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- Pages: 9
The Roman Empire Table of Contents Introduction
Page 4
Geographical Features
Page 12
City of Rome
Page 14
Buildings
Page 23
Society
Page 29
Family & Education
Page 37
Homes
Page 52
Clothing
Page 65
Food
Page 71
Bath House
Page 78
Entertainment
Page 84
Writers
Page 103
Art
Page 107
Music
Page 115
Religion & Philosophy
Page 119
Christianity
Page 127
Architecture & Engineering
Page 130
Roads
Page 137
© TheTeachersDesk.info All Rights Reserved
Page 1 of 9
The Roman Empire 2-6
Medicine
Page 140
Latin
Page 153
Army
Page 196
Punic Wars
Page 204
Law
Page 207
Government
Page 214
Emperors
Page 222
Decline & Fall
Page 239
Pompeii
Page 244
Valentine's Day
Page 253
Links, PowerPoints, Unit Studies, etc.
Page 257
Answer Key
Page 260
© TheTeachersDesk.info All Rights Reserved
Page 2 of 9
The Roman Empire 2-6
Architecture and Engineering The Romans were master architects and built many different kinds of structures, most of which were unknown previously. The use of the arch, vault, and dome rank among the most important achievements of Roman architecture and engineering. So, too, does the Roman invention of concrete. Roman architects had to provide enormous, uninterrupted spaces to shelter the vast crowds. Had they chosen to use the post and beam system, there would have been a forest of columns to impede the free flow of pedestrian traffic. Therefore, the Romans became proficient in the use of arches, vaults, and domes. Much of this dramatic Roman work would have been impossible without the knowledge of concrete technology. Roman concrete was little different from the material used today; the main difference is in the modern use of steel reinforcement. Concrete construction was relatively economical and easily handled by unskilled labor, whose ranks primarily consisted of slaves and unoccupied soldiers. Using a mixture that included lime and sand, the Romans created a very strong and durable type of concrete. Architecture: The Arch, Dome, and Vault An arch is a curved structure capable of spanning a space while supporting significant weight, (such as a doorway in a stone wall), usually made of stone, brick, concrete or steel. Its purpose is to support or strengthen a building. Most arches consist of wedge-shaped blocks. The top center stone, called the keystone, is the last block to be inserted. During construction, arches are often supported by a wooden frame. When the frame is removed, both sides of the arch press against the keystone and support the arch. As the Romans learned how to curve stone bricks by cutting them, they began to create arches that were used as windows, doorways and as the foundations for bridges. The Colosseum is an excellent example of the use of arches.
© TheTeachersDesk.info All Rights Reserved
Page 3 of 9
The Roman Empire 2-6
The Colosseum
The Romans did not invent the arch, however, the arch was previously limited to supporting small structures, such as storerooms, and people used columns to support the roof. This design limited the size of a building so builders could not construct extremely large palaces or buildings. The Romans created an arch that could support huge amounts of weight by using concrete. Arches made from concrete could support a lot of weight, enabling them to build larger and more varied buildings.
As the Romans learned to work with cement, they were able to construct roofs that formed a complete semi-circle known as a dome (a large hemispherical roof or ceiling). A dome is an element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere. They would build the dome on the ground and then lift it to the top of the building. The Pantheon (a temple dedicated to all the Roman gods in Rome) offers an early example of a The Pantheon dome; even today it is still one of the largest single-span domes in the world.
© TheTeachersDesk.info All Rights Reserved
Page 4 of 9
The Roman Empire 2-6
A vault is a roof or ceiling that is curved into an arch shape by combining arches. If it is long and deep it is called a barrel vault because it looks like the inside of a barrel. The Basilica of Maxentius (courthouse, council chamber, and meeting hall) in Rome shows good examples of vaults.
Basilica of Maxentius
Aqueducts As cities grew, the ancient Romans needed more fresh water. To solve this problem, they built aqueducts. Aqueducts were built to transport fresh water into the city. These were massive construction projects. An aqueduct is the entire conduit (a channel through which fluids may be conveyed) from fresh water spring to town. Where aqueducts had to cross valleys, some were built above ground, on arches. Most of the time, they were underground conduits, and sometimes conduits lying right on the ground. These conduits could be made of clay or wood, covered or encrusted with stone. The pipes inside the conduits that carried the water were made of lead, which required vast mining enterprises and then transportation to get all this pipe out into the field all over the empire. By 100 A.D. there were a total of nine aqueducts that brought fresh water into the city of Rome. What is extraordinary about the aqueducts is the planning that must have gone into their construction. Since the ancient Romans didn't use pumps, aqueducts had to be positioned at a relatively constant gradient for dozens of miles. Imagine building something that drops by only 100 feet in 40 miles and you'll understand why scholars refer to the ancient Romans as such great builders! © TheTeachersDesk.info All Rights Reserved
Page 5 of 9
The Roman Empire 2-6
Sewage System The Romans were the first civilization to introduce a public health system. They had to do this because it was necessary to find a way of disposing of the sewage (human waste) to prevent pollution causing health problems. In larger Roman towns, people often got sick or died from drinking water that had been contaminated with sewage. When people drink water with sewage in it, they can get sick or die. To fix this problem, many Roman towns built public toilets and a network of sewers and pipes to carry sewage out of the streets and dump it into the river Tiber. This was a big improvement on prior sewage disposal, where people just poured their waste into the street. Some of these sewers are still being used today.
