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LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study Information Technology is becoming an increasingly important part of people’s daily lives (Harris et al., 2017). The use of the Internet has been beneficial in improving the work of the citizens. It is used as a means to access knowledge and information quickly. However, a divide related to socioeconomic status still exists in the nature of Information Technology. The Philippines has topped the world in terms of social media and Internet usage as the number of its users hit 67 million people (Camus, 2018). Despite its prevalent dominance in Internet usage, not all Filipinos have access to it. The growing issue of the disparity in access to the Internet among the urban poor in the Philippines should be given attention especially in the current political condition of the country. The accessibility of political information is a factor in making Filipinos more politically active. However, in the advent of social media and the Internet, the political engagement of Filipinos is undetermined (Jacinto, 2018). It is interesting to know how these people, especially those who live in the urban communities like Smokey Mountain, participate politically. In this study, the researchers aim to correlate the factors of internet exposure and political participation of the urban poor in the Philippines particularly in Barangay 128, Zone 10, District I, Tondo Manila City. COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 1

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE

The Phenomenon of Digital Divide The rapid advancement of the digital era have deeper impacts in different aspects of people’s daily lives, transforming our society dramatically for the past decades and had begun to affect the way people live, work, learn, communicate and socialize everyday. The consequence of the rapid development began to be noticed when knowledge or information gaps started to deepened between what Iskandarani (2008) call information-rich and information-poor. (Acilar, 2011) A lecturer, Philip Arnold Tuano (2007) of ADMU, once said that there is a gap or differences on the access of information and communication technologies (ICT) among the population that reflects the gap between two ends of the socio-economic statuses. These gaps affect a nation’s growth development and the well-being of the population. The word ‘digital divide’ was popularize term in the mid-1990s by government technology advisers working in the United States and the United Kingdom which described those people who have access to information and communication technologies, like the computers and telephones. Selwyn (2002) reported that ‘digital divide’ was an offshoot of the term ‘digital exclusion’ that surfaced to recognize the differences among the countries that had greater ICT densities compared to countries that had lower densities; to which later on had extended the focus on technology inequalities within individual countries,

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LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE well-known by the terms ‘information haves and have-nots’, ‘information poverty, and ‘digital divide.’ In developed countries like United States, the ‘divide’ was characterized as a spatial divide, but was broadened to other concepts of socio-political characteristics, such as race, gender and age, comparing to other countries, and then was later compared to within countries. It is usually the differences in accessibility to the quality of the ICT that characterize the divide presently. In the studies, there are normally three levels to characterize and study the divide and highlight the gaps and its differences. The first level of differences in ownership of ICTs which was mainly used in developed countries to define the digital divide in a high level penetration of ICTs. The next level is the differences of accessibility to ICTs, especially computers, telephone and internet and broadband technology, with different groups with different areas, age, sex, culture and economic status. And the last level is the differences in utilizing effectively the ICTs that can be characterized by the number of households and firms that are utilizing ICTs and the immediate effects of ICT use and consequences in participation in productive, political, social, consumption and savings activities, i.e., Selwyn (2003). This can be a useful framework in trying to describe the levels of ICT access among individuals and households On which the study is trying to do the second level of framework wherein the researcher will focus on the Internet accessibility and exposure in one sector of the

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LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE government prevalent as the lower end in the economic status which is the urban poor and its consequent relationship to participation politically. In the US election, social media and therefore the internet played a crucial role in campaigning President Obama and later, succeeded. The innovation opened doors in practicing democracy in strategic ways, mobilizing support from the people and new ways citizens participate in politics. In the short term, the effects of digital divide politically means there is increased inequality and a political division of winners and losers. In Switzerland, the Internet heightens the freedom of expressing personal political perspective and it may not be the cause of the division but separate parties exacerbate the use of Internet by affecting how citizens decide by decreasing the impact of important information and controlling the opinions it was supposed to be exposed to. (Gilardi, 2016). The main problem about the digital divide is that the information of the lower class may further widen the gap in societies where basic computer or technological skills are becoming important for economic success and personal advancement, like a requirement for a good future career and good educational opportunities, a good access to social media, and more opportunities for civic engagement (Norris, 2003). To Voyager Innovations Inc. President Orlando B. Vea (2017) “The digital divide had and will continue in the future to separate those with Internet connection and those without Internet connection from the huge socioeconomic opportunities that the Internet offers”, explaining his belief that a person without an Internet connection has limited access to information and learning resources for the people’s future. COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 4

