Riding The Bull Surviving The Bear

Riding the bull surviving the bear: Can we, India, make it possible?

Prepared By Gurvinder Singh Sakina Nisar Kushagra Chaudhary Rahil Siddiqui Saima Mehar BA (H) Economics 3rd Year Jamia Milia Islamia

List of the topics covered in this report Part I 1. The what and why of the crisis 2. Causes o

2.1 Boom and bust in the housing market

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2.2 Speculation

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2.3 High-risk mortgage loans and lending practices

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2.4 Securitization practices

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2.5 Inaccurate credit ratings

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2.6 Policies of central banks

3. Financial Institutions Debt levels or Leverage 4. The Dates, the Destruction, and the Distress o

4.1 Government Steps In

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4.1 The Aftermath of The Storm Called Sub Prime Crisis

Part II 1. Global Slowdown and its Effect on Different Sectors in India o

1.1 The Real Sector Story

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1.2 City Check

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1.3 The Buyer’s Side

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1.4 Deferred Purchases

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1.5 Reduced Spending

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1.6 Global Slowdown and Indian Plantations

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1.7 Rising Interest Rates

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1.8 BPO and IT Sector

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1.9 Feeling the Heat

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2. “Hullo, Chidambaram Speaking…” o

2.1 India the Optimist

3. How well is India facing the music? o

3.1 Why Indian banks are safe?

4.Firefighting Measures o

4.1 Reserve Bank of India

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4.2 Securities and Exchange Control Board of India

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4.3 Ministry of Finance

5. Now what? 6. Their Views 7. Sources

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The What and Why of the Crisis In one of his history classes, Albert Einstein questioned his teacher when they asked him about the numbers of soldiers in the two armies in a particular war. He said, “Why is it that we are always after the number of soldiers who took part in the war? It would be interesting to know why the two states fighting and what were the aftereffects of the war.” Agreeing to Einstein’s inquisitive spirit, I think it would really do justice to the current Financial-Crisis that has rocked the business world, if we first gave the history of how this storm was born. Economists, businesspersons, and politicians (some of them who actually understand the crisis) agree at least on one thing: that this is ‘once-in-ageneration’ crisis. This is more or less true. The last time something like this happened was almost 90 years back with effects lasting for over three decades in some parts of the world! We call it The Great Depression. It was the largest and most important economic depression in modern history, and is used in the 21st century as a benchmark in how far the world's economy can fall. The Great Depression originated in the United States; historians most often use as a starting date the stock market crash on October 29, 1929, known as Black Tuesday. The depression had devastating effects both in the developed and developing world. International trade was deeply affected, as were personal incomes, tax revenues, prices, and profits. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially those dependent on heavy industries like iron and steel, heavy machinery etc. Construction virtually stopped in many countries. Farming and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by 40 to 60 %. About The Great Depression, Irving Fisher tied loose credit to over-indebtedness, which fueled speculation and asset bubbles“Easy money is the great cause of over-borrowing. When an investor thinks he can make over 100 per cent per annum by borrowing at 6 per cent, he will be tempted to borrow, and to invest or speculate with the borrowed money. This was a prime cause leading to the over-indebtedness of 1929. Inventions and technological improvements created wonderful investment opportunities, and so caused big debts.” Banks which had financed this debt began to fail as debtors defaulted on debt and depositors attempted to withdraw their deposits en masse, triggering multiple bank runs. Government guarantees and Federal Reserve banking regulations to prevent such panics were ineffective or not used. Bank failures led to the loss of billions of dollars in assets. Outstanding debts became heavier, because prices and incomes fell by 20–50% but the debts remained at the same dollar amount. After the panic of 1929, and during the first 10 months of 1930, 744 US banks failed. (In all, 9,000 banks failed during the 1930s). By 1933, depositors had lost $140 billion in deposits. I am talking about all this because it is very necessary to understand our past before we come to our present. We need to know whether at all we learned from our mistakes or no. So during the period we saw rising inflation and rising 4

unemployment. In 1937, the American economy took an unexpected nosedive, lasting through most of 1938. Production declined sharply, as did profits and employment. Unemployment jumped from 14.3% in 1937 to 19.0% in 1938. We can sum up the effects of the depression in the following facts: • • • •

13 million people became unemployed. Industrial production fell by nearly 45% between the years 1929 and 1932. Home building dropped by 80% between the years 1929 and 1932. From the years 1929 to 1932, about 5000 banks went out of business.

Coming back to the present, we now start talking about the current financial storm that we are braving. Why is it that investors across the world are in a state of absolute panic? Why are they dumping risky assets like shares and rushing to safe havens like gold and government bonds, stock markets and currencies across the world keep falling? The financial crisis or in the terms of the media, “credit-crunch” saw its beginning in the mid of 2007 when three things became clear; first, low income or sub-prime US households with poor credit quality that had borrowed heavily from banks and finance companies to buy homes were defaulting heavily on their debt obligations. Second, the size of this sub-prime housing loan market was huge at about $1.4 trillion. And third, Wall Street's financial engineers had packaged these loans into complicated financial instruments called CDOs1. American and European banks had invested heavily in these products. This led to a loss of confidence of investors in the value of securitized mortgages (mortgages arranged in groups and bonds issued on them) in the United States resulting in a liquidity crisis. This led to a substantial injection of capital into financial markets by the United States Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank. The TED2 spread, an indicator of perceived credit risk in the general economy, spiked up in August 2007, remained volatile for a year, then spiked even higher in September 2008. No amount of financial engineering could protect investors from one simple and irrefutable principle—if these sub prime housing loans turned 'bad', the instruments that were based on these loans would lose value. CDO prices started plummeting as defaults on US home loans rose. Falling prices dented banks' investment portfolios and these losses destroyed banks' capital. This means to say that as the assets of the investment banks failed to give returns or rather become a cause of losses, the trust of the shareholders of the banks would be shaken which would result in loss of capital, as investors would start to pull out. The complexity of these instruments meant that no one was too sure either about how big these losses were or which banks had been hit the hardest. Banks usually never hold the exact amount of cash that they need to disburse as credit. The ‘inter-bank’ market performs this critical role of bringing cash-surplus and cash-deficit banks together and lubricates the process of credit delivery to companies (for working capital and capacity creation) and consumers (for buying cars, white goods etc). As the housing loan crisis intensified, banks grew increasingly suspicious about each other's solvency and 1

Collateralized Debt Obligations

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T-bill and Eurodollar ticker

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ability to honor commitments. The inter-bank market shrank as a result and this began to hurt the flow of funds to the 'real' economy. Wall Street blue chips like Bear Stearns and Merrill Lynch have been acquired by other more 'solvent' banks at bargain-basement prices. Lehman Brothers, which had survived every major upheaval for the past 158 years, went bust. Panic begets panic and as the loan market went into a tailspin, it sucked other markets into its centrifuge. The meltdown in stock markets across the world is a victim of this contagion.

