!" #%$'&)(+*,&-%.0/21324658793;: <>= -@?AB)&C*EDGFFH I J"KMLONQPSR9TCUSN6VWV0R%XYK[ZCU]\^R2_a`2_bPdceKM\0RgfhTCUSN6Vi`g_kj)lgf6P]_MR;Z mon,prqtsvu wyx+z|{}q~pn,2>8
|{dsztzp}{d,q~d yO y~y d >pzGepndG y¡q~
|px+zy¢£>p¤~S~wSqp¤~{}qpndg{¥0¦]+q[§QwS~p£SSqq£wx+z|{qpndg{dz>¨9>w]~pdw]yª©G{qp]ssy«ndz|«s¤{ ¬nd~¥0 d °² ®+³«¯ ± ° ´9 ° ®o¯ ±µS³¢¶ °> · ° ¸ ¯ ¹£{@}º¼{|»y]½o]¾À¥0¿C]+Á,q[ ]%©|{,M>£q]¥0©|Ãu n,~0Äd)Å|ÆÈÇgÉeÊ zs¦]~d«>w]]+q~w8>n,prq~h]gq]¥0©|
]¨>©sp¤Spq,S%en,,qs>n,w0>zÌ©|{d>2q~]¥0©|Ë 0©~w]w>,q9x+zpt>n,,qs^p>¬nd~¥{}qpndG^{dz ]{ds]zsÍ Î ndqn,|Mx+zdªÏhÐ8Ñ ´ ³ ³« u n,zÒÇgÉ ÏhÐ8Ñ GÓÓ ³¢Ô ÓÓ ¹£× @ºÌ{d|½oSÁ¿C¥0Õ|]Öd+½qM ]%©|{dMu ye©|{,S8u nd
>~hØCÅGÆvÇ Ó Ê Ó µSÙ ÄSÚÛS+q~w Ø@ÚÛ>wyS]+q~wh{^Ü,{zG
Ý ÚÛ>wyS]+q~wh{0>n,prq~ Þàâ ß ·Cá ã ³¢³« ä Þ â ß ·åá¢æÀç Þ â;ß è Þ â ß ± á]é è Þ â ß ê>ë~ì2í Ö,½oº»]î í ÕEïGÕðCÖ@ñå½ °² ®+³«¯ ± ° ´9 ° ±µ]¶ ³¢°Í ¸ ¯ · °Í ¸ Þ â ß ·Cá ã ³¢³« ä Þ â ß æÀç Þ â ß ± á è Þ â ß ±µ é è ê>ë~ì2í Ö,½oº»]î í ÕEòOî}óô»½ °² ®+³«¯ ± ° ´9 ° ® ±µS³¢¶ ° ®+¯ · ° Þ â ß ·Cá ã ³¢³« ä Þ â ß · µ æÀç Þ â ß ·åá è Þ â ß é è
Þ âß Þ âß Ä
J"KMLONQPSR9TCUSN6VWV0R%XYK[ZCU]\^R2_a`2_bPdceKM\0RgfhTCUSN6Vi`EceN6Vg`2_kPSUSV2KMf6U Z)_ mon,prqtsvu wyx+z|{}q~pn,2u ndG>hspw{dp~8ez|p}{+q~d
d ¹£º × +½ @ Á{d¿)|ÕSÖd½¥0 ]+qM]%©|{dMu ye©|{,S8u nd
>~ Ä,C ÅGÆvÇ Ê Q y Ù ¹£º {@»}½o{¾À|]¿)]Ád¥0 ]+q[]%©|{,M>£q]¥0©|Ãu n,~0Äd)Å|ÆÈÇgÉeÊ Î ndqn,|Mx+zd¡ÏhÐ8Ñ ³¢³« u ndz ÇgÉ ÏhÐ8Ñ ÓÓ ³¢ ÓÓ u w]pqz|hS,q~wh]2q¥^©GM©Gn+e8>y[©~n s¦]¥0Ó Ó °e®oµ¯ ±³«
° ¸ ¯ ° ± ³¢ ° ¸ ¯ SpÃí s»%ñCq~ó]òC~¥^½2 ¿åî í âß òåô'Ö s¤»y{ ½+ðå@{dî ësÖ,zó|;î@î}{d½ozÌÖ»©G½o{dðåî {dSqzs¤ u {d©©|{d~{ q©|{, «n,¥0¥^|ndz|~
|]
