Reviewer-in-contemporary-world.docx

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REVIEWER IN CONTEMPORARY WORLD LESSON 1: THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION Sydney – is a metropolis of families of international immigrants or foreigners working in industries that also sell their products abroad. - Globalization is experienced by different people in different ways. (Example, foreign investments leads to new factories which those poor who lives there were evicted) TWO PREMISES OF GLOBALIZATION 1. Globalization is a complex phenomenon that occurs at multiple levels 2. It is uneven process that affects people differently Globalization – integration of the national markets to a wider global market signified by increased free trade Anti – globalization – it is a movement of 1990s, it means resisting the trade deals among countries facilitated by global organizations like the World Trade Organization. Manfred Steger – described the process of globalization as “the expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world time and across world – space” Expansion – creation of new social networks and multiplication of existing connections that cut across, traditional, political, economic, cultural and geographic boundaries. Intensification – expansion, stretching and acceleration of these networks. Global connections are becoming more closely – knit. (ex. America and China)

- China committed itself to the global economy in the 1980s, and steadily returned to its old role as a major trading post. - Globalization can also be seen for example when a strong monsoon rains flooded much of Bangkok, the Honda Plant making some of the critical parts temporarily ceased production which affected Honda – USA Steger – “ Globalization processes do not occur merely at an objective , material level but they also involve the subjective plane of human consciousness. Ex. People begin to feel that the world has become smaller, sending of email, etc. Globalism – is the widespread belief among powerful people that the global integration of economic markets is beneficial for everyone, since it spreads freedom and democracy across the world. Arjun Appadurai – Different kinds of globalization occur on multiple and intersecting dimensions of integration that he calls “scapes” SCAPES OF GLOBALIZATION 1. Ethnoscape – global movement of people 2. Mediascape – flow of culture 3. Technoscape – circulation of mechanical goods and software 4. Financescape – global circulation of money 5. Ideoscape – Political ideas move around LESSON 2: THE GLOBALIZATION OF WORLD ECONOMICS International Monetary Fund (IMF) – regards economic globalization as a historical process representing the result of human innovation and technological progress. Global GDP 42.1 % in 1980 to 62.1 % in 2007 – this is the increase of GDP defined my IMF $ 57 Billion in 1982 to $1.76 trillion – amount of foreign direct investments flowing across the world ( United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD))

High Frequency Trading – supercomputers can execute millions of stock purchases and sales between different cities in a matter of seconds.

Gold Standard – adopted by US following UK and other European nations in a monetary conference in Paris (1867) - Goal of Gold Standard- create a common system that would allow more efficient trade and prevent isolationism of mercantilist era. - Currency Prices and fixed exchange rate system are all based on the value of gold.

INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMS

- Gold Standard compelled countries to back their currencies with fixed gold reserves

Silk Road – the oldest known international trade route, a network of pathways in ancient world that spanned from CHINA to what is now the MIDDLE EAST AND TO EUROPE

- During WORLD WAR 1, countries depleted their golds to fund their armies, many abandon the Gold Standard.

- The most profitable products traded through this network was silk.

- Europe, having low gold reserves, adopted floating currencies that were no longer redeemable in Gold

- Silk Road was used from 130 BCE when the Chinese Han Dynasty opened trade to West until 1453 BCE, when the Ottoman Empire closed it.

Great Depression – returning to a pure standard became difficult this happened in 1920s to 1930s. - worst and longest recession in Western World.

- Silk Road is INTERNATIONAL not GLOBAL because it had no ocean routes that could reach the American Continent.

- Many believed that it was caused by the Gold Standard, because it limited the amount of circulating money and reduced demand and consumption.

Dennis O Flynn and Arturo Giraldez – age of globalization began when “all important populated continents began to exchange products continuously – both with each other directly and indirectly via other continents- and in values sufficient to generate crucial impacts on all trading partners.

Barry Eichengreen – argues that the recovery of the United States really began when, having abandoned the Gold Standard, the US government was able to free up money to spend on reviving the economy

- Flynn and Giraldez traced this back to 1571 with the establishment of galleon trade that connected Manila and Acapulco in Mexico, the first time for Americas connect to Asian routes

- Indirect versions of gold standard was used in 1970s but never returned to this standard up to 20th century Fiat Currencies – currencies that are not backed by precious metals and whose value is determined by their cost relative to other currencies.

- Galleon Trade is part of the age of Mercantilism Mercantilism – countries primarily in Europe competed with one another to sell more goods as a means to boost their country’s income. - Imposed high tariffs, forbade colonies to trade to other nations, restricted trade routes, subsidized its exports.

Bretton Wood System – inaugurated in 1944 during the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference to prevent catastrophes of the early decades. John Maynard Keynes – his idea affects the Bretton Wood System: “economic crises occur not when a country does not have enough money, but when money is not being and spend, and thereby; not moving “ Active Role of the Governments in managing spending – anchor of Global Keynesianism.

- Its high point was in the 1940s to early 1970s TWO FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS CREATED BY BRETTON WOODS 1. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, or World Bank) – responsible for funding postwar reconstruction projects. 2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) – global lender of last resort to prevent individual countries from spiraling into credit crises. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) – various countries also committed themselves to further global economic integration in 1947 Goal: reduce tariffs and hindrances to free trade.

Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman – “government’s practice of pouring money into their economies had cause inflation by increasing demand for goods without necessarily increasing supply” and “Government Intervention in economies distort the proper functioning of the market – this challenged Keynesianism Neoliberalism – from 1980’s onward , this was the codified strategy of Unites States Treasury Deparment., World Bank, IMF, and World Trade Organization

World Trade Organization – founded in 1995 to continue tariff reduction under GATT Washington Consensus – policies they forwarded is called Washington Consensus. It dominated global economic policies from the 1980s until early 2000s

NEOLIBERALISM AND ITS DISCONTENTS - Some countries accept rise in prices because it is accompanied with economic growth and reduced employment (Japan ).

- advocates pushed for minimal government spending to reduce government debt.

- Prices increased – companies would earn more – would have more money to hire workers – trade off for economic development

- called for privatization of government – controlled services (water , power communication ,transport)

- In 1970’s – prices of oil rose sharply as a result of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) imposition of embargo – response to the decision of US and other countries to resupply the Israeli Military with the needed arms during Yom Kippur War.

- pressured the government to reduce tariffs and open up their economics, arguing it is the quickest way to progress.

OAPEC - the Arab member – countries of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC) Embargo – was used by Arab Countries to stabilize economies and growth 1973 – 1974 – stock markets crashed after US stopped linking dollar to gold. Stagflation – decline in economic growth and employment Inflation – sharp increase in prices Stagnation- decline employment

in

economic

growth

- NOTE of Washington Consensus – other industries might die but this is necessary “shock – therapy “ for long – term economic growth US President Ronald Reagan and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher – justified their reduction in government spending by comparing national economies to household. They experienced success in Neoliberalism. Thatcher – promoted an image of herself as a mother, who reined in overspending to reduce the national debt - But Governments are not like households, governments can print money while houses cannot, it has a taxation system that gives them a steady flow of money

and Post – Communist Russia – experienced bad effects of neoliberalism

1990s – communism collapsed, IMF called for immediate privatization of all government industries.

September 2008 – Lehman Brothers and other major investment banks collapsed

GOAL : to pass on industries from corrupt bureaucrats to more dynamic independent private investors

Global Multiplier Effect – sent ripples over the world,

RESULT: Only Individuals and groups who had accumulated wealth under the precious communist order had the money to purchase these industries. Oligarchy – practice which only rich individuals hold on industries of the government (Globe Telecom, Smart, San Miguel, SM)

THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS AND CHALLENGE TO NEOLIBERALISM Global Financial Crisis of 2008 – 2009 – recent repudiation of neoliberalism Global Financial Crisis f 2007 – 2008 – the world experienced the greatest economic downturn since the Great Depression.