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE Furthermore as of 2016, reported by the Human Rights Council, the Resolution of UN Article 19, the UN has, “decided to continue its consideration of the promotion, protection and enjoyment of human rights, including the right to freedom of expression, on the Internet and other information and communication technology, as well as of how the Internet can be an important tool for fostering citizen and civil society participation, for the realization of development in every community and for exercising human rights, in accordance with its programme of work.”. In what understood by many to the Article, is that it has declared that Internet Access is now part of the Human Basic Right which caused different reactions in different nations. Recent studies shows that digital divide will not disappear and continues to persist in the form of difference in accessibility or usage of Internet as said by Norris (2001) that leads to what they coined a “democratic divide” that was concerned on the people’s different level of usage of Internet for political purposes. This issue was usually affect certain group like the elderly and the poor that has no more access to Internet compared to others on the higher level of socioeconomic status. (Min, 2010) There are some research overseas that is starting to explore different aspects and effects of the digital divide to political participation that they called “participation divide” Digital divide research has found that not all citizens are not likely to take advantage of online media (Hargittai, 2010; DiMaggio et al., 2003; Van Dijk, 2006), socio-economic status, specifically, was shown to limit Internet use and affect the level of online engagement. (Aeschlimann et al., 2014)

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LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE

Internet, the primary access to Information Age In the 21st century, life involves handling an overwhelming amount of information and at one point of people’s lives, most people had seek all kinds of information. With just one click of a button or a single swipe in a screen, information acquisition whether for serious or trivial matters was made easy by technology and the connection to the Internet. (Kohnen & Saul , 2018) The current advances in digital technology is beginning to have a deep political impact. The internet, in general, have played an increasingly important role in shaping political processes (Farrell 2012), with wide-ranging implications for the way democracy works. New forms of engagements and participation that arises are a key topic in political science research, because of the relevance it has on the political processes in our society. (Gilardi, 2016) The Internet is a powerful representation of information and communication technologies that are permeating public administration which is now a tool used by businesses and governments. As an information and communication tool, the Internet became a relevant aspect to the process of participation because of its information capabilities as well as the ways of communicating information. The Internet blends various tools for public administration in new ways functioning like a library with a vast variation of information and it is also a medium for information dissemination. Likewise, it is a

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LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE voting booth, and a medium for collaborative interaction and feedback on certain issues or concerns. (Ilago, 2001). Greenberg (2004) has also reviewed the importance of ICTs in poverty alleviation. Mobiles is used by poor households to communicate with family members and gain access to government services, minimizing the time and cost expense to travel to the town center. Simple ICT enhancements have provided weather and crop information, and new ICTbased businesses, have increased incomes for informal sector workers. ICTs have also been utilized to improve collection, processing and retrieval of demographic data (Tuanio, 2007). Digital technology is also changing how people form opinions and vote, two topics that are actively researched at the ZentrumfürDemokratie Aarau. Exposure to internet and technology affects people perspective. The governments nowadays rely heavily on digital technology to enhance their surveillance capacity to further improve public service (Gilardi, 2016). Local governments are also experiencing the increasing used and application of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the society, economy, and government. There are new ways that causes people to take a look on how the new technologies alters governance, or how it can enhances the government roles in service delivery, administration, and promotion of democratic values (Sisk, 2001).

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LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE The development of mass communication media such as the postal system, the newspaper, the telephone, television, and now the Internet has occurred not just in an economic context but also in a political one. It was argued that during the early stages of this new medium, that political influence to Internet and vice versa is a foreign concept since it was only available in a very small percentage of the population in the whole world. But today, new perspectives suggests that the two is now influencing each other evident by the improvement of government use in technology. One scenario supporting this is the argument that democratic political regimes enable a faster growth of the Internet than those of totalitarian regimes who controls the economic development and income. Media with either decentralized mass communication or public mass communication undermine the effectiveness of authoritarian or totalitarian rule because it allows the citizens to secure their own information and to communicate with one another (Bobrow 1974; Norris 2001). In democratic countries, although media conglomerates have come to shape and control the information available on the Internet (McChesney 2000; Mosco and Foster 2001; Schiller 1996), users still have much more autonomy than in totalitarian ones to establish unhindered communication and be a source of information for each other. Given the nature of the communication that the Internet make use of, the formulated hypothesis that the more democratic the polity, the greater the Internet uses (Guillen, Suarez 2007). Due to the ever-increasing importance of political participation, access and how people uses the Internet is usually the subject of the study because Internet is believed to

