Scheme Paper 2 Trial Terengganu

SULIT 4551/2 Biologi August 2008 2 ½ jam

JABATAN PELAJARAN TERENGGANU PEPERIKSAAN PERCUBAAN 2008 SIJIL PELAJARAN MALAYSIA

SKEMA JAWAPAN BIOLOGI 4551

KERTAS 2

Kertas jawapan ini mengandungi halaman bercetak

QUESTION NO. 1

Item

1(a)

Scheme Able to give three different types of cells

Marks

Total

A: epidermis cell// epidermal cell B: palisade cell// mesophyll palisade cell C: guard cell

1 1 1

3

Able to state the function for each cell (b)

B: contains chloroplast to carry out photosynthesis C: controls the opening and closure of stoma

1 1

2

Able to explain adaptive features of the cell in tissue D in transportation substance in plant. Xylem: F: vessel xylem is long, hollow and continuous// no protoplasm in the vessels E: to allow water flows continuously from root to the leaves// to obstruct the flow of water

1 1

(c) Floem: F: sieve tube is cylindrical tube contain cytoplasmic which are connected to other cell through sieve plate// companion cell has (nucleus, cytoplasm and) mitochondrion E: to carry glucose from leaves to other of plant// give energy to sieve tube

1 1 4

Able to explain advantage of system E and F for terrestrial plant

(d)

F1: System E consist of stem/ leaves/ buds/ flowers and fruits E1: act as support system for plant by holding the leaves upright// traps maximum sunlight for photosynthesis// produce more leaves// flower to produce more fruit// fruit for reproduction process F2: System F consist of root E2: act as support system for plant// absorb water and mineral salt

1

1 1 1 TOTAL

4 12 M

Item

Scheme Able to name the processes of R and S.

2(a)(i)

R : Anaerobic respiration S : Aerobic respiration

Marks

Total

1 1

Able to explain the processes of R and S occur R : the glucose is not completely broken down // the glucose break down when there is very little or no more oxygen / in the absence of oxygen : occurs in the cytoplasm

Max 2

: releases much less energy / 2 molecules of ATP / 150 kJ of energy (per mole of glucose)

6

: produce lactic acid

2(a)(ii)

S : the glucose is completely broken down // the glucose break down in the presence of oxygen : occurs in the mitochondria and cytoplasm

Max 2

: releases much energy / 38 molecules of ATP / 2898 kJ of energy (per mole of glucose) : produce carbon dioxide and water

Able to write the chemical equations for processes R and S. R

:

C6H12O6

C3H6O3 + Energy (150 kJ/2ATP) // 1

2(b)

Glucose S

Lactic acid + Energy (150 kJ/2ATP)

:

C6H12O6 + 6O2

2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy // (2898 kJ/38ATP) 1

Glucose + Oxygen

Carbon + Water + Energy dioxide (2898 kJ/38ATP)

Item

Scheme

Marks

Total

Able to explain the differences between the processes R and S

2(c)

D : R releases less energy / 2 molecules of ATP / 150 kJ of energy (per mole of glucose) while S releases more energy / 38 molecules of ATP / 2898 kJ of energy (per mole of glucose)

1

E : Oxidation / break down of glucose is complete in R but not complete in S

1

2

Able to explain why the leg muscles are painful due to muscle fatigue when individual P just completed a 400 metre tract event. 2(d)

F

E

: (During anaerobic respiration) glucose break down partially into lactic acid

1

: Accumulation of lactic acid cause muscular fatigue ( and cramps)

1

TOTAL MARKS

2

12

Item

Scoring Criteria

Mark

Remark

Num 3(a)(i) Able to state the defence mechanism in A and B A: phagocytes B: lymphocytes (a)(ii)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Able to describe the process A -Phagocytes move towards antigens / pathogens using pseudopodium -Phagocytes surround the antigen / pathogen -Antigen / pathogen wrapped in vacuole and hydrolysed by hydrolytic enzyme -destroyed antigen / pathogen is removed from the phagocyte Able to give the meaning of antibody -is a protein produced by lymphocytes in response to the presence of an antigen Able to explain the necessity for second injection required by individuals X and Y -to booster / stimulate production / released of the antibody // to increase production of antibody -can go against// destroy the antigen/prevent diseases Able to state two differences between immunity of X and Y 1. Individu X, is long lasting or permanent whereas Individu Y is short lasting aor temporary 2.Individu X is slow response but individu Y immediate response. 3.Individu X need lymphocytes to produce antibody, whereas individu Y is ready made antibody.