Ex. Iceland’s banks heavily depended on foreign capital so when crisis hit them, they failed to refinance their loans, as a result three of Iceland’s top commercial banks defaulted. 2007 – 2008 Iceland’s debt increased more than 7 fold Spain and Greece – countries heavily indebted Greece – forced by Germany and IMF to cut back on its social and public spending ( Affecting pension, health care, and various forms of social security) President Barack Obama – pushed a large Keynesian – Style Stimulus package, that’ why US recovered quickly. Marie Le Pen’s Font national In France – blames immigrants for the woes, claiming that they steal jobs and leech welfare. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION TODAY

Scaling of regulations continued until 2000s, paving way for brewing crisis. In their attempt to promote the free market, government authorities failed to regulate bad investments occurring in the US housing market. - Taking advantage of cheap housing loans, Americans build houses beyond their financial capacities Mortgage – Backed Securities – pooled mortgage payments and sold by bank who lends houseowners’ money (The banks have the title of the property)

- Solution to financial crisis as closing national economies to world trade won’t work, Exports – make the economies grown in the present US, Japan, Member countries of European Union – responsible for 65% of global exports. OTHER COUNTRIES – responsible for 29% of export

Sub – Prime Mortgages – High risk mortgages by banks who extend loans to even those who have bad credit records

2011 – Philippines , India, China, Argentina, Brazil, and other developing countries was accounter for 51% of global experts while advanced nations – had gone to 45%

- Since there are many mortgages in just one MBS , few failures would not ruin the entirety of investment

Trade Liberalization – WTO – led reduction of trade barriers.

- Banks assumed that housing prices would continue to increase, 2007 – home prices stopped increasing as supply caught up with demand. Resulting to families not paying their loans, and triggered the rapid selling of MBS.

According to IMF – global per capita GDP rose over 5 fold in the second half of 20th century, this growth created large Asian Economies ( Japan, China, Korea, Hongkong, and Singapore) Developed Countries are protectionists- they implement laws to safeguard their primary products. EXAMPLES OF PROTECTIONIST COUNTRIES

1. Japan – refused for rice imports into the country for they believe that rice is “sacred”, its economic muscle resists pressures to open its agricultural sector

2. Interaction between states, rather that internal politics 3. Trade deals between states

2. United States – protects its sugar industry, forcing consumers to pay higher prices instead of getting cheaper sugar from plantations of Central America Transnational Corporations (TNC) – beneficiaries of global commerce. This TNCs are concerned more with profits that with assisting the social program of the governments “Race to the Bottom” – refers to countries lowering their labor standards, including the protection of worker’s interests, to lure in foreign investor seeking high profit margins at lowest cost possible. - Government weakens environmental encourage foreign investments.

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to

Walden Bello (Focus on the Global South) – us used its power under the GATT system to prevent Philippine importers from purchasing Philippine poultry and porkeven it is sold meat to the Philippines, Walden noted that the Philippines became a net food importer under the GATT 1993 – coconut exports amounted to $l.9 billion, the country had an agricultural trade surplus $292 million, 1997 – coconut exports amounted to $2.3 billion, the country had an deficit of $764 million in agricultural trade. 2000 – coonut exports amounted to $ 1.9 billion, deficit of $794 million in agricultural trade CONCLUSION International Economic Integration - central tent of globalization Changes In the Economy – globalization is where anchored. LESSON 3 (A HISTORY OF GLOBAL POLITICS – CREATING INTERNATIONAL ORDER) Scholars are interested in the following political topics: 1. History of bureaucracy

4. International Relation - Political, Military, and other diplomatic engagements. Internationalization – deepening interactions between states this is also a major part of globalization Globalization – encompasses a multitude of connections and interactions that cannot be reduced to the ties between governments. States / Governments – are key drivers of global process THE ATTRIBUTE’S OF TODAY’S GLOBAL SYSTEM Four Key Attributes of World Politics 1. There are countries or states that are independent and govern themselves 2. These countries interact with each other through diplomacy 3. There are international organizations like UN that facilitate there interactions 4. Beyond simply facilitating meeting between states, international organizations also take on lives of their own. Nation – State – relatively modern phenomenon in human history, and people did not always ORGANIZE themselves as COUNTRIES, people belonging to nation-state see themselves as member of larger political categories (Ex, Christendom (Chirstian World) - Not all states are nations and not all nations are states. Ex, Scotland – has its own flag and national culture, but still belongs to a state called UK Bangsamoro – many believes that it is a separate nation existing within the Philippines, but recognizes the authority of Philippine State. There are states, with multiple nations, there are single nations with multiple states (Example, Nation of

Korea is divided into North and South Korea and ‘Chinese Nation refers to both the People’s Republic of China (mainland) and Taiwan)

Nationalism – facilitates state formation Sovereignty – one of the fundamental principles of modern state politics

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATION AND STATE THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM State – refers to the country and its government 4 Attributes of State 1. Exercises authority over a specific population (citizens) 2. It governs specific territory 3. A state has a structure of government (laws) 4. The state has sovereignty (Internal and External Authority) over its territory Internal Sovereignty – no people or groups can operate In a given national territory by ignoring the state. External Sovereignty – State’s policies and procedures are independent of the intervention of other states. Nation – According to Benedict Anderson is an “imagined community”. - Nation is limited because it does not go beyond a given “official boundary” - Nations limit themselves to people who have imbibed a particular culture, speak a common language, and live in a specific territory. - Nation creates a feeling of connection (Cheering for a Filipino Contestant on an international competition) - Most nations strive to become a state. - Nation builders feel a sense of fulfillment when that national deal assumes an organizational form whose authority and power are recognized and accepted by “the people” - Communities that are not states often seek some form of autonomy within their “Mother states” (Ex. Quebec, though belonging to the state of Canada, has different laws of language (French for their citizens) ) Scotland – is a part of UK but has a strong independence movement led by the Scottish Nationalist party

Treaty of Wesphalia – origin of the concept of sovereignty, which was a set of agreements signed in 1648 to end the 30 years war between major continental powers of Europe After brutal religious war between Catholics and Protestans – Holy Roman Empire, Spain, France, Sweden, and Dutch Republic designed a system that would avert wars in the future by recognizing that the treaty signers exercise COMPLETE control over their domestic affairs and swear not to meddle in each other’s affairs. Westphalian System - provided stability for the nations of Europe Napoleon Bonaparte – challenged Westphalian System by believing in spreading the principles of French Revolution – Liberty, Equality and Fraternity , thus challenged the powers of KINGS, NOBILITY and RELIGION in EUROPE. Napeleonic Wars – lasted from 1803 – 1815 with Napoleon and his armies marching all over much of Europe. Napoleonic Code – forbade birth privileges, encouraged freedom or religion, promoted meritocracy in government service. (This shocked monarchies) Anglo and Prussian armies – defeated Napoleon in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 METTERNICH SYSTEM - A system named after Austrian Diplomat , Klemens von Metternich – system’s main architech) - This lasted from 1815 – 1914, at the dawn of World War 1 Concert of Europe – Alliance of Great Powers (United Kingdom, Austria, Russia, Prussia) GOAL: sought to restore the world of monarchial, hereditary, religious privileges, and to restore the sovereignty of states.

- Up until now, “great powers’ have still significant influence over world politics ( UN, security Council has a 5 permanent member all having veto powers over council’s decision – making process) INTERNATIONALISM - this is defined as the desire for greater cooperation and unity among states and people (Desire to establish a global government)

- “Free Independent states would be the basis of an equally free, cooperative international system.” - He is a nationalist internationalist who believes that free, unified nation – states should be the basis of global cooperation Woodrow Wilson – United States President who was influenced by Mazzini. - He saw nationalism internationalism

TWO BROAD CATEGORIS OF INTERNATIONALISM

as

a

prerequisite

for

Principle of Self- Determination – by Woodrow Wilson

1. Liberal Internationalism – first thinker in 18th Century was German Philosopher Immanuel Kant. - Kant likened states like people in a territory - If people need laws to avoid lawlessness, states need it as well. - Without the form of world fovernment, the international system would be chatotic.

