Schoen Berg

I∏¬t®-X-Øn¬\n∂v \ncm-i-bpsS kwKoXw A¿t\mƒUv tjm¨_¿Kns‚ Iebpw Pohn-Xhpw

at\mPv Ipdq¿

Hmkv{Sn-b-bn¬

P\n®v P¿a- \ n- b nepw ]ns∂ Ata- c n- ° - b nepw Pohn® A¿t\mƒUv tjm¨_¿Kn(Arnold Schoenberg: 1874-1951)-s\-∏‰n \mw Xøm-dm-°p∂ Nne Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Cßs\-sbm-s°-bmhmw: 1. P∑w-sIm≠v PqX\mbXn\m¬ Cu kwKo-X-⁄s‚ cN-\-Iƒ P¿Ω-\n-bnepw \mkn-Iƒ ssIhiw h®n-cp∂ bqtdm-∏ns‚ a‰p `mK-ß-fnepw \ntcm-[n-®p. ‘_q¿jzm cq]-hm-Zn’-bm-I-bm¬ Ãmen\n-Ãp-Iƒ Ct±-l-sØ Xnc-kv°-cn®p. tI´p ]cn-N-bn® coXn-I-fn¬\n∂p thdn´p \n∂-Xn-\m¬ s]mXpP-\-ßfpw Ct±-l-Øns‚ kwKo-XsØ Ah-K-Wn-®p. 2. kwKo-X\ - n-cq-]I - cpw ssk≤m-¥n-Icpw Gsd N¿® sNbvX ZzmZ-ik - z-ch - yh-ÿ(dodecaphonic system)bpsS D]-⁄m-Xm-hv. kztcXc(atonal)-kw-Ko-X-Øn-eqsS kwKo-X-cw-KsØ kw{`-an-∏n® hnπh-Im-cn. kocn-b-en-kw-t]m-ep≈ ]e ]n¬°m-e-{]-ÿm-\-ß-fp-sSbpw hgn-Im-´n. Npcp-°n-∏-d-™m¬ Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse ]m›m-Xykw-Ko-XsØ G‰-hp-a-[nIw kzm[o-\n® [njWm-im-en. 3. kv{Smhn≥kvIn-(1882-˛1971)bpsS \ntbm-˛-¢m-knIv kwKo-Xhpw ^mkn-khpw kam-¥-c-ambn hf¿∂-t∏mƒ Ah-bpsS FXn¿]-£-ØmWv tjm¨_¿Kns‚ kwKoXw \ne-bp-d-∏n-®-sX∂v XnbtUm¿ AtUm¿tWm. Aß-s\-b√ tjm¨_¿Kns‚ kwKoXsØbpw \mkn-k-Øns‚ DZ-bsØbpamWv ]c-kv]-c-]q-c-I-ambn ImtW-≠-sX∂v tXmakv a≥. ]c-kv]-c-hn-cp-≤-am-Im-hp∂ [mcmfw Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ C\nbpw km[y-am-Wv. injy-\mb lm≥kv Fbvkve¿(1898-˛1962) Cu sshcp-[y-߃ kam-l-cn-®p-sIm≠v, ‘bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-\mb hnπ-h-Im-cn’-sb∂mWv tjm¨_¿Kns\ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. At±lw ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬\n∂pw ]eXpw kzoI-cn-®p. ]ns∂ ]mc-º-cysØ \ncm-I-cn-®p. XpS¿∂v kz¥-am-sbmcp ]mc-ºcyw \n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tjm¨_¿Kns‚ PohnXhpw kwKo-X-Ir-Xn-Ifpw kwKo-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ IrXn-Ifpw ]s¶-SpØ kwhmZ-ß-fp-sa√mw Ahbv°p ]›m-Ø-e-am-Ip-∂p. hnb-∂-bnse Hcp PqX-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ 1874-˛-emWv A¿t\mƒUv tjm¨_¿Kv P\n-®-Xv. A—≥ kmap-h¬ Hcp IS-bp-S-abmbn-cp-∂p. AΩ ]ufn≥ ]nbmt\m So®-dm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw kwKoXw Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc A¿t\mƒUv kzbw ]Tn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1882-˛¬ hb-en≥ A`ykn°m≥ XpS-ßn. HºXp hb- m-Ip-∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ c≠p hb-en≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ Nne sNdnb cN-\-Ifpw XpS¿∂p Ipd®pIqSn henb IrXn-Ifpw Xm≥ cNn-®n-´p-s≠∂v tjm¨_¿Kv ]d-bp-∂p(Introduction to My Four Quartets: 1949). 1889-˛¬ \yqtam-Wnb _m[n®v A—≥ acn-®p. kvIqƒhnZym-`ymkØn\p tijw sh¿W¿ B≥Uv Iº-\n-bpsS Hcp kzIm-cy-_m-¶n¬ Xmev°m-en-I-tPm-en-°m-c-\m-bn. Cu ka-bsØms° kwKo-X-c-N-\bpw apS-°-an-√msX XpS¿s∂-¶nepw ]Xn-t\gp hb p hsc-bp≈ Xs‚ kwKoXw, tI´p ]cn-N-bn® coXn-I-fpsS A\p-I-cWw am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv At±lw ]d-bp-∂-Xv (My Evolution :1949). ]ebnSß-fnepw amdn-amdn Xma-kn® tjm¨_¿Kv 1893-˛¬ hnb-∂-bv°-Sp-Øp≈ Io¿en-ßn¬ h®mWv B¬s{^Uv tKm¬Uns‚ cN-\sb Bkv]-Z-am°n Xs‚ BZy-k-ºq¿WkwKoX-Ir-Xn-bmb In Clear Dreams I Oft Have Seen Thee cNn-®-Xv. (]m-›m-Xy-¢m n-°¬kwKo-X-Øn¬ kwKo-X-c-N\ hfsc {][m-\a - m-Wv. CXns‚ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øe - n\p ]e k{º-Zm-bß - f - p-s≠-¶nepw {][m\w Ãm^v s\mt´j≥ F∂ coXn-bm-Wv. CXn¬ A©p kam-¥-c-tcJ-Ifnembn kzc-ÿm-\-߃, Ah-bpsS k©m-chy-h-ÿ, Xmfw, kzc-ssZ-¿Lyw, Ah-bpsS CS-th-f-Iƒ F∂nh {]tXyIw AS-bm-f-ß-fn-eqsS kqNn∏n-°p∂p.) 1894-˛¬ Xs‚ kplrØpw A[ym-]-I\pw ]n¬°m-eØv `mcym-k-tlm-Z-c-\p-am-bn-Øo¿∂ Ae-Ivkm≥U¿ skwen≥kvIn(1871-˛1942)sb ]cn-N-b-s∏-´p. Three Pieces for Piano cNn-°p-∂Xpw CtX-h¿jw-X-s∂-bm-Wv. sh¿W¿ B≥Uv Iº-\n-bnse tPmen-bp-t]-£n® tijw 1895-˛¬ Hcp kwKo-X-\n¿hm-l-I\m-b (music conductor) At±lw ]n∂oSv Six Pieces for Piano(1896), Maiden’s Spring (1897), String Quartet in D Major (1897) F∂nh cNn-®p. 1898-˛¬ PqX-a-X-Øn¬\n∂v s{]m´- v aX-Øn-te°v

