Sam A As A

18.05.2005 smasnm! smas> - putting together nicely – compounding process (Éave) i.e. A word that is put together nicely – a compounded word (kmRi[). § The word smas literally means putting together, condensing, shortening. §95§ In any smas there is a sense of unification, @kawIR Éav> (unification) – The possibility of combining the two words into one is called samWyRm!, Only when such a samWyRm! is there, can the smas be formed. When will such a possibility exist? - Only when the words are meaningfully connected. A compound is formed by combining two or more subNtm! pdm!, subNtpdm! + subNtpdm! = smas>, This smas> will become a àaitpidkm! and to that sup!-àTyy will be added and we will get a subNtpdm! → ram> (dzrwSy puÇ>). These are two words, which have a meaningful connection i.e. jnk-jNy sMbNx (producer-produced relationship), expressed by the sixth case, can be compounded according to the rules of compounding. § In a sentence we use words each with a ivÉi´ (case-affix) required by the sense desired to be expressed. A word ending in a ivÉi´ is called pd. When the ivÉi´ after each word entering into a combination is elided and is affixed only after the combination, giving us a new word-unit called smas. It is clear that the words not linked in sense would not form a compound & that smas is a pd-ivix, a grammatical operation based on words linked in sense (smwR = sMbÏawR) §95§ « The word smwR means capable. That which is capable of expressing the sense of a sentence on analysis, is called smwR; or the word smwR may mean that which depends upon words as connected in sense i.e. to say, rule relating to words whose senses are connected together. »smwR> pd-ivix> 2.1.1» § ra}> pué;> (The King's man, viz. his servant). These two words are connected in sense by the relation of the one (pué;) being Svaimn! (the owner), hence we have the compound rajpué;>, but ÉayaR ra}> pué;ae devdÄSy would not give us this compound, for here rajn! and pué; are not connected in sense; ÉayaR belongs to the king and pué; (the servant) to Devadatta. §95§ 19.05.2005 v&iÄ is that which stands for something other than itself – prwaRiÉxana v&iÄ (prawaR - for something else). smas are v&iÄ because they carry more meaning than apparent. Like – tIwRkak>, pi{ftpuÇ, devanaiMày> etc. iv¢hvaKym! - v&Åyvbaexk< vaKym! iv¢h>, (iv¢h - splitting, v&Åyvbaexk< - that which makes you know the meaning). § ra}> pué;> is called laEikk iv¢h>, analysis of the compound in the form usable in speech. rajn!-As!-pué;-su is so called AlaEikk iv¢h, analysis in the form not usable in speech. iv¢h is analysis (as opposed to s<¢h), splitting up. What is of the form current in speech is laEikk and what is not yet fully developed (Apiriniót) and therefore not in circulation is AlaEikk, §95-96§ v&iÄ - smasaid, smasade> Aw¡ baexiytu< vaKym! %Cyte vaKy< iv¢h>, The sentence that gives the meaning of the v&iÄ such as smas is called iv¢hvaKym!, e.g. - v&]mUlm! v&]Sy mUlm!, iv¢h iÖxa - iv¢hvaKy - are of two kinds -

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1.

Svpdiv¢h> - the iv¢hvaKy contains the same words as that of the smas. e.g. ¢amgt> #it smas> - ¢am< gt> #it Svpdiv¢h>,

2.

ASvpdiv¢h> - The iv¢hvaKy - contains different words as compared to the smas. Usually one of the words will be different. Note: The smas with ASvpdiv¢h> are inTysmas, e.g. %pk«:[m! #it smas> - k«:[Sy smIpm! #it ASvpdiv¢h>, Here the AVyy - %p in the sense of smIp is compounded to form an AVyyI-Éav-smas> which is a inTysmas>, ywazi´ #it smas>, zi´m! Anit³My #it iv¢h>.

23.05.2005 Types of Compounds 1.

AVyyIÉav> (Indeclinable) - pUvRpdàxan> (àxan> - what is more important / denoted)

2.

tTpué; (Determinative) - %Ärpdàxan>

3.

b÷ìIih> (Attributive) - ANypdàxan>

4.