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LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE bring new kinds of interaction in the area of politics. Internet enthusiasts suggests that Internet can contribute to democracy evident by improved political and democratic engagement by people in the media (Min, 2010). Scholars have also argued whether Internet diminish or increases the people’s civic and political participation because of the participation divide, due to different accessibility of Internet on different Socio Economic Status and a number of studies showed results that while there are groups pushing to participate for change, not all citizens are likely to join the digital politics. A picture on which there is an inequality of democracy in those who have access to the Internet and those who have not (Aeschlimann et al. 2014). According to Lu Wei (2007), the political information people acquired from the media may help motivate the people’s political participation. As a new form of media, the Internet has been found to be beneficial to people’s political knowledge and participation. Some Research has shown that Internet users have greater overall exposure to political arguments, and individuals living in communities with access to the Internet are more likely to be involved in their communities than individuals living in communities without access to the Internet. It was said that the informational use of mass media would have different consequences in knowledge for individuals with different Socio-Economic Status. Participation involves communication—ideally a process of informing other people and being informed ourselves. Information functions as a thing and as a process—as knowledge and as a communication system (Allen, 1996). Information is thus an important resource for meaningful participation. COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 9

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE Thus Information is crucial to democratic governance. In public policy-making, information is important in defining the policy problem or issue, or in identifying policy alternatives. In the project management process, information is important for all phases of management—from planning, through implementation, to monitoring and evaluation (Ilago, 2001). The Internet, therefore, mainly affects government activities and people’s engagement by opening easy communication and dissemination of information that invites and motivates people to join, stimulating the feelings of people to use their freedom to speak up and act by raising awareness and opening opportunities for people to change. Or simply as the study suggests, encourage people to participate politically. Political Participation Over the past decades, there was a growing interest to democracy and thus the growing scholar interest in political participation. In the current societies, citizens are increasingly being disengaged in politics hence a growing concern on the declining level of political participation and low electoral turnout. (Amna & Ekman, 2012) Political participation is a type of action that influences the allocation of social goods and values (Rosenstone & Hansen, 1993). People have the right vote for political representatives who make policies that will determine the obligations and benefits for them in society. Citizens can take part in organizations that work to directly influence policies made by government officials. They can communicate their interests, preferences, and

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LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE requests to the government by being involved in public discourse (Verba, Schlozman, & Brady, 1995). Such political and civic action can support government officials, institutions, and policies, or aim to change them. Political participation have means of allowing people to be engaged in certain types of activities so they can help the government in every way possible. More people participate in politics by voting than by any other means. Yet there are many other ways to take part in politics that involve varying amounts of skill, time, and resources. Citizens can participate in political activities such as working in an election campaign, contacting public officials, circulating a petition, joining a political organization, and donating money to a candidate or a cause. Serving on a local governing or school board, volunteering in the community, and running for office are forms of participation that require significant time and energy. Organizing a demonstration, protesting, and even rioting are other forms of participation (Milbrath & Goel, 1977). These forms of participation immerse people in the political sphere in a civil and healthy way that is reciprocated by government officials who appreciate these meaningful methods. Thus, political participation is not stationary, it is very diverse and dynamic (Riley et al. 2010 as cited in Lamprianou, 2013). Almost every activity by any citizen somehow can be apparently understood sometimes as a form of political participation (van Deth, 2001) as long as it contributes to the community. Yet particularly this extension—or division—has confronted many researchers with the dilemma of using either a dated conceptualization excluding many