nd| âß ·åá s¤{ @{dsz{z¼©|{d0zp}{d,q ps[¬ {zG>~{dprq0Sn,|{ ¤q~ âß ±µ S%x+zpMu eq^©G{d^©Gn+p s%Sn,¥0©>qgq+zÌ> S n,|>pqpnd|[sp¥^pqy n,z|M{ssn,|[>ndG8>w]p£s¤{ }{dszt{^z2q]¥0©|tp+q¥0wy>p{dp~d âß ·åá ©G{d[©~w>p¤ q~]z Ú è Ä
$
!"#
"##&')(
%
ÃÕ|Á0¿åî í òåô'Ö»y½+ðåîo °e®o³«¯ ± ° à2nq~]
{ Ñ âß Q Æ ° ± ³¢ ° ¸ ¯ Ê u n,z âß ·Cá ÇgÉ Ñ âtß è âß
*
,
+
° ± ³¢ ° ¸ ¯
.
-
ÃÕ|Á¢Ö,ó|î@î}½oÖ»y½+ðåîo âß ·åá µá âß ·åá è ÇgÉ Ñ âß ·åá è âß en,prqy âß ·åá µá âß ·åá è ³¢³« âß ·Cá æ âß ± ·åá á è âß n,z|)dndG¡>M~wndz|>~¢s'u wx+z|{qpndu nd|>t{@,¢zt{d©©~n>
M{z>¨0>prw]~]GS |p ^zqpsp¤{d+q zÎ {@}{GSQÒq~]¥0©|8>z Sn,| n,~ Ç µ ÉeàSq8z|0{@}{d|Æ S ]EÊ ©|{d] >zE©~]¥0phnd
> Ç Ù ]q qn,z>qÃSySp{@,àz
w¥{^wS+q~wh{^Ü+{z|
h]{dtÑ âß Q ° ± ³¢ °Í ¸ ¯ ~{dpnd|]¥0]+q£eq£sQ¥ ]¥0^©Gn,z8u {z>q~^
w¥{dtezs)s q¥00Ñ âß
|{dÜd ¬ qy
p¤x+z^ >p¤] w]wqSp¤{+qqp~ndwh2{^>Ü+ {|z|{d
y£S©~]¥0p]Mnd
>~ ~{d©©]sÍ Ñ âß 6 Æ ° ± ³¢ °Í ¸ ¯ Ê wS+Æ q~wh{0>~Ê ndpqh©~]¥0p]Mn,~>~^ Ñ âß 6 ° ®o³¢¯ ± °
*
0/
2
1
3/
4
65
+7
9
-
-
Ø
8
1
ndqn,|[s6w]{ds{dÜdhS~]wh©|{d¢sÃ
w¥{d¢Ü,{dz|
£SqÃ>~ndpq8{d|[syx+zs[s¤{>py q~pn,2>hs¤{0oprq~~e Î eqt~]+qp]s%{z{s¤Szsv)©Gn,zMs6~
w¥0{0§^Ü,{dz|
du y qtsh©Gn,p+qç^Ü,{dz|
8x+zpp>¬nd~¥06S]szp> >~ndpq z8oprq~~e8{dss¤{+qt>8>~ndpq8§0Ü,{dz|
h]u nd©©n,8{ze]G£z%{s¤Szs
V
V
DIFFERENCE DROITE−GAUCHE CFL=0.5, 500 pts, 2 tours 1.0 GAUCHE DROITE 0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
wS+q~whÆ{^ Ü+{z|
h>z>¨>p¦¥^Ê 8n,~, Ñ âß 6 ° ± µ ³¢°Í ¸ ¯ · °Í ¸ «]+q~w8>Æ z> ¨>p¦¥^h n,Ê ~>~d Ñ âß 6 ° ®oµ ¯ ± ³¢°¸ ¯ í »ñCóòC½%òå½ Õ Ö QóGî}¾ ÕÖ {|M]Sqeq~8¥0wSq|no8s{0>w |pqpnd>[©G{d[©~w>p¤ q~]zM]qÃSn,~Sq]z|[
G{Ü,d {d[©~wpSq]z| âß ·åá âß è ³¢³« ä âß ·åá æ âß é p>¥©~wpSq]z|t>w]]+q~w8{ òåî}óGô »½ {dM]nd~y qz âß ·åá µá âß è âß ·åá è ³¢³« Q âß ·Cá æ âß ± ·åá á p¤>¥ Sn,~SqzM>w]]+q~w8{ ïÕðCÖ@ñå½ «{dSíq[q»©hñC~¥0ówòCwSp½%q~Sqòån>]z|>½ 6) {p¤>Õ>n,]î}z>¥"¾ qh>ô ºCzw2ï]]ë q+ q½o~¥0w8Õ¾6{ {dÜ+zg{z|©|