ÖNÖ> (Compulative or Cumulative)- svRpdàxan>

5.

kevlsmas - sup!-supa-smas> - A Compound that does not fall into any of the above types

%psjRnm! %psjRnm! - this has a êiF AwR (common meaning by usage) - 'secondary'. But here it has a pirÉa;a-AwR (technical meaning) i.e. - 'to be placed as the first word'. A word that is mentioned in the smas-ivxayk-sUÇ (a sūtra that ordains the smas) in the first case is called %psjRnm!, àwmainidRò< smas %psjRnm! 1.2.43 « In the sūtras relating to compound, the word that is exhibited in the first (Nominative) case, is called %psjRn or the secondary word. + This defines or rather defines the word %psjRn, In the sūtras referring to compounds, the words that have the case termination of the nominative, are called %psjRnm!, --»1.2.43» Then the sūtra %psjRn< pUvRm! 2.2.30 says that an %psjRnm! has to be placed as the first word. « The %psjRn (1.2.43) is to be placed first in the compound. + The word smase is understood here. The %psjRn being the word exhibited in the nominative case in the rules relating to smas must stand first. The constant application of this rule has been illustrated in the previous sūtras. Without this rule, there would have been no fixity as to the position of words. »%psjRn< pUvRm! 2.2.30» tTpué;> (Determinative Compound) § A compound generally of two pd, wherein the latter member is àxan (predominant), viz. is connected with the verb and where the former member having manifold case-affixes, determines (qualifies) the sense of the latter is called tTpué;, §106§ %Ärpdàxan> - The compound denotes, the one denoted by the second word. e.g. devdÄpuÇ> is ;óI-tTpué;> and the compound denotes the second word - puÇ There, when it is said devdÄpuÇm! Aany - the one who was ordered will bring the son (of Devadatta) and not Devadatta. 

Thus %ÄrpdawR is AwR (object denoted) of the compound.



Thus the %Ärpd is denoted by the compound and is called the smasawR>

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

Therefore, the gender of the compound is in a tTpué;> will be the same as the gender of the %Ärpd e.g. devdÄpuÇ> (M), devdÄpuÇI (F), devdÄimÇm! (N).

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tTpué;> is of four types 1.

samaNy> - General

2.

kmRxary> - Appositional tTpué;>

3.

iÖgu> - A tTpué;> that has a 'numeral' as the first word

4.

àaid-tTpué;> & n|!-tTpué;> - The tTpué;> compound that has the AVyay - àaid, n|! etc. as the first word

samaNy> - General - Here the iv¢hvaKy a word in different cases when connected with specific second word will form a tTpué; compound. And the compound will be known by the ivÉi´ of the first word. 1.1. iÖtIy-tTpué; - 2.1.24 - A word ending in the second case will combine with the words iït (mfn clinging or attached to, standing or lying or being or fixed or in or, contained in) , AtIt (mfn gone by, past, passed away, dead), pitt (mfn fallen, dropped, descended, alighted), gt (mfn gone, gone away, departed, departed from the world, deceased, dead), ATySt (mfn one who has shot or cast beyond), àaÝ (mfn attained to, reached, arrived at, met with, found, incurred, got, acquired, gained), AapÚ (mfn entered, got in, gained, obtained, acquired), gmI (one who goes), gamI (one who had gone), buÉu]u> (mfn wishing to eat, angry; desirous of worldly enjoyment (opp. to mum]u)), ij}asu (mfn desirous of knowing, inquiring into, examining, testing) to form a tTpué;> compound called - iÖtIy-tTpué;>, « A word ending in the second case-affix is compounded with the words iït (who has had recourse to), AtIt (gone by), pitt (who has fallen upon), gt (who has gone to), ATyt (who has passed), àaÝ (who has obtained) and AapÚ (who has reached), and the resulting compound is called tTpué;> --»iÖtIya

iïtatIt-pitt-gta-

TyStàaÝapÚE> 2.1.24» e.g. - k«:[m! iït> - k«:[ + Am! + iït + su

k«:[aiït + su

Ê>om! AtIt

¢amgt>,mag¡ ATySt>

Ê>oatIt>, kªp< pitt

magRaTySt>, zala< àaÝ> ¢amgmI, ngr<< gamI>

kªpptit, ¢am< gt>

zalaàaÝ>, s ngrgamI, AÚ buÉu]u>

k«:[aiït>,

s, ¢am< gmI>

AÚbuÉu]u>, AaTm< ij}asu>

AaTmij}asu> 1.2. t&tIy-tTpué; 1.2.1.A word in the third case will join with a meaningfully connected second word forming t&tIyatTpué;> provided the second word is either of the following - pUvR (prior), s†z (similar), sm (equal - or any other word meaning 'equal'), ^nawR (less or any other word meaning 'less'), klh (quarrel), inpu[ (expert), imï (mixed - imï with the %pasgR too), ðú[ (sweet & juicy), Avr (lower). « A word ending in the third case-affix is compounded with the words pUvR (prior), s†z (like), sm (similar), ^nawR (words having the sense of less), klh (quarrel), inpu[ (proficient), imï (mixed), ðú[ (polished, sleek) and the resulting compound is called tTpué;>. + From this sūtra we learn incidentally that the words pUvR etc. govern the instrumental case. + The word Avr should be added in the list, as masavr> (later than a month) --»pUvR-s†z-smaenawR-klh-inpu[-imï-ðú[E> 2.1.31» e.g. - masen pUvR>

maspUvR (earlier by a month), maÇa s†z>

mat&s†z>

ipt&sm> (equal to the father), ma;e[ ^[m!