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LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE new modes of political participation or stretching their concept to cover almost everything. This issue refers to nonpolitical activities used for political purposes like political consumption or street parties or guerrilla gardening. Furthermore, the use of Internet-based technologies for these activities and other forms of connective action have made it almost impossible to recognize political participation at first sight. According to Sæbø et al. (2008), digital participation or E-participation involves the extension of political participation in societal democratic and consultative processes, mediated by information and communication technologies (ICTs), primarily the Internet. It aims to support active citizenship. This is done by means of using the Internet to communicate with other citizens. The process of online and offline communication has given the people more access to voice out their opinions on political matters, creating a more open and diverse community. In this view e-participation or digital participation is mainly understood as technology-mediated, politically oriented interaction between, on the one hand, the spheres formal politics as well as administration, and on the other hand, within civil society. While the focus of civic participation is on citizens, civic organizations and businesses are also relevant. Another definition of e-participation is that it describes efforts to broaden and deepen political participation by enabling citizens to connect with one another and with their elected representatives and governments (DEMO-net, 2007). The network has identified relevant e-participation tools and areas of application for e-participation which

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LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE lay the basis for a systematic categorization of e-participation activities with reference to relevant criteria in research on political participation. Democracy, in the present, is facing issues or concerns because of inequality in politics, some decline in political participation or engagement, lack of political knowledge, and the abused of power on which it is not the individuals exercising their rights and power but the interest groups who sometimes ignore the common good. It is a belief that participation makes democracy stronger, but many countries’ political participation of the citizens is declining due to lack of interest and some are unprepared to participate responsibly. The political participation of the citizens among low socio-economic status, for example, has an uneven decline of level of participation. (Parvin & Saunders, 2018) Urban poor a government sector affected by inequalities Traditionally, the relationship of poverty and politics was being neglected but as the growing concern on the rising inequality, many demographic aspects is being studied to learn more about the problem. Scholars studies the different trends to explain the prominent inequalities in rich democracies. (Brady et al, 2016) Urban poverty is a multi-dimensional phenomenon, ranging from income to the access of social services and political power, and slums are the place in which those varieties of poverty become visible. One third of the world’s population now lives in slums, and 60 percent of them, 554 million, live in Asia. In Southeast Asia, the urban population accounts for 38 percent of the total population in the region, and 28 percent are forced to

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LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE live in slums. People living in slums have been excluded from the benefits of urban development, resulting in persistent urban poverty in developing countries. (Nakamura, 2009) More than a third of the Philippines’ urban populations are slum dwellers or also called as the urban poor. The country has 5 million informal settler families (ISFs), 2.2 million of whom are receiving government services. Furthermore, 778,458 people live in dangerous areas. (HCC, 2016) The urban poor, according to National Statistical Coordinating Board (NSCB, n.d.), refers to individuals or families in urban areas with incomes below the poverty line. They are normally underprivileged people or the homeless sector of society –which includes the unemployed, underemployed and the irregularly employed, or anyone who are incapable of meeting the minimum basic needs, and who live in slums, squatter and resettlement areas, sidewalks, dumpsites, road right-of-way, cemeteries, unoccupied government or private lands or along danger zones like railroad tracks, esteros, riverbanks, high tension wires, or other places in urban areas. The people of urban poor helps turn the wheel of Philippine economy; they are the factory workers, rank and file government and private employees, soldiers, lowly paid policemen drivers, vendors, house help and waiters. They are source of political power; when they exercise their right to elect local provincial, regional and national officials. (PCUP, n.d.)

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LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE The Philippines has one of the highest concentrations of urban poor in the East Asia Pacific region, a new report released by the World Bank showed. The Philippines, China and Indonesia has the most people living in it that is in the world’s largest slum population of 250 million people. The World Bank said that the world’s fast urbanizing activities has affected the status of infrastructure, jobs and services at a level not matching the urban development, leading to “widening inequalities” and threatening the economic growth that leads to the state of the poor population (Philippine Star, 2017). Cities in the Philippines has failed to meet the challenges of rapid urbanization— particularly the poverty, exclusion, informality and vulnerability produced in its wake. They have not generated the same high rates of economic growth or reductions in poverty (Avila et al, 2014). According to Jane Hutchison (2007), she believes that the urban poor are prone to helping themselves by taking initiatives to help themselves by increasing their political participation although she also believes that due to Philippines rampant clientelism, the urban poor are often targets of politicians, taking advantage of their vulnerabilities. Their dependency on the leaders of their place restricts their choices in widening their choices and perspective in political participation especially when they have less access to Internet which is the main source of information.