{,|M Sn,~Sq]z|[z2~
w]¥{0>wyS]+q~w8{^Ü,{dz|
d âß ·åá µá âtß è âß ·åá è ³¢³« Q âß ·Cá æ âß ± ·åá á æ µá ³¢³« Q ä âß æ ç âß ± á è âß ±µ é í »ñCóòC½%òå ½ «Õ ë î}½+ô'òOî}ô'ÖyñCÁ «Sqqh¥0wSq~n>>8z>qpsp8z
|w]¥{0{ z|%]z|s©|{d ¹£ºÌ½oÁ¿CÕ|Öd½Â 0.0 0.0
-
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
5
-
/
1
/
1
Ý
/
1
× @{d|S¥0]+qM]%©|{dMu ye©|{,S8u nd
>~hØCÅGÆvÇ µ Ù Ê ]]+q~wy ¹£× @º¼{d|»yS½o¾À¥0¿C]+Á,qM ]%©|{dMàq~]¥0©|tu n,~>~0Äd)Å|ÆÈÇgÉeÊ >w]]+q~w8§>~ndpqy moen,®oprqM¯ svu wyx,zG{}qpnd% u nd| d ° ³«± ° 6 ° ®+µ ¯ ± ³¢°Í¸ ¯ £q~]~¥^ âß eqM¥^©|s{,Swh©|{ µá ä âß ·Cá æ âß ± áSé âß ·åá µ ³¢³« ä âß ·åá æ âß ± á é è µá ä âß ·åá æÀç âß è âß ± á é è âß í »ñCóòC½%òå ½ «Õ ë ½+ºCòåî@ó âß ·åá æ µ ³¢³« ä âß ·åá æ âß ± á]é è µ ³¢³« µ ä âß ·åá æ ç âß è âß ± áSé è âß
ãJ "!$#%'&(&*),+.-%/#&(&10$23546&"78!:9;#+.-=<>4@?'+:#+.-A$#B%C4DA:9C&1&19/EF4G-=9C),+IH6JFAF9C&*EK#L<=->9C),+IH
y¡~y
0w]¥
{dwª¥>{dz^©>~]zÌ¥0p] ndnd|
>~ndt
x,>z|2px+u zz>pMqp]sp¤¼]z>+q«qspx+z]Ã+q0>qz>~nd¨ p¤0©nden,p++q~q^«>p¤u ey©e©G]
{dSprM¬ ©]ndÌz|¡wSqsàzG>]{p{dsz+s|q^snd+^qª]>~p¤~~]ezp©|
{}q~pr¬ q~ndG ]{}q~z~[>6Sytw]¥{d nd+qt~]¥{
x+zhx,z|6eps8©~]¥0p][q¥08y qtz|6>w]~p,w]h©|{dp~ s6
|w]¥{ eqÃ>p¤p©|{}q~pr¬/Mp|nd2psy qÃp©G~p¬
8
8
NO"PRQTSRUWV(X"YZ[U\R]^U_YDV`U a8½+î@ôcCb Ö,Õ>»ô'óGº òC½_d/e ½+îyî}½oðåî;½+» »yÕð òC½ ÖdóºgfG½+î}ïG½oºCÖd½
s ]z>¨g~]ndzz|
~]>[zyuÒ]~§ zs¤{ te>n,p¤+]qM{^w]q~p¤S{q~q]pndp q~n,|]{qz~ w]©]|>+qÒ>z>]Ü,w >w]nd¥0©n,prq~pn, svu wyx,zG{}qpnd2SSqzw8©G{Ms£oz¥0wpqp]G ¬Sqszw8h©G]~{~M]svzu n,
à~>pz|{8q]{dz|z>
¨ {~~nd|>p¤£oz¥0w]~px+zy >w©G|>,q6>z n,¥ ~h>{s¤Szs¤8{~prq~¥0wSq~px+z0S¬ÍÚ -