amdnb tjm¨_¿Kv AtX h¿jw \nt°m-fmkv se\yqhns‚ Why, oh winds, do you whisper so fearfully -F∂ cN-\sb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n The Death of Spring Bhn-jvI-cn-®p. 1899 tjm¨_¿Kns‚ Ie-bnepw Pohn-X-Ønepw AXn-{]-[m-\-amb h¿j-am-Wv. At±lw ‘_otYm-h≥’ F∂ sa≥’kv tImdkv {Kq∏ns‚ Ub-d-IvS-dm-bn. skwen≥kvIn-bpsS ktlm-Zcn aØn¬Zbp-am-bp≈ {]Wbw Bcw-`n-®Xpw CtX-h¿jw-X-s∂. skwen≥kvInbpw aØn¬Z-bp-samØv ]b¿_m-ln¬ Xma-kn-°p-tºm-gmWv BZy-Im-e-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ Gsd {it≤-b-amb Transfigured Night cNn-°p-∂-Xv. dn®m¿Uv tUa-ens‚ Hcp Ihn-X-bmWv Cu IrXn°v Ah-ew-_w. \nem-hp≈ Hcp cm{Xn-bn¬ Hcp bphmhpw bph-Xnbpw ac-߃°n-S-bn-eqsS \S-°p-∂p. bphXn am\-kn-I-kw-L¿j-Øn-em-Wv. Ahƒ bphm-hn-t\mSv Xm≥ K¿`n-Wn-bm-sW∂pw F∂m¬ Ip´n Abm-fp-tS-X-s√∂pw Xpd∂p ]d-bp∂p. bphmhv ]Xnsb kwkm-cn®p XpS-ßp-∂p. C°m-cy-w kz¥w Bflm-hn\v `mc-am-tI-≠-Xn-s√∂v Ahsf Biz-kn-∏n-°p-∂p. Akz-ÿ-X-bn¬\n∂p {]k-∂-X-bn-te°p ]cn-W-an-°p∂ Cu `mKw Xs‚ cN-\-bn¬ ssa\-dn¬\n∂pw taP-dn-te-°p≈ ]cn-Wm-a-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv tjm¨_¿Kv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xv. Cu ka-bØv kwKo-XØ - nepw Pohn-XØ - nepw sXfn™ Imev]\ - n-I\ - m-bn-cp∂p tjm¨_¿Kv. dn®m¿Uv hm·-dp(1813-˛83)sSkwKo-XtØm-SS- pØp \nev°p∂ Xo{h-amb Imev]\ - n-IX - b - mWv Cu kwKoX-in-ev]-Øn-\p-≈-Xv. CXn¬ Hcp hiØv hm·dns‚ amXr-I-bn-ep≈ {Iao-I-c-Whpw adp-h-iØv {][m\-{]-Xn-]m-ZysØ at\m-[¿a-Øn-eqsS hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ {_mwkn(1833-˛97)s‚ kt¶-Xhpw D]tbm-Kn-®n-´p-s≠∂v tjm¨_¿Kv Xs∂ ]d-bp-∂p. c≠p hb-en≥, c≠p htbm-f, c≠p skt√m F∂n-h-bp-]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ Hcp skIvsÃ-‰m-(B-dp-t]cpsS kwLw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ kwKoXw; AXpt±in-®p≈ kwKo-X-c-N-\)bmWv BZyw CsX-gp-Xn-b-sX-¶nepw 1943-˛¬ kv{SnMv Hm¿°-kv{S-bv°p-th≠n At±lw CXp ]p\-cm-hn-jv°-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. 19-00-˛¬ hnb∂ Iwt]m-tkgvkv skmssk‰n tjm¨_¿Kn\p {]Jym-]n® ]pc-kvImcw At±l-Øn\v Songs of Gurre F∂ IrXn cNn-°p-hm≥ {]tNm-Z-I-am-bn. I‚m‰(D-]-I-c-W-߃ am{X-ap-]tbm-Kn-®p≈ skm\m-‰b - n¬\n∂p `n∂-ambn H‰bvt°m Iq´mtbm hmbv∏m-´mbn Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°p∂ kwKoX-cq-]w. D]-I-c-W-߃ CXn¬ AI-º-Sn-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p)cq]-Øn¬ ]e L´-ß-fn-embn cN\ \n¿h-ln® Cu _rl-’w-Ko-X-inev]w ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂Xv 1911˛em-Wv. KpkvXm^v amedp(1860-˛1911)sS F´mw knw^-Wn-bvs°m∏w ]c-º-cm-K-X-kw-Ko-X-co-Xn°p sNs∂-Øm-hp∂ G‰hpw henb Db-c-ßfn-sem-∂mbn Cu IrXnsb IW-°m-°m-dp-≠v. {]kn-≤-kw-Ko-X-c-N-bn-Xm-hmb dn®m¿Uv kv{Sukv(1867˛1949) kwKo-X-Im-c-s\∂ \ne-bn¬ tjm¨_¿Kn-\p≈ ÿm\w Xncn-®-dn-™Xv Cu cN\ tI´-t∏mgm-Wv. tjm¨_¿Kv 1901-˛-emWv aØn¬Zsb hnhmlw Ign-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\-SpØ h¿jw dn®m¿Uv kv{Sukns‚ ip]m¿i-bn¬ lm¿aWn ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm≥ At±lw _¿en-\n-te°v £Wn-°-s∏-´p. 1903˛¬ IpSpw-_-k-taXw hnb-∂-bn-te°p aS-ßn-sb-Øn. KpkvXm^v amesd I≠p-ap-´p-∂Xpw Pelleas and Melisande F∂ {]kn-≤-c-N\ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂Xpw AtX h¿jw-X-s∂. AXn-\-SpØ h¿jw ]n¬°m-eØv {]kn-≤-cmb A¬_m≥ s_¿Kn(1885-˛1935)-s\bpw At‚m¨ sht_-Wn(1883-˛1945)s\bpw A`y-kn-∏n®p XpS-ßn. Pn ssa\-dn-ep≈ knw^Wn(1905), ]Xn-\©p tkmtfm D]-Ic - W - ß - ƒ°mbp≈ tNw_¿ knw^-Wn(1906) F∂nh Cu Ime-L-´-Ønse {it≤-b-c-N-\-I-fm-Wv. kwKo-X-tØmsS-∂-t]mse Nn{X-c-N-\-tbmSp≠mbn-cp∂ A`n-\n-thiw dn®m¿Uv KÃn¬ F∂ Hmkv{Sn-b≥ Nn{XIm-c-\p-am-bp≈ KmV-ku-lr-Z-Øn-se-Øn-®p. 1908- ˛ ¬ tjm¨_¿Kns‚ `mcy aØn¬Z At±- l sØ Dt]- £ n®p. Ah¿ dn®m¿Uv sKÃnent\m-sSm∏w Gsd amk-߃ amdn-Øm-a-kn-®p-sh-¶nepw ]n∂oSv Xncn-sI-sb-Øn (aØn¬sU t]mb-tXmsS sKÃn¬ Bfl-lXy sNbvXp). Cu kw`-h-߃ tjm¨_¿Kns‚ Pohn-X-Øn-se-∂t]mse kwKo-X-Ønepw henb am‰-ß-fp-≠m-°n. `mcysb ]ncn-™n-cp∂ ka-b-ØmWv At±lw You lean against a silver-willow cNn-®Xv. Io knt·-®¿(kw-Ko-Xc - N - \ - b - psS Bcw-`Ø - n¬ kzchyhÿ kqNn- ∏ n- ° p∂ AS- b m- f w) Dt]- £ n- ® p- s Im≠v At±lw \n¿h- l n® BZy- c - N - \ - b m- W n- X v . tjm¨_¿Kns‚ XpS¿∂p≈ ]co-£-W-߃°v \nb-X-cq]w kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xns‚ ˛ ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb \nb-X-cq-]-߃ XI¿°p-∂-Xn-s‚ ˛ Bcw-`-amWv Cu cN-\. AØ-c-Øn¬ Cu hyXn-bm\w sshb‡nIw am{X-a-√, kuµ-cy-im-kv{X-]-chpw Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc kmwkv°m-cn-I-hp-am-Wv. ¢m n-°¬ssieoh-Xv°-c-W-Øn-\p-ap-ºp≈ kwKo-X-Øns‚˛Nne-t∏m-sgms° A-Xn\pw ap≥]p≈ i_vZ-Øn-s‚-X-s∂˛ ASn-ÿm-\-k-t¶-X-ß-fn-te-°p aS-ßp-Ibpw Ahsb kzIo-b-amb Nne {Iao-I-c-W---

߃°p hnt[-b-am-°p-I-bp-amWv ]n∂o-S-t±lw sNøp-∂-sX∂p ]dbmw. AØcw ]co-£-Wß-sf]cm-a¿in-°p-∂-Xn\v ]m›m-Xy-kw-Ko-XØns‚ G‰hpw ASn-ÿm-\-amb Nne Imcy-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ]dtb-≠n-h-cp-∂p. \mZ-Øns‚ Db¿®-Xm-gv®-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn-®p≈ ÿm\-hy-Xym-kw Ipdn-°p-∂-Xn\v {ipXn(pitch) F∂ hm°p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p. BhrØn(frequency) IqSp-tºmƒ \mZw IqSp-X¬ D®-Øn-em-Ip-∂p. Hcp \n›n-X-{ip-Xn-bp≈ \mZsØ tSm¨ F∂p ]d-bmw. (tSm¨ F∂ hm°n\v c≠p kzc-ß-fpsS CS-th-fsb Ipdn-°p∂ kt¶-Xw, \mZ-Kp-Ww, kzcw F∂n-ßs\ ]e A¿∞-ß-fp-≠v.) kwKo-X-imkv{X-Øn¬ \n¿h-Nn°s∏´ {][m\{ipXn-I-fmWv kzc-߃(notes). ]m›m-Xy-kw-Ko-X-Øn¬ C, D, E, F, G, A, B F∂n-h-bmWv Ggp kzc-߃. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Hcp ]nbmt\m Io t_m¿Un¬ shfpØ \nd-Øn-ep≈ I´(key)IfpsS Hcp \nc ImWmw(Nn{Xw t\m°mw). Ah- km[m-c-W-kz-c(natural notes)ßfptS-XmWv. CS-bv°nsS Nne IdpØ I´-I-fp-≠v. Ah `n∂-kz-c(-altered notes)-ß-fp-tS-Xpw. Ahsb Ipdn-°p-∂-Xn\v -jm¿]v (Nn”w: #), -^vfm-‰v (Nn”w: b)F∂o ]Z-߃ D]--tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. Hcp C apX¬ ASpØ C hsc-bp≈ I´-I-sf-Sp-Øm¬ A©p IdpØ I´-I-fp-≈-Xmbn ImWmw. Ah CD, D-E, F-G, G-A, A-B F∂o shfpØ I´-Iƒ°n-S-bn-em-Wv. AXm-bXv B, E F∂o shfpØ I´-Isf-Øp-S¿∂v IdpØ I´-I-fn-√. shfpØ I´-I-fnse Ggp kzc-ß-fpw IdpØ I´-I-fnse A©p kzc-ßfpw tN¿∂-XmWv ]{¥≠v ASn-ÿm-\-kz-c-߃. C sbØp-S¿∂p≈ IdpØ I´sb kn jm¿]v (C#) F∂p hyh-l-cn-°p-∂p. Aßs\ Hmtcm km[m-c-W-kz-c-sØbpw XpS¿∂p hcp-∂-XmWv {]kvXpX-kz-cØ - ns‚ jm¿]vk - z-cw. Hmtcm-kz-cØ - n-s‚bpw ap≥]p hcp∂Xv AXXp kzc-Øns‚ ^vfm‰vkz-cw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v D bv°p ap≥]p hcp∂ kzcw Un ^vfm‰v (Db). AXm-bXv Hmtcm IdpØ I´bpw AXns‚ ap≥t]m ]n≥t]m hcp∂ kzc-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. At∏mƒ kn jm¿]v Xs∂ Un ^vfm‰v. F jm¿]v Xs∂ _n ^vfm‰v. km[m-c-W-kz-c-ßfpw `n∂-kzc-ßfpw tN¿Øv ZzmZ-i(]-{¥-≠v)-kz-c-߃ F∂p hnfn-°p∂Xv Ch-bmWv: 1. C, 2. C# (Db), 3. D, 4. D# (Eb), 5. E, 6. F, 7. F# (Gb), 8. G, 9. G# (Ab) 10. A, 11. A# (Bb) 12. B

C

D

E

F

G

A

B

Cßs\ Htc kzc-sØ-Øs∂ c≠p t]cp-Iƒ hnfn-°p-∂Xv kvsIbvep-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn\p≈ kuI-cy-Øn\p th≠n-bm-Wv. ta¬∏-d™ ]{¥≠p kzc-ßfpw tN¿∂-XmWv t{Imam‰nIv kvsIbv¬. Cu kzc-ß-fpsS ÿm\-߃t]mseXs∂ {][m-\-amWv Ch-bpsS CS-th-f-Iƒ. Hcp kzc-Øn¬\n∂v AtX t]cn-ep≈ ASpØ kzcw-h-sc (D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn\v Hcp kn apX¬ ASpØ kn hsc)-bp≈ CS-thf Hcp HIvtS-hv. ASp-Ø-Sp-Øp≈ c≠p I´-I-fnse kzc-ß-fpsS CS-thf Hcp lm^v sÃ]v AYhm Hcp skan-tSm¨. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v knbn¬\n∂v kn jm¿]n-te-bv°p≈ AIehpw Cbn¬\n∂v F^n-te-°p≈ AI-ehpw Hmtcm lm^v sÃ]v BIp-∂p. Aßs\ t{Imam-‰nIv kvsIbvense Hmtcm kzchpw XΩn-ep≈ CS-thf Hmtcm skantSm¨ BIp-∂p. Hmtcm kvsIbvepw {ip-Xn-bpsS Btcm-l-W-˛-A-h-tcm-l-W-{I-a-Øn-ep≈ Hmtcm kzc-hy-hÿ-bm-Wv. t{Imam-‰nIv kvsIbv¬ IqSmsX {][m-\-ambn taP¿, ssa\¿ F∂n-ßs\ c≠pXcw kvsIbvep-I-fp-≠v. Ch \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn\v Nne am\-Z-WvU-ß-fp-≠v. Hcp taP¿ kvsIbven¬Øs∂ jm¿]v, ^vfm‰v kzc-߃ an{iWw sNø-cp-Xv. AXm-bXv Ah-bn¬ GsX¶nepw Ht∂D]-tbm-Kn-°mhq. kvsIbv¬ \n¿Ωn-°p-tºmƒ Hmtcm km[m-c-W-kz-chpw H∂n¬°q-Sp-X¬ X-hW D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ ]mSn-√. am{X-a√ Ggp kzc-ßfpw km[m-c-W-amtbm `n∂-amtbm Hcp kvsIbven¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°Ww.-