ma;ae[m!,

(similar to the mother), ipÇa sm> ma;e[

ivklm!

ma;ivklm!,

Aacarinpu[>, gu[en imï>

vaca

klh>

vacaŠlh>,

gu[imï>, Aacare[ ðú[>

Aacare[

inpu[>

Aacarðú[>, masen Avr>

masavr> 1.2.2.A word in the third case representing the kÄaR (agent) or kr[ (instrument) generally combines with a meaningfully connected second word which is a k«dNt (a word ending in a k«t! affix - participle) to form a t&tIy-tTpué;>, « A word ending in the third case-affix, when it denotes the agent or the

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instrument (2.3.18) is compounded diversely with what ends with a k«t! affix; and the compound so formed are called tTpué;>. + The word shows that there is a general relaxation of all the rules & conditions --»kt&R-kr[e k«ta b÷lm! 2.1.32» § b÷lm! in the sūtra means that this compounding does not take place sometimes even when the conditions for the application of the sūtra are satisfied an on the contrary this does take place when there is little scope for the application of the sūtra. §109§ e.g. - hir[a Çat> przuna iDÚ

hirÇat>, ten k«tm! przuiCDÚ, ofœgen iDÚ

tTk«tm!, kaildasen rictm!

kaildasrictm!,

ofœgiCDÚ.

Why generally? Sometimes it will not join like - d{fen taiftvan, It will never combine with an past active participle 1.2.3.A word in the third case denoting a VyÃn (s<Skar ÔVy) will combine with AÚ-zBd (or equivalent word) as the second word will form a t&tIy-tTpué;>. « A word ending with the third case-affix and denoting a condiment, is optionally compounded with a word ending in a case-affix, signifying food, and the resulting compound is called tTpué;>. + That which is prepared is called AÚ, and that which prepares is VyÃn ; as dXyaexn>

dXya %psi´ Aaedn (rice prepared or made relish able with

curd), so also ]Iraedn>. The words 'food' and 'condiment' as represented in the above compounds, are connected in sense by a verb understood. »AÚen VyÃnm! 2.1.34» § A word for condiment with the third case-affix is optionally compounded with a subNt word meaning food. d×a %pis´ Aaedn> dXyaedn>, boiled rice sprinkled over with curd. dix is something s<Skark, something that improves the taste and Aaedn is something that is improved (s<SkayR). ]Ire[ae[si´ Aaedn> ] IraEdn. In both these instances the relation in sense of dix and ]Ir with Aaedn by the latent action of %psecn, without which there would be no samWyR and hence no compounding. §110-111§ e.g. d×a (s<Sk«tm!) Aaednm! dXyaednm!

dXyÚm!, ]Ire[(s<Sk«tm!) Aaednm!

]

Iraednm!, 1.2.4.A word in the third case denoting a imiïkr[m! (a thing used to mix with something else) will combine with an eatable which is hard & crunchy (Éúym!) to form a t&tIy-tTpué;>. « A word, ending with the third case-affix and denoting a relish giving or refining ingredient, is compounded with a word meaning, victuals, and the compound is tTpué;>. + Anything eatable, whether hard or soft, is called Éúy ; its refinement is called imiïkr[m!, As gufxana> (barely prepared with jaggery); gufp&wka> (flattened parched rice prepared with jaggery). + The connection here also between the two words is established by a verb understood. »Éúye[ imïIkr[m! 2.1.35» § A word with the third case-affix signifying the means of mixing is optionally compounded with a subNt word meaning food. gufen imï xan

gufxan. gufen imïa> p&wuka>

gufp&wuka>. The sense of

imiïkr[ (mixing) latent in the compound brings about the relation in between guf and xana this renders them fit for entering into compounding §111§ e.g. gufen (imiïta>) xana> gufxana>, gufen (imiïta>) p&wuka>

gufp&wuka>,

1.3. ctuwIR-tTpué;> 1.3.1.A word in the fourth case indicating a ivkar (modification) will combine with a word indicating the àk«it (material cause) of that ivkar to form tTpué;> compound. § When in the sense of mere tadWyR, the word in ctuwIR, the first member, has to be ivkar, the thing made, and the second member, the material of which the thing is made. tadWyeR àk«itivk«itÉave smasae=yim:yte. yUpay daé>

yUpaydaé> (wood meant for sacrificial post). k…{flay (ivkar) ihr{ym!

