Research Proposal.docx

POLITICS AND POLICY: RECENT DEBATES AND DISCUSSIONS IN SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF BANGLADESH

Table of Contents ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………. CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Research……………………………………… 1.2 Research Questions………………………………………………… 1.3 Objective of the Research …………………………………………. 1.4 Hypothesis of the Research………………………………………... 1.5 Significance of the Research………………………………………. CHAPTERII: LITERATURE REVIEW AND FRAMEWORK 2.1 Literature Review………………………………………………….. 2.1.1 Politics and Policy……………………………………………….. 2.1.2 Recent Debates and Discussions in Socioeconomic Development of Bangladesh: Two Regimes- Four Party Alliance Regime Led by Khaleda Zia (2001—2006) and Sheikh Hasina (2009 — till date)…… CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Short Brief of the Methodology..........................................................

3.2 Research Methods................................................................................ 3.3 Direct-data Survey............................................................................... 3.4 Respondents of the Research.............................................................. 3.5 Instrumentation.................................................................................... 3.6 Ethical Statement................................................................................. Conclusion………………………………………………………………... Reference………………………………………………………………….

ABSTRACT The Research gives the recent debates and discussions in socioeconomic development of Bangladesh that is affected by politics and policy. The study will also compare among the different regimes of government such as the ‘Four Party Alliance Regime Led by Khaleda Zia (2001—2006) and Sheikh Hasina Regime (2009 — till date)’ in the socioeconomic perspective of Bangladesh. As a result, if the negative situation becomes entangled in a certain stage the wheel of the entire development is bound to be halted abruptly and the country’s economy will be destroyed. For this reason, it is essential for our government, politicians and policy makers to search an alternate of this issue as a sustainable solution for socioeconomic development. Also, it attempts to explore the negative impacts on social perspective. Sometimes politics is a damaging culprit in developing countries by its socioeconomic impacts; especially on policy. The study will seek answers how and why policy is affected by politics in Bangladesh. Based on the findings, the study will provide suggestions and practicable measures for the future prospects of a sustainable solution of politics and policy in Bangladesh as well as developing countries are embedded in the end of the Research.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter will discuss about background of the research, research questions, objectives of the research, hypothesis of the research and the significance of the research based on desired findings and implications. 1.1 Background of the Research: The debate of "politics and policy" has been the subject of discussion in different countries in different times. In recent years, this debate has attracted the attention of policy makers of Bangladesh. Because the policy makers of the present government have drawn our attention by arguing that we need development first then democracy. After 2009 election, it seems this present ruling party is also moving towards this model "more development and less democracy". That’s why question arises to the common people of Bangladesh about the socioeconomic development. Ruling party always tries to blame the previous government’s regime. Specially, when ruling party takes policies for the general people. Sometimes it can be said that ‘they are doing best’ or ‘this is new one’ or ‘previous government destroy this’ and so on. On the other hand, the opposition also tries to blame or always finds lack of ruling party. Particularly, when ruling party takes policies for development. They always try to said like that ‘we have done many things

before, but they are doing nothing’, ‘they are doing nothing for people interest’ and ‘they are corrupted’, etc. That’s why the study will describe the socioeconomic development of the Four Party Alliance Regime Led by Khaleda Zia (2001—2006) and Sheikh Hasina Regime (2009 — till date) in Bangladesh. After independence of Bangladesh, it has been facing many problems like political unrest in different regimes, military coups, natural disasters, terrorisms, militancy and international pressure, etc. As a result, all of development policies were affected by politics or different political regimes. Now it has emerged as one of the economic powers of the world and marching to be developed country. At the present world development is not defined by only economic growth and it has multi-dimensions such as economic, social, political, environmental development. Even, Bangladeshi rural people are not much aware of the importance of socioeconomic development rather sometimes they are happy with casting a vote after five years. Moreover, Bangladesh is basically an aid based developing country. Most of the development policies s are implemented with loans of foreign donor agencies. Usually most of the donor agencies have specific goals to support democracy. We have some shortcomings in our democratic government system such inefficiency, corruption, ineffective parliament, weak leadership and constant threat of overthrows etc. Since being independent from Pakistan in the 1970's, we have suffered two military coups, political violence due to an ineffective two party system, poverty and malnutrition, low literacy rates etc. Finally it can be said that the study will be very much effective to identify answers of all debates and discussions of politics and policy between the Four Party Alliance Regime Led by Khaleda Zia (2001—2006) and Sheikh Hasina (2009 — till date) Regime. 1.2 Research Questions:

