Sce 201 (earth Scientist)!
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EARTH SCIENTISTS ,
SIGNIFICANT DISCOVERIES ,
CAREERS AND RECENT ADVANCES IN EARTH SCIENCES [email protected]
Major Earth Scientists
[email protected]
Georgius Agricola (24 March 1494 –21 November 1555)
-was a German scholar and scientist. -Known as "the father of mineralogy", he was born at Glauchau in Saxony. His real name was Georg Pawer; Agricola is the Latinised version of his name, Pawer/(Bauer) meaning farmer. He is best known for his book -De Re Metallica. His thorough grounding in philology and philosophy had accustomed him to systematic thinking, and this enabled him to construct out of his studies and observations of minerals a logical system which he began to publish in 1528.
DE RE METALLICA:
A water mill used for raising ore
Fire-setting underground [email protected]
Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz (May 28, 1807—December 14, 1873)
Swiss-born American paleontologist, glaciologist, biologist, and geologist, and was a prominent innovator in the study of the Earth's natural history.. & introduced the idea of the Ice Age, a period when ice sheets covered most of the Northern Hemisphere.
Polygeneticist - relating to a theory that the human races originate from a few primitive types taken as species. Ichthylogist - a specialist in studying fish fossils. On September 9, 2007 the Swiss Federal Council (Government) acknowledged the "racist thinking" of Agassiz [email protected]
Luie & Walter Alvarez the father–son team "uncovered a calamity that literally shook the Earth and is one of the great discoveries about Earth’s history"
Nobel Prize in Physics 1968
Walter Alvarez (son) was doing geological research in central Italy during the 1970s on the walls of a gorge whose limestone layers included strata both above and below the so-called K–T boundary, the boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods corresponding to a time of 65 million years ago. With Frank Asaro and Helen Michel. [email protected]
It is a complete and systematic treatise on mining and extractive metallurgy, Agricola describes and illustrates how ore veins occur in and on the ground, making the work an early contribution to the developing science of geology. He describes prospecting for ore veins and surveying in great detail, as well as washing the ores to collect the heavier valuable minerals such as gold and tin. A water mill used for raising ore
He describes many mining methods which are now redundant, such as fire-setting, which involved building fires against hard rock faces. Fire-setting underground [email protected]
Nobel Prize in Physics - build a liquid hydrogen bubble chamber almost 7 feet (2 meters) long, employ dozens of physicists and graduate students together with hundreds of engineers and technicians, take millions of photographs of particle interactions, develop complex computer systems to measure and analyze these interactions, and discover entire families of new particles and resonance state. nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) Achievement of Alvarez concerned nuclear reactions. When deuterium (hydrogen-2) is bombarded with deuterium, the fusion reaction yields either tritium (hydrogen-3) plus a proton or Helium-3 plus a neutron (2H + 2H → 3H + p or 3He + n). This is one of the most famous reactions in the world, important in the development of the hydrogen bomb and in the current research on controlled nuclear fusion
[email protected]
Receiving the Collier Trophy from President Truman, White House, 1946
The radar system for which Alvarez is best known
Bertram Boltwood (July 27, 1870 Amherst, Massachusetts August 15, 1927, Hancock Point, Maine)
He was an American pioneer of radiochemistry. He was a graduate of Yale University, and taught there 1897-1900. He established that lead was the final decay product of uranium, noted that the leaduranium ratio was greater in older rocks, was the first to measure the age of rocks by the decay of uranium to lead, in 1907. He got results of ages of 400 to 2200 million years, the first success of radiometric dating. More recently, older mineral deposits have been dated to about 4.4 billion years old, close to the best estimate of the age of earth. Boltwoodite is named after him. In his later days, Boltwood suffered from depression and committed suicide on August 15, 1927. [email protected]
Jacques-Yves Cousteau 11 June 1910 – 25 June 1997) was a French naval officer, explorer, ecologist, filmmaker, innovator, scientist, photographer, author and researcher who studied the sea and all forms of life in water. He co-developed the aqualung, underwater photography techniques and the bathyscaph, pioneered marine conservation and was a member of the Académie française. He was commonly known as "le Commandant Cousteau" or "Captain Cousteau".
[email protected]
Alexandre Brongniart French geologist and paleonthologist who pioneer the idea of using fossils to identify ages and layers of sedimentary rock.
Zoologist
Mineralogist
He introduced a new classification of reptiles.