(àk«it) → k…{flihr{ym! (gold mean for the ear-ring). In both these cases, yUp and k…{fl, with

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the fourth case-ending stand for the thing made (ivkar) and daé and ihr{y for the material. Hence rNxnaySwalI (a pot for cooking) or Avhnnay %lUolm! (mortar for thrashing) do not form compounds as there is no àk«it-ivk«it-Éav, although tadWyR is there. §111-112§ e.g. k…{flay (ivkar) ihr{ym! (àk«it) → k…{flihr{ym! (Gold mean for the ear ring). yUpay daé> yUpaydaé> (wood meant for sacrificial post). 1.3.2.A word in the fourth case will combine with the word AwR as a inTy-smas, And this, unlike other tTpué;> will denote a word external to the compound and therefore will be in all the three genders, depending

upon

the

iÖjay (iÖj+'e AwR+su) Aym!

gender

of

that

word.

e.g.

-

iÖjawR> sUp>, iÖjay (iÖj+'e AwR+su) #ym!

iÖjawaR yvag, iÖjay (iÖj+'e AwR+su) #dm!

iÖjawRm! AÚm!, This compound can also

be used for qualifying a verb - as an adverb. e.g. Éaejnay Éaejnzala< gCDit

Éaejnaw¡

Éaejnzala< gCDit, § Note that Añ"as> (grass for the horse), vasÉanm! (female apartments, room for lying), zyngarm! (sleeping room), lIlaMbujm! (play-lotus) are ;óI-tTpué;> and are to be analyzed as AñSy "as>, vasSy Évnm! etc. §112§ « With the word AwR the compound so formed is inTy-smas (an invariable compound) and agrees in gender with the word which it qualifies; as äaüm[awRm! py> (milk for the Brahmanas); and äaüm[awRm! yvagU> (rice-gruel for the Brahmanas). So also k…verbil> (sacrifice for Kuvera), mharajbil> (sacrifice for the great Raja), gaeihtm! (what is good for the cows), Añihtm! (what is good for the horses), (what is pleasant for the cows), (what is kept for the cows (as grass)) »Vart. ctuwIR tdwaRwR-bil-iht-suo-ri]te> 2.1.36» § All these compounds are inTy for they are not resolved into their component parts. AŠeg&hkae[e (in the corner of the house) §112§ 1.3.3.A word in the fourth case will combine with bil, iht, suo, ri]t as second words, to form a ctuwIRtTpué;>, « A word ending in the fourth case-affix is compounded with what denotes that which is for the purpose of what ends with the fourth case-affix and so too with the words AwR (on account of), bil (a sacrifice), iht (salutary), suo (pleasure), ri]t (kept), and the compound is called tTpué;>. + The words sup, supa are understood in this sūtra; and the whole sūtra qualifies these words. --»ctuwIR tdwaRwR-bil-iht-suo-ri]te> 2.1.36» § e.g. ÉUte_y> bil> beasts), gae_yae ihtm!

ÉUtbil> (an offering to the

gaeihtm! (good for the cows), gve + suom!

(comforting to the cow), gae_yae ri]tm!

gaesuom!

gaeri]tm! (preserved for the cows).

1.4. pÂmI-tTpué;> 1.4.1.A word in the fifth case will combine with Éy (fear), ÉIt (one who is afraid), ÉIit (fear), ÉI> (fear) as second words to form pÂmI-tTpué;>, e.g. caeradœ Éym! Vyaºadœ ÉIt> v&iíkadœ ÉI>

caerÉym! (fear of thieves),

VyaºÉIt> (fear of tiger), v&kadœ ÉIt>

v&kÉIt> (fear of wolf),

v&iíkÉI> (fear of scorpion). « A word ending with the fifth case is optionally

compounded with the word Éy (fear) and the compound is tTpué;>. + The phrase sup! supa is understood here, and the sūtra qualifies it. --» pÂmI Éyen 2.1.37» 1.4.2.Some words in the fifth case will combine with Apet, ApaeF (removed), mu´, pitt, ApÇSt (scared away) as second words and form pÂmI-tTpué;>, « A word ending in the fifth case-affix is compounded with the words Apet (gone away), Apaex (carried away), mu´ (freed), pitt (fallen), ApÇSt (afraid of), when the event takes place in a gradual manner; and the compound is called tTpué;>. + By using the word Alpr> (in gradual degree), is shown the limited range of this kind of compounds. Not every ablative word can be so compounded. Hence there is no compounding at all of