The initial liquidity crisis can in hindsight be seen to have resulted from the incipient sub prime mortgage crisis. One of the first victims outside the US was Northern Rock, a major British bank. The bank's inability to borrow additional funds to pay off maturing debt obligations led to a bank run in mid-September 2007. The highly leveraged nature of its business, unsupportable without fresh infusions of cash, led to its takeover by the British Government and provided an early indication of the troubles that would soon befall other banks and financial institutions. Excessive lending under loosened underwriting standards, which was a hallmark of the United States housing bubble, resulted in a very large number of sub prime mortgages. These high-risk loans had been thought to have a toning down effect by securitization because securitization was taken as a sort of assurance that investing in these loans was safe. Rather than toning down the risk, however, this strategy appeared to have had the effect of spreading and expand it in a Domino Effect. The damage from these failing securitization schemes eventually cut across a large part of the housing market and the housing business and led to the sub prime

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mortgage and ARM3 crisis. The accelerating rate of foreclosures caused an evergreater number of homes to be dumped onto the market. This glut of homes decreased the value of other surrounding homes which themselves became subject to foreclosure or abandonment. The resulting spiral underlay a developing financial crisis. Initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as Northern Rock and Countrywide Financial. Financial institutions that had engaged in the securitization of mortgages such as Bear Stearns then fell prey. On July 11, 2008, the largest mortgage lender in the US collapsed. Federal regulators seized Indy Mac Bank’s assets after the mortgage lender succumbed to the pressures of tighter credit, tumbling home prices and rising foreclosures. The same day the financial markets plunged as investors tried to find out whether the government would attempt to save mortgage lenders Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, which it did by placing the two companies into federal conservatorship (or nationalization i.e. opposite of privatization) on September 7, 2008 after the crisis further accelerated in late summer. The sub prime crisis then began to affect the general availability of credit to non-housing related businesses and to larger financial institutions not directly connected with mortgage lending. At the heart of many of these institution's portfolios were investments whose assets had been derived from bundled home mortgages. Exposure to these mortgage-backed securities, or to the credit derivatives used to insure them against failure, threatened an increasing number of firms such as Lehman Brothers, AIG, Merrill Lynch, and HBOS. Other firms that came under pressure included Washington Mutual, the largest savings and loan association in the United States, and the remaining large investment firms, Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs. So why, why did it all happen? What led to such a terrible mishap? Various economists, businesspersons, and politicians give several causes for this. We shall try to look into them one by one and try to understand the ‘anatomy’ of this crisis. Boom and Bust in the Housing Market A combination of low interest rates and large inflows of foreign funds helped to create easy credit conditions for many years leading up to the crisis. Sub prime borrowing was a major contributor to an increase in home ownership rates and the demand for housing. The overall U.S. home ownership rate increased from 64% in 1994 (about where it was since 1980) to a peak in 2004 with an all-time high of 69.2%. This demand helped fuel housing price increases and consumer spending. Between 1997 and 2006, American home prices increased by 124%. For the two decades until 2001, the national median home price went up and down, but it remained between 2.9 and 3.1 times the median household income. By 2004, however, the ratio of home prices to income hit 4.0, and by 2006, the ratio was 3

Adjustable Rate Mortgages LIBOR- London Interbank Offered Rate

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4.6. Some homeowners used the increased property value experienced in the housing bubble to refinance their homes with lower interest rates and take out second loans against the higher home values to use the funds for consumer spending. U.S. household debt as a percentage of income rose to 130% during 2007, versus 100% earlier in the decade. A culture of consumerism is a factor ‘in an economy based on immediate gratification’. Americans spent $800 billion per year more than they earned. Household debt grew from $680 billion in 1974 to $14 trillion in 2008, with the total doubling since 2001. During 2008, the average U.S. household owned 13 credit cards, and 40 % of them carried a balance, up from 6 % in 1970. Overbuilding during the boom period eventually led to a surplus inventory of homes, causing home prices to decline, beginning in the summer of 2006. Easy credit, combined with the assumption that housing prices would continue to appreciate, had encouraged many sub prime borrowers to obtain ARM’s they could not afford after the initial incentive period. Once housing prices started depreciating moderately in many parts of the U.S., refinancing became more difficult. Some homeowners were unable to re-finance and began to default on loans as their loans reset to higher interest rates and payment amounts. An estimated 8.8 million homeowners — nearly 10.8% of total homeowners — had zero or negative equity as of March 2008, meaning their homes are worth less than their mortgage. This provided an incentive to “walk away” from the home, despite the credit rating impact.

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Increasing foreclosure rates and unwillingness of many homeowners to sell their homes at reduced market prices had significantly increased the supply of housing inventory available. Sales volume (units) of new homes dropped by 26.4% in 2007 versus the prior year. By January 2008, the inventory of unsold new homes stood at 9.8 months based on December 2007 sales volume, the highest level since 1981. Further, a record of nearly four million unsold existing homes was for sale, including nearly 2.9 million that were vacant. This excess supply of home inventory placed significant downward pressure on prices. As prices declined, more homeowners were at risk of default and foreclosure. According to the S&P/Case-Shiller price index, by November 2007, average U.S. housing prices had fallen approximately 8% from their Q2 2006 peak and by May 2008, they had fallen 18.4%. The price decline in December 2007 versus the year-ago period was 10.4% and for May 2008, it was 15.8%. Housing prices are expected to continue declining until this inventory of surplus homes; (excess supply) is reduced to more levels that are typical.

(a) Speculation Speculation in real estate was a contributing factor. During 2006, 22% of homes purchased (1.65 million units) were for investment purposes, with an additional 14% (1.07 million units) purchased as vacation homes. During 2005, these figures were 28% and 12%, respectively. In other words, nearly 40% of home purchases (record levels) were not primary residences. NAR4's chief economist at the time, David Lereah, stated that the fall in investment buying was expected in 2006. “Speculators left the market in 2006, which caused investment sales to fall much faster than the primary market.” While homes had not traditionally been treated as investments like stocks, this behavior changed during the housing boom. For example, one company estimated that as many as 85% of condominium properties purchased in Miami were for investment purposes. Media widely reported the behavior of purchasing condominiums prior to completion, then “flipping” (selling) them for a profit without ever living in the home. Some mortgage companies identified risks inherent in this activity as early as 2005, after identifying investors assuming highly leveraged positions in multiple properties. Keynesian economist Hyman Minsky described three types of speculative borrowing that can contribute to the accumulation of debt that eventually leads to a collapse of asset values:

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the “hedge borrower” who borrows with the intent of making debt payments from cash flows from other investments;

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the “speculative borrower” who borrows based on the belief that they can service interest on the loan but who must continually roll over the principal into new investments;

National Association of Realtors (USA)

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And the “Ponzi borrower” (named for Charles Ponzi), who relies on the appreciation of the value of their assets (e.g. real estate) to refinance or pay-off their debt but cannot repay the original loan.