Wrote several treatises on ceramic arts [email protected]
Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin American geologist who established the origin of Joess (windblown deposits); discovered fossil forms beneath the Greenland ice sheet; and first proposed dating the ice sheets of the Pleistocene Epoch on the geologic time scale
From his theories and other geological evidence he concluded that Earth was much older than assumed by Lord Kelvin (ca 100 million years) at the time.
[email protected]
Georges Cuvier French Paleonthologist who was the first to propose that catastrophes were responsible for the extinctions of species
He was instrumental in establishing the fields of comparativeanatomy and paleontology comparing living animals with fossils. He is well known for establishing extinction as a fact, being the most influential proponent of catastrophism in geology in the early 19th century,
[email protected]
James Dwight Dana James Dwight Dana (February 12, 1813 – April 14, 1895) was an American geologist, mineralogist and zoologist. He made important studies of mountain-building, volcanic activity, and the origin and structure of continents and oceans.
***Dana published a number of manuscripts in an effort to reconcile scientific findings with the Bible between 1856 and 1857 and which are called Science and the Bible. [email protected]
Dana was awarded the Copley Medal by the Royal Society in 1877, the Wollaston Medal by the Geological Society of Londo in 1874 and the Clarke Medal by the Royal Society of New South in 1882.
Edwin Drake Edwin Laurentine Drake ( March 29, 1819 – November 9, 1880), also known as Colonel Drake, was an American oil driller, popularly credited with being the first to drill for oil in the United States in 1859.
****His work greatly advanced geological studies in the search for more oil
[email protected]
Clarence Dutton American geologist who correctly explained isostacy (or how lighter mountains “float” in denser rock) and surveyed the structure of the Rocky Mountain region. His studies of volcanoes and earthquakes led him to conclude correctly the continental rocks are lighter than oceanic rock.
[email protected]
Vagn Walfrid Ekman (May 3, 1874 – March 9, 1954)
was a Swedish oceanographer Born in Stockholm to Fredrik Laurentz Ekman, himself an oceanographer, he became committed to oceanography while studying physics at the University of Uppsala and, in particular, on hearing Vilhel Bjerknes lecture on fluid dynamics. Who determined the dynamic of ocean currents and the effect of the earth’s rotation on wind-driven currents. [email protected]
Maurice Ewing William Maurice " Doc " Ewing (May 12, 1906 – May 4, 1974) was an American geophysicist and oceanographer.
Who made detailed maps of the sea bottom using refraction of waves caused by explosions (similar to sonar). He helped described the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and area of sea-floor spreading that cuts through the Atlantic Ocean
[email protected]
Grove Karl Gilbert Grove Karl Gilbert (May 6, 1843 – May 1, 1918), known by the abbreviated name G. K. Gilbert in academic literature, was an American geologist and geomorphologist. ***Developed the foundation of twentieth-century earth science. He contributed detailed descriptions for river and other geologic processes that became standards for his time. Gilbert is considered one of the giants of the sub-discipline of geomorphology, having contributed to the understanding of landscape evolution, erosion, river incision and sedimentation. Gilbert was a planetary science pioneer, correctly identifying lunar craters as caused by impacts, and carrying out early impact-cratering experiments. [5] Gilbert was one of the more influential early American geologists. [email protected]
Harry Hammond Hess Harry Hammond Hess (May 24, 1906 – August 25, 1969) was a geologist and United States Navy officer in World War II. Considered one of the "founding fathers" of the unifying theory of plate tectonics, Rear Admiral Dr. Harry Hammond Hess was born on May 24, 1906 in New York City. He is best known for his theories on sea floor spreading, specifically work on relationships between island arcs, seafloor gravity anomalies, and serpentinized peridotite, suggesting that the convection of the Earth's mantle was the driving force behind this process. This work provided a conceptual base for the development of the theory of plate tectonics [email protected]
Beno Gutenberg •Beno Gutenberg (June 4, 1889 – January 25 , 1960) was a German-born seismologist who made several important contributions to the science. He was a colleague of Charles Francis Richter at the California Institute of Technology and Richter's collaborator in developing the Richter magnitude scale for measuring an earthquake's magnitude. •He also worked on determining the depth of the coremantle boundary as well as other properties of the interior of the earth. •In 1952, Gutenberg received the Prix Charles Lagrange from the Académie royale des Sciences , des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique. [1]
[email protected]
James Hall American geologist who developed a theory of mountain building based on his geologic work in the Appalachian Mountains. He also founded the study of American Stratigraphy and was the first president of the Geological Society of America.