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LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE The Present scenario in the Philippines In the Philippines, there is an estimated 1.7 million children in 570,000 Metro Manila households who live in slums or what was known as informal settlements, with counterparts in Cebu, Davao, and other large and medium-sized cities. The Philippines is already an urban society with over half the population living in cities but thousands lack food, health, potable water, sanitation, education, family planning, decent housing, information, and participation (UNICEF, 2011). Despite an impressive average annual GDP growth rate of 7 percent from 2011 to 2013, unemployment rate and under-employment rate remain high in the Philippines, hovering around 7 and 20 percent, respectively. The National poverty threshold have scarcely budged which some economists call as the paradox of hollow, or jobless, growth (Avila et al, 2014). According to Business Mirror (2015), the Philippines has a huge market for socialmedia sites and e-commerce, but the Philippines was still being left behind in the area of connectivity and Internet penetration. The Internet speed in the Philippines ranks 155th globally, while only 38 percent of the total population have Internet access. This means that 62 percent of the Filipinos do not have access to the Internet. This lack of access to Internet causes a Digital Divide among those who will be able to access Internet and those who cannot. There are efforts that pushes for greater rights and government transparency online, but the effectivity of this efforts is given only to those minority who can enjoy access to Internet. COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 16

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE President John M. Rubio (2017) of Globe Fintech Innovations Inc. said that the improvement of Communication Technology has shown its effects to the modern society by everyday use of phone calls, messaging through text and social media. The divide leaves Filipinos bereft of these activities and in turn violating the 2016 report UN basic human right. Mary Grace Mirandilla-Santos (2017), a Better Broadband Alliance convener, had believed that the digital divide affects the right of Filipinos to communicate and to seek information. She said that the Philippines is trying to catch up with its neighboring countries in allowing its citizens to enjoy the benefits of the Internet. The digital divide, according to her, is a fast-moving target, as ICTs is currently advances very fast. Developed countries will continue to set the standard of what the haves could achieve while developing countries will continue to follow while trying to fill the gap for their have-nots. (Business Mirror, 2017) On 2003, Ronald Meinardus once paid attention to the slow penetration of Internet or the digital age on which other countries are already ahead. He correlates the lack of enthusiasm of Filipinos to the low access in the Internet, it discourages Filipinos to join the digital politics, to participate politically and continues to use the former methods in reaching the masses than doing it in the Internet because only 2% to 3% of the population is connected. With this observation, the slow penetration that happened before shows today’s inequality. Currently, others have speedy Internets while some are settling for just having one, unaware of its further widening gaps.

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LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE The Philippines is an interesting case to learn about internet culture and political engagement. History suggests that in some respect, the Filipino is caught in the fast continuum between the traditional, modern and postmodern influences (Cabalza, 2014). The Filipino attitude to politics is no different to other reactional behaviors of countries around the world. Politics is a complicated issue that created a rift in the civil culture of the nation. The ever-changing involvement of the Filipinos to political discourse has ranged from rallies to long-term electoral campaigns and even to online discussions. In the Philippines, studies in political participation have predominantly focused on the experience of political engagement through organized groups, electoral behavior including voting, and women's political participation-specifically their attempts to organize as a political force at the local level and to run for public office (Cunanan-Angsioco, 2000; Francisco, 1998; Kerkvliet, 1990; Montiel & Macapagal, 2000; Ruland, 1990; Santos, 1998; Tapales, 1994). Although the country boasts of a multitude of organized community as well as civic/political groups through which people participate, it is indisputable that a significant portion of its citizenry does not engage politically through such avenues and that almost everyone will, at one point or another, still participate politically as an individual (Sucgang, 2006). The relationship of an urban-rural setting on political participation has been found to be dependent on the kind of behavior they are engaged in (Milbrath, 1965; Pettersen & Rose, 1996; Verba et al., 1980). In their cross-cultural study, Verba et al. (1980) identified some support for the hypothesis of greater participation in rural areas particularly for

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LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE communal activities however their data also revealed country differences for this relationship but depending on the specific mode of engagement or action. Pettersen and Rose (1996) found that place of residence was significant for rural residents influencing political decision making by contacting their local government representative, voting and expressing their opinion by writing to newspapers while for urban residents it was influencing public opinion by· joining demonstrations and signing petitions. For the Philippines, a study by Sucgang (2006) states that urban residents whose political efficiency is based on their view that citizens have an effect government through means of voting are more ready to show behaviors within the public problem solving mode of political action than rural residents perhaps due to their greater personal and mediated experience in elections, whether in their community associations or other venues, as a means to attain a solution to issues confronting them. This suggests that urban communities are more active in political action and are most likely to use different modes of participation like the Internet. Despite the evident dominance of social networking sites and media, there are only a few studies exploring their possible effects in political participation particularly in the Philippines (Jacinto, 2018). The accessibility of politically-related information has been a factor to increasing the knowledge of an individual to be politically active. The level of political awareness and the measure of confidence in the political process determine the extent to which the people participate in the political sphere (Falade, 2014). Thus, the relationship between politics and a mean of political participation like the Internet could