The role of speculative borrowing has been cited as a contributing factor to the sub prime mortgage crisis. As we can easily see, that right now the major factor contributing to the crisis was the Ponzi borrower, who relies on the increase the assets market value to refinance their debt but cannot repay his original debt. In addition, another major contributor to the crisis is the speculative borrower, who considered houses as a means of speculation and earn profit through that. (b) High-risk Mortgage Loans and Lending Practices Varieties of factors have caused lenders to offer an increasing array of higher-risk loans to higher-risk borrowers, including illegal immigrants. The share of sub prime mortgages to total originations was 5% ($35 billion) in 1994, 9% in 1996, 13% ($160 billion) in 1999, and 20% ($600 billion) in 2006. A study by the Federal Reserve indicated that the average difference in mortgage interest rates between sub prime and prime mortgages (the “sub prime markup” or “risk premium”) declined from 2.8 % points (280 basis points) in 2001, to 1.3 % points in 2007. In other words, the risk premium required by lenders to offer a sub prime loan declined. This occurred even though sub prime borrower credit ratings and loan characteristics declined overall during the 2001–2006 period, which should have had the opposite effect. The combination is common to classic boom and bust credit cycles. In addition to considering higher-risk borrowers, lenders have offered increasingly high-risk loan options and incentives. These high-risk loans included the “No Income, No Job, and No Assets” loans, sometimes referred to as NINJA loans. In 2005, the median down payment for first-time homebuyers was 2%, with 43% of those buyers making no down payment whatsoever. Similar is the case of ARMs, which allows the homeowner to pay just the interest (not principal) during an initial period. Still another is a “payment option” loan, in which the homeowner can pay a variable amount, but any interest not paid is added to the principal. Further, an estimated one-third of ARM originated between 2004 and 2006 had “teaser” rates below 4%, which then increased significantly after some initial period, as much as doubling the monthly payment. Mortgage underwriting practices have also been criticized, including automated loan approvals that critics argued were not subjected to appropriate review and documentation. In 2007, automated underwriting generated 40% of all sub prime loans. The chairperson of the Mortgage Bankers Association claimed mortgage brokers profited from a home loan boom but did not do enough to examine whether borrowers could repay. Mortgage fraud also increased.

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Inaccurate credit ratings Credit rating agencies are now under scrutiny for giving investmentgrade ratings to securitization transactions (CDOs and MBS5s) based on sub prime mortgage loans. Higher ratings were believed justified by various credit enhancements including over-collateralization (pledging collateral in excess of debt issued), credit default insurance, and equity investors willing to bear the first losses. These high ratings encouraged the flow of investor funds into these securities, helping finance the housing boom. The reliance on ratings by these investors and the intertwined character of how ratings justified investment led many investors to treat securitized products. Some of these based on sub prime mortgages — as equivalent to higher quality securities and furthered by SEC6 removal of regulatory barriers and reduced disclosure requirements in the wake of the Enron scandal. Critics claim that conflicts of interest were involved, as rating agencies are paid by the firms that organize and sell the debt to investors, such as investment banks. MBS Downgrade

Rating agencies lowered the credit ratings on $1.9 trillion in mortgage-backed securities from Q3 2007 to Q2 2008. This places additional pressure on financial institutions to lower the value of their MBS. In turn, this may require these institutions to acquire additional capital, to maintain capital ratios. If this involves the sale of new shares of stock, the value of existing shares is reduced. In other words, ratings downgrades pressured MBS and stock prices lower.

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Mortgage-Backed Securities Securities and Exchange Commission

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(c) Policies of Central Banks Central banks are primarily concerned with managing monetary policy; they are less concerned with avoiding asset bubbles, such as the housing bubble and dot-com bubble. Central banks have generally chosen to react after such bubbles burst to minimize collateral impact on the economy, rather than trying to avoid the bubble itself. This is because identifying an asset bubble and determining the proper monetary policy to properly deflate it are a matter of debate among economists. Federal Reserve actions raised concerns among some market observers that these actions could create a moral hazard. Some industry officials said that Federal Reserve Bank of New York involvement in the rescue of LongTerm Capital Management in 1998 would encourage large financial institutions to assume more risk, in the belief that the Federal Reserve would intervene on their behalf. A contributing factor to the rise in home prices was the lowering of interest rates earlier in the decade by the Federal Reserve, to diminish the blow of the collapse of the dot-com bubble and combat the risk of deflation. From 2000 to 2003, the Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate target from 6.5% to 1.0%. The central bank believed that interest rates could be lowered safely primarily because the rate of inflation was low and disregarded other important factors. The Federal Reserve's inflation figures, however, were flawed. Richard W. Fisher, President and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, stated that the Federal Reserve's interest rate policy during this period was misguided by this extremely low inflation data, thus contributing to the housing bubble. Financial Institution Debt Levels or Leverage Many financial institutions borrowed huge sums of money during 2004-2007 and made investments in MBS, essentially betting on the continued appreciation of home values and sustained mortgage payments. Borrowing at a lower interest rate to invest at a higher interest rate is using financial leverage. This is analogous to an individual taking out a second mortgage on their home to invest in the stock market. This strategy magnified profits during the housing boom period, but drove large losses after the bust. Financial institutions and individual investors holding MBS also suffered significant losses because of widespread and increasing mortgage payment defaults or MBS devaluation beginning in 2007 onward.

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A SEC regulatory ruling in 2004 greatly contributed to US investment banks' ability to take on additional debt, which was then used to purchase MBS. The top five US investment banks each significantly increased their financial leverage during the 2004-2007 time period (see diagram), which increased their vulnerability to the MBS losses. These five institutions reported over $4.1 trillion in debt for fiscal year 2007, a figure roughly 30% the size of the U.S. economy. Three of the five either went bankrupt (Lehman Brothers) or were sold at fire-sale prices to other banks (Bear Stearns and Merrill Lynch) during September 2008, creating instability in the global financial system. The remaining two converted to commercial bank models, subjecting themselves to much tighter regulation. Why take “bet the firm” levels of risk? In 2006, Wall Street executives took home bonuses totaling $23.9 billion, according to the New York State Comptroller's Office"Wall Street traders were thinking of the bonus at the end of the year, not the longterm health of their firm. The whole system—from mortgage brokers to Wall Street risk managers—seemed tilted toward taking short-term risks while ignoring longterm obligations. The most damning evidence is that most of the people at the top of the banks didn't really understand how those [investments] worked.”

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We have talked a great deal about the crisis and what led its birth, it would be unfair not to talk about the damages that this financial storm has left in its path. Apart from that, we should also take a look at the events that shaped the monster that we are facing today, in a chronological manner.