© TheTeachersDesk.info All Rights Reserved
Page 6 of 9
The Roman Empire 2-6
The spread of the Roman arch and its cousins, the vault and dome, has had a lasting impact on architecture throughout the world that can be seen even today in many famous buildings around the world:
Dome of the Rock Mosque Jerusalem, Israel (691)
St. Basil's Cathedral Moscow, Russia from (1561)
U.S. Capitol Washington, D.C. USA (1800)
© TheTeachersDesk.info All Rights Reserved
The Taj Mahal Agra, India (1654)
Page 7 of 9
The Roman Empire 2-6
Roman Architecture & Engineering Worksheet 1.
How did the use of the arch, vault, and dome benefit building design? a. b.
2.
Roman concrete was completely different from the material used today. True
3.
it provided a large space for crowds without the obstruction of columns it was easier to build
False
The Romans invented concrete. True
False
4.
What materials were used to make concrete? ______________________
5.
The keystone is the first block to be inserted in an arch. True
6.
Arches were used as: a. b. c. d. e.
7.
windows doorways foundations for bridges all the above none of the above
Aqueducts were built to transport fresh water. True
8.
False
False
In 100 A.D. there were 15 aqueducts. True
False
© TheTeachersDesk.info All Rights Reserved
Page 8 of 9
The Roman Empire 2-6
9.
The Romans were the first civilization to have a public health system. True
10.
Sewers were built to take sewage out of the city. True
11.
False
False
There were no public toilet facilities in Rome. True
False
Matching: 12.
___ arch
A.
a curved structure capable of spanning a space while supporting weight
13.
___conduit
B.
a large hemispherical roof or ceiling
14.
___dome
C.
a roof or ceiling that is curved into an arch shape
15.
___keystone
D.
a channel through which fluids may be conveyed
16.
___vault
E.
the top center stone of an arch
© TheTeachersDesk.info All Rights Reserved
Page 9 of 9
The Roman Empire 2-6
Page 4
Geographical Features
Page 12
City of Rome
Page 14
Buildings
Page 23
Society
Page 29
Family & Education
Page 37
Homes
Page 52
Clothing
Page 65
Food
Page 71
Bath House
Page 78
Entertainment
Page 84
Writers
Page 103
Art
Page 107
Music
Page 115
Religion & Philosophy
Page 119
Christianity
Page 127
Architecture & Engineering
Page 130
Roads
Page 137
© TheTeachersDesk.info All Rights Reserved
Page 1 of 9
The Roman Empire 2-6
Medicine
Page 140
Latin
Page 153
Army
Page 196
Punic Wars
Page 204
Law
Page 207
Government
Page 214
Emperors
Page 222
Decline & Fall
Page 239
Pompeii
Page 244
Valentine's Day
Page 253
Links, PowerPoints, Unit Studies, etc.
Page 257
Answer Key
Page 260
© TheTeachersDesk.info All Rights Reserved
Page 2 of 9
The Roman Empire 2-6
Architecture and Engineering The Romans were master architects and built many different kinds of structures, most of which were unknown previously. The use of the arch, vault, and dome rank among the most important achievements of Roman architecture and engineering. So, too, does the Roman invention of concrete. Roman architects had to provide enormous, uninterrupted spaces to shelter the vast crowds. Had they chosen to use the post and beam system, there would have been a forest of columns to impede the free flow of pedestrian traffic. Therefore, the Romans became proficient in the use of arches, vaults, and domes. Much of this dramatic Roman work would have been impossible without the knowledge of concrete technology. Roman concrete was little different from the material used today; the main difference is in the modern use of steel reinforcement. Concrete construction was relatively economical and easily handled by unskilled labor, whose ranks primarily consisted of slaves and unoccupied soldiers. Using a mixture that included lime and sand, the Romans created a very strong and durable type of concrete. Architecture: The Arch, Dome, and Vault An arch is a curved structure capable of spanning a space while supporting significant weight, (such as a doorway in a stone wall), usually made of stone, brick, concrete or steel. Its purpose is to support or strengthen a building. Most arches consist of wedge-shaped blocks. The top center stone, called the keystone, is the last block to be inserted. During construction, arches are often supported by a wooden frame. When the frame is removed, both sides of the arch press against the keystone and support the arch. As the Romans learned how to curve stone bricks by cutting them, they began to create arches that were used as windows, doorways and as the foundations for bridges. The Colosseum is an excellent example of the use of arches.