(e) Able to explain how to save Ali’s life -injected by antiserum containing antibody/antibody through artificial passive immunity -ready made antibody will destroy/nuetralise antigen/venom

1m 1m

1m 1m 1m

Any 3 point

1m

maks 3m

1m

1m

1m 1m

2m

1m 1m

1m

Any 2 points Max. 2m

1m

1m TOTAL

2m

2m 12 m

No Q4 (a)(i)

Marking Criteria

Primary growth -

(a)(ii) -

(b)(i)

(ii)

(c)(i) (ii)

1

Apical meristem divided actively through mitosis to form a new cells Cells become enlargement / elongation through the vacuolation and formation of cytoplasm, increasing in size Cells undergo specialisation to form the different primary tissue like epidermis, cortex, xylem and phloem.

1 1 1 4

Tissue V : Phloem Tissue W : Xylem

1 1

Tissue V transport photosynthesis product from leave to all other part of the plants while tissue W transport water and minerals salt and give mechanical support to the plant

1

Vascular cambium / lateral meristem

1

-

-

(d)

Marks

Vascular cambium divided actively (mitosis) radially to form cambium ring / intervascular cambium Cambium cell divide tangentially to produce two layers of cell, inner layer will form secondary xylem and outer layer will form secondary phloem The primary xylem will be push towards the pith while the primary phloem will be push toward the epidermis

1. To increase the support - Increase the diameter / circumference of stem for give a mechanical support - To increase stability when the plant height is increasing OR 2. To increase the transportation tissue - To increase more new phloem tissue and xylem tissue - To replaced the old and damaged xylem tissue and phloem tissue TOTAL

3

1

1 1

1 Any 2

2

1

1 1 1

2

12

ITEM 5(a)(i)

5(a)(ii)

5(b)

5(c)(i)

SCORING CRITERIA Able to state name of organ Y Answer: Organ Y: Pancreas

1

1

Able to state the hormone secreted by Z Answer: Hormone X: Insulin Hormone Y: Glucagons

1 1

2

Able to explain the regulation of glucose content in human blood. Suggested answer: P1: (β-cells) secretes insulin P2: to convert excess glucose into glycogen (to be stored in liver) P3: (α- cell) secretes glucagons P4: to convert glycogen into glucose) Any 3 P’s Able to state the disease Answer: Diabetes melitus / hyperglysemia

5 (c)(ii) Able to suggest the way to avoid the problem Suggested answer: less intake of food contain sugar and carbohydrates in the diet 5(d)

5(e)

MARKS MARK TOTAL

Able to corrective mechanism of Q Suggested answer: F: Pancreas release hormone Y / glucagons E1: convert glycogen into glucose E2: slow down the oxidation of glucose Able to explain the role of Y in digesting fats Suggested answer: F1: organ Z / pancreas secretes pancreatic juice / lipase E1: lipase hydrolyses fats into fatty acids and glycerol

1 1 1 1

3

1

1

1

1

1 1 1

2

1 1

2

Total

12

No. 6(a)i

Marking Criteria

Marks

Able to state two forms nitrogenous compounds Suggsted answer : -

ammonium ions and nitrate ions.

1

Able to explain how a deficiency of K in the soil affects plant growth. Suggested answer 1 Root hairs absorb less K/nitrates/nitrogen // less K/nitrates/nitrogen is available to be absorbed by plants. 2. Less chlorophyll / protein is synthesized. 3 Rate of photosynthesis decreases. 4 Plant growth is slow / retarded/ stunted

6(a)ii

1 1 1 1

4m

Able to explain the role of the microorganism in nitrogen cycle Suggested answer: -

-

-

(b)i

nitrogen fixing bacteria can convert atmospheric nitrogen through nitrogen fixation process, for examples nostoc sp (found freely in the soil)// Rhizobium sp (lives in the nodules of leguminous plants) (They ) fix atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into ammonium compounds Nitrate, are taken up by the roots of plants and converted into proteins. (When) animals eats the plants, the organic nitrogen is transferred into the body of the animal. (when) animals die, decomposition produces ammonia that can be converted into nitrites and nitrates by nitrifying bacteria.// ammonia is converted into nitrite by nitrosomonas sp while nitrites are converted into nitrates by nitrobacter sp. The denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates back into atmospheric nitrogen to complete the nitrogen cycle.

