Rules Of Grammar Narration

PRESENTED BY:DALJIT SINGH PADDA G.S.S.SCHOOL,RAYYA AMRITSAR

UNDER SUPERVISION OF :GURPREET SINGH PADDA

The words of a speaker can be reported in two different ways. 1. DIRECT SPEECH 2. INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH When the exact words used by a speaker are reproduced. Direct speech is always with in inverted commas. i.e.:Ashu says, “Pammi is going to school.”

Reporting verb

Reported speech

INDIRECT SPEECH When the exact meaning of a speech is conveyed in the reporter’s words. No inverted commas are used in the indirect speech. i. e:Ashu says that Pammi is going to school.

RULES FOR THE CHANGE OF TENSES 1. If the reporting verb is in present or future tense, the tense of the verb in the reported speech remains unchanged. Example 1 The girl says, “I am glad to be with you.” The girl says that I am glad to be with you. Example 2 The peon will say, “All the boys have become very naughty.” The peon will say that all the boys have become very naughty.

2 .If the reporting verb is in past tense, the tenses in the reported speech are changed into a corresponding past tense: Simple present Simple Past (V1 –Play) (V2 Played) Example 1 Suresh said, “Ram play well.” Suresh said that Ram played well.

Present Continuous Continuous

Past

(is/am/are+V1+ing) (was/were+V1+ing) Example 1 Gita said, “Sita is singing a song.” Gita said that Sita was singing a song.

PRESENT PERFECT (has,have+V3) Example 1 My father said, “I have a car.” My father said that he had a car.

PAST PERFECT (had+V3)

Simple past perfect (V2-did) done)

Past (had+V3

The teacher said, “The boys played hockey.” The teacher said that the boys had played hockey.

Past continuous ( was,were+V1+ing )

Past perfect continuous (had been+V1+ing )

She said, “Anu was going to market.” She said that Anu had been going to market.

Past perfect change (had+V3) (had+V3)

No

RULE 3:If the reporting verb is in past tense then will/shall changed into would. i.e:Suresh said, “Ram will be quite happy.” Suresh said that Ram would be quite happy.

If the reported speech expresses a universal truth or a habitual fact ,its tenses remain unchanged.

UNIVERSAL TRUTH

The beggar said, “Poverty is a great curse.” The beggar said that poverty is a great curse.

HABITUAL FACT She said, “young children are very restless.” She said that young children are very restless.

If the reported speech contains a time clause, its tense remains unchanged. She said, “When Anu was living in Mumbai, she often saw Hari.” She said that when Anu was living in Mumbai ,she often saw Hari.

If the reporting verb is in past tense then may/can is changed into might/could. She said, “I may succeed.” She said that she might succeed. Jack said, “I can kill any giant. Jack said that he could kill any giant.

RULES FOR THE CHANGE OF PRONOUNS

First Person

I, my ,me ,we ,our ,us.

Second Person

You, your.

Third Person

He ,she ,they ,them , their.

PERSONS ARE CHANGED ACCORDING TO FORMULA

S

O First person is changed with SUBJECT Second person is changed with OBJECT

N

Words showing Nearness of time or place are changed into words showing Distance ; as ,         

NOW – THEN THIS – THAT HERE – THERE THESE – THOSE HENCE – THENCE TODAY-THAT DAY TO NIGHT – THAT NIGHT YESTER DAY-THE PREVIOUS DAY LAST NIGHT-PREVIOUS NIGHT TOMARROW- THE NEXT DAY THUS – SO AGO - BEFORE

FOR EXAMPLE: 

 





I said, “I like to read books now.” I said that I liked to read good books then. He said to him, “I am waiting for you here.” He told him that he was waiting for him there. Ram said to me, “I saw the show yesterday.” Ram told me that he had seen the show the previous day.

When the reporting speech is an imperative sentence ,the reporting verb ‘say’ or ‘tell’ is changed to some verb expressing: command, advice, request or order.  

I said to my friend , “Work regularly” I advised my friend to work regularly.

 You

said to Shashi, “lend me your pen, please.”  You requested Shashi to lend her pen.  The

servant said to the master, “Pardon me ,sir.”  The servant respectfully begged of his master to pardon him.  The

judge ordered them to call the second witness.  “Call the second witness” ,said the judge.

Conversion from Direct into Indirect Interrogative Sentence When the question begins an Interrogative Pronoun or Adverb, such as what ,who , which ,whose ,when ,where ,why ,and how, the same word is used. I .e: He said to me , “What is your name ?” He asked me what my name was. I said to me, “Whom did you meet?” She asked me whom I had met.

When the question begins with a helping verb, is ,are, do , has , have, will, shall, can, if or whether is used. I said to Anita, “Have you done all the sums?” I asked Anita if she had done all the sums. I said to Krishna, “Do you hope to pass in the first division?” I asked Krishna if she hope to passed in the first division.

Any Query

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