. Hall had built a solid reputation and was to devote the rest of his life to stratigraphic geology and invertebrate paleontology
***There is a residence hall at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute named after James Hall. It is officially known as Hall Hall.[ [email protected]
Arthur Holmes (14 January 1890 – 20 September 1965)
Holmes was a pioneer of geochronology, and performed the first uranium-lead radiometric dating (specifically designed to measure the age of a rock) Holmes championed the theory of continental drift at a time when it was deeply unfashionable. He proposed that Earth's mantle contained convection cells that dissipated radioactive heat and moved the crust at the surface. His second famous book Principles of Physical Geology, ending with a chapter on continental drift, was published in 1944. His later measurements of the age of the Earth (4,500 +/- 100 Ma) were based on measurements of the relative abundance of uranium isotopes by Alfred O. C. Nier.
[email protected]
Robert E. Horton (May 18, 1875 - April 22, 1945)
was an American ecologist and soil scientist, considered by many to be the father of modern hydrology.
Horton is well-known for his study of maximum runoff and flood generation. His concept of maximum possible rainfall, limiting the effect of rainfall in specific regions, has had a major effect on meteorology. His studies of overland flow aided in the understanding of soil erosion and provided a scientific basis for soil conservation efforts. Horton is the namesake of the Robert E. Horton Medal, awarded by the American Geophysical Union to recognize outstanding contributions to the field of hydrological geophysics. [email protected]
SIGNIFICANT SCIENTIFIC
D ISCOVERIE S
IN EARTH SCIENCE [email protected]
B.C.
1000 Industrial use of iron in Egypt and Mesopotamia 900 Natural gas from wells used in China 780 Plato proposed there must be another continent directly opposite Europe 330 Tides are caused by the Moon
A.D.
20 Stebo’s geography collected all known geographical Information 132 Zhang Penn invented the world’s first crude seismograph 1086 Shan Kuang’s Dream Pool Esays described the Pinciple of Erosion, uplift and sedimentation – The Foundation of Earth Science 1298 Marco Polo described coal and asbestos in Europe 1517 Girolsmo Fracastoto described the remains of ancient organisms now called fossils 1546 Geordius Agricola introduced the world’s fossils 1565 First drawings of fossils by Condrad von Gesher 1747 First geologic map produced by Christopher Packe
[email protected]
1774 1780
Abraham Werner introduced a classification of minerals First known Fossil found that would eventually be interpreted as dinosaur boned found in England 1812 Mary Anning, 12 years old, discovered the first known fossil of ichthyosau in England 1823 Mary Anning 21 years old, discovered the first fossil of plesiosau in England 1825 Scale of Hardness for minerals developed in R. Mohs. 1832 First measurement of the earth magnetic field by Paul Erman 1842 Louis Agassiz proposed the idea of Ice Ages 1848 Richard Owen introduced the term dinosato 1857 First chart drawn of the Atlantic Ocean by Matthew Fontaine Maury 1859 Worlds first Oil well drilled by Edwin Drake 1860 Fossil of earliest known bird found by Herman von Meyer 1906 Eartquake waves first used to determine the earth’s layers by R. Oldham 1912 Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of Continental Drift. 1913 Gutenberg Discovery discovered by Beno Gutenberg 1774 [email protected]
1925 Mid-Atlantic Ridge discovered by a German 1938 Charles Ritcher developed a scale to determine earthquake’s intensity 1958 Radiation belts found by James Van Allen 1960 first Geothermal power used in the U.S. Sea Floor 1968 Glomar-Challenger went into service to study the ocean depths 1977 Deep-sea vents discovered around Galapagos Isalands by John Corlies and Robert Ballard 1980 Luis Alvarez and others proposed the idea of a large 1985 Peter Rona finds the first deep-sea vents discovered in the Atlantic Ocean 1987 Oldest known embryo from fossil dinosaur egg found by Wade Miller 1990 The oldest portion of the Pacific Plate was found 1991 Researchers found the first earthquake rupturing the surface in the Eastern United States 1992 Scientists found evidence of a crater beneath the Yucatan Peninsula that may have formed coincident with dinosaur extinctions. Ice drilled in Greenland indicated that climatic change over the last Ice Age changed dramatically, even over spans as short as a year. A belt of instellar matter is confirmed inside Van belts.
[email protected]
Careers in Earth Science [email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Allan Rogelio M. Sobrevilla Jr.