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The dates, the Destruction and the Distress… Up until now we were trying to understand how this storm was brewing right under our noses and we did not see it coming (well most of us did not!). In this section, we shall try to chart the events that triggered the chain reaction. Let us go back about 15 months. In July 2007, Dow Jones Industrial Average touched a record high of 14000, every thing going like a dream from which every one was going to get a rude awakening. Let us see how one by one the pieces of the Domino fall. On August 15, 2007, the Dow dropped below 13,000 and the S&P*7 500 went in to negative figures for that year. Similar drops occurred in virtually every market in the world, with Brazil and Korea being hard-hit. Through 2008, large daily drops became common, with, for example, the KOSPI8 dropping about 7% in one day, although 2007’s largest daily drop by the S&P 500 in the U.S. was in February, a result of the sub prime crisis. Mortgage lenders and homebuilders fared terribly, but losses cut across sectors, with some of the worst hit industries, such as metals & mining companies, having only the vaguest connection with lending or mortgages. Stock indices worldwide trended downward for several months since the first panic in July–August 2007. The crisis caused panic in financial markets and encouraged investors to take their money out of risky mortgage bonds and shaky equities and put it into commodities as ‘stores of value’. Financial speculation in commodity futures following the collapse of the financial derivatives markets has contributed to the world food price crisis and oil price increases due to a ‘commodities supercycle’. Financial speculators seeking quick returns have removed trillions of dollars from equities and mortgage bonds, some of which has been invested into food and raw materials. Beginning in mid-2008, all three major stock indices in the United States (the Dow Jones Industrial Average*, NASDAQ*, and the S&P 500*) entered a down turn in the market. On 15 September 2008, a slew of financial concerns caused the indices to drop by their sharpest amounts since the 2001 terrorist attacks. That day, the most noteworthy trigger was the declared bankruptcy of investment bank Lehman Brothers. Additionally, Merrill Lynch was joined with Bank of America in a forced merger worth $50 billion. Finally, concerns over insurer American International Group's ability to stay capitalized caused that stock *

Stock Indices Standards And Poors 8 KOSPI 7

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to drop over 60% that day. Poor economic data on manufacturing contributed to the day's panic, but were eclipsed by the severe developments of the financial crisis. All of these events culminated into a stock sell off that were experienced worldwide. Overall, the Dow Jones Industrial plunged 504 points (4.4%) while the S&P 500 fell 59 points (4.7%). Asian and European markets rendered similarly sharp drops. Government Steps In The House of Representatives in a 228–205 vote on September 29 struck down the much-anticipated passage of the $700 billion bailout plan also called the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008. The purpose of the plan was to purchase bad assets, reduce uncertainty regarding the worth of the remaining assets, and restore confidence in the credit markets. In the context of recent history, the result was catastrophic for stocks. President Bush signed the bill into law within hours of its enactment, creating a $700 billion Troubled Assets Relief Program to purchase failing bank assets. The Dow Jones Industrial Average suffered a severe 777-point loss (7%), its worst point loss on record up to that date. The NASDAQ tumbled 9.1% and the S&P 500 fell 8.8%, both of which the worst losses those indices experienced since the 1987 stock market crash. Despite congressional passage of historic bailout legislation, Dow Jones Index tumbled further when markets resumed trading on Oct. 6. The Dow fell below 10,000 points for the first time in almost four years, losing 800 points before recovering to settle at -369.88 for the day. Stocks also continued to tumble to record lows ending one of the worst weeks in the Stock Market since September 11, 2001. It is also estimated that even with the passing of the so-called bailout package; many banks within the United States will tumble and therefore cease operating. It is estimated that over 100 banks in the United States will close their doors because of the financial crisis. This will have a severe impact on the economy and consumers. Because of the crisis, it is expected that it will take years for the United States to recover from such a mess. Aftermath of the Storm called Sub Prime Crisis The sub prime crisis had a series of other economic effects. Housing price declines left consumers with less wealth, which placed downward pressure on consumption. Certain minority groups received a higher proportion of sub prime loans and experienced a disproportional level of foreclosures. Homerelated crimes including arson increased. Job losses in the financial sector were significant, with over 65,400 jobs lost in the United States as of September 2008. Many renters became innocent victims, often evicted from their homes without notice due to foreclosure of their property owner’s property. In October 2008, Tom Dart, the elected Sheriff of Cook County, Illinois, criticized mortgage companies for their actions, and announced that he was suspending all foreclosure evictions.

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The sudden lack of credit also caused a slump in car sales. Ford sales in October 2008 were down 33.8% from a year ago, General Motors sales were down 15.6%, and Toyota sales had declined 32.3%. One in five car dealerships are expected to close in fall of 2008. Let us see the major events that took place because of this crisis on a point wise basis until date
Northern Rock had difficulty finding finance to keep the business going and was nationalized on 17 February 2008. As of 8th October 2008, UK taxpayer liability for the bank had climbed to £87Bn ($150Bn) according to Robert Chote, director of the Institute for Fiscal Studies.
J.P. Morgan Chase acquired bear Stearns in March 2008 for $1.2 billion. In order for the deal to go through, the Fed issued a non-recourse loan of $29 billion to Bear Stearns.

Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. In September 2008, the Treasury Department confirmed that both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac would be placed into conservatorship with the government taking over management of the pair. The two GSEs have outstanding more than US$ 5 trillion in MBS and debt.


Bank of America acquired Merrill Lynch in September 2008 for $50 billion.





Lehman Brothers declared bankruptcy on 15 September 2008, facing a refusal by the federal government to bail it out. Treasury Secretary Hank Paulson cited moral hazard as a reason for not bailing out Lehman Brothers
AIG: On 16 September 2008, The Federal Reserve provided an emergency loan of $85 billion to AIG, which will be repaid by selling off assets of the company. This intervention gave the US government a 79.9% equity stake at AIG. Just over three weeks later the Fed reported that AIG had drawn down $70.3 billion of that $85 billion facility and AIG announced that it might tap an additional $37.8 billion in secured funding from the Federal Reserve.
Scottish banking group HBOS agreed on 17 September 2008 to be acquired by UK rival Lloyds TSB in an emergency takeover after its share price experienced significant falls amid fears over its exposure to toxic debt. The deal was encouraged by the UK government, who agreed to waive competition rules to allow the takeover to go ahead.

18th September: The UK Financial Services Authority imposes a temporary ban on short selling financial stocks a move echoed in other centers.


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19th September: US treasury secretary Henry Paulson calls for the government to respond to spend billions of dollars to take toxic mortgage assets of financial companies to restore financial stability.







29th September: Details emerge of the $700 billion US bailout plan.

21st September: Goldman Sachs Group Inc. and Morgan Stanley become bank holding companies regulated by the Federal Reserve.


22nd September: Nomura Holdings Inc. says it will buy Lehman’s franchise in Asia-Pacific and acquires Lehman’s business in Europe. Mitsubishi UFJ Financial agrees to buy up to 20% of Morgan Stanley for $8.5 billion.


24th September: Warren Buffet’s Berkshire Hathaway Inc. says it will buy up to 9% of Goldman Sachs.


