Review Slides

Blood Tissue-organization-cells

Blood cells -formed elements -erythrocytes (RBCs) (>90% of all cells) -leukocytes (WBCs) -granulocytes -neutrophil (40-70%) -eosinophil (1-6%) -basophil (<1%) -agranulocytes -lymphocyte (20-50%) -monocyte (3-8%) -platelets

Blood Tissue-organization-cells-leukocytes

Leukocytes -immune response -use blood as transport -act in tissue (migratory) -granulocytes -secretory granules visible -names stems from staining -multilobed nucleus -originate in bone marrow -polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNs) -myeloid cells -agranulocytes -secretory granules not visible -mononuclear leukocytes

Blood Tissue-organization-cells-neutrophils

Neutrophils -40-70% of circulating leukocytes -multilobed nucleus -chemotactic to inflammation site -phagocytic (bacteria), suicidal = pus -granules don’t stain well (neutral) -primary granules-lysosomes -secondary granules-inflammation -tertiary granules-proteases, cams

Blood Tissue-organization-cells-neutrophils

Eosinophils -1-6% of circulating leukocytes -bilobed nucleus -short life span <8hrs -phagocytic (parasites) -granules usually red (stain = eosin) -same size = bag of marbles -granules large crystalline -hydrolytic enzymes

Blood Tissue-organization-cells-basophils

Basophils -<1% of circulating leukocytes -bilobed nucleus, hard to see (granules) -phagocytic (parasites) (mast cell) -granules blue (stain = toluidine blue) -metachromasia, sometimes red -granules proteoglycans -histamine (anaphylaxsis) -allergic responses -immediate acute response -IgE receptors = trigger

Blood Tissue-organization-cells-lymphocytes

Lymphocytes -20-50% of circulating leukocytes -average human has 10 trillion ! -nucleus = most of cell, cytoplasm blue -small = inactive -large = active, organelle amplification -T-lymphocytes -cell mediated immune response -B-lymphocytes secrete antibodies -in tissue = plasma cell

Blood Tissue-organization-cells-monocytes

Monocytes -3-8% of circulating leukocytes -largest circulating cell -nucleus = bean shape -in tissue = macrophage (scavenger) -cell mediated immune response -antigen presenting cell -large golgi -lysosomes -slow response to injury -chemotactic to necrosis

Blood Tissue-organization-cells-platelets

Plateletes -small cells -fragments of megakaryocyte -contain all organelles except nucleus -first line in clotting -bind collagen at wound -scaffold for clot -allow thrombin generation

Circulatory system-blood vessels-arteries

Arteries -function -distribute blood from heart to tissues -systole -heart pump -artery expansion -diastole -heart relaxes -recoil contraction of arteries -arteries have large tunica media -smooth muscle regulates pressure -elastic fibers -3 types of arteries -elastic -muscular -arterioles

Circulatory system-blood vessels-arteries

Elastic Arteries -close to heart -elastic nature acts as a buffer -intima -media (thick) -mostly elastic fiber -collagen -adventitia (thin) -vasa vasorum

Circulatory system-blood vessels-arteries

Muscular Arteries -distributing arteries -tunica intima -tunica media -inner elastic lamina -smooth muscle -8-40 layers -external elastic lamina -adventitia (thick) -collagen elastic fibers -small muscular artery thinner

Circulatory system-blood vessels-arterioles

Arterioles -blood supply in tissues -common in skin, digestive tract -tunica intima -endothelium -tunica media (thick) -smooth muscle -1-8 layers -adventitia -often cannot discern

Circulatory system-blood vessels-capillaries

Types of Capillaries -continuous capillary -transport via pinocytosis -common

-fenestrated capillary -transport via openings -kidney, gut

-discontinuous capillary -endothelial holes -basal lamina holes -liver

Circulatory system-blood vessels-capillaries

Endothelial cells -barrier -active transport (selective)

-paracrine secretions -block clotting

-make basal lamina

-regulate blood flow

-von Willebrand factor (factor VIII)

-inflammation

-clotting factor

Circulatory system-blood vessels-veins

Veins -function -collect blood from tissues -low pressure system -less elastic fibers -skeletal muscle contraction -breathing (negative pressure) -veins have large tunica adventitia -collagen -valves -3 types of veins -venules (collecting venules) -muscular veins -veins