- belief that the world’s nations had a right to a free, and sovereign government.. Woodrow Wilson – became the most notable advocate for the creation of the League of nations, League of Nation – at the end of World War I, he pushed to transform it into a venue for conciliation and arbitration to prevent another war. Nobel Peace Prize (1919) – awarded to Woodrow Wilson

- Kant imagined a form of global government - establish a continuously growing state consisting of various nations which will ultimately include the nations of the world (RETRIBUTIVISM, CATEGORICAL)

- The United Nations was not able to join the league due to strong opposition of the Senate. - The League failed to hinder World War II

2. Social Internationalism TWO POWERS OF WORLD WAR II - Jeremy Bentham‘international’ in 1780

British

Phiospoher

coined

- advocated the creation of “international law” - propose the legislation that would create “ the greatest happiness of all nations taken together” (UTILITARIANISM)

1. Axis Powers – Hitler’s Germany, Mussolini’s Italy, and Hirohito’s Japan. – ultra nationalists that had an instinctive disdain for internationalism and preferred violently impose their dominance over nation 2. Allied Powers – United States, United Kingdom, France, Holland, Belgium.

Giuseppe Mazzini – was the 19th century Italian patriot . First thinker to reconcile nationalism with liberal internationalism

1. World Health Organizaion (WHO)

- He was a major critic of the Metternich system

2. International Labour Organization (ILO)

- He believed wit Republican government (without kings, queens , hereditary succession)

INSTITUTIONS RESULTING FROM THE LEAGUE

League of Nations – was the concretization of the concepts of liberal internationalism, democracy, self – determination, and republic ideas of other great thinkers (Kant, Wilson, Mazzini)

Karl Marx – German Socialist, Philosopher one of the biggest critics of Mazzini - Was also an internationalist but he did not believe in nationalism.

Communist party – present call for Bolsheviks Communist International (Comintern) –established by Lenin in 1919 – central body in directing Communist parties around the world.

- According to him “Any true form of internationalism should deliberately reject nationalism, which rooted people in domestic concerns instead of global ones”

- Soviet Union joined the Allied Powers in 1941

REASON: Nationalism prevents workers to unite because of this they remain workers of capitalist class

Communist Information Bureau reestablishment of comintern

- Karl Marx placed a premium on economic equality.

Joseph Stalin – Lenin Successor dissolved Comintern (Cominform)

–

OUTCOME : Soviet Union took over the countries of Eastern Europe when US , the Soviet Union, Great Britain divided the war – torn Europe into their sphere of influences.

TWO DIVISIONS OF COUNTRIES (KARL MARX) 1. Capitalist Class – business owners

1991 – Soviet Union collapsed

2. Proletariat Class – workers of capitalists

1951 – SI was reestablished – but its influenced remained only in Europe

Marx and Friedrich Engels – a socialist revolution seeing to overthrow the state and alter the economy, the proletariat “had no nation”

- Liberal Internationalism is still be ascendant, evident to this is the rise of the United Nations as the center of global governance

FAMOUS BATTLE CRY of Proletariat class “Workers of the world, UNITE!, You have nothing to lose but your chains” Socialist International (SI) – followers of Karl max established , was a European socialist and labor parties established in Paris in 1889 SI ACHIEVEMENTS 1. Declaration of May 1 Labor Day 2. Creation of Internation Women’s Day 3. Successfully campaigned for 8-hour work day - SI collapsed in World War I Russian Revolution (1917) – Czar Nicholas II was replaced by revolutionary government led by Bolshevik Party and its leader, Vladimir Lenin Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) – the new formed party Bolsheviks – did not believe in obtaining power for the working class through elections, instead they lead parties to revolution.

REVIEWER IN CONTEMPORARY WORLD

2. Singapore & Switzerland – make use of their small size, turned themselves into financial and banking hubs

LESSON 5: AWORLD OF REGIONS Way of coping with challenges of globalization (Governments, associations, societies, and groups) – form regional organizations and/or networks as a way Globalization – made people aware of the world in general, but made Filipinos more cognizant of specific areas such as Southeast Asia. Regionalism – political and economic phenomenon,

a.) Singapore – developed its harbor facilities and made them a first- class transit port for ships carrying different commodities from Africa, Europe, and Middle East and Mainland Southeast Asia

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- There is some cases that countries form regional alliances REASONS TO FORM REGIONAL ALLIANCES 1.) Military Defense –

= can be examined in relation to identities, ethics, religion, ecological sustainability, and health.

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- a process ; emergent socially constituted phenomenon

a.) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) LESSON 1: THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION

Regions – are not natural or given, they are constructed and defined by policymakers, economic actors, and even social movements.

Sydney – is a metropolis of families of international immigrants or foreigners working in industries that also sell their products abroad.

Edward D. Mansfield & Helen V. Milner – state that

- Globalization is experienced by different people in different ways. (Example, foreign investments leads to new factories which those poor who lives there were evicted)

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TWO PREMISES OF GLOBALIZATION

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a.) economic and political definitions vary and basic features of regions are: 1. a group of countries located in the same geographically specified area. 2. an amalgamation of two regions or a combination of more than two regions 3. organized to regulate and oversee flows and policy changes. b.) Regionalization and regionalism should not be interchanged Regionalization – regional concentration of economic flows Regionalism – political process characterized by economic policy cooperation and coordination among countries Countries that respond economically and politically in Globalization 1. China – offer cheap and huge workforce to attract foreign businesses (e.g. Huawei (Chinese Achievement))

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1. Globalization is a complex phenomenon that occurs at multiple levels

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2. It is uneven process that affects people differently

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Globalization – integration of the national markets to a wider global market signified by increased free trade Anti – globalization – it is a movement of 1990s, it means resisting the trade deals among countries facilitated by global organizations like the World Trade Organization. Manfred Steger – described the process of globalization as “the expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world time and across world – space” Expansion – creation of new social networks and multiplication of existing connections that cut across, traditional, political, economic, cultural and geographic boundaries.

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Intensification – expansion, stretching and acceleration of these networks. Global connections are becoming more closely – knit. (ex. America and China) - China committed itself to the global economy in the 1980s, and steadily returned to its old role as a major trading post. - Globalization can also be seen for example when a strong monsoon rains flooded much of Bangkok, the Honda Plant making some of the critical parts temporarily ceased production which affected Honda – USA

Global GDP 42.1 % in 1980 to 62.1 % in 2007 – this is the increase of GDP defined my IMF

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$ 57 Billion in 1982 to $1.76 trillion – amount of foreign direct investments flowing across the world ( United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD))

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High Frequency Trading – supercomputers can execute millions of stock purchases and sales between different cities in a matter of seconds.

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Steger – “ Globalization processes do not occur merely at an objective , material level but they also involve the subjective plane of human consciousness. INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMS Ex. People begin to feel that the world has become smaller, sending of email, etc. Globalism – is the widespread belief among powerful people that the global integration of economic markets is beneficial for everyone, since it spreads freedom and democracy across the world. Arjun Appadurai – Different kinds of globalization occur on multiple and intersecting dimensions of integration that he calls “scapes”

Silk Road – the oldest known international trade route, a network of pathways in ancient world that spanned from CHINA to what is now the MIDDLE EAST AND TO EUROPE - The most profitable products traded through this network was silk.

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- Silk Road was used from 130 BCE when the Chinese Han Dynasty opened trade to West until 1453 BCE, when the Ottoman Empire closed it.

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SCAPES OF GLOBALIZATION 1. Ethnoscape – global movement of people 2. Mediascape – flow of culture 3. Technoscape – circulation of mechanical goods and software 4. Financescape – global circulation of money 5. Ideoscape – Political ideas move around LESSON 2: THE GLOBALIZATION OF WORLD ECONOMICS International Monetary Fund (IMF) – regards economic globalization as a historical process representing the result of human innovation and technological progress.