25th September: Washington Mutual declares bankruptcy as the biggest failure of an American bank. The United States OTS9 announces that it will seize WaMu and sell its functional assets to JPMorgan Chase for $1.9 billion.


29 September: The UK government nationalized British bank Bradford & Bingley. The government will take control of the bank's £50bn mortgages and loans, while its savings operations and branches are to be sold to Spain's Santander.


30th September: EU regulators endorse 6.4 billion euros public bailout of Dexia SA, the Belgian-French financial services group.



1st October: US Senate passes bailout plan.

2nd October: Irish lawmakers vote to enact radical legislation guaranteeing Irish bank deposits and debts up to a total of 400 billion euros.


3rd October: the US House of Representatives passes a revised bailout plan. Wells Fargo and co. says it will buy Wachovia Corp. for about $16 billion. The Dutch Government buys Fortis for 16.8 billion euros.


4th October: European leaders meet in Paris and commit to ensure the stability of banking and financial systems.


5th October: Germany pledges to guarantee private deposit account. Germany also clinches a revised rescue deal for lender Hypo Real Estate after banks and insurers pulled out of a state-led 35 billion euro rescue program.


6th October: France’s BNP Paribas scoops up the assets of Fortis in Belgian and Luxemburg for 14.5 billion euros.


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Office of Thrift Supervision

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7th October: Iceland facing a ‘national bankruptcy’ takes over Landsbanki, its second largest bank and seeks loan from Russia.


8th October: The Federal Reserve leads a coordinated global round of emergency interest rate cuts. China, The European Central Bank and central banks in Britain, Canada, Sweden, and Switzerland also cut rates. Britain offers to pump 50 billion pounds in its retail banks.


10th October: The Dow closes at 8451.19, losing 185 in its worst week ever. Crude oil drops below $80 per barrel. RBI cuts CRR10 by a full percentage point, BSE wraps up its worst ever week down by 15.95%.


13th October: The UK government unveils plan to inject up to $63 billion into Royal Bank of Scotland and the soon to be combined HBOS and Lloyd TSB Group. Germany unveils bank bailout plan that could cost up to $500 billion in state funds. The French government says it will provide up to 360 billion euros to help banks.


Now we move from the US and the worlds’s various economies and concentrate on how the crisis has affected the Indian economy. The graph below shows the movement of the Sensex compared to the movement of the DJIA11 during the past troubled times.

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Cash Reserve Ratio Dow Jones Industrial Average

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Global Slowdown and its Effect on Different Sectors in India The Real Sector Story The Reserve Bank of India's (RBI) restriction on Indian banks from financing real estate companies has added to the problem. Real estate firms were mostly dependent on foreign funds through the FDI (foreign direct investment) route and private equity. However, after the global crisis, private equities that usually fund big projects are now shying away. According to industry sources, several realty majors have decided to go slow on their projects, especially in large cities, because of shortage of working capital, as banks have not only withdrawn overdraft facility but also decided not to process any more corporate loans. In fact, the performance of realty stocks also reflected the ground reality, with the index for the sector on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) falling by 11.3% the steepest among all the 13 sector-specific indices. The index has fallen more than a whopping 75 % over the past year. The stock of DLF, for example, is now precariously close to its 52-week low and so is the case with Jaiprakash Associates, Unitech and other realty majors. City Check Property prices in up market areas like Malabar Hill in South Mumbai have moved up from around Rs 12,000 per square foot in 2003 to twice that figure this year. More importantly, there was a deal struck at Rs 60,000 per square foot earlier this year. In Kolkata, the impact has been greater in the outer reaches of the city. It has not been that bad in the city as such. Actual users have booked most apartments in the city. Therefore, there is no question of speculative buying. Transactional volumes in the residential segment have dropped across India. Right now, there is no demand for an outright purchase and many people are going for the lease option. In a falling market, that is a more practical solution. IT and ITES, account for 80 % of all commercial space in India. Besides, 70% of that industry is dollar denominated. That is exactly what is affecting Bangalore. The real estate funds, for that matter, have been a worried lot with the deployment going very slow over the last 3-4 months. The scenario is pretty negative. The approach now will be one of wait and watch and one will wait for the right opportunity.

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Case Study The story today has been on the lines of a fairly stable market for commercial property in cities like Mumbai and Delhi with even Bangalore, Delhi and Hyderabad moving up by just about 10% between June 2007 and March this year. Nitesh Shetty, chairman and managing director of Bangalore-based Nitesh Estates, says rentals in the city’s Central Business District (CBD), are still high. “Suburban Bangalore is witnessing a slowdown. Here, there has been a 5-10% drop in rentals,” he adds. In the overall scenario, there could be some serious challenges. “In the commercial space, we will come back to the levels that we had touched two years ago. That will not be very long from now. This is definitely not the bottom,” warns Knight Frank’s Vakil. Of course, a city like Kolkata is up against a different situation where there is not too much of stock available. The Buyer’s Side The stock prices of many real estate companies are under pressure. DLF’s offer for a share buyback comes at a time when the stock price has been badly hit. While one could argue that the overall sentiment is on a low, the fall in these stocks has hit the investor really hard. At such high price levels for property, the buyer is taking his time, which does not ague well for the developers. It is precisely for this reason that the uncertainty has stepped in. Today, the real estate sector is going through a stage of extra negativity. The story of the hopeful Indian middle class is hard to ignore and that could be wish to own a home could still make sure there is a healthy level of demand. Overall, the impact of a global slowdown on India is slowly being felt. Deferred Purchases Factories are facing problems with deferred purchase. While some of the smaller units have closed down, many are giving extended Deepavali break to workers with a condition that they will make up for this when the orders start pouring in. The orders for factories, which are dependent on exports, mainly to the U.S., have come down by about 10 % following deferred buying by big apparel brands. According to Industry Insiders situation might become worse in the next quarter if the global situation does not improve by then. Case Study Vishalakshi, who worked as a tailor at MD Apparels at Madanayakanahalli, lost her job when the unit closed down. She joined another factory in the same locality, but was paid only Rs. 120 a day as against Rs. 147 paid earlier. “The market is down and they said I could quit if I was not happy with the pay,” she says. Ms. Vishalakshi is now looking for her third job within six months. A manager of a unit near Nelamanagala said he had instructions to cut about 10 % of the employee strength after strict performance appraisals. Overtime wages had been stopped, he added. 21