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the following cases - àasadat! pitt> (fallen from the mansion), Éaejnadœ ApÇSt> (afraid of eating). For here the fall etc. is violent & sudden, and not gradual & light. --»ApetapaeF-mu ´-pittapÇStErLpz> 2.1.38» e.g. suoadœ Apet> ApaeF>

kLpnapaeF>

(transcending

suoapet> (bereft of comfort), kLpnaya> imagination),

tr¼apÇSt> (fighting shy of the waves), SvgaRt! pitt> heaven), c³adœ mu´>

tr¼adœ

ApÇSt>

SvgRpitt (come down from the

c³mu´> (saved from the wheel). § But there is no compounding of -

àasadat! pitt>, Éaejnadœ ApÇSt> (shrinking away from meals). §113§

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26.05.2005 1.5. ;óI-tTpué;> - A word in the sixth case will combine with a meaningfully connected word to form a ;óItTpué;> compound. e.g. ra}> pé;> k«:[Sy soa

ra}pué;>, AwRSy gaErvm!

k«:[soa, dzrwSy puÇ>

AwRgaErvm!!,

dzrwpuÇ>. « A word ending in the sixth case-affix is

compounded with a case-inflected word with which it is in construction; and the compound is tTpué;>. + Vartika - When a word takes the genitive case because of its connection with a word ending in a k«t! àTyy; that word may be compounded with such a k«t! word. sūtra 2.3.65 states the conditions when a k«t! - formed word governs the genitive case. »;óI 2.2.8» 1.6. sÝmI-tTpué;> - A word in the seventh case will combine with the following second words - zaE{f (expert), Aix (pertaining), xUtR (crook), iktv (crook, cheat, fraudulent man), àvI[ (expert), pi{ft (expert), k…zl (expert), inpu[ (expert), cpl (restless), isÏ (accomplished), zu:k (dry), pKv (cooked), bNx (bound) - to form a sÝmI-tTpué;>, « A word ending with the seventh case-affix is compounded with the words zaE{f (skilled), etc. and the compound is tTpué;>. + The word zaE{fE> in the sūtra being in the plural number indicates a class of words beginning with the zaE{f. »sÝmI zaE{fE> 2.1.40» e.g. A]e;u + zaE{f>

A]zaE{f> (skilled in dice), A]e;u + iktv>

A]xUtR> (cunning in dice), vI[aya< + àvI[a> kaVye + k…zl

kaVyk…zl>, kaVye + cpl

kaZya< + isÏ>

kazIisÏ>, Aatpe + zu:k>

c³e

+

A]iktv> (gamester in dice), A]e;u + xUtR vI[aàvI[a>, vede + pi{ft>

vedpi{ft>,

kaVycpl>, zaôezu + inpu[>

zaôinpu[>,

Aatpzu:k>, SwaLya< + pKv>

SwalIpKv>,

bNx>

c³bNx>,

$ñr + Aix + sÝmI zaE{fE> 2.1.40 → $ñr + i' + Aix + φ → A;f]aizt'œGvl 5.4.7 (When Aix is the %Ärpd in a compound, then that compound takes a o àTyy, after it) + $ñr + Aix + o (o! + A → #n! + A → #n! ) + jz!-zsae> iz> 7.1.20

$ñr + Aix + #n!

$ñraxIn (One who is under the power of God). « List of zaE{f words - 1.zaE{f. 2.xUtR. 3.iktv. 4.àvI[. 5.s - smanixkr[> tTpué;> kmRxary>, 1.7. ivze;[-pUvRpd-kmRxary> - A word which is a ivze;[m! will combine with its ivze:y to form a tTpué;> compound, called kmRxary>. e.g. nIlm! + %Tplm! v&]>

%Útv&]>, vIr> + pué;>

%Ämpué;>, sÝ> + \;y>

nIlaeTplm! (a blue lotus), %Út> +

vIrpué;>, prm + pué;>

prmpué;>, %Äm> + pué;>

sÝ;Ry>, « A case-inflected word denoting the qualifier (the Adjective),

is compounded diversely with a case-inflected word denoting the thing thereby qualified, (the Substantive) the latter being in agreement (same case) with the former. + The 'discriminator' is called ivze;[ and the 'discriminated' is called ivze:y as nIlaeTpl< (a blue lotus), r´aeTpl< (a red lotus) --»ivze;[< ivze:ye[ b÷lm! 2.1.57» 1.8. ivze;[-%Ärpd-kmRxary> - ivze;[ is the second word only when it is negative in its meaning. e.g. vEyakr[> + osUic>

vEyakr[osUic> (a bad grammarian), imma<sk> + ÊÊRêF>

imma<skÊÊRêF> (an unbelieving logician, an atheist). « Case inflected words expressing vileness are compounded with case-inflected words, expressing contempt, and the resulting compound is tTpué;>. »k…iTstain k…TsnE> 2.1.53» Also when a ivze;[ is the second word only when it is positive in its meaning and denotes a jait. e.g. pi{ft> àzst> pi{ftàka{fm!, « A case-inflected word denoting a jait (genus) is compounded with a word denoting praise and the compound is tTpué;>. --»àz<sa-vcnEí 2.1.66»