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LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE be significant in suggesting that exposure to media and digital communication could have an effect on the political awareness of a citizen. Statement of the Problem The study aims to analyze the significant relationship of Internet Exposure and the Political Participation of the selected residents of the Urban Poor in Barangay 128, Zone 10, District I, Tondo Manila.

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following problem: 1.

Who among the residents living in Barangay 128, Zone 10, District I Tondo,

Manila was within the criteria of urban poor? 2.

What is the level of Internet Exposure of the selected residents of the urban

poor in Barangay 128, Zone 10, District I Tondo, Manila? 3.

What is the level of Political Participation of the selected residents of the

urban poor in Barangay 128, Zone 10, District I Tondo, Manila? 4.

What is the significant relationship of the level of Internet exposure and the

Level of Political Participation of the Urban Poor? Hypothesis H0– There is no significant relationship between the level of Internet exposure and the level of political participation. COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 20

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE Ha -There is a significant relationship between the level of Internet exposure and the level of political participation. Theoretical Framework Digital democracy, also known as e-democracy, allows citizens to participate in government and civic activities through online tools. This new form of democracy started as an effort to engage citizens in the democratic process. A rising popular belief considers Internet as the most effective modern way to engage individuals in political action (Hindman, 2008). According to Hacker and Van Dijk (2000), the theory of digital democracy can be defined as the pursuit and practice of democracy in political matters through the use of online and offline communication. In this theory, it assumes that engagement of participants, especially those who represent groups of interests, can be easily increased with the use of internet and social media. Exposure to internet means more access to information and discussion that can’t be directly acquired through other means. McLeod et al. (1999) introduced a model by which media and internet use, mediated through interactive channels of communication, predicted political participation (Shah et al., 2005; Sotirovic& McLeod, 2001). This approach highlights the role of the Internet in participatory action as well as in the sphere of common civic activity among residents. This theory asserts that more citizens engage in political activity and other types of participation through the frequent use of the Internet.

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LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE This study was based on this theory where it supports the claim that participants have the democracy to engage in political conversations and acquire or contribute knowledge through the use of the Internet. The residents of Barangay 56, Zone 5, District I in Tondo, Manila City are the supposed digital democrats that will be the respondents of the study to determine the significant effect of Internet exposure on political participation, particularly on online discussions and accessing political information. Conceptual Framework

SELECTED RESPONDENTS OF THE URBAN POOR

LEVEL OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION

LEVEL OF INTERNET EXPOSURE

In the conceptual framework, it shows that the level of political participation of the urban poor is intervened by a variable which is the level of Internet Exposure of the urban poor. With the use of the theory of digital democracy, the study assumes that level of Political Participation of the urban poor will be affected by a variable which is their level of Internet Exposure. The researcher willthenneed to analyze the significant relationship of Internet Exposure and the Political Participation of the Urban Poor in Barangay 128, Zone COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 22

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE 10, District I Tondo, Manila by selecting a specific number of selected respondents of the urban poor and studying the relationship of their level of internet exposure and their level of Political Participation respectively. Significance of the Study Internet plays a big role in today’s generation. Nowadays, people are more comfortable to use it because of its effectiveness and it is more efficient than doing things manually. In fact, wherever we go these days, people are relying to it. We can see students using internet to do research and do a lot of different tasks. A lot of important things can be done using it because it is convenient in completing tasks easily. Indisputably, the internet has become a huge part of our lives. Thereby, Internet can potentially use as a medium to increase political participation. Studying the relationship of Internet to Political Participation will educate people of its positive effects and advantages. The study is beneficial to its recipients in a way that the results of the study can justify the effect of Internet exposure and social media on political participation in urban poor. Additionally, the results of the study can help contribute new knowledge to the course of Foreign Service, particularly in the field of Philippine Political Condition. This gives a modern take on political activities of Filipinos in the current climate which is beneficial to the subject area.