u S¨>©~~pn,;>z2q~{dz>¨2>8]ndodÜ,]|]ÃeqÃ>n,wh©|{y h i j Lä i j k k*µlnl m é {@dyF o qâ á p s r tâvâ pu á Gw lyx{z |±~''}|
~| C
| w ooy qMsvu ~]zt{@,àz%¥{pss¤{Ü,£>82w]sw]¥0,q
S:q o m s'u eqÃ{@dyÃs6>ndz s8u w]sw]¥0,q
Î n,z|[©~]|n,|[Snd¥0¥0 |{dhs6pÜd|{dsu n,|>8zp}{d,qy
)
0.9
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
«M{szs¤Me£¬]~nd+qM©ndzMz G S¨S©>q[s6w]¥{0S+q~wh]z>¨>p¦]¥08nd
>~ Ü, {dz|Ä
£©~]¥0pÄnM+Ønd
> ~ Ú Ø Ø ËË K Ý ÄdÝnÄ ËË Ú Ø£ Ø Ë Ý ,Ø Ë Ú Øà Ü, {dz|Ä
heySn,|;Øn, ~ Ú Ø Ø ËË Ø Ä * Ý,Ø ËË Ú Ø£ Ë Ä Ý ÄyØ Ë Ú Ø£ «8
|w]¥{0x,z|p©wye+qhz nd|6Sndo,]~Üd]GSà]hwd¦]s£p|eq~{ s S+q~w£>z>¨>p¦¥08nd
> Ä@ −0.1 −0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.9
9
Ë Ý ,Ø Ë Ú Ø Ø Ë * Ø ØdØ Ë Ú Ø£ Ë * Ä Ë Ú ØÃ Ý yà]nd|prq~pn,|à eq~{ |psprq~w^^] w]¥{9p¥0©Gn+e^z q~¦à©G]qpq6x,z|p)Q~w]©]
Szq z£s^©|{, >hq~ ]¥0©| s{0>z|whz%{s¤Szs{dzÜd¥0,q~ {, «n,¥{, ØÄ Ë Ø Ä Ý Ø Ý Ë Ú Ú Ø Øà nÄ ËË Ä Ä *>Ä Ë Ë Ú Ø£ {~¥^pÜdÚ ¢{d¥ Ø Ë Ø dØ,Ø Ý Ë Ú Ø Ä Ë Ý Ý nÄ Ë Ú Ø£ Ä Ë Ø Än|ÄdÄ ,Ø Ë Ú Ø£ Ä Ø Ë Ä Ý *>Ä Ý ÄyØ Ë Ú Ø£ Ý Ä {¨oÚ ]|nd Ä Ë Ä Ë Ú Ý Ø Ë Ë Ú Ä Ë Ø Ë Ú Ä ¥0{d~x+z,Cpsvu {dzÜd¥0]+q
{}qpnd2>z2nd¥ h>h©ndp,q
M>8]{ds]zs ¥0{dpss¤{Üd£©sz|M]~w@ >p¥0pozàs ]~~]z0
[q
>{z>£¨ q~>nd;|]{}ndqoz|d Ü,]]s|s8]^{z|>Üdy¥06]~+
qhw]¥s{dM8~w]]©z|]~|¢Àu >{z ~n,|>p¤ ;z>q~psp¤ew;{dzEq]¥0©| {d q~z]s £©ndz|t]{s¤Sz|s¢s¤{0}{s]ztz2
|{d¥0©%zMz%©ndp+qMu ye©|{,S8{zgq¥0©|tzp}{d,qy >yS]+q~w£Ü,{dz|
âß âß ± á S {, «n,¥{, ©Gn,zMs8©G{d[©~w>p¤ q~]zM]q ©Gn,zMs8©G{dMSn,~Sqz
Så h{{zG~¥^
p8ÜdeyÚ ¢SndG{d9¥ ndâ
ß ·å>á~ âß âß âß ± á S¡âß ±µ S âß ± á 8|nd¥ |8>8©nd p+âß q~tâß©|± áp¤M]âß ±µ ]nd|p ]