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- Silk Road is INTERNATIONAL not GLOBAL because it had no ocean routes that could reach the American Continent. Dennis O Flynn and Arturo Giraldez – age of globalization began when “all important populated continents began to exchange products continuously – both with each other directly and indirectly via other continents- and in values sufficient to generate crucial impacts on all trading partners.

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- Flynn and Giraldez traced this back to 1571 with the establishment of galleon trade that connected Manila and Acapulco in Mexico, the first time for Americas connect to Asian routes

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- Galleon Trade is part of the age of Mercantilism

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Mercantilism – countries primarily in Europe competed with one another to sell more goods as a means to boost their country’s income.

Bretton Wood System – inaugurated in 1944 during the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference to prevent catastrophes of the early decades.

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John Maynard Keynes – his idea affects the Bretton Wood System: “economic crises occur not when a country does not have enough money, but when money is not being and spend, and thereby; not moving “

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Active Role of the Governments in managing spending – anchor of Global Keynesianism.

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- Its high point was in the 1940s to early 1970s

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- Currency Prices and fixed exchange rate system are all based on the value of gold.

TWO FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS CREATED BY BRETTON WOODS

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- Gold Standard compelled countries to back their currencies with fixed gold reserves

1. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, or World Bank) – responsible for funding postwar reconstruction projects.

- Imposed high tariffs, forbade colonies to trade to other nations, restricted trade routes, subsidized its exports. Gold Standard – adopted by US following UK and other European nations in a monetary conference in Paris (1867) - Goal of Gold Standard- create a common system that would allow more efficient trade and prevent isolationism of mercantilist era.

- During WORLD WAR 1, countries depleted their golds to fund their armies, many abandon the Gold Standard. - Europe, having low gold reserves, adopted floating currencies that were no longer redeemable in Gold Great Depression – returning to a pure standard became difficult this happened in 1920s to 1930s.

- Indirect versions of gold standard was used in 1970s but never returned to this standard up to 20th century Fiat Currencies – currencies that are not backed by precious metals and whose value is determined by their cost relative to other currencies.

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General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) – various countries also committed themselves to further global economic integration in 1947

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Goal: reduce tariffs and hindrances to free trade.

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NEOLIBERALISM AND ITS DISCONTENTS

Barry Eichengreen – argues that the recovery of the United States really began when, having abandoned the Gold Standard, the US government was able to free up money to spend on reviving the economy

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2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) – global lender of last resort to prevent individual countries from spiraling into credit crises.

- worst and longest recession in Western World. - Many believed that it was caused by the Gold Standard, because it limited the amount of circulating money and reduced demand and consumption.

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- Some countries accept rise in prices because it is accompanied with economic growth and reduced employment (Japan ).

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- Prices increased – companies would earn more – would have more money to hire workers – trade off for economic development

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- In 1970’s – prices of oil rose sharply as a result of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) imposition of embargo – response to the decision of US and other countries to resupply the Israeli Military with the needed arms during Yom Kippur War.

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OAPEC - the Arab member – countries of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC)

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Embargo – was used by Arab Countries to stabilize economies and growth

national economies to household. They experienced success in Neoliberalism.

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1973 – 1974 – stock markets crashed after US stopped linking dollar to gold.

Thatcher – promoted an image of herself as a mother, who reined in overspending to reduce the national debt

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- But Governments are not like households, governments can print money while houses cannot, it has a taxation system that gives them a steady flow of money

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Post – Communist Russia – experienced bad effects of neoliberalism

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1990s – communism collapsed, IMF called for immediate privatization of all government industries.

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GOAL : to pass on industries from corrupt bureaucrats to more dynamic independent private investors

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RESULT: Only Individuals and groups who had accumulated wealth under the precious communist order had the money to purchase these industries.

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Oligarchy – practice which only rich individuals hold on industries of the government (Globe Telecom, Smart, San Miguel, SM)

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Stagflation – decline in economic growth and employment Inflation – sharp increase in prices Stagnation- decline in economic growth and employment Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman – “government’s practice of pouring money into their economies had cause inflation by increasing demand for goods without necessarily increasing supply” and “Government Intervention in economies distort the proper functioning of the market – this challenged Keynesianism Neoliberalism – from 1980’s onward , this was the codified strategy of Unites States Treasury Deparment., World Bank, IMF, and World Trade Organization

World Trade Organization – founded in 1995 to continue tariff reduction under GATT

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Washington Consensus – policies they forwarded is called Washington Consensus. It dominated global economic policies from the 1980s until early 2000s

THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS CHALLENGE TO NEOLIBERALISM

- advocates pushed for minimal government spending to reduce government debt.

Global Financial Crisis of 2008 – 2009 – recent repudiation of neoliberalism

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- called for privatization of government – controlled services (water , power communication ,transport)

Global Financial Crisis f 2007 – 2008 – the world experienced the greatest economic downturn since the Great Depression.

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- pressured the government to reduce tariffs and open up their economics, arguing it is the quickest way to progress.

Scaling of regulations continued until 2000s, paving way for brewing crisis. In their attempt to promote the free market, government authorities failed to regulate bad investments occurring in the US housing market.

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- Taking advantage of cheap housing loans, Americans build houses beyond their financial capacities

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- NOTE of Washington Consensus – other industries might die but this is necessary “shock – therapy “ for long – term economic growth US President Ronald Reagan and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher – justified their reduction in government spending by comparing

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Mortgage – Backed Securities – pooled mortgage payments and sold by bank who lends houseowners’ money (The banks have the title of the property) Sub – Prime Mortgages – High risk mortgages by banks who extend loans to even those who have bad credit records - Since there are many mortgages in just one MBS , few failures would not ruin the entirety of investment - Banks assumed that housing prices would continue to increase, 2007 – home prices stopped increasing as supply caught up with demand. Resulting to families not paying their loans, and triggered the rapid selling of MBS. September 2008 – Lehman Brothers and other major investment banks collapsed Global Multiplier Effect – sent ripples over the world, Ex. Iceland’s banks heavily depended on foreign capital so when crisis hit them, they failed to refinance their loans, as a result three of Iceland’s top commercial banks defaulted. 2007 – 2008 Iceland’s debt increased more than 7 fold Spain and Greece – countries heavily indebted Greece – forced by Germany and IMF to cut back on its social and public spending ( Affecting pension, health care, and various forms of social security) President Barack Obama – pushed a large Keynesian – Style Stimulus package, that’ why US recovered quickly. Marie Le Pen’s Font national In France – blames immigrants for the woes, claiming that they steal jobs and leech welfare.

US, Japan, Member countries of European Union – responsible for 65% of global exports.

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OTHER COUNTRIES – responsible for 29% of export

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2011 – Philippines , India, China, Argentina, Brazil, and other developing countries was accounter for 51% of global experts while advanced nations – had gone to 45%

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Trade Liberalization – WTO – led reduction of trade barriers.

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According to IMF – global per capita GDP rose over 5 fold in the second half of 20th century, this growth created large Asian Economies ( Japan, China, Korea, Hongkong, and Singapore)

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Developed Countries are protectionists- they implement laws to safeguard their primary products.

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EXAMPLES OF PROTECTIONIST COUNTRIES

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1. Japan – refused for rice imports into the country for they believe that rice is “sacred”, its economic muscle resists pressures to open its agricultural sector

Exports – make the economies grown in the present

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2. United States – protects its sugar industry, forcing consumers to pay higher prices instead of getting cheaper sugar from plantations of Central America

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Transnational Corporations (TNC) – beneficiaries of global commerce. This TNCs are concerned more with profits that with assisting the social program of the governments

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“Race to the Bottom” – refers to countries lowering their labor standards, including the protection of worker’s interests, to lure in foreign investor seeking high profit margins at lowest cost possible.

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- Government weakens environmental laws to encourage foreign investments.

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Walden Bello (Focus on the Global South) – us used its power under the GATT system to prevent Philippine importers from purchasing Philippine poultry and pork- even it is sold meat to the Philippines,

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ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION TODAY - Solution to financial crisis as closing national economies to world trade won’t work,

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1. There are countries or states independent and govern themselves

1993 – coconut exports amounted to $l.9 billion, the country had an agricultural trade surplus $292 million,

2. These countries interact with each other through diplomacy

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3. There are international organizations like UN that facilitate there interactions

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4. Beyond simply facilitating meeting between states, international organizations also take on lives of their own.

