Rocks Minerals Pac Preview

ROCKS & MINERALS

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Rocks & Minerals

PICTURE, MATCHING, & INDEX CARDS

INDEX CARDS, CHARTS, VOCABULARY, WORKSHEETS, HANDWRITING PRACTICE PAGES, LINKS, ANSWER KEYS

Picture Cards Uses

3

Charts

64

Three Types

8

Vocabulary

68

Mineral Tests

15

Handwriting Practice Pages

69

Quizzes

75

Matching Cards Uses

21

Activities

78

Three Types

25

Links

88

Mineral Tests

32

Teacher Pages

Index Cards

Summary of Cards

89

Uses

38

Vocabulary

95

Three Types

43

Answer Keys

96

Mineral Tests

50

Activities

97

Activities

56

Links

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100

Rocks & Minerals

How are rocks useful? It may not seem like rocks are useful, but rocks and minerals are one of the most important resources on the earth. We use minerals in everything we manufacture. There are over 2,000 minerals in Earth’s crust making them the most common solid material on our planet.

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strong & beautiful Some rocks are useful because they are strong and beautiful. One of these rocks is marble. Marble has been used in many buildings. Artists carve marble into sculptures. Slate makes shingles for rooftops. Granite is used to construct buildings.

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Rocks & Minerals

minerals

metallic minerals

Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. All rocks contain minerals. Minerals are what rocks are made up of. Minerals are pure substances made up of only one chemical, or the "ingredients" in rock. Rocks are a mixture of minerals, or "the cake." Rocks can be identified by the kinds of minerals that make up their composition. Scientists use tests to help identify a mineral.

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There are metallic minerals and non-metallic minerals. Some metallic minerals are iron, lead, silver, gold, and copper. Metallic minerals can be melted.

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Rocks & Minerals

mining Mines are dug deep underground to take ores from the earth's crust.

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quarry A quarry is a big pit of rock and stone. Large rocks are broken into smaller blocks and stones. The blocks and stones are used to make building materials. Dynamite is used to blast big slabs of limestone. The stone is then scooped up with a backhoe. A truck takes the pieces to a factory where the stones are turned into glass, steel, and cement.

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Rocks & Minerals

non-metallic uses

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gems

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Rocks & Minerals

sedimentary rocks (sediment)

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layers of sediment

Rocks & Minerals

Mineral Talc Gypsum Alcite Fluorite Apatite Feldspar Quartz Topaz Corundum Diamond

hardness

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Hardness 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Moh's Hardness Scale

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Rocks & Minerals

rocks are made of minerals

Earth's crust The Earth's outer shell or crust is made up of a hard, solid material called rock. Earth's crust is about 30 miles (48 km) thick. The crust covers the whole Earth. The rock crust is even found beneath the oceans.

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Rocks are made of minerals. Some rocks are made of only one mineral and some are made of two or more minerals.

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Rocks & Minerals

changed by heat and pressure

metamorphic rocks

Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have been changed by heat and pressure. All metamorphic rock was once igneous or sedimentary rock that was changed by extreme heat or pressure. The heat comes from volcanoes and other hot rocks beneath the Earth’s surface. The pressure comes from the layers of rock that press down on layers below them. The minerals in the rocks change to form a new rock. These are the hardest rocks on Earth and are used as a building material.

Metamorphic rocks are made from the two other kinds of rocks. Limestone becomes marble when it is heated and pressed. Shale turns into slate, and sandstone turns into quartzite.

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Rocks & Minerals

acid test

flame test

Acid tests are used to check for specific chemicals in rocks. If a tiny drop of diluted hydrochloric acid is placed on certain minerals, it fizzes and gives off bubbles of carbon dioxide gas. Vinegar, a weak acid, can be used in an acid test - it reacts to calcite. Certain minerals react to acid tests in other ways by changing color or dissolving.

In the flame test, tiny particles of mineral are burned. Each mineral produces a flame of a particular color. A small fragment of a mineral is placed on the end of a platinum wire and held in a flame. Different metals in the mineral change the color of the flame (such as sodium yellow; copper - blue and green; potassium violet).