{} qpnd2©ndzts6]{ds]zs¬ {@,nd~pàshq~{dz>¨2QSn,+,]~Üd|S£¥{p¤ {z|Üd¥0]+qhs¤{^©s{,Sh¥0]¥0ndp~£]qÃ{zÜ,¥0]+qhs¢q¥0©|t>6{s¤Szs
9
9
(
*(
"! #$&%'
(
)
(
+!:#+g#BA:! V DECENTRE A GAUCHE 1 er ordre
DECENTRE A GAUCHE 1 er ordre
DECENTRE A GAUCHE 1 er ordre
CFL=0.1
CFL=0.9
CFL=0.5 1.0
0.9
solution 1 tour solution 2 tours erreur
0.9
solution 1 tour solution 2 tours erreur
solution 1 tour solution 2 tours erreur 0.8
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.4
−0.1 −0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
−0.1 −0.1
0.9
0.2
0.2
Mac Cormack
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.0 0.0
0.9
Mac Cormack
CFL=0.1
solution 1 tour solution 2 tours erreur
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
−0.5 0.0
0.2
0.4
CENTRE 2 ordre
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.8
1.0
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
−0.5 0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
CENTRE 2 ordre
CENTRE 2 ordre
cfl=0.005
cfl=0.3
cfl=0.25
1.5
0.8
CFL=0.9
0.5
0.8
1.0
solution 1 tour solution 2 tours erreur
1.0
0.6
0.8
1.5
1.0
0.4
0.6
Mac Cormack
1.5 solution 1 tour solution 2 tours erreur
0.2
0.4
CFL=0.5
1.5
−0.5 0.0
0.2
3.0
2.0
2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 −1.0
−0.5 0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
−1.0 0.0
0.2
Wraming Beam
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
−2.0 0.0
Warming Beam
CFL=0.1
CFL=0.9 1.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.8
1.0
−0.5 0.0
0.2
Lax Wendroff
0.4
CFL=0.1 erreur=1.99E−04 1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
−0.5 0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.6
Warming Beam
1.5
0.2
0.4
CFL=0.5
1.5