Circulatory system-blood vessels-veins

Venules -blood supply in tissues -common in skin, digestive tract -tunica intima -endothelium -tunica media -1-2 layers smooth muscle -adventitia -thickest layer

Circulatory system-blood vessels-veins

Muscular veins -blood supply in tissues -common in skin, digestive tract -tunica intima -endothelium -tunica media -1-5 layers smooth muscle -adventitia -thickest layer

Circulatory system-blood vessels-veins

Large veins -Return blood to heart -tunica intima -endothelium -tunica media -5+ layers smooth muscle -some elastic fibers -adventitia -thickest layer -vasa vasorum

Circulatory system-blood vessels-veins

valves -prevent back flow -medium veins (muscular) -extensions of tunica intima -endothelium -connective tissue

Circulatory system-blood vessels-comparison

Arteries vs Veins -arterioles round -venules often flattened -medium arteries -tunica media smooth muscle -IEL -medium veins -tunica adventitia -valves -large arteries -elastic fibers -media = 2X adventitia -large veins -adventitia = 2X media

Circulatory system-blood vessels-comparison

Arteries vs Veins -arterioles round -venules often flattened -medium arteries -tunica media smooth muscle -IEL -medium veins -tunica adventitia -valves -large arteries -elastic fibers -media = 2X adventitia -large veins -adventitia = 2X media

Circulatory system-blood vessels-comparison

Arteries vs Veins -arterioles round -venules often flattened -medium arteries -tunica media smooth muscle -IEL -medium veins -tunica adventitia -valves -large arteries -elastic fibers -media = 2X adventitia -large veins -adventitia = 2X media

Circulatory system-lymphatic system

Lymphatic System -collects fluids from connective tissues -found in all organs -common in digestive tract -vessels consisting of endothelium only -often flattened -NO RBCs

Circulatory system-heart

-epicardium -covered with simple squamous epithelium -mesothelium -lots of adipose tissue -increases with age

Circulatory system-heart

-myocardium -cardiac muscle -thickest layer -ventricle folds = trabeculae carnae

RBCs

myocardium

Circulatory system-heart

-endocardium -endothelium -loose connective tissue -thick in atria

endocardium

Integument-skin

Skin structure -3 layers - epidermis -epithelium -no blood vessels - dermis -connective tissue -blood vessels -sweat gland ducts -hair -sensory receptors -hypodermis -adipose tissue -connective tissue -sweat glands

Integument-epidermis

Epidermis -layers of progressively differentiating keratinocytes -stratum corneum -cornified layer = dead cells -flakey appearance -stratum granulosum -usually dark staining cells -vacuolated nucleus (dying) -cells acquiring keratin granules -stratum spinosum -spiney layer = desmosomes -bright line around cells -stratum basale -single layer of cells -mitotic cells -basal lamina

Integument-epidermis

Stratum basale -sits on basal lamina -connection to dermis -lots of folds =↑SA=strength -keratinocyte stem cells -mitotic figures -melanocytes -synthesize melanin -massive golgi −looks empty -cell/cell junctions -lots of desmosomes -cell/matrix junctions -hemidesmosome

Integument-epidermis

Stratum spinosum -often thickest layer -some mitosis -increased adhesion -desmosomes -tonofilaments -cells flattened -langerhans cells -macrophage

Integument-epidermis

Stratum granulosum -3-5 cells deep -cells nucleated (changes) -cells flattened -keratohyalin granules -lamellar granules -coat membranes -protective role (sealant) -reptiles

Integument-epidermis

Stratum corneum -layers of flattened dead cells -no nuclei -cross linked keratin filaments -tough -protection -top layers sloughed -stratum lucidum -intense staining junction between corneum and granulosum -not always visible -THICK skin

Integument-epidermis

Epidermis -basale to corneum 10-14 days -responsive to use -thickens in response to stress -thickness varies by location -thin skin (scalp) -thick skin (palms of hands) -papillae -touch

Integument-epidermis

Melanocyte -transient cell -clear, round -dies in stratum spinosum -makes pigment (melanin) -UV protection nucleus -expose UV light -increase melanin production -increase branching -increase uptake

Integument-epidermis

Langerhans Cell -”dendritic cell” -arborized (branched) -long processes -macrophage descendent -antigen presenting cell -stratum spinosum