Reduced Spending Rising unemployment and reduced spending by the Americans have forced some of the leading brands in the U.S. to close down their outlets, which in turn has affected the apparel industry here. The U.S. accounts for 55 % of all global apparel imports. According to Sandeep Walia, Chief Executive Officer of Arwind Apparels, the apparel industry was in “recessionary mode,” and industries were looking at “building in efficiency” and “cutting out all the fat” by cutting down on expenses, such as avoidable air travel, and “increasing plant efficiency.” The fact that people in Europe and the U.S. are not walking into stores of branded apparels and buying brands such as GAP, Lands End, Ann Taylor, West Seal and J.C. Penny has affected business, Many of these brands, which have businesses in India, have seen delayed purchase. Meanwhile, the downward trend has turned the heat on about six lakh garment workers in the city. The industries are resorting to reducing the shift size and giving offs to the employees. Case Study A company on Mysore Road, which employs 2,700 workers, has been giving weeklong holidays to employees by turns. “They have been paid for this period and told that they should compensate for it when work picks up again,” said K.R. Jayaram of Garment and Textile Workers Union. A manager of a unit near Nelamanagala said he had instructions to cut about 10 % of the employee strength after strict performance appraisals. Overtime wages had been stopped, he added. Global slowdown and the Indian Plantations Global economic slowdown begins to haunt its 3-million communities, consisting of small growers, traders, and exporters. The attempt to integrate the Indian economy with the world economies appears to be taking a toll of the coffee, tea, and rubber industries, close on the heels of its negative impact on the core sectors of the old economy. The major plantation sectors of coffee, tea, and rubber are already reeling under various adverse factors on the domestic front, the global slowdown is beginning to have a cascading effect on their exports. India continues to export about 80% of its total coffee production, the merciless crash in its international prices has not only resulted in falling returns in dollar or value terms, but also became uneconomical as production cost, labor wages, and overheads keep rising. India's export performance is increasingly becoming dependent on the fate of the world economy and trade rather than the country's inherent competitive strength in international markets. A global FAO12 study conducted recently had indicated that prices would continue to fall owing to production surplus and gathering of surplus stocks in the global markets. 12

Food and Agriculture Organization

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What's more, the global slowdown will also interrupt the demand growth in importing countries. As signs of revival in prices are bleak, the commodity plantation sector has only one alternative and that is to improve the quality of its product, to become cost-effective and globally competitive in a pricesensitive situation. Even on the working capital front, the entire plantation sector is heading for a major debt crisis, most of them have exhausted their bank overdraft limit, bankers are holding up advances as repayment of principal, and interest amounts have fallen. Case Study In Karnataka, the largest producer of coffee in the country, growers have been unable to repay loans amounting to about Rs 20 billion and most of them are on the verge of defaulting. Many have resorted to chopping trees in their plantations or selling their estate vehicles to meet their mounting loan or wage commitments," Says United Planters' Association of India's (Upasi) out-going president E K Joseph. Rising Interest Rates Interest rates on home loans have gone up substantially in the last one year. The rates have gone up from around 7.5% in 2005 to 9% in 2006 further to around 12% at present. This has led to increase in the equated monthly installments (EMI) in the last one year by around 23% and by 37% since 2005. High interest rates have already dented property demand in the past few quarters and expectations were that rates would soften after the Reserve Bank of India announced a 100-basis point cut in the repo rate to 8% and another 250 basis points cut in the CRR to 6.50 %. However, the country’s largest bank, State Bank of India, on Monday said it would keep its lending rates, including home loan rates, unaltered. With rising interest costs and high property prices, buyers were holding their hopes on loan rate cuts to buy homes. BPO and IT Sector BPO sector of India is one of the worse hit sectors due to the global meltdown. It is very tough time for the BPOs to maintain the pace in the global crisis and US crisis. Recently, the one of the major airways of India, Jet had announced for a big lay-off but rolled back the decision. This is the clear indication from the companies that how badly the global crisis hit them. No sure, but the Bops in India will be planning for the major cost cut measures, even they might feel the salary cut, lay-off, minimize the facilities are some of the favorite measures. It is difficult for the small companies in US having their outsource unit in India, do not feel its proper time to boost their outsource activities in India. The BSE sensex recently closed below 10,000 points first ever since July 2006, the best example of the impact of the global crisis on Indian companies. According to a media report, the impact of the crisis on Indian outsource will last 23

for at least another three to four years as the financial services sector goes through a major restructuring. Coming to the IT sector, approximately 61% of the Indian IT sector’s revenues are from US clients. So we can easily understand the impact on the industry as the cash flow in the US is restricted which comes down to fall in demand of our IT services. A recent study by Forrester reveals that 43% of Western companies are cutting back their IT expenditure and nearly 30 % are examining IT projects for better returns. Some of this can lead to off shoring, but the impact of overall reduction in discretionary IT expenditure, including offshore work, cannot be denied. The slowing U.S. economy has seen 70 % of firms negotiating lower rates with suppliers and nearly 60 % are cutting back on contractors. With budgets squeezed, just over 40 % of companies plan to increase their use of offshore vendors. Feeling the Heat A lethal mix of the falling sales, rising inflation, increasing input costs and choking cash flow along with US economy slowdown is hurting India industry hard. The major impact of recession or economic slowdown is with the small exporters and importers in the country as most of them are facing the problem of heavy duties. The input prices have risen up mainly because of the steel prices that have surged up. The reason behind the sky-scrapping input costs is not only because of rising steel prices, but also due to hike in prices of aluminum and copper. Steel prices have gone up by 40 to 50 % and aluminum has gone up by 50 % accurately,” says Dr. S.N. Dash; Secretary, Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises.

“Hullo, Chidambaram Speaking…” Indian financial markets would be indirectly affected by the global cash crunch, though it would be limited. Describing the situation as “one of the most difficult ones in modern history”, Chidambaram said the global crisis will not impact the country directly as India's financial system had “sound fundamentals” and the country had a transparent, efficient market. However, indirectly the cash crunch prevailing in the world will certainly affect our financial markets too, though at a limited scale. Saying it was the “testing time for the world and for globalization,” the minister urged world leaders to work in “close cooperation” to ensure that the crisis does not worsen “the already abysmal living conditions of the poor people of the world.” According to Chidambaram, Indian economic growth had been affected recently, but mainly due to the high fuel prices that had been in the upward trajectory for the major part of this year. “Inflation crossed the 12 % mark, mainly due to our dependence on oil imports and 24

94 % of the week-on-week increase in inflation was attributable to petroleum products,” -Chidambaram, Finance Minister of India. In addition, India is largely self-sufficient in food grain production and is in no way responsible for rise in food prices, noting that the country had achieved an all time record production of food grains. Despite the global slowdown, Indian economy would grow at an average of over 8%. All this insulation and the economy is secured talk doesn’t seem right to me; it seems more like dark humor. With only 4% of the population engaged in investment market and only 14% of the population keep their savings in a bank; I feel we have not suffered a shock like other countries because our economy was not developed enough. It is as if the saying-ignorance is bliss- turned to reality for India. The politicians know that they can make any cock-and-bull story and feed it to the public (okay some of it is true) and the gullible public accepts it. Instead of asking people to cut down on wasteful spending, they keep telling that every thing is under control, which is far from truth. India the Optimist Global economic slowdown has not seriously dented optimism of the investors looking to pump in money to India. The ING Investor Dashboard Sentiment Index for India still continues to reflect the highest level of investor optimism across Asia, with India continuing to be the most optimistic market there. Though local investors have been affected by external developments, India's fundamentally strong domestic economy has helped to minimize the impact on their investments, survey says. & Vineet K. Vohra, Managing Director & CEO, ING Investment Management India said, "Although the ING Investor Sentiment Index reveals that the sub prime crisis and recent credit crunch have made investors more cautious, the core sentiment of Indian investors remains optimistic in the country compared to other economies." India's investor sentiment falls to 156 for Q3 2008 from 168 for the same quarter last year (Q3 2007) as investors become more balanced and less aggressive in their investment approach. India continues to be the most optimistic market in Asia.