There are a significant number of impacts of politics not only in Bangladesh, but also many countries like India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Laos too. From both sociopolitical and socioeconomic perspective, we have to think how to improve social life style to change better and not only that but also need sustainable development. In these circumstances, we want to know the answers of the following questions: i. How do we define politics and policy? What are the impacts on socioeconomic development in Bangladesh? To what extent and why policy is affected by politics? ii. What are differences between governments’ regimes in terms of socioeconomic development of Bangladesh? What are the recent socioeconomic developments of Bangladesh? iii. What are issues in recent debates and discussions in terms of politics and policy? How can we solve these problems fruitfully and what are the alternatives? 1.3 Objective of the Research: The prime objective of this research is to identify reasons behind the negative impact on policies in Bangladesh that are brought into debates and discussions. This will also show how politics is a curse of policy in Bangladesh with prospective results based on comparison of different governments’ regimes. The secondary objective is to find out the way to improve social life and make sustainable developments in Bangladesh. 1.4 Hypothesis of the Research: The following hypothesis may be assumed in the study:

Government always takes development policies to improve socioeconomic conditions of the people of Bangladesh and giving priority, not much effective that affect socioeconomic development of Bangladesh by politics or political regimes, but if the government can take effective steps against the politics of policies between different regimes of Bangladesh, it would be more flexible to sustain socioeconomic development in Bangladesh (less democracy more development). 1.5 Significance of the Research This research will be benefited for the people and other stakeholders of development policies as well as it will assist the several departments of the Government of Bangladesh and also NGOs. It will be supported both theoretically and practically. From the findings, it will develop a new area for both sociology and economics in different branches of social sciences. A. Theoretical Aspect: This research will help the people of Bangladesh, the Ministry of Finance, and the Planning Division. They can discover the impact on human life and can solve it easily from its findings. B. Practical Aspect: Bangladesh is a country geographically situated in a poor region that affects many problems. So, practically need to support peoples’ mental and physical, economical etc. as well as long-term plan for them and how to develop their life better. So this research will be helpful practically in following ways: i. This research will help the entire people of Bangladesh that what is the biggest impact on their life by politics. ii. It will helpful to make plans for the different development programs.

iii. This research can show to people and to the different organizations how to coordinate among Government, political parties and NGOs to promote policies and how to make the structure of the sustainable development programs for the socioeconomic development of Bangladesh. CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND FRAMEWORK 2.1 Literature Review This chapter will discuss about the literature and conceptual framework of politics, policy and socioeconomic development of Bangladesh for the research and how can people get priority policies through a better solution as a sustainable socioeconomic development. 2.1.1 Politics and Policy A. Politics ‘Man is by nature a political animal’ (Aristotle). Bangladesh is a democratic country in the world. Every democratic country has some parties with political and peoples' interests. Without politics, there is no democracy in a country. There is no widely agreed upon definition of what is political. Politics, in its broadest sense, is the activity through which people make, preserve and amend the general rules under which they live. Although politics is also an academic subject (sometimes indicated by the use of ‘Politics’ with a capital P), it is then clearly the study of this activity.

Politics is thus

inextricably linked to the phenomena of conflict and cooperation. In the

earlier “Book 1: Politics” (350 BC), Aristotle stated that the word ‘politics’ comes from the Greek word "polis", meaning the state or community as a whole. The concept of the "polis" was an ideal state and came from the writings of the great political thinkers such as Plato and Aristotle. In the novel named "The Republic" (380 BC), Plato describes the ideal state and the means to achieve it. Hence, the word politics originally has connotations in the ways in which to create the ideal society. An ideal society is in practice a rather difficult aim and even an impossible aim to achieve. Politics implies measures which could and should, in the views of their advisor, be implemented in the hope to create a better society, than that which is already

present.