DZm-l-cWw: kn taP¿ kvsIbv¬. kzc-hy-hÿ: kn, Un, C, F^v, Pn, F, _n, kn CXn¬ km[m-c-W-kz-c-߃(-sh-fpØ I´-I-fn-ep≈h) am{X-ta-bp-≈p. At∏mƒ CS-thf: kn˛Un Hcp tSm¨, Un˛C Hcp tSm¨, C˛-F^v Hcp skan-tSm¨, F^v-˛Pn Hcp tSm¨, Pn˛F Hcp tSm¨, F˛_n Hcp tSm¨, _n˛kn Hcp skan-tSm¨. Cßs\ Hmtcm kzc-Øns‚ t]cnepw taP¿, ssa\¿ kvsIbvep-I-fp-≠v. Ch-bmWv Ub-t‰mWnIv kvsIbvep-Iƒ F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kvsIbvens\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n kzc-ßfpw AXn-s\°mƒ {][m-\-ambn Htc kabw hmbn-°p∂ kzc-k-aq-l-ß-fp(chords-)-ap]-tbm-Kn-®mWv cmKm-flI(melodic)-sa-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ ebm-fl-I(harmonic)-amb ]m›m-Xy-¢m- n-°¬ kwKo-X-cq-]-߃ cNn°p-Ibpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-sX∂v kmam-\y-ambn ]d-bmw. Hcp kwKo-X-J-WvU-Øn¬ hnhn-[-kz-c-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒt∏mepw Hcp kzc-sØtbm kzc-k-aq-l-sØtbm tI{µo-I-cn°p-∂p. tjm¨_¿Kns‚ kwKo-X-Po-hn-X-Ønse ASpØ L´w ssieo-Ir-X-amb Cu coXnbn¬\n∂p hgp-Xn-am-dp-∂p. \n›nXkzc-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am°p∂ Ub-t‰m-WnIv kvsIbvep-I-fpsS hyh-ÿm]n-X-Xz-sØ-°mƒ ]{¥≠p kzchpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ t{Imam-‰nIv kvsIbvens‚ Bt]-£n-I-kzm-X{¥yØn-emWv At±lw XpS¿∂p {i≤ hbv°p-∂X - v. Ub-t‰m-Wn-kn-kØ - ns‚ ]pcp-jk - z-Xz-Øn¬\n∂v hwio-bhpw enwK-]-chpw h¿K-]-c-hp-ambn A\yhXvI-cn-°s∏´h-cpsS i_vZ-am-bn- t{Imam-‰n-kn-ksØ a\- n-em-°m-sa∂mWv kqk≥ aIv ¢mcn ]d-bp∂Xv!(Feminine Endings: Music, Gender and Sexuality: 1991) 1908-˛emWv tjm¨_¿Kv c≠mw kv{SnMv Izm¿S‰v F∂ hnπ-h-I-c-amb cN\ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂Xv. Cu IrXn-bpsS BZy-c≠p aqhvsa‚p(-Hcp henb kwKo-Xi - n-ev]Ø - nse kzbw-]q¿W-amb JWvUw)Iƒ°v t{Imam-‰nIv kz`mhaps≠-¶nepw ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb Io knt·-®¿ Ah-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p≠v. ]t£ P¿Ω≥ anÃn-°¬ Ihn sÃ^m≥ tPm¿Pns‚ Ihn-X-Iƒ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°nb Ah-km\sØ c≠p aqhvsa‚p-Iƒ kzcm-flI - X - (-tonality)-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ [mc-WI - ƒ Xncp-Øp-∂X - m-Wv. ImcWw c≠p aqhvsa‚p-Ifpw -kz-cmflI-amb tIm¿Up-I-fn¬ Ah-km-\n-°p-∂p-sh-¶nepw CSbv°v kztc-X-ci-_vZ-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS kzcm-fl-I-sat∂m kztc-X-c-sat∂m ]d-bm-\m-hmØ Ahÿ krjvSn-°p-∂p. Hcp kzc-sØtbm kzc-k-aq-l-sØtbm tI{µ-am-°m-Ø-XpsIm-≠v ]m›m-Xy-¢m- n°¬k-¶-ev]-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈ kwKo-XmflX \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv AØcw kwKo-XsØ kztcX-c(-atonal)-sa∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Nn{X-I-e-bp-ambn KmV-_-‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ tjm¨_¿Kv FIvkv{]-j-\n-k-Øn¬ BIr-jvS-\m-Ip-∂Xpw CtX Ime-L-´-Øn-em-Wv. 1909-˛¬ dbv\¿ acnb dn¬t°-bpsS Am Strande F∂ IrXnsb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n At±lw Hcp cN\ \n¿h-ln-®p. ‘IS¬Øo-cØv’ F∂¿∞w-h-cp∂ B Ihn-X-: Ign™Xp {]fbw. AI-se-\n∂n-s∏m-gp-am-chw. Im‰nepw tImfn-ep-ap-e-bp∂ Pew, apI-fn˛ es∏mgpw Xn°n-Øn-c-°p∂p Xmc-Iƒ. Bcp I≠p, hmgvØ-s∏´ `qao, Xnc-am-e-sb-ßs\ Iogvs∏-SpØo \ns∂. AI-se-\n-∂n-s∏m-gp-am-chw. cm°m-s‰m-tcm¿Ωbpw sIm≠p-h-cp-∂p, Xnc-am-e-sbm∂o aW¬∏p-d-sØØn ad-™p-t]m-b-s√m. {]f-bw, Bc-hw, Im‰pw tImfpw, cm°m‰v F∂n-ßs\ \mZ-ssh-hn-≤y-Øn\v \nc-h[n km[yX-I-fp≈ Cu cN\ ]nbm-t\m-bpsS kzc-X-cw-K-ßfpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Hcp kv{Xoi-_vZ-Øn¬ -

Be-]n-°p∂ Xc-Øn-emWv Bhn-jvI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Three piano pieces F∂ hnJym-X-Ir-Xn tjm¨_¿Kv cNn-°p∂Xpw 1909-˛-em-Wv. ]q¿h-am-Xr-I-I-fn-√mØ Cu cN-\-bn¬ Bhn-jvIm-cØns‚ apgp-h≥ kzmX-{¥yhpw At±lw D]-tbm-Kn-®p. Bhp-∂{X hy‡n-\n-jvThpw {`am-fl-Ihpw kmt¶-XnI-ambn h{Io-Ir-Xh - p-amb Cu IrXn kwKo-Xt- em-IsØ {]£p-_v[a - m-°n. CtX h¿jw-Xs∂ sÃ^m≥ tPm¿Pns‚ The Book of Hanging Gardens˛¬\n∂p≈ ]Xn-\©p JWvU-߃ Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bp≈ Km\-N-{Ihpw At±lw ]q¿Ønbm°n. `qX-Im-e-Øns‚ kuµ-cy-im-kv{XsØ ]q¿W-ambn Xnc-kvIcn® IrXn-sb-∂mWv CXv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. CtX h¿jw-Xs∂ Fgp-Xnb Five Orchestral Pieces ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb Nm{InI_‘an√msXXs∂ kzc-ß-fp-sSbpw Xmf-Øn-s‚bpw at\m-[¿Ω-km-[y-XIƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Erwartung ({]Xo-£) F∂ hnJym-X-amb tamtWm-{Um-a-bp-sSbpw cN\ 1909-˛-emWv \n¿h-ln-®-Xv. 1910-˛¬ tjm¨_¿Kv hc® Nn{X-ß-fpsS {]Z¿i\w hnb-∂-bn¬ \S-∂p. AXn-\-SpØ h¿jamWv {]i-kvX-F-Ivkv{]-j-\nÃv Nn{X-Im-c-\mb hm nen Im≥Un≥kvIn-bp-ambp≈ kulr-Z-Øns‚ XpS-°w. tjm¨_¿Kns‚ Hcp kwKo-X-]-cn-]m-Sn-bn¬ ]s¶-SpØ Im≥Un≥kvIn At±-l-Øn-s\-gpXn: ‘Xm¶-fpsS cN-\-Ifnse hy‡n-kz-c-ß-fpsS kzX-{¥-PohnXw, kzbw-hn-[n-\n¿W-bm-h-Im-i-ap≈ AhbpsS k©mcw˛Fs‚ Nn{X-ß-fn-eqsS Rm≥ sNøm≥ {ian-°p-∂Xpw AXp-X-s∂.....\ΩpsS B[p\nImhÿ-bn¬ ebw Pyman-Xo-b-co-Xn-bn-eq-sS-b-√, APym-an-Xo-bhpw Abp-‡n-I-hp-amb coXn-bn-eqsS thWw Bhn-jvI-cn-t°-≠-Xv. Nn{X-I-e-bn-em-bmepw kwKo-X-Øn-em-bmepw Atcm-N-IXz-Øn-s‚ hgnbm-W-Xv. C∂sØ Atcm-N-IXzw \mfsØ BI¿j-I-Xz-am-Wv.’ tjm¨_¿Kv adp-]-SnsbgpXn: ‘\man-cp-h-cp-sSbpw Ie-Iƒ°v hfsc kam-\-X-I-fp-≠v. Xm¶ƒ Abp-‡n-I-X-sb∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xns\ Rm≥ Ie-bnse t_m[-]-c-amb C—m-i-‡n-bpsS XpS-®p-\o-°¬ F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p...-]-c-º-cm-K-X-amb Hcp cq]-\n¿Ωn-Xnbpw t_m[-Øn¬\n∂v ]q¿W-ambn ap‡-a-√. ]t£ At_m-[-Øns‚ Ie-bn¬ Hcmƒ Abm-sf-Øs∂ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂p.’ kwKo-X-⁄s‚ B¥-cn-I-Po-hnXw Bhn-jvI-cn-°m≥ Abm-fpsS am[y-a-amb kwKo-X-Øn\p≈ i‡n-bn¬ FIvkv{]-j-\nÃv Nn{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Akq-b-s∏-´p. KpkvXm^v ame¿°p ka¿∏n-®psIm≠v 1911-˛¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® eb-kn-≤m-¥w (-Theory of Harmony) F∂ tjm¨_¿Kns‚ IrXn At±-l-Øns‚ FIvkv{]-j-\nÃv Nn¥-I-fpsS kam-lm-c-am-Wv. Cu IrXn-bn-sem-cn-SØv At±lw GIm-[n-]X - n-bpsS \nb-aß - f - m¬ `cn-°s - ∏-Sp∂ temIØv bm{Xm-tc-JI - f - n-√msX k©-cn-°p∂ sX≠nI-tfm-Sv Atcm-NIamb i_vZ-ßsf D]-an-°p-∂p≠v. XpS¿∂v GIm-[n-]Xn Zp¿∫-e-\m-hp-Ibpw {]PIƒ i‡-cm-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv Xs‚ kwKo-X-Øn-eqsS At±lw hn`m-h\w sNøp-∂p. tjm¨_¿Kns‚ kzX-{¥-˛-kz-tc-X-c-Im-e-L-´sØ am\-kn-Im]{KY-\-Øns‚ imkv{Xo-b-coXn-I-tfmSpw a\- ns‚ D≈-d-I-fn-te-°p≈ t{^mbn-Un-b≥-A-t\z-j-W-tØm-Sp-sams° _‘-s∏-Sp-Ømdp-≠v(Derek B. Scott, Music, Culture and Society). 1912˛¬ B¬_¿Sv Pntdm-bpsS Ccp-]-Øn-sbm∂p Ihn-X-I-fpsS Bhn-jvIm-c-amb Pierrot lunaire At±lw cNn-®p. ‘Ac-°n-dp-°-\mb ]nbtdm’ F∂pw ‘]nbtdm \nem-hn¬’ F∂pw Cu t]cn\¿∞ap≠v. {^m≥kn¬ ]mt‚mssaw F∂ Ac-ß-h-X-c-WØnse hnZq-j-I-\mWv ]nb-tdm. ]nbtdm eqW-b-dnse Ccp-]-sØm∂p Km\-ßsf GsgÆw hoXap≈ aq∂p `mK-am-bn-Øn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. BZy-`m-K-Øn¬ ]nbtdm t{]aw, Imaw, aXw F∂n-h-sb-°pdn®p ]mSp-∂p. c≠mw `mKw A{I-aw, Ip‰-Ir-Xyw, aX-\nµ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb-∏-‰n-bm-Wv. aq∂mw `mKØn¬ Abmƒ `qX--Imew th´-bm-Sp-I-bm¬ P∑-tZ-i-amb _¿Km-tam-bn-te°p aS-ßp-∂p. CXn¬ BZy-`m-K-Øn¬ hnip-≤-I-\ym-a-dn-bsØ kwt_m-[\ sNøp∂ ‘atUmW’ F∂ Bdm-asØ Km\w: Zp:J߃s°m-s°-bp-a-tΩ, Fgp-t∂-ev°p˛ sIs‚ hm°n-s‚-bƒØm-c-bn¬\n-∂pw. Acpw-sIm-e-hm-fm¬ apdn™ \n≥ ipjvIamw amdn-S-Øn¬\n-s∂m-gp-Ip∂p c‡w. IÆn-a-t]mse Xpd∂pNph-∂-Xm˛ sWt∂-bv°p-am-bn-∏n-f¿∂ apdn-hp-Iƒ. Zp:J߃s°m-s°-bp-a-tΩ, Fgp-t∂-ev°p˛ sIs‚ hm°n-s‚-bƒØm-c-bn¬\n-∂pw.