[email protected]
Allan Rogelio M. Sobrevilla Jr.
SIGNIFICANT DISCOVERIES ,
CAREERS AND RECENT ADVANCES IN EARTH SCIENCES [email protected]
Major Earth Scientists
[email protected]
Georgius Agricola (24 March 1494 –21 November 1555)
-was a German scholar and scientist. -Known as "the father of mineralogy", he was born at Glauchau in Saxony. His real name was Georg Pawer; Agricola is the Latinised version of his name, Pawer/(Bauer) meaning farmer. He is best known for his book -De Re Metallica. His thorough grounding in philology and philosophy had accustomed him to systematic thinking, and this enabled him to construct out of his studies and observations of minerals a logical system which he began to publish in 1528.
DE RE METALLICA:
A water mill used for raising ore
Fire-setting underground [email protected]
Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz (May 28, 1807—December 14, 1873)
Swiss-born American paleontologist, glaciologist, biologist, and geologist, and was a prominent innovator in the study of the Earth's natural history.. & introduced the idea of the Ice Age, a period when ice sheets covered most of the Northern Hemisphere.
Polygeneticist - relating to a theory that the human races originate from a few primitive types taken as species. Ichthylogist - a specialist in studying fish fossils. On September 9, 2007 the Swiss Federal Council (Government) acknowledged the "racist thinking" of Agassiz [email protected]
Luie & Walter Alvarez the father–son team "uncovered a calamity that literally shook the Earth and is one of the great discoveries about Earth’s history"
Nobel Prize in Physics 1968
Walter Alvarez (son) was doing geological research in central Italy during the 1970s on the walls of a gorge whose limestone layers included strata both above and below the so-called K–T boundary, the boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods corresponding to a time of 65 million years ago. With Frank Asaro and Helen Michel. [email protected]
It is a complete and systematic treatise on mining and extractive metallurgy, Agricola describes and illustrates how ore veins occur in and on the ground, making the work an early contribution to the developing science of geology. He describes prospecting for ore veins and surveying in great detail, as well as washing the ores to collect the heavier valuable minerals such as gold and tin. A water mill used for raising ore
He describes many mining methods which are now redundant, such as fire-setting, which involved building fires against hard rock faces. Fire-setting underground [email protected]
Nobel Prize in Physics - build a liquid hydrogen bubble chamber almost 7 feet (2 meters) long, employ dozens of physicists and graduate students together with hundreds of engineers and technicians, take millions of photographs of particle interactions, develop complex computer systems to measure and analyze these interactions, and discover entire families of new particles and resonance state. nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) Achievement of Alvarez concerned nuclear reactions. When deuterium (hydrogen-2) is bombarded with deuterium, the fusion reaction yields either tritium (hydrogen-3) plus a proton or Helium-3 plus a neutron (2H + 2H → 3H + p or 3He + n). This is one of the most famous reactions in the world, important in the development of the hydrogen bomb and in the current research on controlled nuclear fusion
[email protected]
Receiving the Collier Trophy from President Truman, White House, 1946
The radar system for which Alvarez is best known
Bertram Boltwood (July 27, 1870 Amherst, Massachusetts August 15, 1927, Hancock Point, Maine)
He was an American pioneer of radiochemistry. He was a graduate of Yale University, and taught there 1897-1900. He established that lead was the final decay product of uranium, noted that the leaduranium ratio was greater in older rocks, was the first to measure the age of rocks by the decay of uranium to lead, in 1907. He got results of ages of 400 to 2200 million years, the first success of radiometric dating. More recently, older mineral deposits have been dated to about 4.4 billion years old, close to the best estimate of the age of earth. Boltwoodite is named after him. In his later days, Boltwood suffered from depression and committed suicide on August 15, 1927. [email protected]
Jacques-Yves Cousteau 11 June 1910 – 25 June 1997) was a French naval officer, explorer, ecologist, filmmaker, innovator, scientist, photographer, author and researcher who studied the sea and all forms of life in water. He co-developed the aqualung, underwater photography techniques and the bathyscaph, pioneered marine conservation and was a member of the Académie française. He was commonly known as "le Commandant Cousteau" or "Captain Cousteau".
[email protected]
Alexandre Brongniart French geologist and paleonthologist who pioneer the idea of using fossils to identify ages and layers of sedimentary rock.
Zoologist
Mineralogist
He introduced a new classification of reptiles.