Able to explain the role of useful microorganism

1

1

1 1 1 1

1

max 6m

Total

10 m

Suggested answer: (i) in the alimentary canal of termites -

termites feed mainly on wood which contain cellulose

1

-

Protozoa (such as Trichonympha sp) are present in the alimentary canal of the termites. They produce cellulase which digest cellulose Termites unable to produce cellulase themselves

(ii) -

-

-

Item

7(a)

1 1

4m

1 1 1

3m

in the digestive system in humans Useful symbiotic bacteria are found in the human colon They synthesise vitamin B12 and vitamin K. A deficiency in vitamin B12 can lead to anaemia // (while) vitamin K is essential for blood clotting

(iii) -

1

in decomposition process

composers such as bacteria and fungi secrete digestive enzyme to breakdown organic matter and animals waste into simple molecules (such as carbon dioxide, water and ammonium compounds. These microorganism can return the nutrient contain within the remain of organic matter to the atmosphere, soil and water Without them, the soil would become less fertile // no longer sustain plant life

Scheme Able to describe the transmission of nerve impulses across synapse • When an impulses arrives in the axon terminal • Stimulates (synaptic) vesicles to move towards and bind with the presynaptic membrane • The vesicles fuse / release the neurotransmitter into the synapse • The neurotransmitter molecules across the synapse to the dendrite of another neurone • Stimulated to trigger a new impulses which travels along the neurone

1

1

1

3m

Total

10 m

Marks

Total

1 1 1

4

1 1 Max 4

Able to explain the situation given. 7(b)

6 F1 - P is afferent neurone which transmits nerve

1

impulse from the receptors to the interneurone. E1 - If P damaged, impulse from receptor cannot be transfered to the interneurone. E2 - (As a result), individual A cannot feel any pain F2 - R is efferent neurone which transmits nerve impulse from interneurone to the effector E1 - If R damaged, impulse from interneurone cannot be transfered to the effector E2 - (As a result), individual A cannot withdraw the finger // pull the hand away from the pointed needle

1 1 1 1 1

Able to explain the differences between reflex arc in two Diagram Diagram 7(b)(i)

F1 E1

F2 E1 E2 7(c)

E3

E4 E5

Diagram 7(b)(ii) Withdraw finger from a Knee jerk reflex sharp needle reflex Leg swings forward // knee jerk while the hand is withdrawn from the sharp needle Involved afferent, Involved afferent interneurone and and efferent efferent neuron/three neuron/two types types of neurone - Receptor detect the stimulus and triggers a nerve impulse - Afferent neurone carries impulse from receptor to the spinal cord - Synapes with the efferent neurone (in grey matter) / synapes with interneurone and sinapse with the efferent neurone (in grey matter) - Efferent neurone carries impulse from spinal cord to effector - stimulates the quadriceps/biseps muscle to contract

1

1

1 1 1 1

1 1 10 1

F3 E1

Produce response Produce response fast faster Involved one synapse in diagram 7(b)(i) while two synapse in diagram 7(b)(ii)

1

No. Item 8 (a)

Explanation

Mark

Total mark

Able to explain formation of the embryo sac F1-The ovule develops from the ovarian tissue. It has a diploid embryo sac mother cell(2n)

1

F2- Embryo sac mother cell undergoes meiosis to form a row of four haploid cells called megaspores

1

F3- Three of the four megaspores degenerated, leaving one in the ovule

1

F4- (The megaspore continues to grow and enlarges, filling up most of the ovule.) The nucleus of the megaspore then undergoes mitosis three times to form eight haploid nuclei F5- Three of the eight nuclei (migrate to one end of the cell) to form antipodal cells, another two nuclei to form polar nuclei and one of the three nuclei develops into an egg cell/female gamete/ovum and flanked two synergid cells

1

1

Able to explain formation of pollen grain F1- Pollen grain are formed in the anther, an anther has four pollen sacs.

