Rfid
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RFID
GROUP 11 T N VATSA + VINAYAK R + VISHAL JAIN + GAUTAM + SHISHIR 64 42 19 24 56
RFID – What is it? •
Radio Frequency Identification Device
•
Holds a small amount of unique data – a serial number or other unique attribute of the item
•
The data can be read from a distance – no contact or even line of sight necessary
•
Enables individual items – down to the proverbial “can of beans” to be individually tracked from manufacture to consumption!
History of RFID •
Invented in 1948 by Harry Stockman
•
Initial application was way back in WW2 by US army
•
Came into use only in 1990s
RFID Tag Attributes Active RFID
Passive RFID
Tag Power Source
Internal to tag
Energy transferred using RF from reader
Tag Battery
Yes
No
Availability of power
Continuous
Only in field of reader
Required signal strength to Tag
Very Low
Very High
Range
Up to 100m
Up to 3-5m, usually less
Multi-tag reading
1000’s of tags recognized – up to 100mph
Few hundred within 3m of reader
Data Storage
Up to 128Kb or read/write with sophisticated search and access
128 bytes of read/write
Passive RFID Tags •
“Traditional” tags used in retail security applications – Tag contains an antenna, and a small chip that stores a small amount of data – Tag can be programmed at manufacture or on installation – Tag is powered by the high power electromagnetic field generated by the antennas – usually in doorways – The field allows the chip/antenna to reflect back an extremely weak signal containing the data – Collision Detection – recognition of multiple tags in the read range – is employed to separately read the individual tags
•
These passive tags form the basis of the Auto-ID designs, and, if manufactured in billions, will come down in price from $0.80 to $0.05 in the next 2 years.
Active Tags •
Battery Powered tags – Have much greater range – 100m – Hold much more information – Kbytes – Can integrate sensing technology • Temperature, GPS – Can signal at defined time – Multiple tags can be recorded at once
•
Used for higher value items – Shipping containers – Babies – Electronic assets
• •
Cost between $20 and $40 per item Life between 2 – 4 years
Comparison of RFID Vs Bar Code RFID
Barcode
Counterfeiting is difficult
Counterfeiting is easy
Scanner not required. No need to bring the tag near the reader
Scanner needs to see the bar code to read it
RFID is comparatively fast Can read multiple tags
Can read only one tag at a time
Relatively expensive as compared to Bar Codes (Reader 1000$, Tag 20 cents a piece) Can be reusable within factory premises
Cannot be reused
Auto-ID Organization •
Non-profit organization supported by major software, consulting, tag and reader manufacturers and by MIT, Cambridge University and Adelaide University
•
All research and solutions are public domain
•
Developed vision of global approach to automatic ID of every product
•
Developed standards for tags and readers
•
Developed high level designs that will bring tag cost toward 5c and readers to $100
•
Developed – with SUN – Savant software to act as mediation between readers and a global network of “name servers” and databases – available as open source
EPC Network – Building Blocks Tags
Data carrier – the ID number – Unique EPC Code – is programmed into the Tag
Tag Antenna
Connected to chip in Tag – could be wire or printed using conductive ink
Reader Antenna
Coil included in plastic or similar case – usually 12 – 18 inches square
Reader
Data capture device – interrogates the tag and retrieves the data from all tags in the receiving area. Can be fixed or portable
Savant
Servers/Software to support readers, extract unique information from the read data, and communicate with External databases
ONS
Object Name Service – similar to DNS in the Internet – knows the appropriate database holding full information about the product the tag is attached to
EPC Code •
E.g. 613.23000.123456.123456789 (96 bits)
•
Header – defines data type (8 bits)
•
EPC Manager – describes originator of EPC (Product manufacturer) (34 bits)
•
Object Class - Could describe the product type (20 Bits)
•
Serial Number – Unique ID for that product item (34 Bits)
Supply Chain – Global Vision
Potential RFID ROI for Retailers • Reduced on-hand inventory and less use of “safety stock” • Increased sales through reduced out-of- stocks •Increased stock visibility and availability at point of shipment (>50%) •Reduced transportation cost and shipping volumes •More accurate forecasts and stock replenishment •Reduced shrink and theft in the supply chain
Potential RFID Benefits for Consumers • Better in-stock - product on the shelf when you want it • Improved Product Selection • Product Freshness for Dated Goods • Easier Identification on Recalls
Case Study Gillete & Co: • Objective: To Track movement of product from Packaging Center to Plant’s distribution center. • Previously->Using Bar Code, time taken=80 sec to 20 min • 1999->With RFID it takes 20 secs • Gains->Gillette saves 20% in Operational Cost at each Distribution Center.