Simply

politics

is

the

actions

associated

with

the

governance of a country or other area, especially the debate or conflict among individuals or parties having or hoping to achieve power. Leftwich, A. (ed.), stated Politics in his contribution “What is Politics? The Activity and Its Study” (2004), ‘as a process’ where two things must be needed: i) Compromise and consensus, and ii) Power and the distribution of resources, etc. Concept of Politics Politics as an arena Definitions of Politics The art of government Public affairs

Politics as a process Compromise and consensus Power distribution resources

and

the of

Approaches to the study of Politics

Behaviouralism

Feminism

Rational-choice theory

Marxism

Institutionalism

Post-positivist

approaches Table-1: Defining Politics (Leftwich, 2004; Hay, 2010). In recent times, Hey (2010) defined Politics as ‘an arena’ in his publication, “New Directions in Political Science: Responding to the Challenge of an Independent World” (2010). He described two things should exist in the arena of politics: i) the art of government and ii) public affairs, etc. However, this research will identify the actual political nature of democracy in terms of Bangladesh, where political comparison will be shown based on socioeconomic development of Bangladesh.

B. Policy Simply, policy defined as ‘a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual’. But, there is no simple definition of policy. That’s why Sherri Torjman stated in prominent paper ‘What is Policy’ (2005) as “in fact, many would say that they don’t “do policy.” Others maintain that it has only minor relevance to their work – or, for that matter, their lives. Not so. We literally eat, drink and breathe public policy”. However, Public Policy is the prime concern of this research in the socioeconomic perspective of Bangladesh.

From the time of Harold Lasswell’s (1951) first articulation of the policy sciences concept, the benchmark of their field of inquiry was relevant to the political and social worlds. Responding directly to the questions posed by Robert Lynd’s (1939) Knowledge for What? And John Dewey’s relentless pressing of pragmatism (deLeon and Vogenbeck 2006), both its salient theories and real-world applications were at the center of the policy sciences. It was, in many ways, seen by the academic and the administrator as the ultimate culmination of the town and gown orientation. Despite various definitions, all of the policy analyst agrees that public policies result from decisions made by governments and that decisions by governments to retain the status quo are just as much policy as are decisions to alter it. Thomas R. Dye (2002) defined public policy in his book ‘Understanding Public Policy’ as “Anything a government chooses to do or not to do”. In probably this is the best known and shortest definition. But, this research will explain the relationship

between

politics

and

policy

in

terms

of

socioeconomic

development of Bangladesh. Because the Policy making process is a part of politics and political action. According to Gabriel Almond, political system is a set of interactions having structures, each of which performs its functions in order to keep it like an on-going concern, it is a set of processes that routinely converts inputs into outputs. Almond classifies inputs of political system into generic functional categories like political socialisation and recruitment,

interest

communication.

aggregation,

interest

articulation

and

political

Output activities are those which are carried on by a political system in response to demands or stresses placed upon the system in the form of inputs. Outputs can take the form of governmental policies, programs, decisions, etc. Another model of politics-policy relationship is the Feedback or the ‘Black Box Model’ coined by David Easton. According to this model the remaining demands which have not been included in the decisions and policies will again be fed back through the same process for the purpose of its conversion into decisions. These two models establish clearly the relationship between politics and policies in a political system. 2.1.2

Recent

Debates

and

Discussions

in

Socioeconomic

Development of Bangladesh: Four Party Alliance Regime Led by Khaleda Zia (2001—2006) and Sheikh Hasina (2009 — till date) Bangladesh is now lower ‘middle-income’ country in the economic world. Before the Awami government, Bangladesh were in the developing country and sometimes it also regarded as a ‘poor’ country in the world. Economic Development refers to changes that affect a local economy's capacity to create wealth for local residents (Kane & Sand 1988). Socioeconomic development for a country means simultaneous development in both social and economic aspects of that country. Socioeconomic development in Bangladesh can be identified through number, social and economic indicators, including GDP, life expectancy, literacy, infant mortality rate, malnutrition, population rate, health, agricultural productivity, poverty level,

levels of employment and so on. Bangladesh is a country suffering from immense social, political, economic and environmental issues and these issues need to be addressed in the overall development of this country. However, the economic development is one of the prime factors, which can resolve many of its current problems. But, this government's performance on socioeconomic development perspective is better than any other previous governments of Bangladesh. Because Bangladesh is on track to achieve almost all of the MDG targets. However, the recent debates and discussions of

socioeconomic

developments

are:

Is

the

present

government’s

performance on socioeconomic development better than any other previous regimes of Bangladesh? How many socioeconomic factors are improved in Bangladesh? And so on. That’s why some of vital factors are discussed to find out answers all of debates. A. GDP Growth Rate: Since 1971, the GDP has been increasing day by day. Due to political unrest and regime change, the amount of increasing is not much effective for Bangladesh. As a result, it remained levelled off as previous. However, the present GDP growth rate is the better than any other regimes of Bangladesh (see below table-2). Table-2: Real GDP growth rate of Bangladesh Khaleda Regime (2001-06)