1

F2- Each pollen sac contains hundred of cells called pollen mother cells (2n)

1

F3- Each pollen mother cell undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid microspores(n)

1

F4- The nucleus of each microspores then divided by mitosis to form a tube nucleus and generative nucleus.

1

F5- The microspores develop into pollen grains

1

Max 10 marks

8 (b)

Able to describe pollination leads to the formation of fruit and seed in a flowering plant (angiosperms). F1- Pollen grains have been released from the anther to the stigma for pollination by insects or wind F2- The sugar solution (sucrose) secreted by the stigma stimulates the pollen grain to germinate and form a pollen tube

1

F3- The pollen tube grows down the style towards the ovule

1

F4- The generative nucleus divides by mitosis to form two male gamete nuclei

1

F5- The male gamete nuclei move down the pollen tube led by the tube nucleus

1

F6- When the pollen tube reaches the ovary, it penetrates the ovule through the micropyle

1

F7- The tube nucleus degenerates, leaving a clear passage for the male nuclei to enter the embryo sac

1

F8- Double fertilization occurs in the ovule. One male nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus to form a diploid zygote(2n)

1

F9- The other male nucleus fuses with the two polar nuclei to form a triploid nucleus(3n)

1

F10- (After fertilization), the triploid nucleus divides rapidly by mitosis to forms an endosperm and zygote divides by mitosis develops into suspensor and embryo. F11- The ovule develops into a seed while the ovary enlarges and develops into a fruit

1

1

1

Max 10 marks

NO ITEM 9(a)

CRITERIA MARKING

MARKS

REMARKS

Able to describe the condition of the river and explain the effect into aquatic organisms Sample answer F1 : Condition of the river is the result of Eutrophication P1 : caused by nitrates from the factories leach into the river P2 : (caused by) leaching of nitrates / phosphates from palm oil estate P3 : excess nutrients encourages the rapid growth of algae / algae bloom P4 : algae grow faster than their consumes, so many die (without being consumed form organic matter) P5 : algae covered the surface of the river P6 : restricts the penetration of light into water causes the rate of photosynthesis in aquatic plants reduced / aquatic plant die F2 : water pollution caused by sewage / domestic waste / human faeces / gabbage from rubbish dumps from residential area P6 : river contains a lot of organic matter P7 : the decaying organic matter is broken down by decomposing microorganism / aerobic bacteria P8 : Increasing in the BOD results in a depletion of oxygen // reduction in the amount of dissolve oxygen in the river F3 : Imbalance to the aquatic food web P9 : (the low level of oxygen dissolve) kills aquatic organism like freshwater shrimps / mayfly nymphs P10 : If the oxygen level continues to drop anaerobic bacteria will grow and release toxic gases / hydrogen sulphide / kill fish / tubifex worms / sludge worms appear

1 1 1 1

1

1

1 1 1

1

Any 2 F and any 8 P

1 1

1

10

(b) Able to justify the effects of unplanned development Sample answer F1 : Industries / factories / vehicle contribute to air pollution P1 : smoke / fine solid particles can cause respiratory problem P2 : oxides of nitrogen / sulphur dioxide dissolve in rain to produce acid rain P3 : (acid rain) causing the soil become acidic / unsuitable for cultivation of crops / leaching of mineral / corrosion of metal P4 : Increase Carbon dioxide in atmosphere causes the greenhouse effect / global warming

1 1 1

1 1

F2 : Industrial / domestic / agricultural activities produce waste to contribute water pollution P5 : Agrochemical / pesticides / insecticides used by farmer flow into the river / lead to the poisoning of aquatic organism P6 : Agricultural run-offs contain excess nitrates / phosphates lead to eutrophication P7 : (eutrophication) causes the BOD value will increase thus may harm the aquatic organisms P8 : Effluents from electronics factories contain heavy metals / mercury / cadmium kill the aquatic organism / disturb food chain

1

F3 : Discharged of hot water from industries / glass building cause thermal pollution P9 : Increase the water temperature in the river causing died aquatic organisms / increase the atmosphere temperature

1

1 1 1

Must have 3 F and any 7P

1

1

10