Initiatives from India Inc • •
Patni Computer Systems Lab – Implemented Animal Tracking System Wipro Technologies - Member of the Electronic Product Code (EPC) - Setting up a lab to study RFID - Working on pilot projects
•
Infosys Technologies – RFID consulting on logistics player in the RFID space.
•
Intellicon - pilot project for BEL Bangalore tags installed on employee buses. - Buses inside the BEL campus were tracked with the aim of gauging employee punctuality.
Indian Scenario •
RFID will be used to track exported goods
•
Retail segment worth $330 Billion is potential target
•
Wal-Mart suppliers have adopted this technology
•
Pantaloon, Madura Garments and Ashok Leyland use RFID
•
RFID business expected to reach $600 million by 2009 up from $140 million
Way Forward… •
Large Retail companies – Tracking Goods
•
Hospitals & Nursing Homes – Patient Tagging
•
Airports – Baggage Tracking
•
Security Applications – Smart Cards
•
RFID Readers could also WRITE onto Tags
•
RFID Sensors to sense temperature, movement, radiation, food quality…
Constraints •
Cost
•
Battery life
•
Active RFID life – 2 to 4 years
•
Extreme weather
•
Privacy concerns
•
Security concerns
Phased Approach towards RFID •
Effort - software development, application integration and building the capability to ‘act’ on the additional data from value chain
•
Identify business functions
•
Pilot in a controlled environment
•
Key metrics
•
Larger scale field trial
GROUP 11 T N VATSA + VINAYAK R + VISHAL JAIN + GAUTAM + SHISHIR 64 42 19 24 56
RFID – What is it? •
Radio Frequency Identification Device
•
Holds a small amount of unique data – a serial number or other unique attribute of the item
•
The data can be read from a distance – no contact or even line of sight necessary
•
Enables individual items – down to the proverbial “can of beans” to be individually tracked from manufacture to consumption!
History of RFID •
Invented in 1948 by Harry Stockman
•
Initial application was way back in WW2 by US army
•
Came into use only in 1990s
RFID Tag Attributes Active RFID
Passive RFID
Tag Power Source
Internal to tag
Energy transferred using RF from reader
Tag Battery
Yes
No
Availability of power
Continuous
Only in field of reader
Required signal strength to Tag
Very Low
Very High
Range
Up to 100m
Up to 3-5m, usually less
Multi-tag reading
1000’s of tags recognized – up to 100mph
Few hundred within 3m of reader
Data Storage
Up to 128Kb or read/write with sophisticated search and access
128 bytes of read/write
Passive RFID Tags •
“Traditional” tags used in retail security applications – Tag contains an antenna, and a small chip that stores a small amount of data – Tag can be programmed at manufacture or on installation – Tag is powered by the high power electromagnetic field generated by the antennas – usually in doorways – The field allows the chip/antenna to reflect back an extremely weak signal containing the data – Collision Detection – recognition of multiple tags in the read range – is employed to separately read the individual tags
•
These passive tags form the basis of the Auto-ID designs, and, if manufactured in billions, will come down in price from $0.80 to $0.05 in the next 2 years.