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1.9. ivze;[aeÉy> kmRxary> e.g. k«tm! c tdœ Ak«tm! k«tak«tm!, Éu´m! AÉu´m! Éu´aÉu ´m!, 1.10.%pman-pUvRpd> kmRxary> - A word which stands for %pman will combine with the characteristic that is compared and form a kmRxary>, e.g. k…summ! #v kaemlm! sumkaemlm!, v¿ #v kQaerm!

k…

v¿kQaerm!, « Case-inflected words denoting objects of

comparison, are compounded with words denoting what is likened to them, by reason of the latter possessing qualities in common with the former, and the compound is tTpué;>. + That by or to which a thing is compared is %pman and the %pamey (the thing compared) is called smaNy (common). --»%pmanain samaNy-vcnE> 2.1.55» 1.11.%pmanaeÄrpd> (%pmeypUvRpd>) kmRxary> - A word that is %pmey / %pimt (qualified) by another word in comparison, in an exemplary manner is combined with that qualifying word to form a kmRxary>, e.g. pué; is #v muopÒ!, kip k…Ãr>

pué;is, pué; \;É> #v

pué;;RÉ>, muo< pÒ! #v

kipk…Ãr>. « A case-inflected word denoting subject of comparison is

compounded with the words Vyaº etc., the latter being the standard of comparison, and in construction with the former; and the compound is tTpué;> ; provided that any word expressing the common characteristic (samaNy) as explained in 2.1.55, is not employed. + This is a modification of sūtra 2.1.57, by which the objective would have stood first; by the present, the attribute stands second. As pué;ae=y< Vyaº#v

pué;Vyaº> (a person tiger i.e. in strength), pué;is
Aak«itg[> i.e. this is a class of compound words, the fact of a word belonging to which, is known by its form, a posterirori and is not discoverable by any consideration of its constituent parts a priori. The following are such words - 1.Vyaº (tiger) 2.is samaNyaàyaege 2.1.56» 1.12.Avxar[apUvRpd> kmRxary> - Again a ivze;[m! combines with a ivze:y but an emphasis is meant. e.g. iv*a @v xnm!

iv*axnm!, tpae @v xnm!

tpaexnm!, gué @v dev>

» A case

inflected word denoting the qualifier (the adjective), is compounded diversely with a case-inflected word denoting the thing thereby qualified, (the substantive) the latter being in agreement (same case) with the former; and the compound is tTpué;>. + The discriminator is called ivze;[ and the discriminated is called ivze:y as nIlaeTpl< (a blue lotus), r´aeTpl< (a red lotus) »guédev>, ivze;[< ivze:ye[ b÷lm! 2.1.57» 1.13.sMÉavnapUvRpd> kmRxary> - Again a ivze;[ combines with a ivze:y. But the ivze;[ will be a name. e.g. AyaeXya #it ngrI

AyaeXyangrI, g¼a #it ndI

g¼andI, » A case inflected word

denoting the qualifier (the adjective), is compounded diversely with a case-inflected word denoting the thing thereby qualified, (the substantive) the latter being in agreement (same case) with the former; and the compound is tTpué;>. + The discriminator is called ivze;[ and the discriminated is called ivze:y as nIlaeTpl< (a blue lotus), r´aeTpl< (a red lotus) «guédev>, ivze;[< ivze:ye[ b÷lm! 2.1.57» 1.14.mXympdlaepI kmRxary> (%ÄrpdlaepI / zakpaiRvaid>) - e.g. zak> iày> ySy zakiày>, zakiày> c AsaE paiwRv> zakiàypaiwRv> / zakpaiwRv>, devpUjk> äaü[> deväaü[>, iÖ-Aixka> dz Öadz, iÖ-iv, 1.15.myUrVy<skaid> - e.g. myUr Vy<sk> %½vcm! (up & down), iniít< àictm!

myUrVy<sk> (Rougish Peacock), %dkœ Avakœ

inZàcm! (well ascertained), naiSt ikÂn ySy s> AikÂn

(one who has nothing), naiSt k…tae Éy< ySy s> Ak…taeÉy> (one who has no fear). [This is an

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irregular smas ]. « And the words myUr Vy<sk> etc. are tTpué;>. + These are irregularly formed tTpué;> compounds. The force of the word c is allowable, we cannot form a compound like prm myUrVy<sk. The following is a list of such compounds i.e. 1.

myUrVy<sk

13. àeihvai[ja

30. (Aahrsena)

48. Éu®vasuiht

2.