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Nation – State – relatively modern phenomenon in human history, and people did not always ORGANIZE themselves as COUNTRIES, people belonging to nation-state see themselves as member of larger political categories (Ex, Christendom (Chirstian World)

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- Not all states are nations and not all nations are states.

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Ex, Scotland – has its own flag and national culture, but still belongs to a state called UK

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Bangsamoro – many believes that it is a separate nation existing within the Philippines, but recognizes the authority of Philippine State.

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1997 – coconut exports amounted to $2.3 billion, the country had an deficit of $764 million in agricultural trade. 2000 – coonut exports amounted to $ 1.9 billion, deficit of $794 million in agricultural trade CONCLUSION International Economic Integration - central tent of globalization Changes In the Economy – globalization is where anchored. LESSON 3 (A HISTORY OF GLOBAL POLITICS – CREATING INTERNATIONAL ORDER) Scholars are interested in the following political topics: 1. History of bureaucracy 2. Interaction between states, rather that internal politics 3. Trade deals between states 4. International Relation - Political, Military, and other diplomatic engagements. Internationalization – deepening interactions between states this is also a major part of globalization Globalization – encompasses a multitude of connections and interactions that cannot be reduced to the ties between governments. States / Governments – are key drivers of global process THE ATTRIBUTE’S OF TODAY’S GLOBAL SYSTEM Four Key Attributes of World Politics

that

are

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Walden noted that the Philippines became a net food importer under the GATT

There are states, with multiple nations, there are single nations with multiple states (Example, Nation of Korea is divided into North and South Korea and ‘Chinese Nation refers to both the People’s Republic of China (mainland) and Taiwan) DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATION AND STATE State – refers to the country and its government 4 Attributes of State

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1. Exercises authority over a specific population (citizens)

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2. It governs specific territory

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3. A state has a structure of government (laws) 4. The state has sovereignty (Internal and External Authority) over its territory

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Internal Sovereignty – no people or groups can operate In a given national territory by ignoring the state.

would avert wars in the future by recognizing that the treaty signers exercise COMPLETE control over their domestic affairs and swear not to meddle in each other’s affairs.

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Westphalian System nations of Europe

- provided stability for the

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- Nation is limited because it does not go beyond a given “official boundary”

Napoleon Bonaparte – challenged Westphalian System by believing in spreading the principles of French Revolution – Liberty, Equality and Fraternity , thus challenged the powers of KINGS, NOBILITY and RELIGION in EUROPE.

- Nations limit themselves to people who have imbibed a particular culture, speak a common language, and live in a specific territory.

Napeleonic Wars – lasted from 1803 – 1815 with Napoleon and his armies marching all over much of Europe.

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- Nation creates a feeling of connection (Cheering for a Filipino Contestant on an international competition)

Napoleonic Code – forbade birth privileges, encouraged freedom or religion, promoted meritocracy in government service. (This shocked monarchies)

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Anglo and Prussian armies – defeated Napoleon in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815

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METTERNICH SYSTEM

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External Sovereignty – State’s policies and procedures are independent of the intervention of other states. Nation – According to Benedict Anderson is an “imagined community”.

- Most nations strive to become a state. - Nation builders feel a sense of fulfillment when that national deal assumes an organizational form whose authority and power are recognized and accepted by “the people” - Communities that are not states often seek some form of autonomy within their “Mother states” (Ex. Quebec, though belonging to the state of Canada, has different laws of language (French for their citizens) ) Scotland – is a part of UK but has a strong independence movement led by the Scottish Nationalist party Nationalism – facilitates state formation Sovereignty – one of the fundamental principles of modern state politics THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM Treaty of Wesphalia – origin of the concept of sovereignty, which was a set of agreements signed in 1648 to end the 30 years war between major continental powers of Europe After brutal religious war between Catholics and Protestans – Holy Roman Empire, Spain, France, Sweden, and Dutch Republic designed a system that

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- A system named after Austrian Diplomat , Klemens von Metternich – system’s main architech)

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- This lasted from 1815 – 1914, at the dawn of World War 1

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Concert of Europe – Alliance of Great Powers (United Kingdom, Austria, Russia, Prussia)

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GOAL: sought to restore the world of monarchial, hereditary, religious privileges, and to restore the sovereignty of states.

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- Up until now, “great powers’ have still significant influence over world politics ( UN, security Council has a 5 permanent member all having veto powers over council’s decision – making process)

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INTERNATIONALISM - this is defined as the desire for greater cooperation and unity among states and people

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GOAL : pursue world peace and international cooperation, human rights, national sovereignty, racial and national equality, non – intervention, and peaceful conflict resolution - Non Aligned because they refuse to side with eother First World Capitalist democracies (Western Europe, North America) or Communist states (Eastern Europe) 4.) Economic Crisis compels countries to come together – a.) Thai Economy Collapsed (1996) – rapid withdrawal of foreign investments bankrupted Thai economy. IMF tried to reverse the crisis after ASEAN countries (China, Japan, and South Korea) agreed to establish emergency fund

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- After the Vietnam war, SEAS continued to act as a military alliance to isolate Vietnam after it invaded Cambodia. NON - STATE REGIONALISIM - formed during Cold War (Formed by Western European Countries and U.S)

GOAL : to protect Europe against threat of Soviet Union

New Regionalism – tiny associations that include no more than a few actors and focus on single issue - huge continental unions that address a multitude of common problems from TERRITORIAL DEFENSE to FOOD SECURITY

b.) Warsaw Pact – created by Soviet Union (Eastern European Countries) Soviet imploded in December 1991

- identified with reformists who share the same “values, norms, institutions and system that exist outside of the traditional, established mainstream institutions and system”

2.) Pool their resources, get better returns for their export, and expand their leverage against trading partners

Organizations representing “ New Regionalism” – rely on the power of individuals, NGO’s, associations to link up one another in pursuit of particular goal

a.) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) – established in 1960 (Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela) flexed its muscles in 1970s - its success convinced 9 other oil producing countries to join it 3.) Protect their independence from the pressures of superpower politics – a.) Non – Aligned Movement (NAM) – (Egypt , Ghana, India, Indonesia, and Yugoslavia) formed in 1961. At its peak, it has 120 m embers

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STRATEGIES OF ORGANIZATIONS

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1.) Partner with government to initiate social change – ex, LGBT, equality, and HUMAN RIGHTS

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2.) Participate in institutional mechanisms that afford some civil society groups voice and influence in technocratic policy – making processes a.) Human Rights Declaration – ASEAN established in 2009 to pressure governments to pass laws and regulations to protect human rights. But countries may apply it where they see it is FIT

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b.) South America–left wing governments support Hemispheric Social Alliances’ opposition to North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Flawed – market based, concerned with social welfare

profit

driven,

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c.) Roundtable of National Associations and Networks and NGO’s in Latin America and the Caribbean – participate in forums, summits and dialogues wit presidents and ministers d.) Citizen Diplomacy Forum – tries to influence the policies and programs of Organization of American States e.) ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human Rights prevent discrimination, uphold political freedom, and promote democracy and human rights throughout the region f.) Rainforest Foundation protect indigenous peoples and the rainforests in Brazil, Guyana, Panama, and Peru where CANNIBALISM is active. g.) Regional Interfaith Youth Networks – (Africa Asia, Middle East, Americas, and the Caribbean) – conflict prevention, resolution, peace education, and sustainable development h.) Migrant Forum – (Asia) protecting and promoting the rights and welfare of migrant workers. - Most of the above mentioned organizations are poorly financed, therefore, their impact on global politics is limited DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NEW REGIONALISM AND STATE – TO – STATE REGIONALISM 1. Identifying Problems