\o ap-dn-th‰ Ic-ß-fn¬Øm-ßp∂p \ns‚ ]p{Xs‚ hnip-≤amw tZlw. a¿Xy¿°-hs\ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp, ∂h¿ IÆp-sh-´n®p IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-sºm-gpw. Zp:J߃s°m-s°-bp-a-tΩ. CXn¬ BJym-Xmhv ]pcp-j-I-Ym-]m-{X-am-sW-¶nepw Km\-Øn¬ kv{Xoi-_vZ-am-Wv. H∏w HmS-°p-g¬, ¢mcn-s\-‰v, hb-en≥, skt√m, ]nbmt\m F∂o D]-I-c-Wßfpw tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p. (‘]nbtdm tNcph’ F∂mWv ]n∂oSv CX-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.) Cu kam-lm-c-Øn-emWv kwkm-c-Km\w (Sprechstimme) F∂ kt¶Xw BZy-ambn {]tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS AI-º-Sn-tbmsS, KmbI¿ kwkm-cØn\pw Km\-Øn-\p-an-S-bn-ep≈ Bem-]\w \S-Øp∂ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv. Cu kt¶-X-Øn¬ ASn-ÿm-\kz-cß - sf kv]¿in-°msX hgp-Xn-am-dp∂ i_vZa - mWv KmbnI D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂X - v. CXns\ tjm¨_¿Kv hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv ‘am\-kn-Ihpw C{µn-b-]-c-hp-amb hnIm-c-ß-fpsS A\m-I¿j-Ihpw {Iqchpw EPphp-amb Bhn-jvIm-c’-sa-∂m-Wv. CtXmsS At±-l-Øns‚ kwKoXw s]mXpsh Zp¿{K-l-am-bn-Øo-cp∂p-sh∂p ]d-bm-dp-≠v. \mev]Xp dntl-gvk-epIvƒ°p tij-amWv 1912-˛¬ _¿en-\n¬h®v ]nbtdm eqW-b¿ thZn-bne-h-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw kΩn-{i-{]-Xn-I-c-W-amWv CXv kZ- nep≠m-°n-b-Xv. P\w _l-fap-≠m-°p-Ibpw Nqf-a-Sn-®p-Nn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ihn-X-bnse hm°p-I-fn¬ Nne¿ aX-\n-µ-bm-tcm]n-®p. CXn-s\-∏‰n tjm¨_¿Kv ]d-™-Xn-ßs\: ‘AXn¬ kwKoXw am{X-am-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX-¶n¬ Bcpw hm°p-Isf Ip‰w ]d-bp-I-bn-√m-bncp-∂p. Ah¿ CuWhpw aq-fn-s°m≠p t]mtbs\.’ injy-\mb At‚m¨ sht_¨ Cu cwKm-hX - c - W - s - Ø-°p-dn®p ]d-™Xv ‘AsXmcp tbmKyX t\SmØ hnP-b-am-bn-cp∂p’ F∂m-Wv. kzc-ßsf ]oUn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp-Xcw ]cp-°≥ Atcm-N-IXzamWv kztc-X-c-kw-KoXw Dev]m-Zn∏n-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ kztc-X-c-XzsØ \nKq-Vm-fl-Ihpw AXn-bm-Ym¿∞y-]-c-hp-am-bn-°m-Wp∂ cN\-I-fmWv 1910 apX¬ tjm¨_¿Kv \n¿h-ln-®Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ Ie Aßs\ ebw F∂ k¶-ev]sØ-Øs∂ am‰nadn-°p-∂p. kwKo-X-]-c-amb kΩ¿±w ]-cnlcn°m≥ klm-bn-°mØ Cu ]≤-Xn _mln(1865˛-1750)-s‚bpw sNbvtIm-hvkvIn-(1803-- ˛94)bp-sSbpw Bcm-[I - sc Akz-ÿc - m-°p-∂Xpw AXpsIm-≠p-X-s∂. tjm¨_¿Kn\pw ]n≥Km-an-Iƒ°pw t\tc blqZn sa\p-ln≥ sNmcn-bp∂ hna¿i-\߃°v Imc-W-an-Xm-Wv (-Music of Man:1980). kwKo-X-cw-KsØ Cu ]co-£-W-ßsf tIhew sshb-‡n-I-amb tNmZ-\-I-fpsS ^e-am-bnam{Xw ImWp-∂Xv icn-bm-bn-cn-°p-I-bn-√. Hcp kwKo-X-c-N-\sb \n¿W-bn-°p-Ibpw hyXn-N-e-\-ß-fneqsS hnIkn∏n°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Xoan¬\n∂v Z_yqkn(1862-˛1918) ]pd-Øp-I-S-°p-∂Xv ]nb-tdm eqW-b¿ cNn-°-s∏´ 1912-˛¬Ø-s∂-bm-Wv. CtX h¿jw kv{Smhn≥kvIn Xmf-h-´sØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ _m¿sse≥ Hgn-hm-°p-∂p. Ch-tbm-sSm∏w Nne {]kvXm-h-\-IƒIqSn tN¿Øp-h-bv°m-hp-∂-XmWv: 1. \mw taP-dn-s‚bpw ssa\-dn-s‚bpw `oI-c-`-c-W-Øn≥Io-gn-em-Wv.(-_-tkm-Wn(1866˛1924): Outline of a New Aesthetics in Music:1907) 2. kzcm-fl-I-amb kvsIbvep-Iƒ a‰p kvsIbvep-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v s]men-∏n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v (Z_yqkn:Conversation with Ernest Giraud) 3. I¿j-Ic - psS kwKo-Xs - Ø-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w taP¿, ssa\¿ IoI-fpsS `oI-c` - c - W - Ø - n¬\n∂v Fs∂ tamNn-∏n-®p.(-_m¿sSm-(1881-˛1945): Autobiography) 1913-˛¬ eqbn d mtem ]cp-°≥i-_vZ-Øns‚ ]cn-Wm-a-]-c-X-bn¬ Xs‚ hnizmkw {]Jym-]n°p-∂Xpw (The Art of Noises)Ah-bp-t]m-Kn®v Hcp Hm¿s°kv{Sm \n¿Ωn-°p-∂Xpw {i≤n-t°-≠-XmWv. kwKotXm-]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS kwtbm-P-\w, kwKo-Xm-fl-I-a-√mØ i_vZ-ß-fpsS D]-tbmKw F∂nhbv°p thsdbpw DZm-l-c-W-ß-fp-≠v. FdnIv km‰n(1866-˛1925) Xs‚ ‘]tcUv’ F∂ _mse-bpsS kwKo-X-Øn¬ ssS]v ssd‰¿, K¿jvhn≥(1898-˛1937) Xs‚ ‘dm]vkUn C≥ ªq-’hn¬ SmIvkn tlm¨, tPm¿Pv Bs¥bv¬(1900-˛59) s{]m∏-√¿ F∂n-h-bsS i_vZ-߃ kwKo-tXm-]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS -\m-Z--