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LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE The study will also help Foreign Service students have a better understanding on the relationship between Internet exposure and political participation and the effects of this relationship to domestic and foreign politics. Moreover, the results of the study can help national and local government units especially the Department of Information and Communications Technology in a way that it will encourage them to find better solutions in regards to internet usage and digital divide so more Filipinos can actively participate in online discussions and political discourse. In addition, the study can help Filipinos grasp a better picture of the implications of Internet exposure and how they directly affect political participation in the community. Lastly, the result of the study can help future researchers widen their knowledge about the relationship of internet exposure to political participation; furthermore the study will serve as their reference to their research. Scope and Limitations This study shall analyze the level of the internet exposure and the level of political participation of the urban poor residents of Barangay 128, Zone 10, District I Tondo, Manila. The significant relationship between the level of internet exposure and the level of political participation based of specified variables like the three levels of the Internet exposure and the activities and involvements of the residents on online forums regarding politics, group conversations and their existing political concerns and problems. COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 24

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE The study will not cover any political affiliations, government interventions and other external factors affecting the assumed relationship. The major problems are limited to the variables mentioned as sub-dimensions in the in the specific problems of the study. Consequently, the recommendations are in the relation to the political problems to be identified by the urban poor respondents.

Definition of Terms The following are words that will guide you to further understand the study: Department of Information Communications Technology- is an administrative entity of the Executive Branch of the Philippine government that is responsible developing and promoting the national ICT development agenda in the country (DICT, n.d.). Digital democracy- it is the pursuit and act of exercising democracy through the use of digital media in online and offline political communication (Dijk, 2012). Digital Divide- it is a social issue that splits the differing amount of information between those who have access to Internet and those who do not have access (IWS, n.d.). Information and Communication Technologies- refers to technologies that provide access to information to users through telecommunication like cellphones and the Internet (Christensson, 2010). COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 25

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE Internet- it is a global computer network that allows users to share, transmit data and communicate with each other via routers. Internet exposure- in this study, it refers to contact of residents to digital media through their experiences with online access and communication. National Statistical Coordination Board- it is part of the Philippine government that formulates policies on statistical matters in the country. It is based in Makati City (NCSB, 1997). Political participation- it is an activity that influences the allocation of social goods and values (Rosenstone& Hansen, 1993). In this study, it refers to the involvement of the residents in political and civic action in the community through different forms. Socioeconomic status- refers to the social standing of an individual or group that is often measured by one’s education, income and occupation (APA, n.d.)

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CHAPTER II METHODOLOGY Research Design The study will use the Quantitative Research Design to answer the research problem. Quantitative Research design or approach centers on collecting numerical data that highlights the use of objective measurements and statistical or mathematical examination of data collected through polls, questionnaires, and surveys (Babbie, 2010).Under Quantitative Research design, the study will use the correlational research approach which is used to determine if the two variables are either correlated or not. This means that one variable should be directly or inversely proportional to another variable to see if they are interrelated by observing the data collected and does not explain the cause and effect of a variables relationship (Kalla, 2011). The researchers chose the Quantitative research design and chose to use the correlational research approach under the Quantitative research design to show the relationship of the level of internet exposure to the level of political participation through statistical data obtained through the process of survey in the research locale. The approach will let the researcher to analyze and explain the relationship between the two variables by collecting objective measurements and showing the results in a statistical or numerical format.

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Research Locale The researchers will conduct the study in Barangay 128, Zone 10, District I Tondo, Manila. According to United Nations Habitat Report, about 20 million Filipinos lives in slums and Tondo, Manila is infamously known in the Philippines as the home of slum dwellers or the urban poor for decades (Manila Standard, 2017), and most notably known is the condition of the Smokey Mountain that became a spot for tourism with the address Barangay 128, Zone 10, District I Tondo, Manila (Cariga & Cepeda 2016). As the study focuses on the Urban poor, the researchers will be able to pursue and collect data in Tondo, Manila, specifically in Barangay 128, Zone 10, District I, Tondo Manila or the Smokey Mountain. The place is accessible and since it became known as a slum tourism, it is open to the public. The locale fits the criteria as a home for slum dwellers or the urban poor, and can be found within the City of Manila