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CHALLENGES OF NEW REGIONALISM 1.) Discord – a.) Issues like gender and religion, pro – choice NGOs breaking from religious civil society groups that side with the church, b.) Governments opposed to reproductive rights and other pro – women policies 2.) Government may not be welcoming to this new trend and set up one obstacle after another – a.) Migrant Forum Asia & Coordination of Action Research on AIDS (CARAM) – defend migrant labor rights, their program action slowed down once countries like Malaysia Singapore and Thailand refused to recognize undocumented migrant workers

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CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES TO REGIONALISM

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1.) Resurgence of Militant nationalism populism – the most serious problem

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- anti – NATO – rhetoric of Vladimir Putin in Russia - resulted from the refusal to dismantle NATO after Soviet Union collapsed

1. refining existing programs of state agencies

European Union – the most crisis ridden regional organization because of financial crisis forcing countries like Greece to leave the union for more flexible economic policy

2. minor changes in economic policies

2.) Sovereignty of countries for Regional Stabilty

3. creating new offices

ASEAN disagreed over how to relate to China – with the PH unable to get the other countries support regarding West Philippine Sea

a.) States – treat poverty as technical or economic issues that can be resolved by

b.) New Regionalism – ex. Global Forum see issues as reflections of flawed economic development and environmental models

Cambodia & Laos – led the opposition favoring diplomacy over confrontation –

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Real reason: increase investments economic aid of China in these countries

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Indonesia, Philippines, and Thailand- demanded that other countries democratized adopt a more open attitude toward foreign criticism

3.) Differing Visions of What Regionalism should be for – Western Governments – may see regional organization not simply as economy formations but also as instrument for POLITICAL DEMOCRATIZATION Non – Western and Developing Society – see globalization in different way Singapore, China, and Russia – see democracy as an obstacle to the implementation and deepening of economic globalizations because of in need for constant public inquiry Asia Pacific Economic Council (APEC) – comprises the 37% of world population in 2007 LESSON 6: THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION RELIGION VS GLOBALISM Globalism – is the widespread belief of powerful countries that the spread of economic markets is beneficial to everyone 1. Religion: Concerned with the Sacred s Globalism: Value on Material Wealth 2. Religion: follows Divine Commadments s Globalism: follows Human – made laws 3. Religion: possibility of communication between human and transcendent, God, Allah, Yahweh defines Good Vs. Bad s Globalism: Human Action that will lead to highest material satisfaction and subsequent wisdom that this new status produces 4. Religion: less concerned with wealth s Globalism: less worried whether they end up in heaven or hell

5. Religion: They are ascetics, main duty is to live a virtuous, sin-less life, so that he is assured in some place in heaven s Globalism: skills that aim to enrich themselves, if has a strong conscience, sees his work as contributing to the community

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6. Religion: inspires to become a saint s Globalism: trains to be a shrewd businessperson 7. Religion: Detest power and politics – human weaknesses s Globalism: values both power and politics 8. Religion: Spreading the Holy Ideas Globalism: Spreading good and services

s

BOTTOM LINE: Religion Evangelization – is itself a form of globalization

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- Religion regards identities of globalism (Citizenship, language and race) as inferior and narrow because they are earthly categories - Being a member of a religious org., or cult is a superior affiliation (ex. Being a Filipino is less than being a Christian)

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- This is why there are some religion groups who flee from the city to make sanctuaries w/out the control of the authority Ex. Dalai Lama – Established Tibet, Buddhist devote into monasteries for PRAYER AND CONTEMPLATION, Rizalistas of Mt. Banahaw, Essenes, Mormons of Utah BELIEF: Living among “non-believers’ will push them to become sinners as well - state seeks to destroy religion Priestesses and Monks : led the first revolts against colonialism in Asia and Africa Peter Berger – “contemporary world is.. furuiously religions. In most of the world, there are veritable explosions of religious fervor. Religion: Foundation of modern republics (ex. Malaysian Governement)

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Malaysian System : “Islam is the religion of the Federation”, rulers of each state is the head of religion of Islam

- ISIS (Daesh in Iraq and Syria) and Born – Again are not defense against materialism but a result of globalization

Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini – Bragged about the superiority of Islamic rule over its secular counterpart –

- Islam sees globalization (communism, liberalism, and secularism) as a threat that will displace Islam

- All ideologies are the same – they were flawed.

World Council of Churches – an association of different protestant congregations – criticized globalizations negative effects economically

Islamic Rule - is the superior form of government because it was Spiritual Iran – calls itself as Republic – connected with secular

Catholic Church and Pope Francis – opposes globalization in its “throw-away culture”

Nahdlatul Ulama – Moderate muslim association in Indonesia has Islamic Schools where students are not only taught about Islam but other subjects as well (sciences, banking, pluralism, democracy, etc.)

Lutheran World Federation 10th Assembly – 292 page declaration message , sharing the voices of the member of church who were affected by globalization

Pesantren – Islamic Schools

- warns us “Our world is split asunder by forces we often do not understand”

- Religion can be a caused of CHANGE IN STATE POLICY Ex. Church of England King Henry VIII – broke away from Roman Catholicism, and established his own church United States – Religion and law were fused together to build “ Modern Secular Society” Alexis de Tocqueville – 1800’s a French historian “Americans practice religion not only out of self – interest” Jose Casanova – “religion very center of all political conflicts “(ex. Christian Right to Republican Party) Christianity and Islam – old world religions, sees globalization less as an obstacle and more of an opportunity to expand their reach all over the world Globalization – freed community from the contratis of the nation state, Religion - take place to these broken traditional ties - it is not a regressive force, it is a pro – active force. - it may dislike materialism, but it still uses the range modern communication and organization (English Language, modern management of marketing)

World Bank – 1998, brought religious leaders in discussing of global poverty leading to muted, cautious and qualified collaboration in 2000 - supported faith – based anti- poverty projects in Kenya and Ethiopia Iran – challenged superiority of religious autocracy stopped freedom of expression, distorted democratic rituals like elections, and tainted opposition BOTTOM LINE: It is odd to say that globalization is teen to have a very little to do with religion Peter Bayer and Lori Beaman – Outside looking at globalization as problem or potential Samuel Huntington – defenders of globalization in this book The Clash of Civilization – civilizations can be held together by religious worldviews Max Weber – correlation between religion and capitalism Calvanism – branch of Protestantism, God had already decided who would and would not be saved William McKinley – after a night of prayer and soul – searching, he had concluded that it was the duty of US to educate Filipinos and civilize, Christianize them.

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LESSON 7: MEDIA AND GLOBALIZATION GLOBALIZATION – involves spread of ideas (LGBT equality) - involves the spread of various culture (Psy Gangnam Style) - Globalization relies on media as its main conduit for the spread of global culture and ideas. Jack Lule – asked “Could global trade evolved without a flow of information on markers, prices, commodities, and more?.. etc. “ - Lule describe media as “ a means of conveying something, such as a channel of communication” Person’s voice – is itself a medium (singular of media) DIFFERENT KINDS OF MEDIA 1. Print Media – books, magazines and newspapers 2. Broadcast Media – radio, film and television 3. Digital Media – internet and mobile mass communication 4. Internet media – e-mail, internet sites, social media, internet – based video and audio Marshall McLuhan – declared that the medium is the message. EFFECTS OF TELEVISION TO SOCIETIES Television – was introduced in 1960’s - shapes the social behaviors of users and reorient family behavior. (Family in dinner – telling stories, family in living room –watching and munching their food) - drawn away people from other meaningful activities such as playing games and reading books

2. Expand people’s senses because they provide the capability to talk to more people instantaneously and simultaneously McLuhan – further stated that media simultaneously extend and amputate human senses.