tØm-Sn-S-I-e¿Øn {]tbm-Kn-°p∂p. AXm-bXv kwKo-X-cw-K-Øp-≠mb ]cn-Wm-a-hm-RvO-bpsS A\¥-c-^-e-ß-fmb Cu ]co-£-W-߃°v kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb Nne am\-ß-fp-≠v. AXpsIm-≠mWv _otYm-h\p(1770-˛1827) tijw kwKo-X-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-I-Xew kuµ-cym-fl-I-X-e-Øn\p hgnamdn-sb∂p \nco-£n-°p∂ AtUm¿tWm tjm¨_¿Kns‚ kwKoXw Cu kmaq-ln-I-Xew hos≠-Sp-°p-∂-Xmbn Icp-Xn-b-Xv. Cu {]kvXm-h-\sb FtUz¿Uv skbvZv hna¿in-°p-∂Xv kwKo-XØns‚ kmaq-ln-I-Xew GsX-¶nepw ImeØv \jvS-am-Ip-∂p-sh∂v At±lw IcpXmØXp-sIm-≠mWv. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ kwKoXw kuµ-cy-im-kv{X-]c - hpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ih - p-amb Bhn-jvIm-ca - m-bn, {KmwjnbpsS `mj-bn¬ knhn¬k-aq-l-Øns‚ \n¿Ωn-Xntbm {]Xn-I-c-Wtam Bbn kmaq-ln-I-k-µ¿`Øn¬Øs∂ \ne-bp-d-∏n-°p∂ H∂m-sW∂v kbvZv hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. (Musical Elaborations:1991) ]nbtdm eqW-bd - ns\ XpS¿∂p≈ Nne h¿j-߃ tjm¨_¿Kns‚ Ie-bnepw Pohn-XØ - nepw {]Xn-k-‘n-bpsS Ime-L-´-am-Wv. 1913-˛¬ hnb-∂-bn¬h®v tjm¨_¿Kv, sht_¨, s_¿Kv, ame¿, skwen≥kvIn F∂n-hc - psS cN-\I - ƒ Ah-Xc - n-∏n® kwKo-X] - c - n-]m-Sn-bn¬ \S∂ _lfw At±-lsØ Akz-ÿ-\m-°n. XpS¿∂v At±lw _¿en-\n-te°p t]mbn. temI-a-lm-bp-≤sØ XpS¿∂v 1916-˛¬ ]´m-ft- k-h\Øn\v \ntbm-Kn-°s - ∏-´p. izmk-XS-  w aqew IjvSs - ∏´ At±-lsØ hnb-∂bnse kwKoX-⁄-cpsS ip]m¿i-bn¬ Xmev°m-en-I-ambn tPmen-bn¬\n∂v Hgn-hm-°n. 1917-˛¬ ho≠pw ssk\n-Itk-h-\-Øn\p \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-s´-¶nepw A\m-tcmKyw aqew hn´-b-®p. 1919˛¬ lm≥kv sFkve¿, dptUmƒ^v tImfnjv(1896-˛1978) XpS-ßn-b-h¿ At±-l-Øns‚ hnZym¿YnIfmbn. 1921-˛¬ Hmkv{Sn-b-bnse am‰vko-bn¬h-®p-≠mb Hcp Zpc-\p-`hw tjm¨_¿Kns‚ kmaq-ln-IPo-hn-X-sØbpw Iem-k-¶-ev]-ß-sfbpw Imcy-ambn kzm[o-\n-®p. am‰vko-bn¬ At±-l-Øn\v Hcp Hgnhp-Im-e-h-k-Xn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AhnsS IpSpw-_-tØm-sSm∏w th\¬°mew sNe-h-gn-°m-s\-Ønb At±-l-tØmSv PqX-\m-b-Xn-\m¬ Ahn-Sw-hn´p t]mI-W-sa∂v {]mtZ-in-I-`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Bh-iys∏-´p. P∑w-sIm≠v PqX-\m-sW-¶nepw 1898-˛¬Øs∂ s{]m´- v {InkvXym-\n-bmb At±-l-Øn\v aXw amdn-bm¬t∏mepw hwio-b-kz-Xz-Øn¬\n∂p c£-bn-s√∂ tXm∂¬ ZrV-am-Ip-∂-Xn\v Cu kw`hw Imc-W-am-bn. AtX h¿jw-Xs∂ `mcy aØn¬Z acn-®Xv am\-kn-Im-LmXw Iq´n. kmaq-lnIhpw sshb-‡n-I-hp-amb At±lw A\p-`-hn® A\yXzw kulr-Z-Øn¬t∏mepw {]Xn-^-en-®p. 1914˛¬ H∂mw temI-bp-≤-Øns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ tjm¨_¿Kv _¿en-\n¬\n∂v hnb-∂-bn-te°pw Im≥Un≥kvIn kzn‰vk¿e-≠p-hgn tamkvtIm-bn-te°pw aS-ßn-b-tXmsS apS-ßn-t∏mb kulrZw ]p\ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn\v 1923-˛¬ Im≥Un≥kvIn At±-l-Øn\v Hcp IsØ-gp-Xn. shbva¿ t_ml-kn¬ Xm≥ ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ hnZym-e-b-Øns‚ Ub-d-IvS-dmbn tjm¨_¿Kns\ £Wn-®p-sIm-≠p-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p AXv. F∂m¬ £Ww \nc-kn-®p-sIm≠v tjm¨_¿Kv adp-]-Sn-sb-gpXn: ‘Cu h¿j-tØmsS Hcn-°epw ad-°mØ Hcp ]mTw Rm≥ ]Tn-®p. Rms\mcp P¿Ω-\-√. bqtdm-]y-\-√. F¥n-\v, Hcp a\p-jy-Pohn t]mep-a-√. ]t£ Rms\mcp PqX-\m-Wv...-Hcp Im≥Un≥kvIn t]mepw PqX-∑m-cn¬ Xn∑ am{Xw ImWp-∂p; B Xn∑-I-fn¬ PqXXzw am{X-hpw. ]c-kv]cw a\- n-emIp-sa∂ {]Xo-£t- ]mepw F\n-°h - k - m-\n-®p. AsXmcp kz]v\w am{X-am-Wv. \Ωƒ c≠p-Xcw Bƒ°mcmWv; BXy-¥n-I-am-bpw.’ tI´p-tIƒhn-bpsS am{Xw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ X\n°p t\tc h∂ B≥dn˛-sk-an-‰n-k-Øns‚ Btcm-]Ww Im≥Un≥kvInsb hnj-an-∏n-®p. F¶nepw Ah¿ XΩn-ep≈ kulrZw B h¿jw Ah-km-\n-®p. 1924-˛¬ Xs‚ hnZym¿Yn-bmb dptUmƒ^v tImfn-jns‚ ktlm-Zcn sK¿t{Sm-Uns\ tjm¨_¿Kv hnhmlw Ign-®XmWv hy‡n-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ kw`-hn® as‰mcp {][m-\-Im-cyw. Cu ka-bsØms° Nne cN-\-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-®p-sh-¶nepw Xm≥ ]n¥p-S¿∂ kztc-X-c-kw-KoX-Øns‚ kzmX-{¥y-Øn¬ tjm¨_¿Kn\v Ahn-izmkw h∂pXp-S-ßn. kwKoXw {i≤m-]q¿hw ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xn\v kzX-{¥-amb kztc-X-cXzw A]-cym-]vX-am-sW∂v At±-l-Øn\p tXm∂n. Aßs\ At±lw P¿Ω≥ _p≤n-Po-hn-Iƒ°p {]nb-s∏´ hyh-ÿ (-system) F∂ k¶-ev]-\-Øn-seØn-t®¿∂p. FIvkv{]-j-\n-k-Øns‚ XXz-hn-Nm-c-Øn¬ Hcmƒ°v Xs‚ kz¥w hyh-ÿ-bp-ambn tbmPn-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ GXp km[y-Xbpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ kzmX-{¥y-ap-≠v. 1920-˛-I-fn¬ At±lw kzIo-b-amb Hcp hyhÿ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ {ia-ß-fn¬ apgp-In. AXns‚ ^e-ambn At±lw FØn-t®¿∂Xv ZzmZ-i-kz-c-hy-h-ÿ-(dodecaphonic system)bn-emWv. hf-sc-∏-≠p-Xs∂ kwKo-X-Øn-\-Sn-ÿm-\-amb kzc-ß-fpsS FÆw ]{¥-≠mbn \nP-s∏-Sp-

