Satvocab Ch1 Bk1 Sample First Chapter

The Ultimate and Nonpareil SAT Vocabulary Builder* By Richard Lillie & Ralph Becker

Building the Sydney Harbor Bridge in 1932 is almost as challenging as building your vocabulary.

*includes all answer keys

“Learning without thought is labor lost.”

Confucius

Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

2

Ways to Utilize SAT Vocabulary Builder

1. Individual Study Guide for enrichment of SAT Vocabulary. The two hundred words in this guide are among the most common words used in SAT Reading Comprehension, Sentence Completion, and Diction questions. This book provides a thorough knowledge of these words and is an invaluable asset for understanding and answering SAT questions. This book contains ten chapters, each of which contains an essay and lesson in reading comprehension which can be completed in thirty minutes. A student can study one lesson for ninety minutes and will have gained a strong command of ten vocabulary words. This is, despite the claims of others, the greatest amount of vocabulary words that can be completely assimilated in this short period of time. Three vocabulary tests are included in each lesson and a final exam for each chapter serves to illustrate the student’s progress in learning these valuable words.

2. SAT Vocabulary Textbook can be utilized as a ten-week SAT vocabulary course. The ten chapters are each divided into two lessons of ten words each. Each lesson takes about ninety minutes to complete and to review all of the exercises. The second lesson can be assigned as homework, which can be quickly reviewed by the instructor in approximately fifteen minutes at the beginning of the next class. This book contains a separate answer key for each lesson and can be adapted to use as a twenty-week SAT vocabulary course, as well.

3. Supporting Examples for SAT Writing are included in this book as most of the Words in Context (Sentence Completion) exercises are derived from historical events and are helpful in providing students with information that could be utilized as supporting evidence in the writing of an SAT essay. In addition, the essays at the end of each chapter provide a wealth of information which can also be utilized as supporting evidence in the writing of an SAT essay.

4. AP Class Vocabulary can be enhanced by mastering all of the vocabulary words in this book. These words are equally applicable to SAT tests, AP tests, and increase the efficacy of a student's writing ability through an enhanced vocabulary.

Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

3

Introduction: What’s so different about this SAT Vocabulary building book from the thousands of vocabulary books already published? Well, we looked at a lot of the vocabulary offerings and determined, for reasons we couldn’t easily fathom, that few current publications combine all the features necessary to building a student’s vocabulary, specifically for the SAT. This encouraged us to produce a book that contains the following: 1. Uses words gleaned from reviewing dozens of previous SAT released exams. All authors, even groups of authors, use a limited vocabulary in their works. Even Shakespeare repeats many key words throughout his extensive opus. The SAT developers, being a notch or two below the Bard, fall into this same habit. If a vocabulary word has appeared on the test previously, there is a good chance it might again. 2. Contains the denotative along with the connotative nuanced meanings for each word appearing on these pages. Not only is English rich in its breadth of vocabulary (a blessing and a curse-as the SAT makes very clear) but in its levels, range, and shades of meaning. Consequently, the denotative, as well as the array of connotative definitions, appear here. Keep in mind the SAT tests your interpretation of a word “in context”. We account for this approach herein. 3. Extensively uses synonyms and antonyms to assure your grasp of each word is solid. 4. Includes lots of reinforcement, which is essential in mastering vocabulary. Seeing the word in many contexts, while summoning it up in various quizzes and passages, eventually indelibly imprints the word upon your brain. “Repetition is the mother of learning,” is a trite, yet accurate, aphorism. 5. Finishes each chapter with an engaging story to further support your vocabulary learning efforts. So there you have the five-step recipe for building a superior vocabulary for the SAT. If you’re planning to use this book for teaching SAT vocabulary within a classroom, that’s all for the better. Each chapter is divided into two lessons of 10 words each. This is a digestible number for most students. All told, there are 10 chapters chock full of real SAT vocabulary; once completed, students will know the 200 words, and will have gained a decisive edge in accumulating a sound vocabulary to build upon. Better still, within the classroom setting, these exercises can be taught orally. The more dramatic and interesting the exercises are presented and delivered, and a good teacher can do a great deal to make these exercises interesting, the better the students will absorb the new vocabulary. Enjoy and get ready to increase your vocabulary for the SAT, while learning a few new things and having, possibly, a bit of fun to boot.

Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

4

Contents of Each Chapter •

List of 20 Words

•

List of Words 1-10

•

Pretest: Write in Definitions

•

Definitions; Connotations; Synonyms; Antonyms: Words 1-10

•

Words in Context

•

Quick Vocabulary Quiz

•

Synonyms Chart: 3 Synonyms for each Vocabulary Word

•

Antonyms Chart: 3 Antonyms for each Vocabulary Word

•

Mid-Term Examination (Words 1-10)

•

Answer Key for Lesson 1 of the Chapter

•

List of Words 11-20

•

Pretest: Write in Definitions

•

Definitions; Connotations; Synonyms; Antonyms: Words 11-20

•

Words in Context

•

Quick Vocabulary Quiz

•

Synonyms Chart: 3 Synonyms for each Vocabulary Word

•

Antonyms Chart: 3 Antonyms for each Vocabulary Word

•

Final Examination

•

Essay Containing the 20 Vocabulary Words

•

Definitions of words in the Context of the Essay

•

Answer Key for Lesson 2 of the Chapter

Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

5

Book One: The Ultimate and Nonpareil SAT Vocabulary Builder Table of Contents

Chapter One: The Seeds of the American Revolution

9

Chapter Two: Two More Seeds in the American Revolutionary Garden

34

Chapter Three: Crisis in Revolutionary America

58

Chapter Four: The Berlin Wall

83

Chapter Five: The Bubonic Plague

110

Chapter Six: The American Transcontinental Railroad

135

Chapter Seven: The Evolution of Communism-Part 1

160

Chapter Eight: The Evolution of Communism-Part 2

185

Chapter Nine: The Nile River

212

Chapter Ten: The Maya Civilization & the Nation of China

240

Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

6

List of Vocabulary Words: Book One:

antiquated-10

conoluted-8

eloquent-7

artless-8

covert-3

endemic-9

assiduous-8

credulous-5

engender-6

assimilation-9

cynical-7

enumerate-6

audacity-1

dauntless-5

exacerbate-5

austere-6

dearth-4

exasperated-10

autonomy-3

deference-10

expedite-9

avarice-7

deleterious-8

extemporize-8

axiomatic-6

desiccate-9

facilitate-5

bellicose-10

despot-10

fallacy-1

brandish-4

destitute-8

fathom-3

bucolic-6

devoid-10

fervor-10

buttress-8

diatribe-8

fledgling-3

callow-3

dichotomy-4

flout-3

capacious-4

didactic-10

foist-2

castigate-6

disabuse-7

foment-7

censure-8

discern-5

foster-6

chagrin-8

discord-8

forsake-5

chary-9

discrete-7

fortuitous-9

cogent-4

disingenuous-7

frugal-6

commensurate-6

dispel-6

furtive-5

comply-10

dissemination-5

gainsay-8

conciliate-3

dissolution-6

halcyon-1

conducive-9

dissonance-6

harass-3

confiscate-3

distend-9

hegemony-1

consensus-3

dogmatic-8

hyperbole-5

contentious-10

efficacy-5

imperative-9

controversial-4

effigy-1

impervious-4

conundrum-5

effloresce-9

implement-3

covenant-4

effrontery-1

impolitic-9

abashed-7 abdicate-7 aberrant-8 abet-10 abeyance-7 abridge-6 abstemious-10 acumen-5 accost-3 adamant-3 adversity-1 aegis-4 affinity-7 aggregate-6 aggrieved-2 aghast-2 alacrity-1 alleviate-6 altruism-2 amalgamation-9 ambivalence-7 amenable-9 anarchy-1 anachronism-7 animus-7 antipathy-1 apathy-1 antipodal-8

Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

7

impunity-1

penury-2

schism-1

incendiary-2

perpetuity-1

severance-1

incontrovertible-8

pervade-9

solvent-6

indigent-7

phlegmatic-4

specious-7

indigenous-10

plethora-2

stymie-4

inimical-9

polemic-4

stupefy-2

insatiable-2

pragmatic-5

surfeit-9

instigate-1

precarious-3

synthesis-5

insufferable-2

precipitate-5

tacit-2

insular-2

precursor-5

temerity-4

internecine-7

preponderance-9

tenuous-3

intractable-10

prevaricate-5

torpid-8

inundate-9

probity-1

transient-10

invincible-4

prodigious-2

trenchant-2

itinerary-1

profusion-9

thrive-3

juxtapose-4

prolific-10

ubiquitous-6

laconic-4

propensity-1

untenable-6

levity-1

proscribed-2

veracity-4

lurid-3

pundit-7

vex-3

magnanimous-9

quash-5

viable-8

malinger-7

quixotic-8

virulent-3

mitigate-2

redoubtable-1

volatile-2

neologism-2

relegate-10

voluminous-2

noxious-5

remediate-6

obviate-6

renege-4

onerous-2

reprehensible-5

pacify-10

rescind-2

parody-4

resolute-7

paucity-1

retaliation-2

Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

8

Chapter One: The Seeds of the American Revolution 1. adversity 2. alacrity 3. anarchy 4. apathy 5. antipathy 6. audacity 7. effigy 8. effrontery 9. fallacy 10. hegemony 11. impunity 12. instigate 13. itinerary 14. levity 15. paucity 16. perpetuity 17. probity 18. propensity 19. redoubtable 20. schism

Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

9

CHAPTER ONE: LESSON ONE

Words 1 – 10

1. adversity 2. alacrity 3. anarchy 4. apathy 5. antipathy 6. audacity 7. effigy 8. effrontery 9. fallacy 10. hegemony

Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

10

Chapter One-Lesson One Words 1-10: Pre-Test

Write in Denotation (main definitions) of Vocabulary Words. 1. adversity-______________________________________________________ 2. alacrity- _______________________________________________________ 3. anarchy-______________________________________________________ 4. antipathy- ____________________________________________________ 5. apathy-_______________________________________________________ 6. audacity-_____________________________________________________ 7. effigy-_________________________________________________________ 8. effrontery-_____________________________________________________ 9. fallacy-________________________________________________________ 10. hegemony-___________________________________________________ Denotations: a. a mistaken belief, especially one based upon unsound argument b. a deep-seated feeling of dislike c. leadership or dominance, especially by one country or group over another d. difficulties e. a rough model of a person, often damaged as an expression of anger f. brisk and cheerful readiness g. insolent or impertinent behavior h. lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern i. state of disorder, due to absence of authority j. the willingness to take bold risks

Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

11

Chapter One-Lesson One: Definitions WORDS 1-10 1. adversity (noun)

Denotation (1); Connotation (2, 3, 4, etc.); Synonym; Antonym 1. difficulties 2. misfortune Synonyms: difficulties; misfortune; problems; tribulations; hardship; woes Antonyms: good fortune; ease; comfort; success; luck; benefit

2. alacrity (noun)

1.brisk and cheerful readiness 2. speed 3. willingness 4. eagerness Synonyms: briskness; eagerness; willingness; enthusiasm; fervor; interest; promptness Antonyms: sluggishness; unwillingness; reluctance; hesitancy; disinclination; cautious

3. anarchy (noun)

1. state of disorder due to absence, or non recognition, of authority 2. complete absence of government and law 3. political disorder and violence 4. disorder and lack of authority Synonyms: disorder; chaos; lawlessness; confusion; turmoil; revolution Antonyms: order; law; organization; government; tranquility; peace

4. antipathy (noun)

1. a deep-seated feeling of dislike 2. aversion 3. animosity Synonyms: aversion; animosity; dislike; hatred; hostility; animus Antonyms: admiration; approval; approbation; respect; fondness; approval

5. apathy (noun)

1. lack of interest 2. lack of enthusiasm 3. lack of concern 4. lack of emotion Synonyms: indifference; disinterest; impassivity; unconcern Antonyms: interest; concern; enthusiasm; attention Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

12

6. audacity (noun)

1. the willingness to take bold risks 2. rude or disrespectful behavior 3. boldness 4. courage Synonyms: boldness; courage; temerity; nerve; rudeness; bravery; daring Antonyms: restraint; humility; timidity; reticence; shyness; diffidence; respect

7. effigy (noun)

1. a rough model of a person, often damaged or destroyed in protest 2. a sculpture or model of a person 3. a crude representation of one who is hated Synonyms: likeness; copy; portrait; model; figure; dummy

8. effrontery (noun)

1. insolent or impertinent behavior 2. insult 3. boldness Synonyms: insolence; impertinence; insult; boldness; disrespect; rudeness Antonyms: respect; esteem; honor; compliment; encomium; deference; timidity

9. fallacy (noun)

1. a mistaken belief, especially one based on unsound argument 2. a failure in reasoning that renders an argument invalid 3. falsity Synonyms: falsity; misconception; error; untruth; flaw Antonyms: truth; fact; certainty; actuality; verity

10. hegemony (noun)

1. leadership or dominance, especially by one country or group over another Synonyms: leadership; dominance; authority; supremacy Antonyms: impotence; slavery; weakness; inferiority

Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

13

Chapter One-Lesson One: Words in Context: Complete sentences by filling in blanks with Vocabulary Words Denotations or Connotations. THE LIST OF ANSWERS IS AS FOLLOWS: 1. adversity