EX. OF AMPUTATION OF HUMAN SENSES 1. May expand the reach of communication, but dull the user’s communicative capacities 2. Invention of paper in Egypt dulled people’s capacity to remember. 3. Mobile phones make users easily distractible and more prone to multitasking McLuhan – new media nether inherently good nor bad. He made examination of electronic media in 1960’s - declared that television was turning the world into a “global village” (listening to television daily may contract the perception of the world) - McLuhan and other scholars thought global media had a tendency to homogenize culture – (spread of global media make people read, listen, and watch the same things Cultural Imperialism – happened when America’s power became world’s cultural heavyweight, - media globalization coupled with American Hegemony created cultural imperialism - American overwhelm others

culture

and

traditions

will

Herbert Schiller – 1976 – argued the spread of American capitalist values like consumerism

EFFECT OF SMARTPHONES

John Tomlinson – a simply euphemism for “Western Cultural Imperialism” since it promotes “ Homogenized , westernized, consumer culture”

1. Communication – there is no way for couples not to get in touch

- these critiques neglected the other global flows of information that the media can enable

CRITIQUES OF CULTURAL IMPERIALISM 1. Media messages are not just made by producers, they are also consumed by audience - people view media texts in their own cultural lenses Ien Ang – Indonesian cultural critic – studied watchers of Dallas in Netherlands - she noted that viewers put a lot of emotional energy into the process Elihu Katz and Tamar Liebes – texts are received differently by varied interpretive communities because they derived diff. meaning and pleasures from this texts. Russians - suspicious of Dallas’s content Americans – Dallas was primarily about the lives of the rich 2. Renewed strength globalization process

of

regional

trends

in

- Ex. Hello Kitty & Mario (Tokyo, Korean Pop (Korea), sushi, Philippine’s Jollibee chain in Brunei, Korean telenovelas - globalization does NOT overwhelming of foreign cultures over local ones - globalization remains as an uneven process but promotes cultural change & dynamism SOCIAL MEDIA AND CREATION OF CYBER GHETOES - globalization of ideas and culture can move in different directions BENEFITS OF SOCIAL MEDIA 1. It has a democratized access – free access Ex. Uprisings of 2011 (Arab Spring) – opposing the authoritarian regimes in Tunisia, Egypt, Libta, used twitter to disseminate information, - women’s march against Donald Trump started from a tweet of an Hawaii lawyer.

2. Users can be consumers and producers of information simultaneously DISADVANTAGES OF SOCIAL MEDIA 1.Splinternet – and cyberalkankanization

the

phenomenon

of

Cyberalkanization – various bubbles people place themselves in when they are online Ex. Democratic Party read liberal sites, Republican Party read conservative websites. 2. Social Media makes people more partisan and closed minded. 3. Social Media Bubbles can produce herd mentality Herd Mentality – reads on what ones believe is true and its group believes as well - used by politician for a cheap political propaganda Ex. Vladimir Putin hired armies of social media to manipulate public opinion through fake news - By spreading fake news, Putin helped Trump to win the election. 4. Fake Information can spread easily through social media. Alternative facts – term of Trump’s senior advisers for FAKE NEWS LESSON 8: THE GLOBAL CITY Globalization is SPATIAL: 1. It occurs in physical places – foreign investments, capital move through a city, skyscrapers, purchase of condominium units by Filipinos 2. It is spatial because what makes it move is the fact that is based in places – Los Angeles – Home of the Hollywood, where films are made for global consumption Tokyo – Headquarters of Sony, where the company coordinates it sales across the world

City – mediums of globalization

1. Economic Power

Rate of People living in urban Areas: 1950 – 30 %

2014 – 54%

2050 – 66%

DEFINING GLOBAL CITY Saskia Sassen – popularized the term “global city” in the 1990s. - She identifies three global cities : New York, London and Tokyo New York, London, & Tokyo – hubs of global finance and capitalism and home of world’s top stock exchanges

New York – greatest stock market In the world Tokyo – houses the most number of corporate headquarters (613 of Tokyo V.S. 217 of N.Y.) Shanghai – plays a critical role in global economic supply chain - Busiest container port in the world (33 million container units in 2013) China – manufacturing center of the world. San Francisco Bay Area – IT programmers and engineers from Asia preferred place - significant figure in Silicon Valley’s Tech.

New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) – New York Financial Times Stock Exchange ( FTSE ) – London Nikkei – Tokyo $19,300 Billion – amount of shares of NYSE $231.3 Billion – amount of shares of Philippine Stock Exchange

Boom London – preferred destination of Filipino Nurses 2. Global Cities are centers of authority Washington D.C- not as wealthy as New York, seat of American state power.

Big Apple - New York

Major Landmarks of Washington: Congress, Lincoln Memorial, Washington Monument, Supreme court,

Home of the most powerful internet companies (Facebook, Twitter, and Google ) – San Francisco

Canberra – not wealthy as Sydney and Melbourne, Australia’s political capital

Growth of Chinese Economy – turned cities like Shanghai, Beijing ,and Guangzhou into centers of trade and finance

3. Centers of Political Influence – Headquarters of:

Shanghai Stock Exchange – was reopened in late 1990s, it became the 5th largest stock market in the world

a.) UN – New York

Sydney – commands the greatest proportion of capital in Australia

c.) ASEAN – Jakarta, Indonesia

Melbourne – Sydney’s rival “global city”

4. Centers of higher learning and culture – city’s intellectual influence can be seen in its publishing industry

- magazines referred to as the most “livable city”- good transpo, thriving cultural scene, easy pace of life INDICIATORS OF GLOBALITY

b.) European Union – Brussels

d.) European Central Bank – Frankfurt, Germany

- most articles people read are published in places like New York, London, and Paris (ex. New York Times) Boston – Home of Harvard University

Australia – English – language universities there is what teenagers’ reason in moving in cities

- based on the research of the Chicago Council on Global Affairs

- Education is 3rd largest export – it made $19.2 billion dollars ($14 Billion USD) in education

1. Cities can be sustainable because of their density

Copenhagen – can be toured with a bike in 30m, capital of Denmark

Richard Florida – ecologists have found that by concentrating populations in smaller areas, it decrease human encroachment on natural habitats.

- Culinary capitals of the world – birthplace of “New Cordic” cuisine

Ex. Denser settlement patters yields to energy savings. (Efficient transportation tend to drive less and cut carbon emission)

Manchester, England – home of post- punk and New Wave bands – Joy Division, Smiths, and Happy Mondays

New York – lowest per capita carbon footprint in U.S.

Singapore – houses the region’s top television stations and news organization (MTV Southeast Asia and Channel News Asia) SONGS ABOUT NEW YORK

Vertical Farms – technique that used abandoned building for farms in N.Y.

2. New York, New York – Simon and Garfunkel Berlin and Tokyo –offer some of the best Turkish food outside Turkey Manila – is not very global because of foreign residents

CRITERIAS OF CITY ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS

3. Size of Middle Class

2. Purchasing power of citizens 4. Potential for growth Singapore – Asia’s most competitive city THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL CITY poverty,

PATHOLOGIES OF THE GLOBAL CITY

- November 2015 coordinated attacks in paris by zealots of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) - Trump towers may be subject to terrorism it is in Istanbul and Manila.