DaÇ Vy<sk

14. @ihSvagta

31. Aahrvinta

49. àae{ypapIya

3.

kMbaejmu{f

15. ApeihSvagta

32. (Aahrvinta)

4.

yvnmu{f

16. @ihiÖtIya

33. k«Ntivx][a

5.

hSteg&ý or

17. ApeihiÖtIya

34. %ÏraeTs&ja

hStg&ý

18. àeihiÖtIya

35. %Ïravs&ja

51. inpTyraeih[I

63. pctÉ&¾ta

padeg&ý or

19. @ihkqa

36. %ÏÉivxma

52. in;[Zyama

64. oadtmaedta

padg&ý

20. Apeihkqa or

37. %Tpcinpca or

53. Apeihà"sa

65. oadtvmta

54. @ihixsa

66. oadtcmta

38. %Tptinpta

55. #hpÂmI

67. Aahrinvpa

àaehkqa

39. %½avcm!

56. #hiÖnIya.

68. Aahrini:kra

@hIfadyae=Nypd 22. Aahrkrqa

40. %½nIcm!

jih kmR[a

69. Aavpini:kra

aweR as

23. àeihkdRma

41. Aacaepcm!

b÷lmaÉI}![ye

70. %Tpcivpca

24. àaehkdRma

42. Aacprcm!

ktaRr< caiÉdxait

71. iÉiNxlv[

25. ivxmcUfa

43. noàcm!

57. jihjaef>

72. k«iNxic}[a

vtRte.

26. %ÏmcUfa

44. iníàcm!

58. jihjaefm!

73. pclv[

11. @ihvai[ja

27. %ÏrcUfa

45. Aik
59. jihStMbm!

74. pcàkªqa .

28. Aahr cela

46. õaTvakalk

60. (jihStMb>)

29. Aahr vsna

47. pITvaiSwrk

6. 7.

la¼Ule g&ý or la¼Ul g&ý

8.

9.

Apaehkqa 21. àeihkqa or

pundaRy.

@fIf< vtRte

10. @hIyv<

(i³ya) 12. Apeihvai[ja

ivpca

n!

61. %¾ihStbm! or VMb AarVyatmarVyat

50. %TpTypakla or Vyak…la

en i³yasatTye 62. AîI
--»myUr-Vy<skadyí 2.1.72» iÖgu> 1.16.tiÏtawRiÖgu> - A compound which has a number at its beginning. e.g. Öyae maÇae> ApTym! ÖEmatur> (iÖ + 's! + mat& + A[! ), ;{[am! mat&[am! ApTym! ;{matur>, pÂ, 1.17.%ÄrpdiÖgu> - A compound which has an %Ärpd. e.g. p gav> xn< ySy s> pÂgvxn> (five cows are the wealth of whom), p soay> iàya> ySy pÂiày>, 1.18.smahariÖgu> - e.g. pÂana, gva< smahar> pÂgvm!, iÇÉuvnm!, ctuyuRgm!, iÖrÇm!, nvraÇm!, iÇlaekI, pÂvqI, n|!-tTpué;> - e.g. n sNdeh

AsNdeh (n + sNdeh + su), n %pliBx> AnupliBx> (n + φ + n +

%pliBx>) . àaid tTpué;> inTysmasa> e.g. zaeÉn> pur;> supué;>, Êrcar> pué;> Ê:pué;>, àgt> AacayR> àacayR>, àgt> iptamh>, %ppd tTpué;> e.g. kraeit #it k« t&c! kÄaR, k…MÉ< (kmR) kraeit (k« + A[! + kar - k«dNt àaitpidkm!) #it, k…MÉ + Am! + kar

k…MÉkar,

31.05.2005 b÷ìIih> - ANypdàxan> (àaye[) 2.

samanaixkr[ b÷ìIih> - Two words in samnaixkr{ym! will combine to form a compound to represent a word outside of the compound. And these words will connect to that word (that the compound qualifies) by an oblique case (all cases other than the first case). e.g. àaÝ< - %dk< y< ¢amm! - àaÝaedk<, ¢amm!.