6. audacity

2. alacrity

7. effigy

3. anarchy

8. effrontery

4. antipathy

9. fallacy

5. apathy

10. hegemony

1. Everyone was surprised by the ____________ with which the prospectors responded to the discovery of gold in Sacramento, California in 1849. 2. Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939 proved the __________ of the Allies' belief that Adolph Hitler would be satisfied with the taking of Czechoslovakia in 1938. 3. Roger Woodward displayed great ____________ when he attempted, and succeeded, in going over Niagara Falls in a barrel in 1964. 4. The girl reacted with ____________ to the announcement of an earthquake in the far off city of Lima, Peru. 5. When the first Pilgrims set sail for the New World in 1620, they were beset with much _____________, such as storms at sea and internal bickering. 6. Throughout history, the Romans, the Chinese, and the Americans have engaged in the practice of ___________, in which their cultures have dominated those of many other countries. 7. When the Union soldiers occupied the South in the years following the Civil War, the Southerners regarded them with ______________. 8. The young girl's _____________ in the classroom resulted in a threeday suspension from school. 9. During the heyday of the Roman Empire, its gold coins bore the ____________ , or likeness, of Caesar. 10. After the murder of Julius Caesar, in 44 B.C., ____________ reigned in the city of Rome.

Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

14

Chapter One-Lesson One: Quick Vocabulary Quiz (1-10): Match

1. ___ adversity

a. state of disorder due to lack of authority

2. ___ alacrity

b. a mistaken belief

3. ___ anarchy

c. insolent or impertinent behavior

4. ___ antipathy

d. lack of interest

5. ___ audacity

e. brisk and cheerful readiness

6. ___ apathy

f. a deep-seated felling of dislike

7. ___ effigy

g. dominance of one country over another

8. ___ effrontery

h. willingness to take bold risks

9. ___ fallacy

i. difficulty or misfortune

10. ___ hegemony

j. a model of a person, often burned in protest

Figure 1-1 Boston Massacre

Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

15

Chapter One-Lesson One: Synonyms: Words with the Same Meaning Match Each Vocabulary Word with (3) Synonyms List of Synonyms 1. indifference 2. problems 3. image 4. disrespect 5. misconception 6. hatred 7. authority 8. disorder 9. falsity 10. promptness

1.

adversity

11. dislike 12. supremacy 13. rudeness 14. eagerness 15. unconcern 16. hardship 17. likeness 18. dominance 19. chaos 20. boldness

21. misfortune 22. insult 23. swiftness 24. error 25. disinterest 26. lawlessness 27.nerve 28. hostility 29. courage

_

_____

2. alacrity

_____________

_____________

_____________

3.

anarchy

_____________

_____________

_____________

4.

antipathy

_____________

______________

_____________

5.

apathy

_____________

______________

_____________

6.

audacity

_____________

_____________

_____________

7.

effrontery

8.

effigy

_____________

9.

fallacy

_____________

_____________

_____________

10. hegemony

_____________

_____________

_____________

_____________

_____________

_____________

_____________

Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

16

Chapter One-Lesson One: Antonyms: Words with Different Meanings Match Each Vocabulary Word with (3) Antonyms List of Antonyms 1. admiration 2. government 3. attention 4. success 5. truth 6. sluggishness 7. impotence 8. order 9. respect 10. approval

11. fact 12. interest 13. tranquility 14. honor 15. reluctance 16. restraint 17. unwillingness 18. subjugation 19. esteem 20. fortune

21. inferiority 22. approbation 23. humility 24. good luck 25. certainty 26. timidity 27. concern

1. adversity 2. alacrity

_______

3. anarchy 4. antipathy 5. apathy 6. audacity 7. effrontery 8. fallacy 9. hegemony

Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

17

Mid-Term Exam: Chapter One 1. adversity

6. apathy

a. leadership or dominance

a. difficulties; misfortune

b. willingness to take bold risks

b. leadership or dominance

c. lack of interest or concern

c. a mistaken belief

d. difficulties; misfortune

d. lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern

2. alacrity

7. effigy

a. brisk and cheerful readiness b. leadership or dominance

a. a rough model of a person, often destroyed in protest

c. lack of interest or concern

b. brisk and cheerful readiness

d. insolent or impertinent behavior

c. willingness to take bold risks

3. anarchy

d. leadership or dominance

a. a state of disorder, due to absence, or lack, of authority

8. effrontery a. the willingness to take bold risks

b. a mistaken belief

b. insolent or impertinent behavior

c. difficulties; misfortune

c. a mistaken belief

d. a deep-seated feeling of dislike

d. lack of interest or concern

4. antipathy

9. fallacy

a. sculpture of model of a person

a. lack of interest, enthusiasm, concern

b. leadership or dominance

b. the willingness to take bold risks

c. insolent or impertinent behavior

c. leadership or dominance by a country

d. a deep-seated feeling of dislike

d. a mistaken belief

5. audacity

10. hegemony

a. a mistaken belief

a. insolent or impertinent behavior

b. leadership or dominance

b. a mistaken belief

c. a state of disorder, due to absence,

c. leadership or dominance by a country

or lack, of authority

d. difficulties; misfortune

d. willingness to take bold risks

Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

18

ANSWER KEY: Chapter One: Lesson 1 Write in Definitions

Quick Quiz

Antonyms

1-D

1-I

1-

4

20

24

2-F

2-E

2-

6

15

17

3-I

3-A

3-

2

8

13

4-B

4-F

4-

1

10

22

5-H

5-H

5-

3

12

27

6-J

6-D

6-

16

23

26

7-E

7-J

7-

9

14

19

8-G

8-C

8-

5

11

25

9-A

9-B

9-

7

18

21

10-C

10-G

Words in Context

Synonyms

1-2

1-

2

16

21

Mid-Term Exam

2-9

2-

10 14

23

1-D

3-6

3-

8

19

26

2-A

4-5

4-

6

11

28

3-A

5-1

5-

1

15

25

4-D

6-10

6- 20

27

29

5-D

7-4

7-

4

13

22

6-D

8-8

8-

3

17

9-7

9-

5

9

24

8-B

10-3

10- 7

12

18

9-D

7-A

10-C

Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

19

CHAPTER ONE: LESSON TWO

Words 11 – 20 11. impunity 12. instigate 13. itinerary 14. levity 15. paucity 16. perpetuity 17. probity 18. propensity 19. redoubtable 20. schism

Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

20

Chapter One- Lesson Two Words 11-20: Pre-Test

Write in Denotation (main definitions) of Vocabulary Words. 11. impunity-__________________________________________________ 12. instigate-__________________________________________________ 13. itinerary-___________________________________________________ 14. levity-______________________________________________________ 15. paucity-____________________________________________________ 16. perpetuity-__________________________________________________ 17. probity-_____________________________________________________ 18. propensity-__________________________________________________ 19. redoubtable-________________________________________________ 20. schism-______________________________________________________ Denotations: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j.

formidable, especially as an opponent to bring about or initiate freedom from the consequences of one’s actions a split or division between two strongly opposed parties humor or frivolity, especially the treatment of serious matter with disrespect the state of lasting forever the presence of something in only small or insufficient quantities honesty and decency a planned route or journey an inclination or tendency to act in a certain way

Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

21

Chapter One- Lesson Two: Definitions

WORDS 11-20 11. impunity (noun)

Denotation (1); Connotation (2, 3, 4, etc.); Synonym; Antonym 1. freedom from the consequences of one’s actions 2. exemption from punishment Synonyms: exemption; immunity; license; privilege; exception Antonyms: punishment; liability; consequences; penalty; discipline; penance

12. instigate (verb)

1. to bring about or initiate 2. to incite someone to do something (usually bad) Synonyms: incite; foment; initiate; urge; prompt; encourage; spur Antonyms: discourage; stop; end; quell; preclude; obviate; obstruct

13. itinerary (noun)

1. planned route or journey 2. a travel document recording a route or journey Synonyms: route; course; way; tour; plan; schedule; agenda Antonyms: none

14. levity (noun)

1. frivolity or humor, especially the treatment of a serious matter disrespect Synonyms: frivolity; humor; foolishness; silliness; mirth; merriment Antonyms: seriousness; gravity; somberness; sobriety; gravitas;

15. paucity (noun)

1. the presence of something in only small or insufficient quantities 2. scarcity Synonyms: scarcity; shortage; lack; dearth; insufficiency; absence Antonyms: wealth; surplus; excess; glut; surfeit; abundance

16. perpetuity (noun)

1. the state of lasting forever 2. a thing that lasts forever or for an indefinite period 3. a bond or other security with no fixed maturity date Synonyms: forever; eternity; permanence; continuity; infinity Antonyms: impermanence; transience; finite

Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

22

17. probity (noun)

1. honesty and decency 2. the quality of having strong moral principles Synonyms: honesty; decency; integrity; morality; virtue; credibility Antonyms: dishonesty; deceit; deception; insincerity; fraud; duplicity

18. propensity (noun)

1. an inclination or a tendency to act in a certain way 2. a desire for, interest in, or liking for Synonyms: inclination; tendency; desire; leaning; interest; penchant; predilection; disposition Antonyms: distaste; aversion; dislike; antipathy; revulsion; scorn

19 redoubtable (adj.)