Øn-bn-´p-≠v. ssN\-bn¬ hnImkw {]m]n® kwKo-X-]-≤-Xn°v _n.-kn. aqhm-bn-c-tØmfw ]g°w ImWp∂ blqZn sa\p-ln≥ Ah-cpsS kwKo-X-Øn¬ C∂p ]m›m-Xy-kw-Ko-X-Øn-ep-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]{¥≠v skan tSmWp-Ifpw Dƒs∏-´n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw ]d-bp-∂p (Music of Man:1980). `mc-X-Øn¬ `cXs‚ Imew-ap-X¬s°-¶nepw ]{¥≠p kzc-߃Xs∂-bmWv cmK-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv. {Koknepw {InkvXp-hn\p apºp-Xs∂ kwKo-X-k-t¶-X-ß-sf-°p-dn®p hni-Z-amb [mc-W-I-fp-≠mbn-cp-∂p. F¶nepw ]{¥≠p kzc-ß-fpsS {ipXn-ÿm-\-߃ kq£va-ambn \n¿Wbn-°p-∂-Xn¬ hnhn[-kw-Ko-X-]-≤-Xn-I-fn¬ hyXym-k-ß-fp-≠v. ]m›m-Xy-¢m n-°¬kw-Ko-X-Øn-\-Sn-ÿm-\-amb ebmfl-I-X-bpsS ]cn-Wm-a-sØ°pdn-®m-temNn-°p-tºmƒ {][m-\-s∏´ Hcp hnImkw kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv 1691-˛-em-sW∂p ImWmw. B≥{Un-bmkv sh¿Ivsa-bvÿ F∂ kwKo-X-⁄≥ sh¬ sSwt]Uv SyqWnMv Ah-X-cn-∏n-®Xv B h¿j-am-Wv. CXn\mbn At±lw Hcp HIvtS-hns\ Xpey-amb ]{¥≠p lm^v sÃ∏p-I-fmbn hn`-Pn-®p-sIm≠v t{Imam‰nIv kvsIbv¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. Hcp cN-\sb AXns‚ hy‡nXzw \jvS-s∏-Sp-ØmsXXs∂ kzc-]-cnWmaw hcpØn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn\v Cu \nP-s∏-Sp-ج klm-bn-°p-∂p. ]n∂oSv tPmlm≥ sk_mÃy≥ _mlv(1685-˛1750) CXnse Hmtcm Iobnepw Hmtcm {]eyqUpw (Hcp aqhvsa‚ns‚ Bcw-`sØ Ipdn-°p-∂tXm kzbw-]q¿Wtam Bb kwKo-X-JWvUw) ^yqKpw(-ct≠m AXn-e-[n-Itam CuW߃ kwhm-Zm-fl-I-ambn ka\zbn°p∂ Hcp kwKo-X-cq-]w) cNn®psIm≠v Cu kzc-\n¿W-b-Øns‚ km[y-X-Iƒ hy‡-am-°n. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬ kzcm-[n-jvTn-X-kw-KoXw ]pXnb kzc-ß-fp-sSbpw kzc-kw-bp-‡-ß-fp-sSbpw km[y-X-Iƒ At\z-jn-®-t∏mƒ t{Imam-‰nIv kvsIbvepw t{Imam-‰n-kn-khpw ho≠pw {]_-e-am-bn. dn®m¿Uv hm·-dpsS {SnÃ≥ B≥Uv sFskm¬sU(1859) F∂ Hm∏d CXns‚ G‰hpw {]kn-≤-amb DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. tjm¨_¿Kns‚ BZy-Im-e-Ir-Xn-bmb {Sm≥kv^n-tKUv ss\‰n¬ Cu ]{¥≠p kzc-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-sh-¶nepw AXv Hcp tI{µ-kz-c-tØmSp Iqdp ]pe¿Øp∂ ]c-º-cm-K-X-ssi-en-bmWv kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ 1920-I-fn¬ At±lw Bhn-jvI-cn® ZzmZ-i-kz-c-hy-hÿ F∂ kzIob-amb ]≤Xn Ch-bn¬\n-s∂ms° kmc-amb hyXy-kvXX ]pe¿Øp-∂p. 1920-˛¬Øp-Sßn 1923-˛¬ ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb Suite for piano op.25 Cu hyh-ÿ-bv°-\p-k-cn®v cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb BZy-Ir-Xn-bm-Wv. CtX h¿jw ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb Serenade, op. 24, Magisches Quadrat F∂o IrXnItfmsS Cu ]pXnb {]ÿm-\-Øn\v kwKo--X]c-amb aq¿Øcq]w ssIh-cp-∂p. 1927-˛¬ cNn® kb-WnÃv \mS-I-amb The Biblical Way, 1928-˛¬ ]q¿Øo-I-cn® Moses and Aron F∂o IrXn-Iƒ ]pXnb hyh-ÿ-bpsS `mKam-Ip-∂-Xn-s\m∏w Xs∂ PqX-cpsS sFIyw, Ah-cpsS aXm-fl-IX XpS-ßnb {]iv\-߃ D∂-bn-°pIbpw sNøp-∂p. 1929˛¬ Fgp-Xn-Øo¿Ø From Today till Tomorrow F∂ GIm-¶-˛-Hm-∏d ZzmZ-i-kzc-hy-hÿbp-]t- bm-Kn®v thZn-bn¬ BZy-ambn Ah-Xc - n-∏n®p. PqX-\m-bX - n-\m¬ 1933-˛¬ _¿en-\n¬\n∂p ]pd-Øm-°-s∏´ tjm¨_¿Kv AtX h¿jw ]mco-kn¬h®v s{]m´- v aX-Øn¬\n∂v PqX-a-X-Ønte°p aS-ßp-Ibpw IpSpw-_-tØm-sSm∏w Ata-cn-°-bn-te°p t]mhp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tjm¨_¿Kv Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-Ibpw At±-l-Øns‚ A\p-bm-bn-I-fmb sht_¨, s_¿Kvv, ]nbdn t_mse(1925-˛) F∂n-h¿ \nc-¥cw ]co-£-W-߃ \SØn kocn-b-enkw F∂ {]ÿm-\ambn hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX ZzmZ-i-kz-c-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-amb {]tbm-K-co-Xn-I-sf-s¥∂p t\m°mw. t{Imam-‰nIv kvsIbvense Xpey-C-S-th-f-I-fn-ep≈ ]{¥≠p kzc-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-s∏SpØn \n¿Ωn-°p∂ kzc-\n-c(tone row)-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv kwKo-X-c-N\ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv. CXn-\mbn kwKo-X-c-N-bn-Xm-hns‚ Xmev]-cy-a-\p-k-cn®v Hcp {]m-Y-an-I-kz-c-\nc(prime row) cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. Hcn-°¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ kzc-\nc B kwKo-X-i-I-e-Øns‚tbm IrXn-bp-sStbm CuW-Øns‚ ASnÿm-\-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. Hcp kzcw {]tbm-Kn-®m¬ a‰p ]Xn-s\m∂p kzc-ßfpw {]tbm-Kn-°msX AtX kzcw Bh¿Øn-°p-I-bn-√. Hcp Uk≥ kzc-߃ ho≠pw ho≠pw Bh¿Øn-°p-I-sb-∂√ CXpsIm≠v Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\mbn {]mY-an-I-kz-c-\n-cbv°v {][m-\-ambpw aq∂p Xc-Øn-ep≈ hyXn-bm-\-߃ hcp-Øp-∂p. 1. {]Xn-tem-a-h-XvI-cWw (retrograde) {]mY-an-I-\n-c-bnse kzc-߃ t\tc hn]-co-X-ambn ASp-°p-∂-XmWv {]Xn-tem-a-h-XvI-cWw.

2. {Ia-hn-]-cybw (invertion) {]mY-an-I-\n-c-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kzc-\n-c-bnse CS-th-f-Iƒ Xe-Xn-cn-®n-Sp-∂-XmWv {Ia-hn]-cybw. CXn-eqsS kzc-ß-fpsS CS-th-fbv°v Hcp HIvtShv hyXymkw kw`-hn-°p-∂p. 3. {]Xn-tem-a-˛-{I-a-hn-]-cybw (retrograde-invertion) CXn-eqsS {]mY-an-I-\n-c- {]Xntema-co-Xn-bn-em-Ip-∂-Xn-s\m∏w CS-th-f-I-fpsS {Ia-hn-]-cy-bhpw kw`-hn-°p-∂p. Ch-tbm-sSm∏w {ipXnbv°v ÿm\t`Zw (transposition) hcp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ km[y-X-Iƒ IqSn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. Cßs\ Hcp {]mYan-I-\n-csb \mev]-Øn-sb´p coXnbn¬ {]kvX-cn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc KWn-X-im-kv{X-]-c-amb bp‡n-bmWv Cu ]≤-Xn-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-sX∂p tXm∂pw. Cu hyXn-bm-\-߃ HcpZmlc-W-Øn-eqsS hy‡-am-°mw. DZm-l-cWw tjm¨_¿Kns‚ kyq´v t^m¿ ]nbm-t\m(Hm-]-kv.25)-bn¬\n-∂v. {]mY-an-I-\nc: CXv kwKo-X-c-N-bn-Xm-hns‚ Xmev]-cy-a-\p-k-cn®v {Ia-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv. 12 kzc-ß-fp-]-tbmKn®v km[y-amb kzc-\n-c-I-fpsS FÆw KWn-X-im-kv{X-a-\p-k-cn®v 12! (12 factorial˛A-Xm-bXv 12 x (12-1) x (12-2) x (12-3) x.......(12-11) = 479,001,600) DZm-l-c-W-Ønep≈ apI-fn-esØ \nc-bn¬ kzc-ß-fpsS t]cpw Xmsg kam-¥-c-ambn BZy-kz-c-amb E bv°v AXXp kzcßfp-am-bn lm^v sÃ∏nep≈ CS-th-f-Ifpw \evIn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. E 0

F 1

G 3

C# 9

F# 2

D# 11

G# 4

D 10

B 7

C 8

A 5

Bb 6

{]Xntem-a-h-XvI-cWw: {]mY-an-I-\n-c Ah-km-\w-ap-X¬ BZyw-hsc F∂ {Ia-Øn-em-°n-bm¬ {]Xn-tem-a-am-bn. Bb

A

C

B

D

G#

D#

F#

C#

G

F

E

{Ia-hn-]-cybw: CXp IW-°m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ffp-∏-hgn {]mY-an-I-\n-c-bn¬ BZy-kz-c-amb E HgnsIbp≈ kzc-ß-fpsS CS-th-fsb ]{¥-≠n¬\n∂p Ipd-bv°p-I-bm-Wv. Aßs\ In´p∂ kwJysb E bn¬\n∂p≈ CS-th-f-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kzc-ß-fpsS t]cmbn ]cn-h¿Ø-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. E 0

D# 11

C# 9

G 3

D 10

F 1

C 8

F# 2

A 5

G# 4

B 7

Bb 6

{]Xntem-a-˛-{I-a-hn-]-cybw: {Ia-hn-]-cybw sNbvX \ncbnse kzc-ß-fpsS {Iaw Ahkm\w apX¬ BZyw hsc F∂ coXn-bn-em-°n-bm¬ Cu kzc-\nc e`n-°pw. Bb

B

G#

A

F#

C

F

D

G

C#

D#

E

ZzmZ-i-kz-c-hy-h-ÿ-b-\p-k-cn®p cq]-s∏´ kocn-b-enkw F∂ {]ÿm-\-Øn-epƒs∏´ kwKoX-c-N-\-I-fn¬ a‰p Nne coXn-IƒIqSn kzoI-cn-°m-dp-≠v. ]{¥≠p kzc-ß-fpsS \ncsb sNdnb {Kq∏pI-fmbn Xncn®v ta¬∏-d™ coXn-Iƒ Ah-bn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠v. kzc-ß-fn¬ am{X-a√ kzc-kw-bp‡-amb tIm¿Up-I-fnepw Nne¿ Cu coXn ]co-£n-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v aq∂p sS{Sm-tIm¿Up(\mep kzc-߃ tN¿∂ kzc-kw-bp-‡w)Iƒ tN¿°p-tºmgpw c≠p slIvkm-tIm¿Up(-Bdp kzc߃ tN¿∂-Xv)-Iƒ tN¿°p-tºmgpw e`n-°p∂ ]{¥≠p kzc-ß-fn¬ Cu ]≤Xn {]tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp∂p.