Integument-dermis

Dermis -dense irregular connective tissue -structural support -protection -blood vessels -nerves -sensory receptors -epidermal specializations -hair -sweat glands -sebacous glands

Integument-dermis

Dermis -connects epidermis to hypodermis -two layers -papillary layer -looser connective tissue -reticular layer -dense irregular

Integument-dermis

Dermis -papillary layer -elastin fibers -cells… mast, plasma, etc -papillae -receptors -capillary loops -reticular layer -few cells -lots of collagen -some elastin -blood vessels -arterioles -venuoles

Integument-circulation

Circulation -nutrition and thermal regulation -cutaneous plexus (branch point) -hypo/dermis border -anastomosis (keep heat in) -subpapillary plexus -reticular/papillary border -papillary loops (radiation)

Integument-receptors

Sensory Receptors -major function for skin -dermis -meissener’s corpuscle -light touch -epidermis -merkel cell -high resolution -bare nerve -pain, heat -hypodermis -pacinian corpuscle -deep touch, vibration Meissner’s

Merkel

Bare nerve

Pacinian

Integument-skin

Epidermal projections -papillae -projections of dermis -epidermal ridges -projections of epidermis -not really fingerprints…

Integument-hypodermis

Hypodermis -part of skin ??? -unilocular connective tissue -energy storage -insulation (seals etc) -shock absorption -site of major blood vessels -medium arteries/veins -glands and ducts -keratinocyte stem cells -gross anatomy = superficial fascia

Integument-epidermal derivatives

Eccrine Sweat glands -gland = cluster of tubes in XS -often in white adipose tissue -found at border dermis/hypodermis -common in thick skin

-gland has myoepithelial cells -sharkstooth -duct has smooth boundary

Integument-epidermal derivatives

Eccrine Sweat glands -gland = pale epithelium = simple to stratified -dark cells - glycoproteins -clear cells - fluid transport -cell types not always clear

-duct = dark -epithelium= stratified -dermis/epidermis

Integument-epidermal derivatives

Apocrine Sweat glands -Apocrine -merocrine secretion -gland = pale -hypodermis/dermis -large lumen -irregular lumen -duct = dark -dermis/epidermis -secretes into hair follicle -armpits, groin -secretion odorless -protein, carbohydrate -bacteria gives it aroma -bacterial infection = acne

Integument-epidermal derivatives

Sebaceous glands -branched acinar gland -empties into hair follicle -holocrine secretion -whole cell (cells big) -secretion = sebum -oil for hair

Integument-epidermal derivatives

Sebaceous glands

Integument-epidermal derivatives

Hair -epidermal origin -hair = keratin -follicle passes through dermis -root in hypodermis -protection -thermoregulation -sensory

Integument-epidermal derivatives

Hair -five layers epithelial cells -3 inner = hair (keratinized) -2 outer = sheath -base = bulb -site of proliferation -melanocytes -papilla -blood vessels

Integument-epidermal derivatives

Hair -medulla (M) = centre -cortex (Cx) = hair -cuticle (Cu) = cells -inner root sheath (IRS) -stratum granulosum -external root sheath (ERS) -stratum spinosum -glassy membrane (GM) -basal lamina -connective tissue

Integument-epidermal derivatives

Hair -medulla = centre -rare to see -cortex = hair -cuticle -pale thin layer of cells -inner root sheath -usually dark layer of cells -external root sheath -thick layer of pale cells -glassy membrane -don’t always see it -connective tissue

Integument-epidermal derivatives

Hair -arrector pilli -muscle -elevates hair -sebacous glands

Integument-epidermal derivatives

Nail -fold of epidermis -nail fold -eponychium -cuticle -hyponychium -nail = keratin -nail bed -skin…. -nail root -proliferation -papillae (folds) -anchor

-toe nails grow slower

Digestive system-esophogus

Oesophagus -mucosa -stratified squamous -lamina propria -loose connective tissue -elastic fibers -muscularis mucosae -smooth muscle (thin) -submucosa -loose connective tissue -submucosal glands -muscularis externa -inner circular -outer longitudinal -upper esophagus = skeletal -adventitia -dense irregular