1. formidable, especially as an opponent 2. instilling fear in others Synonyms: fearful; frightening; intimidating; vaunted; threatening; powerful; formidable Antonyms: weak; uninspiring; reassuring; conciliatory; appeasing; feeble; powerless; anemic

20. schism (noun)

1. a split or division between two strongly opposed parties 2. the formal separation of a single church or religion into two distinct churches or religions the secession of a group from a church or religion owing to doctrinal differences Synonyms: division; separation; split; break; rift; fragmentation Antonyms: unification; union; harmony; combination; alliance; coalition

Figure 1-2 British Colonies (1763-1775)

Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

23

Words in Context: Complete Sentences by filling in blanks with Vocabulary Word Denotations or Connotations. The LIST OF ANSWERS is as follows: 1. impunity

6. perpetuity

2. instigate

7. probity

3. itinerary

8. propensity

4. levity

9. redoubtable

5. paucity

10. schism

1. Although Napoleon was considered a military genius, he often displayed a __________________ for needlessly putting his soldiers in harm’s way for minimal gain. 2. When David appeared before the giant Goliath and challenged him, Goliath reacted with _______________ and mocked the diminutive David’s apparently foolish challenge. 3. Despite his promises not to push for further territorial concessions with his signing of the Munich pact in 1938, Adolph Hitler attacked Poland in 1939 and _________________d the Second World War. 4. In the fourteenth century, a great _______________, or split, broke out in the Catholic Church, and resulted in the existence of two different Popes, one in Rome and one in Avignon, France. 5. Although Joan of Arc was convicted as a heretic and burned at the stake by the Burgundians, she was an honest and decent person who left behind a legacy of ___________________. 6. Although some of the worst dictators in history have been punished by death, there were many who perpetrated their crimes against humanity with __________________, or who escaped punishment. 7. Although we traveled to Europe during the summer, our _______________ agenda did not include a stop in the Scandinavian countries. 8. Some people believe that they will never die, but will live on in ________________. 9. The German army had great success during the early stages of World War II, but its reputation as a __________________ force began to wane when the Germans were forced to fight a war on two fronts: against the English and the Americans in the West and against the Russians in the East. 10. During the Great Depression in the 1930s, the plains states of Oklahoma and Nebraska suffered through a severe drought as the result of a _____________ of rain.

Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

24

Quick Vocabulary Quiz (1-10): Match.

1.___impunity

a. the state of lasting forever

2. ___instigate

b. a split or between two strongly opposed parties

3.___itinerary

c. an inclination or tendency to act in a certain way

4.___levity

d. exemption from punishment

5.___paucity

e. formidable

6.___perpetuity

f. honesty and decency

7.___probity

g. to bring about or to initiate

8.___propensity

h. humor or frivolity

9.___redoubtable

i. a planned route or journey

10.___schism

j. scarcity

Figure 1-3 British Armies in Concord, Massachusetts.

Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

25

Chapter 1-2: Synonyms-Words with the Same Meaning Match Each Vocabulary Word with (3) Synonyms List of Synonyms 1. scarcity 2. intimidating 3. respectability 4. map 5. inclination 6. fearsome 7. exemption 8. infinity 9. frivolity 10. incite

11. integrity 12. penchant 13. split 14. route 15. immunity 16. merriment 17. dearth 18. alienation 19. forever 20. provoke

21. lack 22. amnesty 23. cause 24. schedule 25. mirth 26. awesome 27. permanence 28. tendency 29. honesty 30. division

_______

1. impunity 2. instigate

______

_

3. itinerary

_____________

__________

_____________

4. levity

_____________

_____________

_____________

5. paucity

_____________

_____________

_____________

6. perpetuity

_____________

______________

_____________

7. probity

_____________

_____________

_____________

8. propensity

_____________

_____________

_____________

9. redoubtable

_____________

_____________

_____________

_

_

_____________

10. schism

Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

26

Chapter 1-2: Antonyms- Words with Different Meanings Match Each Vocabulary Word with (3) Antonyms List of Antonyms 1. seriousness 2. excess 3. dishonor 4. aversion 5. consequences 6. prevent 7. association 8. powerless 9. punishment 10. weak

11. infidelity 12. transience 13. solemnity 14. spate 15. revulsion 16. feeble 17. union 18. discourage 19. amalgamation 20. surplus

