Results.docx

Results

Nitrate (𝑁𝑂3− ) Sulphate (𝑆𝑂42− ) Chloride (𝐶𝑙 − )

Exp 1 (mg/L) 1.6 13 2.7

Concentration of water sample Tap water Spencer water Exp 2 Average Exp 1 Exp 2 Average (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.4 13 13 11 11 11 2.4 2.55 3.5 3.5 3.5 Observations

When reaction with chloride Sample of water Deionized water(blank water) Tap water Spencer water

Observations the colourless of water becomes pale yellow the colourless of water becomes orangish the colourless of water becomes orangish

The maximum permissible limit of nitrate is 10mg/L in drinking water. Nitrate is a harmless constituent of food and water in moderate amounts. Plants use nitrates from the soil to satisfy nutrient requirements and might accumulate nitrate in their leaves and stems (Kendall, P. 1992). When the permissible limit of nitrate is exceed to 50 mg/L in drinking water, it causes methemoglobinemia or blue baby syndrome, a condition found especially in infants under six months. The stomach acid of an infant is not as strong as in older children and adults. This causes an increase in bacteria that can readily convert nitrate to nitrite (NO2) (J. R. Self. 1998). The maximum permissible limit of chloride is 250 mg/L in drinking water. When the limit is exceed 250 mg/L, it is not usually harmful to human health. Public drinking water standards require chloride level not to exceed 250 mg/l. However, chloride can oxidize metals become rusted and it affect the taste of food products. Chloride can contaminate fresh water streams and lakes cause fish and aquatic communities cannot survive in high level of chlorides. Therefore, water that is used in industry or proceeds for any use has a recommended maximum chloride level (Hiebsch S, 1988). The maximum contaminate level of sulphate is 250 mg/L. People and animals are not used to drinking water with high levels of sulfate. It can involve dehydration and diarrhea. Kids are often more sensitive to sulfate than adults. As a safety measure, water with a sulfate level exceeding 400 mg/l should not be used in the preparation of baby food. Older children and adults become used to high sulfate levels after a few days. Animals are also sensitive to high levels of sulfate. In young animals, high levels may cause severe, chronic diarrhea, and in some cases, death. As with humans, animals tend to become used to sulfate over time. Sulfate gives a bitter or medicinal taste to water if it exceeds a concentration of 250 mg/l. This might make it unpleasant to drink

the water. High sulfate levels might also causes plumbing in corrosive, particularly copper piping. Therefore, is common to use plastic pipe as a corrosion resistant plumbing materials (Brian. O, 2014).

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J. R. Self. (1998). Domestic Water Quality Criteria.

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Kendall, P. (1992). Drinking Water Quality.

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Hiebsch S (1988). The occurrence of thirty five pesticides in Canadian drinking water and surface water. Ottawa, Canada: Department of National Healthand Welfare, Evironmental Health Directorate.

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Brian, O (2014). Sulfate, Hydrogen Sulfide, Sulfate Reducing Bacteria - How to Identify and Manage. Retrieved by https://www.water-research.net/index.php/sulfates