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^F> rw> yen s> %pùtpzu>,éÔ>. pittain p[aRin ySmat! s> pittp[R>,v&]>. pItm! AMbr< ySy s> pItaMbr>. %Ï&t> puÇa> ySya> sa %Ï&taedna, SwalI. vIra> puÇa> yiSmn! s> vIrpuÇk>, ¢am>. sūtra iÖtIya iïtatIt-pitt-gtaTySytàaÝapÚE> 2.2.24 iÇpd b÷ìIih> / b÷pd b÷ìIih>, suòu sUúma> jqa> keza> ySy s> susUúmjqkez>, Vyixkr[ b÷ìIih> (mXympdlaepI smas>) - The following smas are not really Vyixkr[. The words shown as struck out were dropped by people later. According to Panini, all these examples do not exist. k{QeiSwt> (Alukœ smas) kal> ySy s>, pa[aE d{f> ySy s> d{fpai[>, pa[aE iSwt> d{f> ySy s> pai[iSwt> d{f ySy s>, pa[aE c³< ySy s> c³pai[>, cNÔ maElaE ySy cNÔmaEil>, sh (pUvRpd) b÷ìIih> e.g. puÇe[ sh vtRman> spuÇ>, kmR[a sh vtRman> skmRk>, n|! tTpué;> - Aiv*man> puÇ> ySy s> ApuÇ>, àaid b÷ìIih> - ingRta dya ySmat! indRy>, Atdœgu[s - icÇa> gav> ySy s> icÇgu> , devdÄ>. tdœgu[s - Will be used in the sūtra jNma*Sy yt> to prove that Brahman comes along with creation. lMb> k[R> ySy s> lMbk[R>, y}dÄ>. 01.06.2005 AVyyIÉav> smas> The

compound

becomes

an

AVyy.

k«:[Sy

smIpm!

+

(AVyy<

iviÉi´-smIp-sm&iÏ-

Vy&Ï(waRÉavaTyyas<àit-zBd-àaÊÉaRv-pía*wanupUVyR-yaEgp*-sa†Zy-s
k«:[ + %p

%p + k«:[ + (AVyy s<}a / npu<skm!) → k«:[ + su~ (dropping

of su~ / Am! as smasaNt ). An AVyy will combine in specific senses with meaningfully connected words to form an AVyyI-Éav compound. e.g. Aixhir

W.r. to hir, smÔm! mÔa[a< sm&iÏ (the property of Madra

country), ÊyRvnm! yvnanam! Vy&iÏ> (the decline of Yavana), inmRi]km! mi]ka[am! AÉav> (the absence of flies), ywa zi´ zi´< Anit³My (in keeping with one's capacity), Aa ihmalyat! Aaihmalym!, mXyemhaÉartm! mhaÉartSymXye, « An AVyy (indeclinable) employed with the sense of an ivÉi´ (inflective-affix) or of near to, or prosperity, or diversity, or absence of the thing, or departure, or not now, or the production, of some sound, or after, or according to, or order of arrangement, or simultaneousness, or likeness, or possession, or totality, or termination, is invariably compounded with a word ending in a case-affix which is connected with it in sense, and the compound so formed is called AVyyIÉab. + The words sup & supa are understood in this sūtra. The word vcn should be read as connected with every one of the following phrases. 1.

ivÉi´-vcn - as Aixiô kya vtRte (a story relating to a woman)

2.

smIp-vcn - as %pk…MÉm! (near to the jar), %pmi[k< (near to the gem)

3.

sm&iÏ-vcn - as smuÔ< (well or prosperous with the Madras), sumgx< (well with the Magadh)

4.

Vy&iÏv-vcn - as ÊgRvaidk< (ill with the Gavadikas), dyRvn< (ill with the Yavanas)

5.

AÉav-vcn - as inmRi}tkm! (free from flies), inmRzk< (free from mosquitoes)

6.

ATyy-vcn - as inihRmm! (on the departure of the cold weather); in>zIt<

7.

AsMàit-vcn - as AittEs&km! past - not now (the time of wearing quilts)

8.

zBdàaÊÉaRv-vcn - as @it hir (the exclamation Hari), thus vE:[v[&he #it dir vtRte (in the house of Vaishnava there is the cry of Hari Hari)

9.

píaÖcn - as Anurw< padatm! (the infantry after the chariots)

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10. ywawR-vcn - The meaning of the word ywa is four-fold, viz. correspondence, severality or succession, the not passing beyond something, likeness. Thus - 1.Anuê (let your honors enter in the order of seniority) 12. yaEgp*-vcn - as sc³<xeih (simultaneously with the wheel) 13. sa†Zy-vcn - as ssio (like a friend) 14. s
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ÖNÖ smas> When two or more words are just to be added with the sense of just addition, they combine to form a ÖNÖ smas. All the words retain their importance. There are two kinds of ÖNÖ 1.

#tretr ÖNÖ> - Here all the words stand for themselves alone. The gender of the compound is the gender of the last word. e.g. hir> c hr> c

hirhraE, hir> c hr> c gué> c

hirhrgurv>, ram-

lúm[-Ért-zÇu¸na>,. 2.

smahar ÖNÖ> - Here the words are unified to give the sense of a single unit. Here the gender of the compound is always neuter and singular. e.g. pai[ c padaE c @te;a< smhar> pai[padm! (a group of hands & feet), puÇa> c paEÇa> c @te;a< smahar> puÇpaEm! (a group of children & grand children).

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