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Rocks & Minerals

ROCKS & MINERALS (3 types)

IGNEOUS (made from fire)

METAMORPHIC (changed in form)

Formed when heat and pressure Formed when magma (hot liquid inside the earth change one kind of rock) from deep inside the earth cools and hardens. Igneous rocks can rock into another kind of rock. form above or below Earth's surface. © TheTeachersDesk.info

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SEDIMENTARY (made from sediments)

Formed from particles of sand, mud, shells, decaying plants, animal remains, and pieces of rocks pressed into layers. Rocks & Minerals

Rocks & Minerals Vocabulary (page 1 of 2) acid test: using chemicals to check for specific minerals in rocks. Some acids, such as hydrochloric acid or vinegar, react by fizzing; other acids react by changing color or dissolving.

Rocks & Minerals Vocabulary (page 2 of 2) mineral: a non-living substance found in nature made up of only one chemical. mineralogist: a scientist who studies minerals.

cleavage: the way a mineral fractures or breaks. Minerals can cleave into cubes, thin sheets, crystals, or irregular fractures. flame test: when tiny particles of mineral are burned to identify a mineral. Each mineral produces a flame of a particular color. fossils: the remains or imprint of any plant or animal that is preserved within rocks.

ore: rocks that contain metals. properties: features of rocks that can be used in identification; these features include luster, cleavage, color, hardness, chemical make-up, the size and shape of the grains. quarry: a big pit of rock and stone.

geologist: a person who studies the Earth.

rock: a non-living, natural solid made up of one or more minerals. All rocks contain minerals and can be identified by the kinds of minerals that make up their composition.

hardness: a mineral’s ability to resist scratching. igneous rock: rock formed by magma from deep within the Earth or lava on the surface. Igneous means “made from fire.”

sand: particles of crumbled rock. sediment: particles of matter such as sand, mud, shells, decaying plants, animal remains, and pieces of rocks.

limestone: a rock made from animal shells and skeletons left behind on the ocean floor when sea animals die.

sedimentary rock: a kind of rock that forms by fine grains of sediment.

magma: hot liquid rock. metamorphic rock: rock that changes form by heat and pressure from the Earth’s crust.

streak test: a test made by rubbing a rock across a piece of unpolished porcelain tile in order to show a sample’s true color. texture: a rock’s surface - whether it is smooth or rough.

luster: how a mineral reflects light. Some minerals are shiny and others appear dull.

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Rocks & Minerals

ore rock test magma luster streak © TheTeachersDesk.info

acid sand flame fossil quarry igneous Page 14 of 22

Rocks & Minerals

ore rock test magma luster streak © TheTeachersDesk.info

acid sand flame fossil quarry igneous Page 15 of 22

Rocks & Minerals

cleavage

hardness

property

sediment

geologist

properties

metamorphic

sedimentary

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Rocks & Minerals

Circle the correct answer. 1

Scientists who study the Earth and its history are called: geographers

2

minerals

sand

luster

streak

granite

talc

shine

texture

Particles of matter (such as sand, mud, shells, decaying plants, animal remains, and pieces of rocks) is: ore

10

magma

Luster refers to the ___ of minerals. color

9

gems

The hardest mineral is: diamond

8

made from fire

The ___ test will show the true color of a mineral. acid

7

change in form

Rocks are made up of: chemicals

6

five

Beautiful minerals such as quartz, topaz, ruby, emerald, opal, and sapphire are: ore

5

four

The word igneous means: made from sediments

4

mineralogists

There are ___ kinds of rocks three

3

geologists

sediment

minerals

Metamorphic rocks are made from: fire

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sediment Page 17 of 22

heat and pressure Rocks & Minerals

weighing scratchrocks test various rocks (large, lightweight rocks or small, heavy rocks) scale selection of hard and soft rocks Weighpennies and compare all of the rocks. clips andfrom or nails Placepaper rocks in a row heaviest to lightest. Scratch the rocks with a fingernail, penny, and paperclip or nail. Sort them into groups; which rocks can be scratched with a fingernail, a penny, a nail?

looking fortest luster acid arock selection high androck low or luster and aoflimestone sea rocks shell that will fizz flashlight piece of chalk magnifying glass eye dropper(s) vinegar Somepaper minerals appear shiny and others towel and a plate or tray to appear dullonwhen the light hits them. work This is called luster. A mineral with a shiny luster istest metallic; a mineral with a This simple helps you tell rocks that dull non-metallic. mineral areluster madeis of calcite fromAsimilar rocks with a non-metallic luster can look made of other minerals. Put a large glassy, or on dull. drop ofpearly, vinegar the chalk, then on the rock or shell and watch what happens for a minute or so. If the rock is made of calcite, small bubbles will start to form inside the drop of vinegar.