tjm¨_¿Kpw At±-l-Øns‚ injy-∑m-cmb A¬_m≥ s_¿Kv, A≥t‰m¨ sht_¨, lm≥kv sFkve¿ F∂n-h-cpapƒs∏´ c≠mw hnb-∂okv kvIqƒ Cu ]≤-Xn-bp-]-tbm-Kn®v \nc-h[n cN-\-Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. kv{Smhn≥kvIn At±-l-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-Im-eØv ZzmZ-i-kz-c-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS XnI™ D]m-k-I-\mbn amdn. Unan{Xn tjmkvX-tIm-hn-®n(1906-˛75)-s\-t∏mse Nne¿ Cu hyh-ÿtbmSv B`n-apJyw ]pe¿Øn-sb-¶nepw {]Xn-tem-a-˛-{I-a-hn-]-cybw ]q¿W-ambn kzoI-cn-®n-√. 1940-˛I - f - n¬ ]nbdn t_msebpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ kwKo-XI - ¿Øm-°ƒ kzc-\n-cs - b∂ kt¶XsØ {ipXnbv°-∏p-dØv {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°m≥ {ian-®p. Ah¿ Xmfwt]mep≈ a‰p LS-I-ßfnepw Cu coXn-Iƒ ]co-£n-®p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Hcp kzc-\n-csb {]Xn-tem-a-h-XvI-cn-°p-tºmƒ ]q¿W-kzcw-˛1/8kzcw˛1/2kzcw˛1/4kzcw-˛1/8 kzcw F∂ kzc˛Xmf-{I-a-sØbpw 1/8-˛1/4˛1/2-˛1/8˛-]q¿Ww F∂p hn]-co-X-ambn {Ia-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Cßs\ kwKo-X-Øns‚ F√m LS-I-ß-fnepw Cu h{Io-I-c-W߃ km[y-am-Wv. Hc¿∞-Øn¬ CsXms° ck-Ic - a - mb Nne ]Z-{]-iv\ß - ƒt]mse tXm∂pw. F¶nepw tIƒ°p∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏w Hcp kwKo-X-c-N\ Fgp-Xn-°m-Wp-I-IqSn sNøp-∂Xv kwKo-X-sa∂ kwh¿K-I-ev]-\bv°p-Xs∂ Nne ]pXnb am\-߃ \evIp∂p. kocn-b¬kw-KoXw AXo-h{- i-≤m-]q¿h-ap≈ tIƒhnbpw ImgvNbpw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. ImcWw GXp-k-a-b-Øp-h®pw tIƒhn-bn¬ IW-°ns‚ NcSv s]m´nt∏m-tb-°mw. CsXm-s°-bm-sW-¶nepw G‰hpw `{Z-ambn {Ia-s∏Sp-Ønb kocn-b-enkw F∂ ]≤Xn kq£va-ambn a\- n-em-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂-h¿ Bi-b-°p-g-∏-Øn¬ sN∂p-s]-Sm\pw km[y-X-bp-s≠∂Xm-Wv hntcm-[m-`m-k-w. Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Bh-iy-I-X-bn¬\n∂v cq]w-sIm≠ {]ÿm-\-amWv kocn-b-en-k-sa∂v tjm¨_¿Kv Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v (-Composition with Twelve Tones:1941). B[p-\n-I-I-em-Nn-¥-bpsS `mK-amb Cu hnizmkw Hcp ]pXnb kwKo-X-`mj krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ cmk-Xz-c-I-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. kwKo-X-Ønse B[p-\n-IX Imev]-\n-I-X-bp-sSbpw \ntbm ¢m n-kn-k-Øn-s‚bpw [mc-Isf {]Xntcm-[n-°p-∂-Xn-emWv {][m-\-ambpw Du∂¬ \evIn-bXv. ebw, CuWw, cq]w F∂n-hsb ]mc-º-cyap-‡-amb Hcp sXfn™ _mey-Øn¬\n-∂p-sIm≠v ]p\¿aqey\n¿Wbw sNøp-∂-Xn-\mWv AXns‚ {]tbm-‡m-°ƒ {i≤n-®-Xv. Ahbv°p ]Icw Ahy-‡-kz-c߃, Atcm-N-I-Xzw, Aaq¿Ø-h-XvIcWw F∂nh IS-∂p-h-∂p. kwKo-X-]-c-amb `mh\ Bhn-jvI-cn-°m≥ kzcm-fl-I-Xbv°p ]I-c-ap≈ hgn-Iƒ At\z-jn® tjm¨_¿Kv sNs∂-Øn-bXv kztc-X-c-Xz-Ønepw AXns‚ BXy-¥n-I-hy-hÿ-bn-ep-am-Wv. BXy-¥n-I-ambn t{Imam‰nIv Bb kwKo-X-`m-j-bpsS hnImkw BXy-¥n-I-amb sshIm-cn-I-\n-e-I-fpsS Bhn-jvIm-c-sa∂ FIvkv{]-j-\nÃv Xmev]-cy-hp-ambn tN¿∂p-t]m-Ip-∂p-sh∂ sshNn{Xyw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂ sUdIv _n. kvtIm´v `mj-bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ hn‰vsK≥sÃbvs‚ hnizm-kh - p-ambn CXns\ tN¿Øp-hb - v°p-∂p. `mjbv°p sNøm-\m-hmØXv kwKoX-Øn\p hn\n-abw sNøm-\m-hp-sa∂v hn‰vsK≥sÃ-bv≥. kwKo-X-Øn\p am{Xw Bhn-jvI-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂tX kwKo-X-Øn\p ]d-bm≥ Ignbq F∂v tjm¨_¿Kv. kwKo-X-{]tbm-K-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-amb kzcm-fl-I-X-bpsS Ncn-{X-]-c-amb acWhpw AXpsIm-≠p-Xs∂ tjm¨_¿Kns‚ kwKo-X-hpw Xnb-tUm¿ AtUm¿tWm-bpsS kwKo-X-˛-kw-kvIm-chn-Nm-c-ß-fnse {][m-\-hn-j-b-am-Wv. ]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse Imev]\nI˛-\n-tbm-¢m- nIv [mcIsf B[p-\nIkwKo-XØns‚ -{]-tbm-‡m-°-sf-t∏m-se-Xs∂ AtUm¿tWmbpw hna¿in-°p-∂p. kwKo-XsØ At±lw {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-hp-ambn tN¿Øp hbv°p∂p: ‘kwKoXw anYym-t_m-[-]-c-ambn-cn-°p-∂n-S-tØmfw AXp {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-c-am-Wv’ (Introduction to the Sociology of Music:1962). {_mwkns‚ kwKoXw hy‡n- ] - c - X - b n- t e- ° p≈ timIm¿{Z- a mb ]em- b - \ - a m- s W∂v AtUm¿tWm Icp-Xp-∂p. hy‡n-]-c-Xsb sX‰mbn tIh-e-h-XvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ AXv anYym-t_m-[]-c-am-Ip-∂p. tNm]n≥ (1810-˛49) BVy-kw-Ko-X-Øns‚ {]tbm-‡m-sh∂ \ne-bn-emWv At±-l-Øns‚ hna¿i-\-Øn\p hnt[-b-\m-Ip-∂-Xv. Zpcn-X-߃°n-S-bn¬ BUw-_-c-sa∂t]mse B kwKoXw Hu≤Xyhpw `mh-\m-iq-\y-amb Kuc-hhpw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. \∑ \nd™ kam-\-lr-Z-bsc∂v t{imXm-°sf kmam-\y-h-XvI-cn-®p-sIm≠v Ah¿°p th≠n-bp-≈-sX∂v AXv kzbw `mhn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. P\-{]n-b-kw-Ko-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ AtUm¿tWm-bpsS hnNm-c-߃ {]tXy-In®pw Xm≥ FgpXp∂ Ime-L-´-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-I-k-µ¿`-Øn¬ cq]-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. P\-{]n-b-kw-KoXw s]mXpth Nne amXr-I-Iƒ \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS kmam-\y-h-XvI-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. ebm-fl-I-X-bpsS {]mNo-\-

X-Xz-ß-fmWv AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\w. ln‰v Km\-ß-ƒ t]mepw ]cn-Wm-tam-∑p-J-am-Ip∂-Xn\p ]Icw \nc-¥cw Bh¿Øn-°p∂ kt¶-X-ßfneqsS ]Xnhv A\p-`-h-ß-fn-te°p aS-ßn-t∏m-Ip-∂p. ASn-ÿm\-]-c-ambn H∂pw ]pXp-Xmbn D≠m-Ip-∂n-√. ‘P\-Øn\p th≠Xv R߃ sImSp-°p∂p’ F∂ {]Jym]-\Ø - n-eqsS Cu hmWn-Py-hX - v°c - n-°s - ∏´ Ie-bpsS {]tbm-‡m-°ƒ kzbw Ip‰-hn-ap-‡c - m-°p-∂p.P\Øn\p hnth-N-\-tijn Ipd-hm-b-Xn-\m¬ kmwkvIm-cn-tIm-ev]-∂-߃ bmsXmcp hnth-N-\-hp-an-√msX hn‰-gn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂p.(On Poular Music, 1941) ‘anYym-]-c-amb _q¿jzmIe-bn¬\n∂p kzmX{¥yw {]Jym-]n-°p--∂’Xn-\m¬ tjm¨_¿Kns\ Ch-cn¬\n∂p hyXy-kvX-\m-bmWv AtUm¿tWm ImWp-∂-Xv(Philosophy of Modern Music:1948). LS-\m-]-c-amb BZ¿im-fl-I-X-sb-°mƒ, kwKo-X-Øns‚ s]mXp-\n-b-a-a-\p-k-cn®p t\m°p-tºmgp≈ Atcm-N-I-Xz-amWv At±-lsØ tjm¨_¿Kn-te-bv°-Sp-∏n-®-sX∂p tXm∂pw. Atcm-N-I-Xz-Øns‚ ]cp-°≥apJw hyh-ÿm-]n-X-{]-Xy-b-im-kv{X-Øn-s\-Xn-tc-bp≈ sshb-‡n-I-amb sNdp-Øp-\nev]p am{X-a√ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. kmaq-ln-I-amb Hcp-Xcw \n w-K-X-bn¬\nev°msX, sXmen-∏p-d-Øp-\n∂v D≈n-te-°n-d-ßp-tºmgp≈ ka-{K-Xsb AXn\p kwc-£n-°m-\m-hp-Ibpw thWw. -L-S-\-bpsS IrXyX-bneqsS am{Xta kwKo-X-Øn-\v hm-Wn-Py-]-c-X-bpsS km¿h-{Xn-I-X-bvs°-Xntc \ne-bp-d-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bq. Cu k¶-ev]\ - Ø - n-eq-∂n-bmWv AtUm¿tWm LS-\m-]c - a - mb {ih-W(- Structural listening)Øn\p-th≠n hmZn-°p-∂-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ tjm¨_¿Kns‚ kwKoXw anYymhn-t\m-Zßsf adn-I-S-°p-∂p. Erwartung-se \mbnI A\p-`-hn-°p∂ sshIm-cn-I-£Xw AXnse kwKo-XØns‚ kmt¶-Xn-Ihpw LS-\m-]-c-hp-amb \nbaambn ]cn-W-an-°p-∂p. kzcm-fl-I-X-bpsS \nb-{¥-Wß-fn¬\n∂p c£ t\Sp∂ \h-kw-KoXw tjm¨_¿Kn¬ ]q¿WX {]m]n-°p-∂-Xmbn At±lw Icp-Xn. ]m›m-Xy-kw-Ko-X-Øns‚Xs∂ ASn-ÿm-\-amWv ^yqKns‚ _lp-kz-c-LS-\bpw skm\m-‰bpsS GI-kz-c-L-S-\bpw XΩn-ep≈ hy-Xy-b-_-‘w. CsXmgn-hm-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ {ia-ambn ZzmZ-i-kzc-kt¶-XsØ ImWp∂ AtUm¿tWm hntam-N-\-]-c-amb kwKo-X-Øns‚ DØ-a-am¿K-ambn _lpkz-c-Xsb hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cu \hkwKo-X-Øns‚ P\-{]o-Xn-bn-√m-bva-sb-°p-dn®v AtUm¿tWm ]dbp∂Xp tIƒ°pI: ‘B[p-\n-I-kw-KoXw Cu temI-Øns‚ Ccp´pw ]m]hpw kzbw Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂p. \n¿`m-KyØns‚ Dƒ°m-gvN-bn-emWv AXns‚ `mKyw AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. AXns‚ apgp-h≥ kuµ-cyhpw, kuµ-cy-sa∂ anYysb kzbw \ntj-[n-°p-∂-Xn-em-Wv. hy‡n-Itfm kwL-ßtfm BI-s´, Ie-bn¬ A`n-c-an-°m≥ Bcpw B{K-ln-°p-∂n-√. Bcpw tIƒ°msX, Hcp ams‰men t]mep-am-hmsX AXp acn®p-t]m-Ip-∂p...-tIƒ°mØ kwKoXw jWvU-amb Hcp shSn-bp≠ t]mse iq\y-Im-e-Øn¬ ]Xn°p-∂p...-B-[p-\n-I-kw-KoXw BXy-¥n-I-amb hnkvar-Xnsb AXns‚ e£y-am-bn-°m-Wp-∂p. AXv I∏¬t®-X-Øn¬s∏-´-h-cpsS \ncm-i-bpsS Ah-ti-jn-°p∂ ktµ-i-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.’(Philosophy of Modern Music) AtUm¿tWm-bpsS ta¬∏-d™ hnNm-c-ß-fpw H∏w tjm¨_¿Kns‚ kwKo-Xhpw ]n¬°me-ssk-≤m-¥n-I-cpsS hna¿i-\-Øn-\p hnt[-b-am-bn-´p-≠v. Ah-bn-te-sdbpw B[p-\n-I-X-bv°p-Xs∂ s]mXp-hm-bn Iev]n°m-dp≈ km¿h-eu-In-I-X, Zp¿{K-l-X, kzbw BZ¿i-h-XvI-cn-°m-\p≈ {]hWX F∂n-h-bn¬ tI{µo-I-cn-®p-≈-Xm-Wv. kwKo-X-hn-a¿i-\-Øn¬ LS-\m-]-c-amb {ih-W-sa∂ Bibw apt∂m-´p-hs®-¶nepw AtUm¿tWm \n¿h-ln-®Xv ssieo-hn-⁄m-\o-bØ - n-eq-∂n-bp≈ hna¿i\-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v tdmkv kt_m-Sv\nIv A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p(On Deconstructing Structural Listening). hmWn-Py-h-XvI-c-W-Øn\pw kmam-\y-h-XvI-c-W-Øn\pw hnt[-b-amb P\-{]n-b-kw-Ko-X-Øns\-Xnsc B[p-\n-I-kw-KoXsØ {]Xn-jvTn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS D∂-X-I-e, \oN-Ie F∂ Xcw-Xn-cnhv i‡-am-°nsb∂p hmZn-°p-∂-h-cp-≠v. kztc-XckwKo-X-Øns‚ adp-]-£Øp \n∂p-sIm≠v 1955-˛¬ sl‚n πk‚ vkv FgpXn: ‘`mj-bpsS Ah-km-\sØ ]co£ CXmWv: P\-߃ AXp-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂pt≠m? kwKo-XØns‚ Imcy-Ønepw Cu tNmZyw hcp∂p: CXp P\-ß-fpsS kwKo-X-amtWm? Cu tNmZy-Øn\p ap∂n¬ kztc-X-cXzw XI-cp-∂p.’ (The Agony of Modern Music) 1956-˛¬ Modern music is growing old F∂ teJ-\-Øn¬ ZzmZ-i-kz-c-hy-hÿ Ncn-{X-]-cambpw Zm¿i-\n-I-hp-amb {]Xn-k-‘n-I-fpsS {]I-Sn-X-cq-]-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw C∂v AXns‚ A\n-hmcyX ]q¿W-ambpw \jvS-s∏-´p-sh∂v AtUm¿tWmXs∂ \nco-£n-°p-∂p. tjm¨_¿Kv Xo¿®-bmbpw

