality scientific advice, but cannot expect to employ permanent staff who are expert in all relevant fields. It does however need to ensure that a broad range of staff are aware of the key principles and issues underpinning the science strategy and of the implications for their work. Within the UK, Scottish science policy is both reserved and devolved. The Scottish Executive works closely with the other administrations on joint initiatives, such as the Science Research Infrastructure Fund, Science Year and the Foresight Programme, taking a distinctive Scottish approach where this is required. The Scottish Executive is represented at both Ministerial and official level on key UK science policy committees, e.g. the Chief Scientific Adviser’s Committee and the Science and Engineering Base Co-ordinating Committee. The Executive continues to rely on the established science advisory system that provides specialist advice at both the UK and European level. Scottish scientists and policy makers are well represented on these committees.

>

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Science Strategy for Scotland

Many of the hardest questions facing society and government in recent years have been about scientific issues, arisen because of scientific developments, or have relied on science for their answers. These issues include cloning, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), BSE and global warming.

>

Government often needs to identify issues, assess risk, take decisions and provide advice and leadership at a time when scientific evidence is far from conclusive and there may be disagreement and uncertainty among the scientific community. Sometimes, consideration of these issues has a strong ethical dimension. Government also needs to be able to demonstrate that it has taken the best possible scientific advice, and explain the basis for its decisions, to a public that is somewhat sceptical of the extent to which decisions have been made on the basis of sound scientific evidence. Government needs to provide advice to the public, who increasingly need to take personal decisions on the basis of complex, uncertain or apparently conflicting scientific evidence. Recent examples include whether to use a mobile phone, whether to consume GM foods and whether to choose certain vaccinations. In order to make sound decisions about priorities and investment, Government needs to be aware of future as well as current scientific issues and opportunities. Although it benefits from links with UK and European scientific advisory groups, and from its extensive network of contacts with the Scottish science base, there is no formal mechanism to consult on strategic scientific issues, establish and review overall scientific priorities, or to ensure that these are being coherently addressed across the Executive, and by relevant organisations.

Departments across the Executive allocate substantial resources to scientific activities. It is not practical to bring all this activity together into a single part of the Executive. For example, the commissioning of health-related research, the production of curriculum advice for teachers of science, and the provision of advice to Ministers on climate change need to be managed within relevant policy areas.

THERE IS HOWEVER SCOPE FOR MORE CO-ORDINATION BOTH OF POLICY AND SPENDING ACROSS THE EXECUTIVE TO ENSURE EFFECTIVE DELIVERY OF OVERALL OBJECTIVES. The publication of Lord Phillips Report, The BSE Inquiry, raised important issues about the need for Government to have an effective, transparent and consistent approach to decision making about scientific issues. Recent research suggests that the public has limited confidence in that process, and often mistrusts statements made by Government Ministers and scientists. Government needs the capacity to commission and interpret the best scientific advice. The Executive requires staff with the skills and experience needed to obtain, interpret and provide high quality scientific advice, but cannot expect to employ permanent staff who are expert in all relevant fields. It does however need to ensure that a broad range of staff are aware of the key principles and issues underpinning the science strategy and of the implications for their work. Within the UK, Scottish science policy is both reserved and devolved. The Scottish Executive works closely with the other administrations on joint initiatives, such as the Science Research Infrastructure Fund, Science Year and the Foresight Programme, taking a distinctive Scottish approach where this is required. The Scottish Executive is represented at both Ministerial and official level on key UK science policy committees, e.g. the Chief Scientific Adviser’s Committee and the Science and Engineering Base Co-ordinating Committee. The Executive continues to rely on the established science advisory system that provides specialist advice at both the UK and European level. Scottish scientists and policy makers are well represented on these committees.

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Science Strategy for Scotland

To ensure the effective use of scientific evidence in policy formulation and resource allocation by Government, the Executive will: ensure that a member of the Scottish Cabinet is designated as Minister for Science and has responsibility for ensuring that this Strategy is implemented;

>

set up a Scottish Science Advisory Committee, under the auspices of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, to provide independent advice on strategic scientific issues. It will include members of the scientific community, users of science, and those directly affected by science, and will consult widely; appoint an outstanding scientist, with an international reputation, to chair the Scottish Science Advisory Committee who it is intended will become the chief adviser on science to the Executive. He/she will provide strategic advice on scientific matters to Scottish Ministers and will be an important voice for Scotland in debates on science beyond the Executive; draw on advice from the Scottish Science Advisory Committee to identify, and subsequently develop, a set of priority areas for scientific activity, taking account of existing strengths and needs, the best available evidence of what might be required in the future, and priorities for the Scottish economy; regularly review the policies and spending of each Department against the key objectives laid out in this Strategy and the priorities that are established for science. Where necessary, we will take steps to ensure coherence of approach and of spending. The Scottish Science Advisory Committee will provide advice on the extent to which the Executive is achieving its cross cutting objectives for science;