−0.5 0.0
0.2
0.6
0.8
1.0
−0.5 0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
©G¥0]q > ]{ds¥0] syQ~
w]¥{dQ>z q o©G2>p©]
ep¬ SSq ps[{ n,z>qz|;op~Sn+epqw > p¥0 poz|{d,qà s8©|{,Ã>6³¢q] ¥0©| {d|tsvu yyx+ z|{}q~pn,%u n,|> st]~z~M8q~nd|{}q~zy[nd+qt©ndzà©¥0p q¥0h0svou ]p¨oz|©|{dsyp¤{dp+n,q)sv u ]µdn,sz qÆ p0æ Ïh Ð8Ñ«~Ê]z
C ]^¬ndG qpnd>z psG{©©|{d~{ q ]qeq~]¥0]+qªx+zMs¡~
w]¥{, >z>Ë z>¨>p¦¥^8>Üd~w8en,,qM©sz|t]Gep s
-
%
0
erreur(CFL) 0.08
gauche 1er ordre gauche 2eme ordre Mac Cormack Warming Beam
erreur
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00 0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
u {G{s oÃ> nd M¥{d;>nd|às¤{6}{dsz«¥{¨op¥{sà{,>¥0p~ep sé|{dªs {@}{+qªsvu {d©©|{~pqpnd u pG q
e®o{ ¯ pspq w Æ Î Ê ° ³«± ° 6 ° ± µ ³¢°¸ ¯ · °Í¸ âß ·åá µ ³¢³« ä âß æ âß ± á è âß ±µ é è âß Ë ]pdn,|[en,z|[s{ ¬n,¥0 âß ß Æ ÈÅ,Ê¢Sq âß á ß Æ~Æ ÊoÅ,Ê × yen,z|>~d æ « è |¢©µ ]zq ä nd|ß ¢æ ©|{, ]ß q~¢p¥0Æ ©æ zÈÅ,wÊ ¥0è ]+ßq z>qpsp¤Æ w[æÃ~ç {ÈGÅ,OÊ é w]qz|>[©~w]sp¥^p|{dp~ {ànq~] x+z¢s'u {|{ds > > n, Î M¥{%©]z>qÃu {d©©spx+zt§ qndzqÃ{z>q~8~
w]¥{ CFL
%%
"
9
27
%
%
!
J"KMLONQPSR9TCUSN6VWV0R%XYK[ZCU]\^R2_a`2_kP,c KM\0Rgf8TåUSN6V `g_ J ãJ _MV%R U]`g
_ USLO\0R2_M R mon,prqtsvu wyx+z|{}q~pn,2> Ë m2nd2spwy{p8zp}{d,q~d å y C «ndGep¤>w]~ndGªs¤{ep¥0©sp G{}q~pn,2zp@C{d]+ qd è y % yCy y % y Ï ] æ ndz Sn,|eq~{+q ª~]¥0©s¤{d]hshq~]~¥^ en,z
Sh>8s{^n,gspw{dpqw {|¢S]qeq£wx+z|{qpnd2{©©|{d~{ q«z£wx+z|{}q~pn,;u nd|£p ]q¢z|àwyx,zG{}qpnd2>à
G{s]z[ep àz6poS~y[6sy>)z>w]d¨En,swyzx+qz|pnd{}|q~p n,]|ndh~ndy+ q6qz¥09]+qCwS|qndz|¥0)p©|~{}]q~Gp>n,Àn,|>C9ssvMu p©G|{dS~w]>¥0¢q,q6¥0 ©|E sqM]¥0©s©|zG )©G>p]qpwq«>,q~ ]z>¨^n,z¥^8w]©qndzn>,>ndy p ° e®o¯ ³«± ° ¸ ¯ ° ® ±µ ³¢ ° ®+¯ · ° è Ï ° ®+³¢¯ ± ° wSq¥0p|{}q~pn,2z2©G{d[©~w>p¤ q~]z ~