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How well is India facing the music? Why Indian banks are safe? As the global financial crisis deepens, rumors rise that Indian banks could face similar problems that the US banks faced (the first bank to face such rumors was ICICI). Such rumors should be stopped because they have as much weight in them as helium. Here’s why… The situation that has developed in the US is very little similar to the reality in India. The main cause of the problems the US banks are facing is simply that a large number of Americans were tempted by mortgage lenders into taking unbelievably high mortgage loans, which represented 100% or even more in some cases, of the houses, and they did not have the means to make the repayments. With slowing economic growth and growing mortgage defaults, the underlying asset value of housing in the US went into decline. In too many cases, this has resulted in loan value becoming more than the market value of the properties. In such a situation the incentives for the householders to continue to pay the mortgages on properties- where the loan value is more than the market value-is very low. As a result, homeowners started to voluntarily default on repayments. For primary lenders and other lenders with these debts on their books, this meant that they would not be able to recover the full value of the loan, leading to huge business losses. This is not the situation in India for three reasons
First, almost 90% of the national housing stock here in India is owned outright. This means that the aggregate exposure of lenders to the residential mortgage debt is modest comparable to the US.
Second, for the minority of households financed partly by the loans, the equity householders have in their homes typically high. This is because of the conservative lending norms here. Banks usually require borrowers to have a savings history and the ability to self-finance the house to the tune of at least 20% of the value of the house at the time of the purchase. In a typical case, therefore, buyers entering the property market have a sensible equity stake in the property at the point of purchase that insulates the value of their equity should house value falls. In other words, the financial incentives for Indian borrowers to voluntarily default on housing loans is low because the possibility of the loan value exceeding the market value of the of the property is remote. In addition, the Indian banks generally ensure that borrowers have the financial capacity to make the loan repayments. Before agreeing to lend and this makes doubly sure that people do not voluntarily default on their loans.
And third, banks only hold a part of the total mortgage debt. Traditional borrowing practices are still strong, with a significant number of loans being outsourced from informal channels and not banks. For example, 26

in 2006-07 at least 40% of house buyers borrowed from their relatives and friends. Therefore, in the current situation, we don’t see any reason for sweat on our brows due to the fear of banks going down with same fever as those of the US. But it does create an irony. Shoring up sagging residential housing demand is one strategy that can be considered to ensure a softer landing for the Indian economy in a slowing global growth scenario and to achieve that, some easing of interest rates on loans rather than any fear to limit loan exposure could be a desirable step.

“India’s corporate balance sheet is the healthiest in Asia and Indian corporate have too much of cash—around $40 billion— whose value may go down with higher inflation. We do expect Asian and other markets to face slow down. India also may face some slow down in one two years but the country would be more

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immune to global slowdown. - Mr. Paul Sheard, Global Chief Economist, Lehman Brothers

“Investments from this country are not flying away and the economy is pretty insulated” -Mr. Prabhat Awasthi, Head of Equity Research for India, Lehman Brothers A sectoral analysis shows that the effect of the financial breakdown may not be as bad as it is made out to be. Here, let’s take a look…

Its not that bad Sales Growth (%) Sector Banks Consumer Goods IT Services Telecom Automobiles

Sept ‘07 34.3 18.9 40 27.9 21.3

June ‘08 29.9 16.5 24.8 30.3 20.5

Net Profit Growth (%) Sept ‘08 34.2 25.2 25.2 29.9 15.3

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Sept ‘07 28.2 19.3 24.2 52.3 20

June ‘08 11 18.9 5 37.4 -0.2

Sept ‘08 24.7 14.6 24.4 38.6 -11.3

Firefighting Measures Following are the steps taken by governmental regulators to improve liquidity and their effect: Reserve Bank of India 16th September: o Measure- Banks to be allowed to keep 24% of their deposits in government bonds, known as SLR13, instead of 25%. This amounts to a cut in SLR. Effect- This enabled banks to access more funds from the RBI offering excess SLR bonds as collaterals. But this did not happen. o Measure- Interest rate on non-resident Indian (NRI) deposits increased by 50 basis points. Effect- This theoretically increases funds flow from NRIs. We are yet to see its impact. o Measure- Second LAF14 , introduced for banks to avail more funds from the RBI. Effect- A facility to help back knock on RBI’s doors twice a day for money. 6th October: o Measure- CRR reduced by 50 basis points form 8.5% to 8 % effective 11th October. Effect- To release Rs20, 000 crore cash into the system, ease liquidity. 10th October: o Measure: CRR slashed again by 100 basis points to 7.5%, effective 11th October. Effect- This brings total Rs60, 000 crore cash after a cut of 150 basis points in the CRR. o Measure- Rs10, 000 crore government bond auction called off. Effect- If the government had gone ahead with this it would have nullified the CRR cut. 13th October: o Measure- Banks allowed transacting in interest rates futures. Effect- A tool for banks to hedge interest rates. 14th October: o Measure- 14 day special repo window opened where banks can borrow Rs20, 000 crore and pass on the funds to mutual funds. Effect- Lifeline for those mutual funds that are facing redemption pressures. 13 14

Statuary Liquidity Ratio Liquidity Adjustment Facility

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15th October: o Measure- CRR cut by another 100 basis points to 6.5%. Effect- Another Rs40, 000 crore pumped into the economy. o Measure- Banks are allowed to keep 23.5% of their deposits in SLR securities, instead of 24%. Yet another cut in the SLR. Effect- Banks can use the headroom to borrow from RBI for mutual funds. o Measure- Interest rates on NRI deposits slashed by another 50 basis points. Effect- The object is to increase overseas funds flow even as FII’s are increasingly pulling out money from Indian equities. o Measure- Banks can borrow funds from their overseas branches up to 50% of their capital of $10 million whichever is higher. Effect- Another way of increasing liquidity. A collective impact of all these measures were seen on 17th October, with overnight call money rates dropping to 7% and banks not rushing to RBI for money. Securities and Exchange Control Board of India 6th October: o Measure- Ban on issuance of PNs15 by FII’s and capping their exposure to PNs at 40% for cash and derivative segments lifted. Effect- Expected to bring in more foreign capital in to the equity market. 15th October: o Measure- SEBI decides to disseminate data on securities lent by FIIs overseas twice a week. EffectIt leads to a crack down on a parallel offshore market for short selling Indian stocks by foreign investors that may have been leading to the stock market fall. o Measure- Margin requirements for exchange-traded equity derivatives were raised. Effect- The objective is to safeguard investors’ interest and restrict speculation. Ministry of Finance 21st September: o Measure- External commercial borrowings limit for infrastructure sector increased to $500 million from $100 million. Effect- With domestic liquidity being squeezed, alternative source of fund raising being opened for Indian firms. 15