Sources of Data Simple Random Sampling technique will be used to randomly select respondents as samples for the study. It is the purest and most straightforward probability sampling technique. In this strategy, each member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen as part of the sample size (Dudovskiy, 2018). The researchers will determine the sample size through the use of the Yamane equation where there is no need for the population mean and standard deviation (Yamane, 1967). A 95% confidence level and P = .5 are assumed for the equation. COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 28

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE

𝑁

n = 1+𝑁(𝑒)(𝑒) Where n is the sample size, N is the population size, and e is the level of precision. Criteria for the respondents are based on the following: (1) Age: 18-40, where Filipinos are given the right to vote in the elections and join other political activities, (2) Monthly Family Income less than P12, 000.00 (THE MANILA TIMES, 2016).

Data Gathering Procedure Data were analyzed by the use of quantitative data analysis. First, the researches will seek the approval of the Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences to conduct the survey, then ask for a letter to be presented to the selected locale of the study. Next, the researchers will ask for the approval of the leaders in Barangay 56, Zone 5, District 1, Tondo, Manila before conducting the survey. Then the researchers will conduct a questionnaire then a survey with the selected respondents for 3 days. During the survey, the researchers will document the occurrence by taking some pictures. After conducting the questionnaire and survey, the researchers will analyze the gathered data through the answers of the respondents. Lastly, the researchers will categorize and interpret the data according to the research inquiry. Research Instrument The study shall utilize a research made questionnaire based on the specified variables in the statement of the problem. The questionnaire shall be submitted to the three COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 29

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE experts on education, data analysis and statistics for validation. Their suggestions and comments shall be integrated in the final draft of the questionnaire. It will be then submitted to a statistical for reliability test. The questionnaire is an instrument to gather data in categorizing the levels of internet exposure of the urban poor and consequently, it is also used to determine and evaluate the relationship of the level of Internet exposure to the political participation of the urban poor respondents. The first portion of the questionnaire is about the demographic profile of the urban poor respondents in the terms of age, gender, civil status, educational attainment and location of the Barangay where they reside. The second and third part of the questionnaire deals with determining the level of the internet exposure and the level of political participation of the residents of the urban respectively.

The criteria references shall be rated by the respondents using the Likert Scale as follows: Scale

Range

Description

Value Interpretation

5

5.00-4.55

Always

Very High

4

4.54-4.00

Regularly

High

3

3.91-3.50

Occasionally

Moderate

2

3.49-3.00

Rarely

Low

1

2.91-2.00

Never

Very Low

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Statistical Analysis Data will be analyzed by the use of quantitative data analysis.

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LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE General Trias, Cavite College of Arts and Sciences I. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE Name: _____________________________

Date: ________________

Age: _____________

Civil Status:

Occupation:

Monthly Wage:

Educational Attainment: O Elementary Graduate

O High School Graduate

O College Graduate O Others: (please specify):

II. INTERNET EXPOSURE Check the boxes to answer the level of frequency corresponding the following activities. 5 – ALWAYS 4- REGULARLY

3- OCCASIONALLY 2- RARELY 1- NEV

5

4

3

2

1

How Often do you use the internet in the following activities? 1. Social Media 2. Entertainment 3. Information/News 4. Politics-related activities COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 32

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE

III. POLITICAL PARTICIPATION Check the boxes to answer the level of frequency corresponding the following activities. 5 – ALWAYS 4- REGULARLY

3- OCCASIONALLY 2- RARELY 1- NEVER

5

4

3

2

1

ELECTION 1. Voting in the Elections 2. Join/participate Campaigns MEDIA 1. Watch/Read Regularly

politics-related

news

2. Comment, share, react to politicsrelated topics 3. Sign petitions 4. Contact public officials 5. Engage in political discussions/forums DEMONSTRATION 1. Join rally/protest 2. Join boycotts 3. Join marches/parades

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LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE FORUMS 1. Read/attend seminars 2. Read/attend public consultations 3. Read/attend Government activities or programs

IV. RELATIONSHIP OF LEVEL OF INTERNET EXPOSURE AND LEVEL OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION

The statistical tools to be used in the study are frequency count for the demographic profile of the respondents and weighted mean in determining the degree of internet exposure and political participation. The researchers will use p-value approach to test the null hypothesis and determine whether there is a significant relationship between Internet exposure and political participation.

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