w¥0{^>yS]+q~w8§0>~ndpq0Ä]Mnd
>@ e®o¯ ° ° ° · ° Ï ° ° u n,z ° ³«± ® ±µ ³¢ ®o¯ è ®o³¢¯ ± Ñ âß ° ® ±µ ³¢ ° ®o¯ · ° è Ï ° ®o³¢¯ ± ° â ß ·Cá ÇgÉ Ñ âß è â ß ³¢³« ä â ß · µ æÀç â ß ·åá è â ß é è Ï ³¢³« ä â ß ·åá æ â ß é è â ß wSq¥0p|{}q~pn,2z2©G{dMSn,~Sqz â ß ·Cá µá â ß ·åá è ÇgÉ Ñ âß ·åá è â ß µá â ß ·åá è ÇgÉ "! ° e® ®o ¯ ±µ ³¢ °e®+®o ¯ ¯ · ° ®+¯ è Ï ° e®o®o¯ ¯ ³¢± ° ®+¯ # è "â ß $ wSq¥0p|{}q~pn,2z2©G{d[©~w>p¤ q~]z ~
w¥0{^>yS]+q~w8§^Ü,{dz|
0Ä]¢n,~@ âwSß q·Cá ¥0 p| {}q~³¢³«pn, 2 ä z2â ß ±©Gµ {d[æ ©ç ~w >â ßp¤± q~á ]è z ~â ß
éwè ¥0Ï {^>³¢³«y S]+ä q~â ßw8æ §^Ü, {dâ ß z|±
á é 6è Ø}|gâ ß nd
>~y ß â ·Cá ³¢³« ä ç â ß &æ % â ß ± á è â ß ±µ æ â ß ± é è Ï µ ³« ³¢ ä â ß æ â ß ± á è â ß ±µ é è â ß í »ñCóòC½%òå½ Õ Ö QóGî}¾ ÕÖ {|M]Sqeq~8¥0wSq|no8s{0>w |pqpnd>[©G{d[©~w>p¤ q~]zM]qÃSn,~Sq]z|[
G{Ü,d {d[©~wpSq]z| ß ·Cá ' ³¢³« ä â ß · µ æÀç â ß ·åá è â ß é è Ï ³¢³« ä â ß ·Cá æ â ß é è â ß p¤>]¥©|wy>pSqz6>w]]+q~w0{ â òåî@óô»y½
)
5
!
-
2
,
-
-
-
-
/
1
-
% %
5
-
{dM]nd~y qz ° e®o¯ ±µ ³¢ °e¸ ®o ¯ ¯ · °e¸ ®o ¯ è Ï ° ®+¯ ¢³ ± °¸ ®+¯ ¯ # è â(ß $ p¤>]¥ Snd~~ q~]z¢>w]]>Ú â ß ·Cá µá â ß ·åá è ÇgÉ ! W q~w8{ ïGÕ|ðåÖ@ñC½
«Síqq»£ñC¥0óòCwSq½%|òåno½£ Õ>s¦]î}d¾ £ô zºCg*ï q)«½+¥0Õ|¾ q¥08>zg©szG[|{z>qM>Üd~w£>£s¤{Qq~n,|]{qz~yª{zg©|{d[Sn,~Sqz >z~
w]¥{0>w]]+q~wh{0Ü,{zG
d {d[©~wpSq]z|)p¤>]¥">w]]+q~w8{ Ü+{z|
|d
{d[©~wpSq]z| p ¤>¥ Sn,~Sqz¢wS+q~wh{ ïÕðCÖyñC½ {dM]nd~y qz e®o¯ ±µ ³¢ °e¸ ®o ¯ ¯ · °e¸ ®o ¯ è Ï ° ®+¯ ¢³ ± °¸ ®+¯ ¯ # è â(ß $ á ³¢«³ 8ä â ß â ß è â ß â ß è â ß ·Cá µá â ß ·åá è ÇgÉ "! °W æµ æ ± á ± µ æ ± é
/
).%C! ->9C),+ &-=4G->9/),+F+$469/<>#