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Rocks & Minerals

metamorphic rock model

granite paper

modeling clay of various colors waxed paper books or other heavy objects

white drawing paper crayons (colors that are in granite, such as grays, black, white, pink)

Roll clay into small, pea-sized balls. Place them together between two pieces of waxed paper. Place this on a hard, flat surface and top with several heavy books or other objects. Picture these books pressing down on rocks, producing pressure and heat, changing them over time from igneous or sedimentary rocks into metamorphic. Remove the books, and peel away the waxed paper to see the results.

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Place the paper down on a sidewalk and rub with the side of a crayon. Move the paper slightly and re-rub with another color. Repeat with a third color. The paper will resemble granite and can be used to cut rock shapes out of for notebooks or display.

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Rocks & Minerals

PROPERTIES OF MY PET ROCK Tools needed: ✔ pencil ✔ ruler ✔ colored pencils ✔ scale

✔ water ✔ paperclip or compass

Name your pet rock.

______________________________ Size:

medium

large

Length: Inches_____ Centimeters_____ Weight:____________________

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✔ magnifying glass ✔ white porcelain tile

Prediction of rock type:

igneous

small

✔ flashlight ✔ vinegar

✔ coin ✔ knife or metal file

Draw a picture of your rock.

metamorphic

sedimentary Dry Color (colors are not just white - what shade of white? Grey-white, eggshell white, golden-yellow, lemon-yellow, etc.):

White Black

Gray Brown

Yellow Purple

Green Red

Other:_________________________

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Wet Color (water can cause minerals to change color):

White Black

Gray Brown

Yellow Purple

Green Red

Other:_________________________

Rocks & Minerals

Rock Specimen Report Rock #__________

Rock Specimen Report

Date _____ / _____ / _____

Rock #__________

Date _____ / _____ / _____

Where did you find the rock? _____________________________

Where did you find the rock? _____________________________

Is the rock:

Is the rock:

rough

smooth

rough

smooth

shiny

dull

shiny

dull

light color

dark color

light color

dark color

hard

soft

hard

soft

What color(s) is the rock? ________________________________

What color(s) is the rock? ________________________________

I think this rock is:

I think this rock is:

igneous

metamorphic

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sedimentary

igneous

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metamorphic

sedimentary

Rocks & Minerals

TEACHER PAGES - SUMMARY OF CARDS USES How are rocks useful? It may not seem like rocks are useful, but rocks and minerals are one of the most important resources on the earth. We use minerals in everything we manufacture. There are over 2,000 minerals in Earth’s crust making them the most common solid material on our planet. strong & beautiful Some rocks are useful because they are strong and beautiful. One of these rocks is marble. Marble has been used in many buildings. Artists carve marble into sculptures. Slate makes shingles for rooftops. Granite is used to construct buildings. minerals Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. All rocks contain minerals. Minerals are what rocks are made up of. Minerals are pure substances made up of only one chemical, or the "ingredients" in rock. Rocks are a mixture of minerals, or "the cake." Rocks can be identified by the kinds of minerals that make up their composition. Scientists use tests to help identify a mineral. metallic minerals There are metallic minerals and non-metallic minerals. Some metallic minerals are iron, lead, silver, gold, and copper. Metallic minerals can be melted. ore Rocks that contain metals are called ores. Metals such as iron, lead, aluminum, copper, gold, and silver are found in rocks. Most of the metals people use come from ores. The mineral pyrite looks like gold and is sometimes referred to as “fool’s gold.” metallic rock uses Coins are made of metals found in rock. Most tools and machines are also made of metals. Steel is made when iron ore (rock that contains iron), carbon, and limestone are heated in a very hot furnace. non-metallic uses

Some non-metallic minerals are granite, limestone, quartz, salt, and sulfur. We use non-metallic minerals in almost everything that is produced: talcum powder, chalk, cement, glass, medicine, fuel, rubber, paint, matches, dishes, cooking pans, cleaning products, roads, and buildings.

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Rocks & Minerals