Digestive system-esophogus

Gastro-oesophageal Junction -abrupt change -stratified squamous to simple columnar -mucosal glands -no sphincter -regulated via muscle tone -thoracic vs gastric pressure -diaphragm

Digestive system-stomach

Stomach -Function -digestion -chemical -physical -chyme -4 zones -cardia -fundus -corpus -pylorus -epithelium = simple columnar -secrete pepsinogen/acid -acid activates pepsin -endocrine cells -G cells secrete gastrin -stimulated by stretch -D cells -somatostatin -inhibit G cells

Digestive system-stomach

Stomach -Structure -surface ~ smooth (low mag) -rugae -longitudinal folds = stretch -layers -mucosa -glands -submucosa -muscularis externa -extra innermost layer = oblique

Digestive system-stomach

Stomach -Mucosal Glands -opening = gastric pit -multiple glands -surface = mucous cells -protective -parietal cells -mostly isthmus -gastric acid (HCl) -large, rounded -chief cells -at base -pepsin -basal nucleus -dark granules -neuroendocrine cells -at base -serotonin/gastrin -hormones -stem cells

Digestive system-stomach

Mucosal Gastric Glands -located in mucosa -apical to basal specialization -regional -cardiac = mucous cells -fundus and corpus = parietal cells chief cells -pylorus = mucous cells and enteroendocrine cells

Digestive system-small intestine

Small Intestine -receives contents of stomach -specialized for absorption -increased surface area -long ~5 metres -folds = plicae circulares (X3) -mucosa and submucosa -mucosa = villi (X10) -epithelium = microvilli (X20)

Digestive system-small intestine

Villus -functional unit of small intestine (1 mm) -simple columnar epithelium -enterocytes = absorptive -goblet cells = mucous (lubrication) -paneth cells = antimicrobial -neuroendocrine = hormones -lymphocytes = immunological -stem cells -lamina propria -loose connective tissue -blood supply -lymphatic vessels = lacteal -lipid absorption -crypts -at base = glands -muscularis mucosa -sometimes in villus

Digestive system-small intestine

Villus -functional specialization -enterocytes absorb and process chyme -amino acids/monosacharides = blood -enzymes from pancreas/enterocytes -lipids, triglycerides = lacteal -enzymes = pancreas/bile (liver)

Digestive system-small intestine

Crypts of Lieberkuhn -base of villus -stem cells for enterocytes/goblet cells -as cells mature move distal -average life span 2-3 days -base = paneth cells (red granules) -antimicrobial enzymes -long life span 2 weeks + -enteroendocrine cells ??

Digestive system-duodenum

Duodenum -receives contents of stomach -neutralizes acid -brunner’s glands -mucous/HCO3 -submucosa -common bile duct -pancreas

Digestive system-jejenum

Jejenum -more absorptive -leaf shaped villi = wide -long villi -no brunner’s glands -crypts to muscularis mucosa

Digestive system-ileum

Ileum -finger shaped villi = shorter -villi often branched -plicae ciculares more obvious -no brunner’s glands -crypts to muscularis mucosa -peyer’s patches -lympoid tissue in mucosa -increased number goblet cells -stomach and small intestine are sterile -no commensal bacteria -digestion cooperative -enteroendocrine cells stimulate pancreas -crypts secrete enterokinase -activate trypsin (pancreas)

Digestive system-colon

Colon -specialized for movement of fecal material -mucosa -no villi -simple columnar epithelium = flat -goblet cells -submucosal lymphoid aggregates -thick muscularis externa -taenia coli external as 3 bands

Digestive system-colon

Colon -specialized for water/salt absorption -passive diffusion -glands (crypts) are straight tubular -luminal absorptive cells -small dense nuclei -basal mucous cells -commensal bacteria -vitamin absorption

Digestive system-rectum

Rectum -most distal part of colon -epithelium simple columnar lots of mucous cells -glands are straight tubular -columns of morgagni (mucosal folds) -circumanal glands (branched tubular) -mucous glands -anus -stratified squamous -appocrine glands

Digestive system-sphincters

Sphincters -muscular control over movement -boundary between organs -epithelial change -esophogus -no sphincter -stomach -pyloric sphincter -bulge in inner circular layer externa -regulated via hormones released by pyloric stomach -ileo-caecal sphincter -valve -muscularis mucosae -rectal sphincter -voluntary muscle -skeletal muscle in externa

Digestive system-appendix

Appendix -in ruminants digest cellulose -"Its major importance would appear to be financial support of the surgical profession."