21. conclude 22. treachery 23. sobriety 24. blame 25. impermanence 26. dislike

1. impunity

________

2. instigate

________ __

3. levity 4. paucity

________

5. perpetuity 6. probity

________

7. propensity

________

8. redoubtable

________

9. schism

__

Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

27

Final Examination: Chapter One: Choose the Correct Definition 1. adversity a. leadership or dominance by one country b. a mistaken belief c.

the state of lasting forever

d. difficulties

7. effigy a. the state of lasting forever b. honesty and decency c.

a rough model of a person

d. willingness to take bold risks 8. effrontery

2. alacrity a. humor of frivolity b. brisk or cheerful readiness c.

leadership or dominance by a country

d. difficulties 3. anarchy

a. insolent or impertinent behavior b. honesty and decency c.

brisk and cheerful readiness

d. a mistaken belief 9. fallacy a. a desire for, or interest in

a. the state of lasting forever

b. honesty and decency

b. humor or frivolity

c.

c.

d. a mistaken belief

state of disorder due to absence of authority

d. scarcity 4. antipathy

brisk and cheerful readiness

10. hegemony a. a tendency to act in a certain way

a. deep-seated feeling of dislike

b. leadership or dominance

b. lack of interest

c.

c.

d. freedom from the consequences of one’s actions

insolent behavior

d. humor or frivolity

deep-seated feeling of dislike

11. impunity

5. apathy a. deep-seated feeling of dislike

a. freedom from the consequences of one’s actions

b. lack of interest

b. honesty and decency

c.

c.

insolent behavior

d. a division between two strongly opposed parties 6. audacity a. willingness to take bold risks b. deep-seated feeling of dislike c.

aversion

d. a mistaken belief

difficulties; misfortune

d. inappropriate humor or frivolity 12. instigate a. to bring about or initiate b. insolent or impertinent behavior c.

difficulties; misfortune

d. brisk and cheerful readiness

Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

28

17. probity

13. itinerary a. scarcity

a. honesty and decency

b. the formal separation of a church into two churches

b. a mistaken belief

c.

a sculpture or model of a person

d. a planned route or journey

c.

lack of interest

d. a planned route of travel 18. propensity

14. levity a. humor or frivolity especially treatment of a serious matter with disrespect

a. lack of interest, enthusiasm b. a tendency to act in a certain way

b. aversion

c.

c.

d. the willingness to take bold risks

having strong moral principles

d. scarcity 15. paucity a. the state of lasting forever b. the presence of something in small amounts c.

willingness to take bold risks

d. humor or frivolity 16. perpetuity a. freedom from the consequences of one’s actions b. deep-seated feeling of dislike c.

the willingness to take bold risks

planned route or journey

19. redoubtable a. formidable, especially as an opponent b. lack of interest c.

lack of government

d. a rough model of a person 20. schism a. insolent or impertinent behavior b. aversion c.

the formal separation of a church into two churches

d. willingness to take bold risks

d. the state of lasting forever

Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

29

Figure 1-4 The Ohio Valley

The Seeds of the American Revolution As the British colonies in America were settled during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the colonists quickly developed a propensity for freedom and individualism. During much of the colonial period, England was preoccupied with long and difficult wars against France and Spain. This situation led to an attitude of apathy toward the colonies by the British king and Parliament. In fact, what characterized this period was the paucity of laws passed by Parliament for the colonies. The American colonists, as long as they didn't seek independence or openly defy the king, were allowed to create many of their own laws and ignore minor English edicts with impunity. In addition, the colonies were separated from mother England by the Atlantic Ocean. This vast distance enabled the colonists to regard with levity the few attempts by the English rulers to increase their control over their American "subjects." The colonists realized that the English would be unwilling to brave the adversities of a voyage across the Atlantic Ocean just to correct a minor infraction of English law. The colonists were aware of just how far they could push the English and still be regarded with probity. Minor laws were broken, but nothing close to anarchy had ever existed in the American colonies by the year 1750. At this time, the American colonists and their British "masters" both enjoyed and prospered from a relationship based upon "benign neglect." By the mid-eighteenth century, England possessed the largest colonial empire in the world. England's hegemony included colonies in Asia, Africa, the Middle Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