ensure consistent adherence to the principles contained in Guidelines 2000 – Scientific Advice And Policy Making. As part of this we will secure the best available impartial scientific evidence when making decisions, and make that evidence generally available; address the issues raised in Lord Phillip’s report, The BSE Inquiry; ensure that Executive staff are fully briefed on the implications of this Science Strategy for their work, and receive any support and training that is required to enable it to be effectively implemented; continue to recruit and support scientifically trained staff, as necessary, to provide specialist support to Departments; maintain close links among scientific policy makers in the Executive, UK Government Departments, other public bodies and European institutions; make effective use of the UK and European Science Advisory System, which provides a broader base of specialist advice than is available within Scotland; encourage scientists working in Scotland to participate in and contribute to UK, European and international science advisory committees; welcome and play a proactive role in UK-wide initiatives, taking a distinctive Scottish approach as necessary to ensure that outcomes meet particular Scottish circumstances; benchmark Scottish science and public science policy, against other countries; and regularly review and update the Science Strategy.

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Science Strategy for Scotland

To ensure the effective use of scientific evidence in policy formulation and resource allocation by Government, the Executive will: ensure that a member of the Scottish Cabinet is designated as Minister for Science and has responsibility for ensuring that this Strategy is implemented;

>

set up a Scottish Science Advisory Committee, under the auspices of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, to provide independent advice on strategic scientific issues. It will include members of the scientific community, users of science, and those directly affected by science, and will consult widely; appoint an outstanding scientist, with an international reputation, to chair the Scottish Science Advisory Committee who it is intended will become the chief adviser on science to the Executive. He/she will provide strategic advice on scientific matters to Scottish Ministers and will be an important voice for Scotland in debates on science beyond the Executive; draw on advice from the Scottish Science Advisory Committee to identify, and subsequently develop, a set of priority areas for scientific activity, taking account of existing strengths and needs, the best available evidence of what might be required in the future, and priorities for the Scottish economy; regularly review the policies and spending of each Department against the key objectives laid out in this Strategy and the priorities that are established for science. Where necessary, we will take steps to ensure coherence of approach and of spending. The Scottish Science Advisory Committee will provide advice on the extent to which the Executive is achieving its cross cutting objectives for science;

ensure consistent adherence to the principles contained in Guidelines 2000 – Scientific Advice And Policy Making. As part of this we will secure the best available impartial scientific evidence when making decisions, and make that evidence generally available; address the issues raised in Lord Phillip’s report, The BSE Inquiry; ensure that Executive staff are fully briefed on the implications of this Science Strategy for their work, and receive any support and training that is required to enable it to be effectively implemented; continue to recruit and support scientifically trained staff, as necessary, to provide specialist support to Departments; maintain close links among scientific policy makers in the Executive, UK Government Departments, other public bodies and European institutions; make effective use of the UK and European Science Advisory System, which provides a broader base of specialist advice than is available within Scotland; encourage scientists working in Scotland to participate in and contribute to UK, European and international science advisory committees; welcome and play a proactive role in UK-wide initiatives, taking a distinctive Scottish approach as necessary to ensure that outcomes meet particular Scottish circumstances; benchmark Scottish science and public science policy, against other countries; and regularly review and update the Science Strategy.

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A Science Strategy for Scotland is available on the Scottish Executive’s website at: www.scotland.gov.uk Requests for further information on this Strategy should be addressed to: Dr Andy Bishop Science Policy Unit Scottish Executive Enterprise and Lifelong Learning Department Europa Building 450 Argyle Street Glasgow G2 8LG Tel: 0141-242 0188 email: [email protected]

SCIENCE KNOWS NO COUNTRY, BECAUSE KNOWLEDGE BELONGS TO HUMANITY, AND IS THE TORCH WHICH ILLUMINATES THE WORLD. SCIENCE IS THE HIGHEST PERSONIFICATION OF THE NATION BECAUSE THAT NATION WILL REMAIN THE FIRST WHICH CARRIES THE FURTHEST THE WORKS OF THOUGHT AND INTELLIGENCE. Louis Pasteur

© Crown copyright 2001

Photography p7 © Keith Hunter/arcblue.com, p29, 31, 37 & 43, Creative, Edinburgh Designed and produced on behalf of the Scottish Executive by Astron

B18456-8-01

A SCIENCE STRATEGY FOR SCOTLAND

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Further copies available from The Stationery Office Bookshop 71 Lothian Road, Edinburgh EH3 9AZ Tel 0870 606 55 66

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Making it work together