- prescribed by the Economist Intelligence Unit

inequality,

2. Cities especially those with global influence are obvious targets of terrorists Ex. 9/11 attack of Twin Towers of World Trade Center in New York

Singapore – yes it is a global because it has foreign population of 38%

- can produce great tremendous violence

Manila, Bangkok, and Mumbai – although dense, lack of efficient transpo., made them polluted. City – consume only 2% of world’s land mass, but consumes 78% of global energy

1. Empire State of Mind – Jay Z and Alicia Keys

1. Market Size

Los Angeles – are urban sprawls, with massive freeways that force residents to spend money on cars and gas

and

THE GLOBAL CITY AND THE POOR Scandinavia – found ways to mitigate inequality through state – led social redistribution programs. Manila, Mumbai and Jakarta – where it is common to find gleaming buildings alongside massive shantytowns Outside N.Y. and San Francisco – poor enclaves occupied by African –American and immigrant families

Gentrifications – driving out the poor in favor of newer wealthier residents France – poor Muslim Migrans are forced out of Paris and have clustered around ethnic enclaves known as banlieue - Middle class is thinning out, for high income earners hire unskilled labor force (hotel cleaners, nannies, maids, waitresses), meanwhile , middle – income jobs in manufacturing and business (call center) are moving to other countries

REVIEWER IN CONTEMPORARY WORLD LESSON 9: GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY Demography – is a complex discipline that requires the integration of carious social scientific data. Will a child be an economic asset or burden to the family? Farm & small by – the – street corner enterprises – more children the better it will be

Thomas Malthus – who warned in his 1798 “An Essay on the Principle of Population “ that population growth will inevitably exhaust WORLD FOOD SUPPLY Paul R. Ehrlich & Anne Ehrlich – wrote The Population Bomb in 1960 The Population Bomb – argued overpopulation in the 1970s and 1980s will bring about global environmental disasters that would lead to FOOD SHORTAGE and MASS STARVATION

Urbanized, professional and educated families – desire just one or two progenies because they are committed with their respective professions and has sights of long – term savings plans

1. Bizarre – chemical castration

Rural Families – view multiple children and large kinship networks as CRITICAL INVESTMENTS

2. Policy – Oriented – taxing an additional child and luxury taxes on child – related products

- regions that rely on agriculture tend to maintain high levels of population growth

3. Monetary Incentives – paying off men who would agree to be sterilized after 2 children

1980 UN report – “these areas contained 85% of the wold rural population in 1975 and are projected to contain 90 % by the end of 20th century “

4. Institution – Building – a powerful Deparment off Population Environment

– global agricultural population ( GAP ) DECLINED from 50% (1980) to 37 % (2011) of world’s total population “Nourishing the Planet” – a blog site that stated that GAP raised from 2.2 billion (1980) to 2.6 billion (2011) Migration – one of the reasons why urban population raised - by the 21st century, the world has been 44% URBAN, for developed countries are 52% to 75% International Migration – also a reason for the increase of urban population -191 million people live in countries other than their own

RECOMMENDATIONS OF US IN GLOBAL POPULATION CONTROL

1.8 % - 2.06% - growth rate from 1955 to 1975 Philippines, China and India – in mid – 20th century sought to lower birth rates. Widespread Poverty, Mass Hunger, and Political Instablity – results of overpopulation Foreign Affairs – 1958 American Policy Journal that advocated “contraception and sterilization” May 2009 – American Billionaires warned of how a “nightmarish” explosion of people can result to ENVIRONEMNTAL, SOCIAL AND INTRUSTRIAL threat Puerto Rico – Reproductive health supporters regard their work as the task of transforming their “poor country” into modern nation - Governments determine “birth – control “ programs

UN – projected that 2.2 million will move from the developing world to the first world countries

Irresponsible Fecundity – Egyptias’ reason for run on in population growth

PERILS OF OVEPOPULATION Libidinal Tendencies – Iranian’s reason for population growth

India – from 1920 onwards, the Indian Government “ Marked lower castes, working poor, and Muslims as hypersexual and hyper fecund China – sterilization for those violators of one – child policy Vietnam and Mexico – conducted coervice mass sterilization

POPULATION GROWTH AND FOOD SECURITY World Population – 7.4 Billion (today ), predicted to be 9.5 Billion (2050), 11.2 billion (2100) Median Age – 30.1(overall), 29.4 (Male), 30.9 (Female) - 90% of population growth will happen in the developing countries

IT’S THE ECONOMY NOT THE BABIES - In developed countries, population is stable in general Betsy Hartmann – disagrees with the advocates of neo – Malthusian theory and accused governments of using population control - Many pointed that growth in population of many countries in 1960s aided economic development - there is a shift in population ( from rural to urban areas ) - 52% TO 75 % in developing world Median Age – 29 .4 years (Females) , 30.9 (males) in the cities means a young working population - There are some assumptions that having a baby boom, can mean that there will be more workers per dependents and production will increase relative to consumption – GDP then will receive a boost.

- In most advanced countries, population is declining (Singapore and Japan) - by 2050 the population will stabilize at 9 billion Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) – warns that in order for countries to mitigate impact of population growth, food production must increase by 70% 1. Annual Cereal production – must rise to 3 billion tons from 2.1 billion tons 2. Annual Meat Production – must rise 470 million tons from 200 million tons

East Asia – productive capacities of this generation are high

- FAO recommends that countries increase their investments in AGRICULTURE, craft LONG –TERM POLICIES, and RESEARCH and DEVELOPMENT

Infant Mortality – 183 to 34 per 1000 births between 1950 and 2000

- FAO suggests that governments must keep their markets open

Fertility Rate – 2 to 6 children per woman

LESSON 10: GLOBAL MIGRATION

- this both decrease and increase in mortality and fertility rate, resulted to a baby – boom generation - Growth of working – age population grew nearly four times faster than the dependent population Green Revolution – create high – yielding varieties of rice and other cereals. - in 1950 to 1984, global grain production increased by over 250 % - If governments push through birth control programs they must also include inclusive growth and greener economic growth

TWO TYPES OF MIGRATION 1. Internal Migration – refers to people moving from one are to another within one country 2. International Migration – people cross borders of one country to another a.) Immigrants – who move permanently to another country b.) workers who stay in a country for fixed period (at least 6 mos. In a year) c.) Illegal Immigrants

d.) Migrants whose families have petitioned them to move to the destination country e.) Refugees – also known as asylum – seekers 247 Million – no. of people currently living outside the countries of birth 50% of global migrants – moved from the developing countries to the developed zones of the world and contribute from 40% to 80% of their labor force McKinsey Global Institute – first – generation immigrants constitute 13 percent of the population in Western Europe, 15% in North America, 48% in the GCC countries Percentage of Migrants in Cities – 92% in US, 95% in UK, 99% in Australia COUNTRY U.S U.K Germany Canada Australia

CONTRIBUTION $ 2 trillion $390 billion $550 billion $ 320 billion $330 billion

% OF GDP 11% 14% 17% 21% 25%

President Donald Trump & UK Prime Minister Theresa May – reverse the existing pro – immigration and refugee sympathetic policies of their states Harvard Business School – 2011, concluded that “likelihood and magnitude of adverse labor market effects for native from immigration are substantially weaker that often perceived Organization for Economic Co – Operation and Development (OECD) – report on 2013, shows that native- born citizens still receive higher support compared to immigrants International Monetary Fund – predicted that the flow of refugees feeling the war in Syria and Iraq would actually grow Europe’s GDP LESSON 11: ENVIONEMNTAL CRISIS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT THE WORLD’S LEADING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS Conserve Energy Future - a website that listed the following environmental challenges

1. The depredation caused by industrial and transportation toxins and plastic in the ground ( Acid Rain, defiling of the sea, water beds by oil spills, dumping of urban waste) 2. Changes in Global Weather Patterns 3. Overpopulation 4. Exhaustion of the world’s natural non – renewable resources from oil reserves to minerals to potable water 5. Waste Disposal catastrophe due to excessive amount of waste; dumping of nuclear waste 6. Destruction of million – year old ecosystems and loss of biodiversity ( destruction of the coral reefs and massive deforestation) 7. Reduction of oxygen and the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere because of deforestation, resulted in rice in ocean acidity 8. Depletion of ozone layer 9. Deadly acid rain as result of fossil fuel combustion, toxic chemicals from volcanoes, massive rotting vegetables 10. Water pollution arising from industrial and community waste 11. Urban sprawls that continue to expand as a city turns into a megalopolis destroying farmlands 12. Pandemics and other threats to punlic health arising from wastes mixing with drinking water 13. Radical alteration of food systems because of genetic modifications in food production US Geological Survey – Kilauea has been releasing more than twice the amount of noxious sulfur dioxide gas as the single dirties power plant on the US mainland 15 Million tons – of sulfur dioxide released by Mt. Pinatubo that eruped on June 15, 2001 created a hay layer of aerosol particles, that brought down global temp. by 0.6 degrees Celcius for the next 15 mos. University of Hawaii – 15 to 20 megaton of sulfur dioxide release in the stratosphere by Mt. Pinatubo severely impact the ozone budget