«ndG>prq~pn,gppqp¤{s¡ ç ÆÙ ep¨ Ù Ê[µáp¨ á svu wyx,zG{}ç qpnd%æ > zÆ ~ÜdÆ~[~ µ {,>Êe¥0Ê Sqts¤{^ndsz>q~pn, ! á ± á ± }| ± | ±S á # ndz2s8n,¥ ~h> on,s
%
).%C! ->9C),+ 9'+:&-=4G-=9C),+:+:469/<># Æ Ù Ê ¡Æ $ Ù Ê pÜ,|{s§ q
u
sv u wyÆ x,zGÉe{}Ê qpnd% > ¢z~Üd]
[{d>¥0]qts{0ndsz>qpnd Æ ÉeÊ É Æ £Æ Ï ÉeÊ~Ê {| àSÙ 6©~n |s¦Ù ¥^ ä æ sQµ~w zsé q~{}qà+z|¥^wÙ p¤æx+z6]
{>wSq~]~¥^pw ©|{tsQ©|w]n,¥0¦]6©| >px+z sQS ]p+q >9op¤Sn+epqw w]q~{+q §%svu nd~pÜ,p99s{Ò>p~p©|{qpndG8SqQ©|{d6s6~]z|~hoz¥0w]~p¤x,z| «n,|{dp~{d+qhs ndsz>qpnd|[]¨{d q~ psy qtp+qy~{+qM>6>wzp~hsy[]~z
«oz¥0wp¤x+z (
(
(
-
$
"! $#
$
&%
init−exacte cfl=0.5 1.0
0.5
0.0
−0.5
>wy]{«sMw epÜdG~]{z|s [ ]¨z%{d ]q~n> >« ¥0n,,q~ p]^ztp~ep©|{qpnd z0{£s¤{£© op¤x,z|M©|{d¡Sn,,q~¢s[pÜd|{dse[~Sq~ndz|d −1.0 0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
initial−calcule 2.0
1.0
0.0
à©]z>qhdn,p£{©©|{d~{ q~6zàs{gSndz| {s¤Szsw]6 ~ndzÜ,6zÒ>p¤~ep©|{}q~pn, s{gSndz| Qu ]~zà deqMn,z|[s8©n,zd Ä −1.0 0.0
,
!
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
m>{d|MS8>wy]{s¤{Ü,£8s{0ndsz>qpnd2S¨{dSq ps{dz~{dprqMw]qw8©n,~ep shhwSq¥0p]Ms¤{^©|{qpqpnd%>hs¤{ >p¤p©|{}q~pn,g© >px+zhSqtoz¥0wp¤x+z8{|[s¤{0en,szqpnd%]{s¤Sz|sw
ndp¨ z´
|w]¥{À§À©~]| ©ndz|;~wndz|>~z wx+z|{qpnd u eqg©|{,;{p¤wÒ]{d9©sz|ep]z|~;¥^w]q>Ú n>s Ã>¥ª]©G¥0 zde©+~prq¢¨ ~{}qp¤{e¬
{{dp q~ w]~SpwM©G©||{dª{s+tq¢q]¥0ssy©|¡«àtwwy©Gen,n,|sz>q]p+ndqª©GS{dq¢ªs'ut©|s{6{,S¥ Ã>¥0àÃ¥0©w]~¥0w]ndppp@n, 0SsGq«yO u q[n,,>q«ndG©|M{d¡p+qq~ndw]z~qeÚ ~{+q«zp}{d,q«s'u p¥0 ©ndq~{d|St>z;©n s¦]¥0t>à
|ndp¤ep z9¥0n>>¦]sÃp¥0©sé~]¥0p¦Mw |{zG
tSq¢u {@,ndp ~>z Sn,z q)§hqzn,z>qM~]
2w]q¥|{à{©+sqÃz|Sn,w]¥0s¤{ ©>qnd8~w[>©G8n,s¤z{^¡sp{¥0©|prq~nd6¬nd>|6>Sp)8s>{£~wpnd]s z>qpnd SszpÚ Sp>©ndz~~{ Sq~t{ p|w[§£svu {dp +7
7
!
Ä,Ä
7
%