Active Tags •
Battery Powered tags – Have much greater range – 100m – Hold much more information – Kbytes – Can integrate sensing technology • Temperature, GPS – Can signal at defined time – Multiple tags can be recorded at once
•
Used for higher value items – Shipping containers – Babies – Electronic assets
• •
Cost between $20 and $40 per item Life between 2 – 4 years
Comparison of RFID Vs Bar Code RFID
Barcode
Counterfeiting is difficult
Counterfeiting is easy
Scanner not required. No need to bring the tag near the reader
Scanner needs to see the bar code to read it
RFID is comparatively fast Can read multiple tags
Can read only one tag at a time
Relatively expensive as compared to Bar Codes (Reader 1000$, Tag 20 cents a piece) Can be reusable within factory premises
Cannot be reused
Auto-ID Organization •
Non-profit organization supported by major software, consulting, tag and reader manufacturers and by MIT, Cambridge University and Adelaide University
•
All research and solutions are public domain
•
Developed vision of global approach to automatic ID of every product
•
Developed standards for tags and readers
•
Developed high level designs that will bring tag cost toward 5c and readers to $100
•
Developed – with SUN – Savant software to act as mediation between readers and a global network of “name servers” and databases – available as open source
EPC Network – Building Blocks Tags
Data carrier – the ID number – Unique EPC Code – is programmed into the Tag
Tag Antenna
Connected to chip in Tag – could be wire or printed using conductive ink
Reader Antenna
Coil included in plastic or similar case – usually 12 – 18 inches square
Reader
Data capture device – interrogates the tag and retrieves the data from all tags in the receiving area. Can be fixed or portable
Savant
Servers/Software to support readers, extract unique information from the read data, and communicate with External databases
ONS
Object Name Service – similar to DNS in the Internet – knows the appropriate database holding full information about the product the tag is attached to
EPC Code •
E.g. 613.23000.123456.123456789 (96 bits)
•
Header – defines data type (8 bits)
•
EPC Manager – describes originator of EPC (Product manufacturer) (34 bits)
•
Object Class - Could describe the product type (20 Bits)
•
Serial Number – Unique ID for that product item (34 Bits)
Supply Chain – Global Vision
Potential RFID ROI for Retailers • Reduced on-hand inventory and less use of “safety stock” • Increased sales through reduced out-of- stocks •Increased stock visibility and availability at point of shipment (>50%) •Reduced transportation cost and shipping volumes •More accurate forecasts and stock replenishment •Reduced shrink and theft in the supply chain
Potential RFID Benefits for Consumers • Better in-stock - product on the shelf when you want it • Improved Product Selection • Product Freshness for Dated Goods • Easier Identification on Recalls
Case Study Gillete & Co: • Objective: To Track movement of product from Packaging Center to Plant’s distribution center. • Previously->Using Bar Code, time taken=80 sec to 20 min • 1999->With RFID it takes 20 secs • Gains->Gillette saves 20% in Operational Cost at each Distribution Center.
Initiatives from India Inc • •
Patni Computer Systems Lab – Implemented Animal Tracking System Wipro Technologies - Member of the Electronic Product Code (EPC) - Setting up a lab to study RFID - Working on pilot projects
•
Infosys Technologies – RFID consulting on logistics player in the RFID space.
•
Intellicon - pilot project for BEL Bangalore tags installed on employee buses. - Buses inside the BEL campus were tracked with the aim of gauging employee punctuality.
Indian Scenario •
RFID will be used to track exported goods
•
Retail segment worth $330 Billion is potential target
•
Wal-Mart suppliers have adopted this technology
•
Pantaloon, Madura Garments and Ashok Leyland use RFID
•
RFID business expected to reach $600 million by 2009 up from $140 million
Way Forward… •
Large Retail companies – Tracking Goods
•
Hospitals & Nursing Homes – Patient Tagging
•
Airports – Baggage Tracking
•
Security Applications – Smart Cards
•
RFID Readers could also WRITE onto Tags
•
RFID Sensors to sense temperature, movement, radiation, food quality…
Constraints •
Cost
•
Battery life
•
Active RFID life – 2 to 4 years
•
Extreme weather
•
Privacy concerns
•
Security concerns
Phased Approach towards RFID •
Effort - software development, application integration and building the capability to ‘act’ on the additional data from value chain
•
Identify business functions
•
Pilot in a controlled environment
•
Key metrics
•
Larger scale field trial
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