© TheTeachersDesk.info All Rights Reserved
Page 3 of 9
The Roman Empire 2-6
The Colosseum
The Romans did not invent the arch, however, the arch was previously limited to supporting small structures, such as storerooms, and people used columns to support the roof. This design limited the size of a building so builders could not construct extremely large palaces or buildings. The Romans created an arch that could support huge amounts of weight by using concrete. Arches made from concrete could support a lot of weight, enabling them to build larger and more varied buildings.
As the Romans learned to work with cement, they were able to construct roofs that formed a complete semi-circle known as a dome (a large hemispherical roof or ceiling). A dome is an element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere. They would build the dome on the ground and then lift it to the top of the building. The Pantheon (a temple dedicated to all the Roman gods in Rome) offers an early example of a The Pantheon dome; even today it is still one of the largest single-span domes in the world.
© TheTeachersDesk.info All Rights Reserved
Page 4 of 9
The Roman Empire 2-6
A vault is a roof or ceiling that is curved into an arch shape by combining arches. If it is long and deep it is called a barrel vault because it looks like the inside of a barrel. The Basilica of Maxentius (courthouse, council chamber, and meeting hall) in Rome shows good examples of vaults.
Basilica of Maxentius
Aqueducts As cities grew, the ancient Romans needed more fresh water. To solve this problem, they built aqueducts. Aqueducts were built to transport fresh water into the city. These were massive construction projects. An aqueduct is the entire conduit (a channel through which fluids may be conveyed) from fresh water spring to town. Where aqueducts had to cross valleys, some were built above ground, on arches. Most of the time, they were underground conduits, and sometimes conduits lying right on the ground. These conduits could be made of clay or wood, covered or encrusted with stone. The pipes inside the conduits that carried the water were made of lead, which required vast mining enterprises and then transportation to get all this pipe out into the field all over the empire. By 100 A.D. there were a total of nine aqueducts that brought fresh water into the city of Rome. What is extraordinary about the aqueducts is the planning that must have gone into their construction. Since the ancient Romans didn't use pumps, aqueducts had to be positioned at a relatively constant gradient for dozens of miles. Imagine building something that drops by only 100 feet in 40 miles and you'll understand why scholars refer to the ancient Romans as such great builders! © TheTeachersDesk.info All Rights Reserved
Page 5 of 9
The Roman Empire 2-6
Sewage System The Romans were the first civilization to introduce a public health system. They had to do this because it was necessary to find a way of disposing of the sewage (human waste) to prevent pollution causing health problems. In larger Roman towns, people often got sick or died from drinking water that had been contaminated with sewage. When people drink water with sewage in it, they can get sick or die. To fix this problem, many Roman towns built public toilets and a network of sewers and pipes to carry sewage out of the streets and dump it into the river Tiber. This was a big improvement on prior sewage disposal, where people just poured their waste into the street. Some of these sewers are still being used today.
© TheTeachersDesk.info All Rights Reserved
Page 6 of 9
The Roman Empire 2-6
The spread of the Roman arch and its cousins, the vault and dome, has had a lasting impact on architecture throughout the world that can be seen even today in many famous buildings around the world:
Dome of the Rock Mosque Jerusalem, Israel (691)
St. Basil's Cathedral Moscow, Russia from (1561)
U.S. Capitol Washington, D.C. USA (1800)
© TheTeachersDesk.info All Rights Reserved
The Taj Mahal Agra, India (1654)
Page 7 of 9
The Roman Empire 2-6
Roman Architecture & Engineering Worksheet 1.
How did the use of the arch, vault, and dome benefit building design? a. b.
2.
Roman concrete was completely different from the material used today. True
3.
it provided a large space for crowds without the obstruction of columns it was easier to build
False
The Romans invented concrete. True
False
4.
What materials were used to make concrete? ______________________
5.
The keystone is the first block to be inserted in an arch. True
6.
Arches were used as: a. b. c. d. e.
7.
windows doorways foundations for bridges all the above none of the above
Aqueducts were built to transport fresh water. True
8.
False
False
In 100 A.D. there were 15 aqueducts. True
False
© TheTeachersDesk.info All Rights Reserved
Page 8 of 9
The Roman Empire 2-6
9.
The Romans were the first civilization to have a public health system. True
10.
Sewers were built to take sewage out of the city. True
11.
False
False
There were no public toilet facilities in Rome. True
False
Matching: 12.
___ arch
A.
a curved structure capable of spanning a space while supporting weight
13.
___conduit
B.
a large hemispherical roof or ceiling
14.
___dome
C.
a roof or ceiling that is curved into an arch shape
15.
___keystone
D.
a channel through which fluids may be conveyed
16.
___vault
E.
the top center stone of an arch
© TheTeachersDesk.info All Rights Reserved
Page 9 of 9
The Roman Empire 2-6
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