Participatory Notes

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15th October: o Measure- FIIs investment in debt market doubled to $6 billion. Effect- To increase foreign capital inflows in to India. With risk aversion, growing, foreign funds may focus on debt instead of equity, which they have been selling daily. o Measure- Recapitalization of relatively less capitalized banks to raise their capital adequacy ratio to 12%. Effect- This will lend strength to banks’ balance sheets and give them more power to absorb shocks. o Measure- Banks to be given Rs25, 000 crore as part compensation of the money they spent in offering relief package to farmers in June. Effect- This will help funds-starved banks to generate liquidity and offer fresh loans to farmers.

Now what? India is one of the better-off emerging markets. It has limited foreign contact, plenty foreign exchange reserves, a strong domestic economy, relatively good institutions, and savvy policymakers. The official growth projections are still above 7% for fiscal 2008-09, which is half over. Policymakers are taking comfort from non-official estimates of industrial production, which are higher than government figures. The real concern should be the following two years, when a global recession will bite deeply. However, short-term challenges remain. Here are some challenges and suggested policy responses. Liquidity. It seems that this is still an issue within India. Global financial markets are far from being back to a stable condition. Short-term credit in the financial markets, trade credit for importers and exporters, and working capital for domestic producers are all being restrained. Rather than wait for specific crises to arise, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) may be better off being more proactive in providing more liquidity and certainty to the economy upfront, including further reduction in the cash reserve ratio. Solvency. Providing sufficient liquidity avoids creating artificial insolvencies, but some institutions may genuinely have to go to the wall if their assets, properly valued, do not cover liabilities. One area of weakness is the real estate sector. Other sectors where investment has been aggressive may also see weak firms face problems. India has no proper bankruptcy laws. A potential crisis may be an opportunity to create some efficient procedures for restructuring. There will be secondary effects on the banking sector if real estate and other loans start going bad, and loosening monetary policy may provide a soft landing. Essentially, RBI has to try to engineer as soft a landing as possible from the real estate bubble.

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Inflation (so very obvious). A loose monetary policy may seem like a bad idea when WPI16 inflation is running at around 11%. The RBI governor raised the inflation concern recently, just after loosening the monetary view. Monetary Policy is backward looking. It works with a gap. It has to be based on predictions of future inflation. Recently, monthly inflation was in the 4%-5% range. The global demand slowdown really removes inflation as an immediate threat, so there should be no holding back on shoring up the financial sector. The falling rupee. Only recently, we were face to face with problem of the Rupee being too high. The RBI has engaged in an exercise in total futility, trying to manage the level of the rupee. India is unlikely to see a speculative attack on its currency, given its decent domestic economic fundamentals. In fact, the rupee’s weakness right now is really the dollar’s strength. That, in turn, is likely to be a temporary phenomenon, until financial markets begin to recover. Using up foreign exchange reserves to defend some illogical level of the rupee seems to be pointless. Fighting currency volatility right now also seems pointless. It’s a much better idea to give domestic firms as much freedom as possible to evade currency risk individually as they see right, through liquid, deep and well-designed currency futures markets. The stock market. Foreign leverage and foreign capital contributed to the stock market run-up. Now the excess leverage and capital are going away. The Indian stock market itself is quite efficient, and will correct itself. Its impact on the overall economy is still relatively small, in any case (remember the 4%).

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Wholesale Price Index

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Their Views Here are some of the views of the people who are in touch with our team and told us their views on this financial crisis.

“In terms of impact on me; I have many friends who have lost their jobs; I am worried about losing mine. I and all the people I know have lost up to 60% of our retirement money as the stock market has dropped. I do not expect a bonus, am happy to have a job at the moment and have reduced my spending on everything but the essentials. Many people are thinking this way and this will likely lead to a longer recession more unemployment and a continuing vicious cycle. This is the

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scariest time we are witnessing and more bad news is sure to come -Manjeet Kaur; resident USA.

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As RBI has taken strong steps to check inflation but till today the impact of RBI’s steps have not proved much effective because of that the crises is not only spreading in India but spreading globally. Due to inflation the cost of household commodities are increasing day by day. So the common man is suffering badly and is becoming very tough to survive. The most important cause of the failure of banks in America the liberally of loan to all and the recovery of loan amount is very low. The target, so that the NPA (Non Performing Assets) increases and the banks are suffering downfall. As a regards the market is going down the reason of this is to withdrawing money by foreign investor. So the impact on the common man and

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small time businessmen. -Sadhan Kumar; Assistant Manager, Reserve Bank of India.

“We have our market only in the USA and since the financial crisis, we have lost almost 80% of our market. This has forced us to look for local markets within India and other markets apart from the US. We have reduced our work force by almost half and changed working ours working hours in order to save on electricity and thus cut working costs. All our expansion plans that we had been planning for a long time, have been put on hold until things get better. Basically focusing on re deploying resources now. We do not see the global markets becoming better before

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at least 11 months to 2 years. -Paramjeet Singh; Owner home textiles export house, Betterliving.

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Sources: Newspaper articles from• Times of India 1. Anatomy of A Crisis Series- Learning with the Times, by- Abheek Barua • Mint 1. Are We Facing The Abyss Column-Eye on India, by-Nirvikar Singh 2. Summit Stresses Impact of Finance Crisis on Developing World By- AFP 3. Why India Is Worse Off Today Than In 2006 Column- Mint Analysis, by- Nesil Staney and Ravi Krishnan 4. A Crisis and New Opportunities Column-Their View, by-Mukul G. Asher 5. The Decline and Fall of Financial Capitalism Column- Conservative Corner, by- Jaithirth Rao 6. Why Indian Banks Are Immune To The US Disease Column- Loan Economics, By- Christopher Butel 7. What Next For India Column- Eye on India, By- Nirvikar Singh 8. Growth may have slowed to 7%: Sen Series- Economic Slowdown, By- Asit Ranjan Misra • The Wall Street Journal 1. A Crash felt Around the World By- Joanna Slater • The Hindustan Times 1. We have good news By- Rajendra Palande • Websites 1. www.wikipedia.org 2. www.dowjones.com 3. www.livemint.com 4. www.timesofindia.com 5. www.hindu.com 6. www.businessstandard.com 7. www.zeenews.com 8. www.presstrustofindia.com 9. www.economictimes.com 10. www.propertywire.com

Note: The list of sources given above has not been prepared in the order of usage or chronological order. We solemnly regret this inconvenience. 33

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