Wrote several treatises on ceramic arts [email protected]
Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin American geologist who established the origin of Joess (windblown deposits); discovered fossil forms beneath the Greenland ice sheet; and first proposed dating the ice sheets of the Pleistocene Epoch on the geologic time scale
From his theories and other geological evidence he concluded that Earth was much older than assumed by Lord Kelvin (ca 100 million years) at the time.
[email protected]
Georges Cuvier French Paleonthologist who was the first to propose that catastrophes were responsible for the extinctions of species
He was instrumental in establishing the fields of comparativeanatomy and paleontology comparing living animals with fossils. He is well known for establishing extinction as a fact, being the most influential proponent of catastrophism in geology in the early 19th century,
[email protected]
James Dwight Dana James Dwight Dana (February 12, 1813 – April 14, 1895) was an American geologist, mineralogist and zoologist. He made important studies of mountain-building, volcanic activity, and the origin and structure of continents and oceans.
***Dana published a number of manuscripts in an effort to reconcile scientific findings with the Bible between 1856 and 1857 and which are called Science and the Bible. [email protected]
Dana was awarded the Copley Medal by the Royal Society in 1877, the Wollaston Medal by the Geological Society of Londo in 1874 and the Clarke Medal by the Royal Society of New South in 1882.
Edwin Drake Edwin Laurentine Drake ( March 29, 1819 – November 9, 1880), also known as Colonel Drake, was an American oil driller, popularly credited with being the first to drill for oil in the United States in 1859.
****His work greatly advanced geological studies in the search for more oil
[email protected]
Clarence Dutton American geologist who correctly explained isostacy (or how lighter mountains “float” in denser rock) and surveyed the structure of the Rocky Mountain region. His studies of volcanoes and earthquakes led him to conclude correctly the continental rocks are lighter than oceanic rock.
[email protected]
Vagn Walfrid Ekman (May 3, 1874 – March 9, 1954)
was a Swedish oceanographer Born in Stockholm to Fredrik Laurentz Ekman, himself an oceanographer, he became committed to oceanography while studying physics at the University of Uppsala and, in particular, on hearing Vilhel Bjerknes lecture on fluid dynamics. Who determined the dynamic of ocean currents and the effect of the earth’s rotation on wind-driven currents. [email protected]
Maurice Ewing William Maurice " Doc " Ewing (May 12, 1906 – May 4, 1974) was an American geophysicist and oceanographer.
Who made detailed maps of the sea bottom using refraction of waves caused by explosions (similar to sonar). He helped described the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and area of sea-floor spreading that cuts through the Atlantic Ocean
[email protected]
Grove Karl Gilbert Grove Karl Gilbert (May 6, 1843 – May 1, 1918), known by the abbreviated name G. K. Gilbert in academic literature, was an American geologist and geomorphologist. ***Developed the foundation of twentieth-century earth science. He contributed detailed descriptions for river and other geologic processes that became standards for his time. Gilbert is considered one of the giants of the sub-discipline of geomorphology, having contributed to the understanding of landscape evolution, erosion, river incision and sedimentation. Gilbert was a planetary science pioneer, correctly identifying lunar craters as caused by impacts, and carrying out early impact-cratering experiments. [5] Gilbert was one of the more influential early American geologists. [email protected]
Harry Hammond Hess Harry Hammond Hess (May 24, 1906 – August 25, 1969) was a geologist and United States Navy officer in World War II. Considered one of the "founding fathers" of the unifying theory of plate tectonics, Rear Admiral Dr. Harry Hammond Hess was born on May 24, 1906 in New York City. He is best known for his theories on sea floor spreading, specifically work on relationships between island arcs, seafloor gravity anomalies, and serpentinized peridotite, suggesting that the convection of the Earth's mantle was the driving force behind this process. This work provided a conceptual base for the development of the theory of plate tectonics [email protected]
Beno Gutenberg •Beno Gutenberg (June 4, 1889 – January 25 , 1960) was a German-born seismologist who made several important contributions to the science. He was a colleague of Charles Francis Richter at the California Institute of Technology and Richter's collaborator in developing the Richter magnitude scale for measuring an earthquake's magnitude. •He also worked on determining the depth of the coremantle boundary as well as other properties of the interior of the earth. •In 1952, Gutenberg received the Prix Charles Lagrange from the Académie royale des Sciences , des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique. [1]
[email protected]
James Hall American geologist who developed a theory of mountain building based on his geologic work in the Appalachian Mountains. He also founded the study of American Stratigraphy and was the first president of the Geological Society of America.