30

East, and the American continents. This small island country maintained a prosperous colonial trade and had reason to expect this situation to continue for perpetuity. However, the fallacy of England's belief that all was well with its colonies manifests itself in 1754, as a war broke out between the English and the French over the land of the Ohio Valley. English colonists from Virginia had attempted to build a fort in the area of what is now Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The French, who had controlled the Ohio Valley for more than 100 years, saw the fort as an affront to their authority. The French drove the Virginia colonists from the site of the fort and a schism developed between the French and the English, which led to the French and Indian War. The Indians in the Ohio Valley sided with the French and the American colonists joined forces with the English. The American soldiers proved to be a redoubtable force and the French were driven out of the Ohio Valley. After the war, the American colonists acted with alacrity in establishing settlements in the newly-won territories. However, the English king and Parliament, fearing that these settlements would instigate an Indian uprising, passed the Proclamation of 1763, which forbade settlement by American colonists in the Ohio Valley. The American colonists were outraged and acted with antipathy toward their English masters. Effigies of English politicians were burned in the town squares. The American colonists were stunned by what they felt was the audacity of the ungrateful British, who gladly accepted the Americans' assistance in ousting the French, but attempted to keep the colonial settlers out of the Ohio Valley. This proclamation was the first step on the long itinerary which led to the American Revolution in 1776. The Proclamation of 1763 was the action which sowed the initial seeds of the American Revolution. The Best Definition: Choose the definition which most correctly describes how the Vocabulary Words are used in this essay. 1. "This situation led to an attitude of apathy toward the colonies by the English king and Parliament.” a. lack of interest in the American colonies b. lack of concern over their control of the American colonies 2. "What characterized this period was the paucity of laws passed by Parliament for the colonies." a. the presence of something in insufficient quantities b. the presence of something in small quantities 3. "The colonists realized that the English would be unwilling to brave the adversities of an ocean voyage..." a. difficulties b. misfortunes Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

31

4. "Minor laws were broken, but nothing close to anarchy had ever existed in the American colonies." a. political disorder and violence (rebellion) b. a state of disorder due to absence of authority 5. "The French...saw the fort as an affront to their authority." a. insolent or impertinent behavior b. an insult 6. "The American soldiers proved to be a redoubtable force." a. instilling fear in others b. formidable, especially as an opponent 7. "A schism developed between the French and English, which led to the French and Indian War." a. a formal separation between groups of a single church or religion b. a split or division between two strongly opposed parties 8. "The colonies quickly developed a propensity for freedom and individualism." a. a tendency to act in a certain way b. a desire for 9. "The vast distance enabled the colonists to regard with levity the few attempts by the English rulers to increase their control..." a. humor; silliness b. treatment of a serious matter with disrespect 10. "This proclamation was the first step on the long itinerary which led to the American Revolution in 1776." a. a planned route or journey b. a record of a route or journey (planned or unplanned)

Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

32

ANSWER KEY: Chapter One: Lesson Two

10-B

11-A

Synonyms

12-A

Write in Definitions (Pre-Test)

1-

7

15

22

13-D

11-C

2-

10

20

23

14-A

12-B

3-

4

14

24

The Best Definition

13-I

4-

9

16

25

1-B

14-E

5-

1

17

21

2-B

15-G

6-

8

19

27

3-A

16-F

7-

3

11

29

4-A

17-H

8-

5

12

28

5-B

18-J

9-

2

6

26

6-B

19-A

10- 13

18 30

7-B

20-D

Antonyms

Words in Context

1-

5

9

24

9-B

1-8

2-

6

18

21

10-

2-4

3-

1

13

23

3-2

4-

2

14

20

4-10

5-

12

25

5-7

6-

3

11

22

6-1

7-

4

15

26

7-3

8-

8

10

16

8-6

9-

7

17

19

9-9

Final Exam

10-5

1-D

15-B

Quick Quiz

2-B

16-D

1-D

3-C

17-A

2-G

4-A

18-B

3-I

5-B

19-A

4-H

6-A

20-C

5-J

7-C

6-A

8-A

7-F

9-D

8-C

10-B

8-B

9-E

Copyright © 2009 Richard Lillie and Ralph Becker. All rights reserved.

33

The Ultimate and Nonpareil SAT Vocabulary Builder* By Richard Lillie & Ralph Becker

Few SAT Vocabulary Builders effectively fulfill their purpose. This one is different because it: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Uses words gleaned from reviewing dozens of released SATs. If a vocabulary word has appeared on the test previously, there is a good chance it will again. Contains multiple meanings for each word, which the SAT tests with words “in context” questions. Extensively uses synonyms and antonyms to ensure the words are understood. Includes lots of reinforcement exercises, which is essential in mastering vocabulary. Builds vocabulary around historical themes. Each chapter contains photos and vocabulary-rich captions, along with an engaging story to further aid vocabulary learning.

This is the book to assist you in truly taking control of your SAT vocabulary building efforts.

R&R Publishing 1-562-225-0484