Rna
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Expression of DNA through RNA
Transcription and translation of DNA
Central Dogma
DNA RNA amino acids proteins
Proteins • If DNA does not ever leave the nucleus and proteins are made in cytoplasm… • How do cells make proteins? • Why do cells need proteins?
Protein review • Composed of C, H, N and sometimes Sulfur. • Made of amino acids. • Only 20 amino acids are found in nearly all living cells. • Amino acids are linked together to form proteins just like words join together to form sentences.
Why are proteins needed? • • • • •
Immune system Muscles move bones Cell membranes Enzymes Human Genome project: human beings make between 30,000 and 90,000 different proteins.
Ribonucleic acid • A cell uses RNA to get DNA code • RNA is like DNA in that it is made of nucleotides. • Ribose is the five carbon sugar. • Difference is that it is a single strand and smaller • RNA can move outside the nucleus.
RNA acts like an intermediary • RNA is smaller so it can move into the cell where it’s sequence can be decoded • Three types of RNA – Messenger RNA (mRNA) – Ribosomal RNA (rRNA – Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Transcription process of transferring information from DNA to RNA. occurs in the nucleus 1. RNA Polymerase “unzip” the DNA 2. Sequence of nucleotides from one strand of DNA is transcribed into a new RNA molecule 3. Single strand of RNA moves into cytoplasm 4. RNA molecule is used to make proteins
Ribosomes & Translation • The ribosome is a tiny structure which allows the cell to decode RNA • Decoding= Translation • Code= codon (3 nucleotides) which corresponds to an amino acid • Ribosomes “read” the code to build the amino acid chain.
tRNA • Each tRNA carries an amino acid • As each codon of the mRNA molecule moves through the ribosome, the corresponding amino acid is brought into the ribosome by the tRNA. • Each tRNA molecule has three unpaired bases (anticodons)which are complimentary to mRNA codons
Online resources • Transcription animation • RNA and DNA animation
Transcription and translation of DNA
Central Dogma
DNA RNA amino acids proteins
Proteins • If DNA does not ever leave the nucleus and proteins are made in cytoplasm… • How do cells make proteins? • Why do cells need proteins?
Protein review • Composed of C, H, N and sometimes Sulfur. • Made of amino acids. • Only 20 amino acids are found in nearly all living cells. • Amino acids are linked together to form proteins just like words join together to form sentences.
Why are proteins needed? • • • • •
Immune system Muscles move bones Cell membranes Enzymes Human Genome project: human beings make between 30,000 and 90,000 different proteins.
Ribonucleic acid • A cell uses RNA to get DNA code • RNA is like DNA in that it is made of nucleotides. • Ribose is the five carbon sugar. • Difference is that it is a single strand and smaller • RNA can move outside the nucleus.
RNA acts like an intermediary • RNA is smaller so it can move into the cell where it’s sequence can be decoded • Three types of RNA – Messenger RNA (mRNA) – Ribosomal RNA (rRNA – Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Transcription process of transferring information from DNA to RNA. occurs in the nucleus 1. RNA Polymerase “unzip” the DNA 2. Sequence of nucleotides from one strand of DNA is transcribed into a new RNA molecule 3. Single strand of RNA moves into cytoplasm 4. RNA molecule is used to make proteins
Ribosomes & Translation • The ribosome is a tiny structure which allows the cell to decode RNA • Decoding= Translation • Code= codon (3 nucleotides) which corresponds to an amino acid • Ribosomes “read” the code to build the amino acid chain.
tRNA • Each tRNA carries an amino acid • As each codon of the mRNA molecule moves through the ribosome, the corresponding amino acid is brought into the ribosome by the tRNA. • Each tRNA molecule has three unpaired bases (anticodons)which are complimentary to mRNA codons
Online resources • Transcription animation • RNA and DNA animation