. Hall had built a solid reputation and was to devote the rest of his life to stratigraphic geology and invertebrate paleontology
***There is a residence hall at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute named after James Hall. It is officially known as Hall Hall.[ [email protected]
Arthur Holmes (14 January 1890 – 20 September 1965)
Holmes was a pioneer of geochronology, and performed the first uranium-lead radiometric dating (specifically designed to measure the age of a rock) Holmes championed the theory of continental drift at a time when it was deeply unfashionable. He proposed that Earth's mantle contained convection cells that dissipated radioactive heat and moved the crust at the surface. His second famous book Principles of Physical Geology, ending with a chapter on continental drift, was published in 1944. His later measurements of the age of the Earth (4,500 +/- 100 Ma) were based on measurements of the relative abundance of uranium isotopes by Alfred O. C. Nier.
[email protected]
Robert E. Horton (May 18, 1875 - April 22, 1945)
was an American ecologist and soil scientist, considered by many to be the father of modern hydrology.
Horton is well-known for his study of maximum runoff and flood generation. His concept of maximum possible rainfall, limiting the effect of rainfall in specific regions, has had a major effect on meteorology. His studies of overland flow aided in the understanding of soil erosion and provided a scientific basis for soil conservation efforts. Horton is the namesake of the Robert E. Horton Medal, awarded by the American Geophysical Union to recognize outstanding contributions to the field of hydrological geophysics. [email protected]
SIGNIFICANT SCIENTIFIC
D ISCOVERIE S
IN EARTH SCIENCE [email protected]
B.C.
1000 Industrial use of iron in Egypt and Mesopotamia 900 Natural gas from wells used in China 780 Plato proposed there must be another continent directly opposite Europe 330 Tides are caused by the Moon
A.D.
20 Stebo’s geography collected all known geographical Information 132 Zhang Penn invented the world’s first crude seismograph 1086 Shan Kuang’s Dream Pool Esays described the Pinciple of Erosion, uplift and sedimentation – The Foundation of Earth Science 1298 Marco Polo described coal and asbestos in Europe 1517 Girolsmo Fracastoto described the remains of ancient organisms now called fossils 1546 Geordius Agricola introduced the world’s fossils 1565 First drawings of fossils by Condrad von Gesher 1747 First geologic map produced by Christopher Packe
[email protected]
1774 1780
Abraham Werner introduced a classification of minerals First known Fossil found that would eventually be interpreted as dinosaur boned found in England 1812 Mary Anning, 12 years old, discovered the first known fossil of ichthyosau in England 1823 Mary Anning 21 years old, discovered the first fossil of plesiosau in England 1825 Scale of Hardness for minerals developed in R. Mohs. 1832 First measurement of the earth magnetic field by Paul Erman 1842 Louis Agassiz proposed the idea of Ice Ages 1848 Richard Owen introduced the term dinosato 1857 First chart drawn of the Atlantic Ocean by Matthew Fontaine Maury 1859 Worlds first Oil well drilled by Edwin Drake 1860 Fossil of earliest known bird found by Herman von Meyer 1906 Eartquake waves first used to determine the earth’s layers by R. Oldham 1912 Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of Continental Drift. 1913 Gutenberg Discovery discovered by Beno Gutenberg 1774 [email protected]
1925 Mid-Atlantic Ridge discovered by a German 1938 Charles Ritcher developed a scale to determine earthquake’s intensity 1958 Radiation belts found by James Van Allen 1960 first Geothermal power used in the U.S. Sea Floor 1968 Glomar-Challenger went into service to study the ocean depths 1977 Deep-sea vents discovered around Galapagos Isalands by John Corlies and Robert Ballard 1980 Luis Alvarez and others proposed the idea of a large 1985 Peter Rona finds the first deep-sea vents discovered in the Atlantic Ocean 1987 Oldest known embryo from fossil dinosaur egg found by Wade Miller 1990 The oldest portion of the Pacific Plate was found 1991 Researchers found the first earthquake rupturing the surface in the Eastern United States 1992 Scientists found evidence of a crater beneath the Yucatan Peninsula that may have formed coincident with dinosaur extinctions. Ice drilled in Greenland indicated that climatic change over the last Ice Age changed dramatically, even over spans as short as a year. A belt of instellar matter is confirmed inside Van belts.
[email protected]
Careers in Earth Science [email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Allan Rogelio M. Sobrevilla Jr.
[email protected]
Allan Rogelio M. Sobrevilla Jr.
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