-ileo-caecal junction -blind ending tube -epithelium simple columnar -surface regular flat -glands (crypts) are straight tubular -sparse mucous -lymphoid aggregates -mucosa -mcells -submucosa

Digestive system-stomach

Stomach -fundus and corpus

-pylorus

-shallow gastric pits

-deep gastric pits

-tall glands (tubular)

-shallow glands (branched coiled)

Digestive system-duodenum

Duodenum

Jejenum/Ileum

-receives contents of stomach -neutralizes acid -brunner’s glands -submucosa

-no submucosal glands -ileum has -peyer’s patches -branched villi

Colon -straight glands/goblet cells -flat surface

Anus -startified squamous epithelium -ectodermal origin

Digestive system-liver

Liver -functional unit = lobule -classic lobule -central vein -portal triad

-portal acinus -functional definition -blood flow changes composition -decreasing oxygenation -changes in nutrient and waste content -your text ????

Digestive system-liver

Liver lobule -functional unit = lobule -central hepatic venule -portal triad -portal venule -hepatic artery -bile duct -lymphatic vessels

Digestive system-liver

Liver lobule -functional unit = lobule -central hepatic venule -blood flows centrally -low pressure -slow flow -tissue = parenchyma -plates -sinusoids (capillaries)

Digestive system-liver hepatocyte

Hepatocytes -liver cells = hepatocytes -polyploid, sometimes binucleate -functions -absorption and processing of nutrients (glycogen) -production and secretion of plasma proteins -production and secretion of bile

Digestive system-liver

Hepatocytes -make bile -exported to cell surface - bile canaliculi -spaces between hepatocytes -lining is plasma membrane -bile ductules -hepatic duct -lining = simple cuboidal

Digestive system-liver

Liver lobule -functional unit = lobule -sinusoids -modified capillaries -fenestrated -delivery of nutrients -pick up of proteins

Digestive system-liver

Sinusoids -space of disse -space allows intimate contact with hepatocytes (microvilli) -support is reticular connective tissue -stroma

Digestive system-liver

Sinusoids -capillaries -endothelium (simple squamous) -kupffer cells -macrophages -remove debris -remove erythrocytes

-stellate cells -store vitamin A -synthesize matrix

Digestive system-gallbladder

Gallbladder -storage and concentration of bile -liver -bile via hepatic ducts -gallbladder -cystic duct -common bile duct -duodenum sphincter of oddi -fasting = closed -bile to gallbladder -feeding = open, gallbladder contracts (neuroendocrine cells) -gallbladder -simple columnar epithelium (microvilli) -absorptive (water)

Digestive system-pancreas

Pancreas -mixed gland -exocrine -zymogen -bicarbonate rich fluid -compound acinar -acinus = secretory -ducts = transport, modification

Digestive system-pancreas

Pancreas -acini -apical granules (zymogen) -basal clear area = golgi -ducts -intercalated duct -cells secrete bicarbonate -interlobular duct -pancreatic duct - common bile duct

Skeletal system-bone cells

Bone Cells

Skeletal system-bone cells

Osteoblasts -located outside bone -periosteum (under CT) -endosteum -synthesize bone -secrete osteoid (matrix) -inactive = squamous -active = cuboidal -ultrastructure -RER (making protein) -golgi (packaging) -vesicles (export)

Skeletal system-bone cells

Osteocytes -located inside bone -surrounded by matrix -lacunae -canaliculi -gap junctions

Skeletal system-bone cells

Osteoclasts -located surface bone -large multinucleate -derived eosinophil/monocyte lineage -bone re-absorption -enzymes, acid -endocytosis, vesicles -blood vessels -ruffled zone = absorption -clear zone = adhesion

Skeletal system-bone coverings

Periosteum -exterior surface bone -outer fibrous layer -dense irregular connective tissue -blood vessels -nerves -inner cellular layer -osteogenic layer -looser connective tissue -cuboidal cells (active) -continuity with collagen of bone -sharpey’s fibres

Skeletal system-bone coverings

Endosteum -interior surface bone -lines marrow cavity -simple squamous -simple cuboidal (active)