hnNm-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv Xs‚ Ime-Øp-Xs∂ kztc-X-c-kw-KoXw P\-߃ Bth-i-tØmsS kzoI-cn-°p-sa∂m-Wv. F∂m¬ kztc-X-c-kw-Ko-X-Øn\v hfsc ]cn-an-X-amb Hcp kmaq-ln-I-{]-k-‡n-bm-Wp-≠m-bsX∂pw AXv slmd¿ Nn{X-߃°p≈ i_vZ-tc-J-bmbn amdp-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw sUsdIv _n. kvtIm´v ]cn-l-kn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ At±-lw-Xs∂ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂ as‰mcp Imcy-ap≠v: P\{]n-b-kw-Ko-X-cq-]-amb Pmkv 1960-Iƒhsc taP-dn-s‚bpw ssa\-dn-s‚bpw ]nSn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p!(Music, Culture and Society:2000) tjm¨_¿Kv cq]w-sIm-SpØ Sprechgesang As√¶n¬ Sprechstimme F∂ kt¶-X-amWv ]n¬°m-eØv P\-{]n-b-amb dm]v kwKoXw ^e-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv F∂-Xv as‰mcp Imcyw. tjm¨_¿Kv D]-tbm-Kn® kwkm-c-Km\w (Sprechgesang) F∂ t]cn-emWv P¿Ω≥ dm]vkwKoXw C∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. AXm-bXv ]n¬°m-e¢m n-°¬ kwKoXsØ am{X-a-√, P\{]n-b-kw-Ko-X-sØbpw tjm¨_¿Kns‚ kt¶-X-߃ kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ P\-{]o-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ DXvIWvT tjm¨_¿Kn\v F∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 1904-˛¬ At±lw ]d™p: ‘C∂v F√m IrXn-Iƒ°pw s]mXpsh XWp-ØtXm i{Xp-Xm-]-ctam Bb {]XnI-cW - a - mWv e`n-°p-∂X - v.’ Pohn-Xm- hkm-\Ø - nse 1948˛51 Ime-L´- Ø - n¬ tjm¨_¿Kv Imen-t^m¿Wnb-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-tºmƒ Ab¬hm-kn-bmb {]kn-≤-t\m-h-enÃv tXmakv a\p-ambp≠mb hnhmZw ck-I-c-am-Wv. tXmakv as‚ tUmIvS¿ ^uÃv F∂ t\mh-en¬ ZzmZ-i-kz-c-k-t¶-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-W-Øn¬ Xt∂m-Sp≈ IS-∏mSv kqNn-∏n-°m-Ø-Xv tjm¨_¿Kns\ £p`n-X-\m-°n. `mhn-bn¬ B kt¶-X-Øns‚ DS-am-h-Imiw X∂n¬\n∂v tXmakv a\n-tebv°v amdn-tb-°p-sa∂v At±lw i¶n®p. ZzmZ-i-kz-c-k-t¶-X-Øn\v hfsc {]Nm-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ IS-∏mSv FSpØp ]d-tb≠-Xn-s√∂m-bn-cp∂p tXmakv as‚ \ne-]m-Sv. HSp-hn¬ kΩ¿±-߃°p hgßn XpS¿∂p≈ ]Xn-∏p-I-fn¬ At±lw Cßs\ tN¿Øp: ‘Ccp-]-Øn-c≠mw A[ym-b-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p≈ ZzmZ-i-kz-c-k-t¶Xw F∂ kwKo-X-c-N\m-]-≤Xn bYm¿Y-Øn¬ ka-Im-en-I-kwKoXc-N-bn-Xmhpw ssk≤m-¥n-I-\p-amb A¿t\mƒUv tjm¨_¿Kns‚ _u≤n-I-kz-ØmWv F∂ Imcyw hmb-\-°msc Adn-bn-°p-∂Xv A[n-I-∏-‰√ F∂p Icp-Xp-∂p.’ CXpw tjm¨_¿Kns‚ tcmjw Iq´n. ]t£ AXv ‘ka-Im-en-I≥’ F∂ hnti-jWw D]tbm-Kn-®-Xn-\m-bn-cp∂p! ‘kz¥w ImesØ Xm≥ AXn-Po-hn-°p-I-bn√’ F∂ A¿Yw B hm°n\v Btcm-]n-®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p XpS¿∂p≈ hnhm-Zw. Ata-cn-°-bn¬ ÿnc-Xm-a-k-am-°n-b-t∏mƒ Imen-t^m¿Wnb k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ kwKo-Xm[ym-]-I-\m-bmWv At±lw tPmen sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv. AhnsS Xm≥ kzbw \n¿Ωn® ]≤-Xn-b√, ]c-ºcm-K-X-kw-Ko-X-co-Xn-I-fmWv At±lw ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. _¿en-\n¬\n∂p t]m∂-Xp-ap-X¬ kzcm-flIkwKo-Xhpw ZzmZ-i-kz-c-k-t¶-Xhpw amdn-amdn D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ cN-\-I-fmWv At±lw \n¿hln-®-Xv. AXn-\-t±lw ]d™ \ymbw F√m kwKo-X-c-N-bn-Xm-°fpw Ah-c-h-cpsS k¿§m-fl-I-amb Bh-iy-߃°pw Dt±-iy-߃°pw tbmPn-°p∂ hn[-Øn¬ ssien-bn¬ am‰w hcp-Øn-bn-´p-s≠-∂mbn-cp-∂p. First Chamber Symphony for Orchestra(1935), Kol Nidre(1938), Israel Exists Again(1949), Modern Psalm (1950) F∂nh Cu L´-Ønse IrXn-I-fm-Wv. 1951-˛¬ temkv GRvP-e-kn¬h®v tjm¨_¿Kv \ncym-X-\mbn. hgn-amdn \S-°m≥ kzbw Xocpam\n® Hcm-fpsS Iem-]-c-amb At\z-j-W-߃; Bflm-hnjvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn®pw kwth-Z-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ DXvI-WvT-Iƒ; Xmt\¿s∏-Sp∂ Ie-bpsS ]mc-ºcy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ kwi-b-߃; CX-c-I-e-I-fp-am-bp≈ sImSp-°¬hm-ß-ep-Iƒ; {]W-bw, hnc-lw, kulrZw F∂n-ßs\ hy‡n-Po-hn-X-Ønse kzm`m-hn-I-X-Iƒ; P\n® hwiw, tZiw, aXw, cmjv{Sob-hn-izm-k-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS Hgn-hm-°m-\m-ImØ kzm[o-\-߃˛ tjm¨_¿Kns‚ Iebpw PohnXhpw Ch-sb-°p-dn-s®ms° hnNm-cn-°m≥ t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂p. AXn-ep-]-cn-bmbn Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse ]m›m-Xy-¢m- n-°¬kw-Ko-X-Øns‚ cN-\m-]-≤-Xn-I-fn¬ G‰hpw {][m-\-amb ssien-sb-°p-dn-®-t\zjn-°p-∂-h¿°v At±-l-Ønepw ]n≥Km-an-I-fnepw FØn-t®-tc-≠n-h-cpw. ]m›mXykwKo-X-sØ-°pdn-®p≈ kmt¶-Xn-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb hnNm-c-ß-fn¬ Cu t]cv \nc-¥-c-km-∂n-[y-am-Ip-∂Xv AXp-sIm-≠m-Wv. at\mPv Ipdq¿ sNdnb Ipdq¿, ]md-ºpg ]n. H, tIm´bw

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