Sheikh Hasina Regime (2009-present)

GDP growth rate (%)

GDP growth rate (%)

Yea

200

rs 1* GDP 5.6

200

200 200 200 200 200

201

2* 4.4

3 5.3

0* 5.57

4 4.9

5 6.4

6 6.6

9* 5.74

201 201 201 2 3* 1 6.4 6.5 6.01 2 6

201 4*

201 2016 5 **

6.06

6.5 5

7.05

[* Before and after election period; ** Present] Source: CIA World Fact book-2011, www.tradingeconomics.com | Bangladesh Bank, 2016. B. Life Expectancy: In the Khaleda regime (2001-06), the life expectancy was raised slowly. But, in the present regime, it is increasing gradually (see table-3). That’s why it can be said that socioeconomic performance of present government is better than the previous one. Table-3: Life Expectancy of Bangladeshi people. Khaleda Regime (2001-06)

Sheikh Hasina Regime (2009-present)

Yea

Life Expectancy (Year) 200 200 20 200 200

200

rs Life

1* 65.9

2* 66.4

ex.

3

8

03 67

4 67.

5 67.

6 68.

50

97

43

Life Expectancy 201 201 201 2 9* 0* 1 69.6 70.0 70. 70. 86 8 8 47 200

(Year) 201 201 3* 4* 71.2 5

[* Before and after election period; ** Present] Source: WHO, CIA World Fact Book and CountryEconomy.com C. Literacy Rate:

71.6 3

201 5

2016 **

71. 80

73.0 2

Table-4: Literacy rate of Bangladesh Khaleda Regime (2001-06)

Sheikh Hasina Regime (2009-present)

Literacy Rate (%) Year 200 200 200 200 s Liter

1* 47.4

2* 48.6

.

9

5

Literacy Rate (%) 200 200 200 201 201 201 2 3 4 5 6 9* 0* 1 50.0 50.9 51.6 52.4 55.0 56.7 57.5 58.7 1 2 7 2 3 2 2 2

201 3*

201 4*

201 5

59.7 2

60.5 8

61.4 --9

[* Before and after election period; ** Present] Source: CIA World Fact Book, Index Mundi, Find Data and BBS 2010. It said that ‘Education is the backbone of a nation’. The present ruling party of Bangladesh has taken many policies on Education. The new Education Policy (2010) is one of them. Particularly, the creative method is the remarkable one. That’s why the literacy rate is increasing dramatically (see table-4); especially female education and primary education. D. Health Sector: The

present

improvement

government of

health

of

sector

Bangladesh than

the

has

made

previous

a

remarkable

government.

The

improvement of the health sector is one of the prime of goal of MDGs. Like all other UN nations Bangladesh is also devoted to improve her health sector to gain the MDGs by 2015. Hence, she is trying her best to attain the goal. Under Health and Population Sector Program (HPSP), about 13,500 new community clinics, each for 6000 population, were supposed to be

201 6**

constructed. Currently 6708 CCs are functioning with DGHS Health Assistant (HA) and DGFP Family Welfare Assistant (FWA) and another 7156 CCs are handed over to NGOs (HEU 2007). With above resources she is trying her level best to improve its health sector. The government of Bangladesh has made a notable improvement in childhood vaccination coverage, which is vital to reduce infant and child morbidity and mortality. Under the government’s Expanded Program for Immunization (EPI), children below one year of age should receive immunization for six vaccine-preventable diseases such as tuberculosis; diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DPT); poliomyelitis; and measles. This EPI program takes in Bangladesh one step ahead toward attainment of MDGs. The government of Bangladesh also put utmost emphasis on the improvement maternal health. According to MDG 5, the maternal mortality ratio should be reduced by three-quarters between 1990 and 2015. In Bangladesh Maternal mortality ratio has reduced from 574 per 100,000 live births in 1991 to 320 per 100,000 live births in 2001 (UNFPA, 2001). In 2006 the estimated maternal mortality ratio was 290 per 100,000 live births (UNFPA, 2006). Moreover, the government is enabled to improve the proportion of institutional deliveries. Thus, if Bangladesh can maintain her work on the same track then very soon our health sector would become an ideal example for other developing countries. E. Income Index

From the previous regime (2001-2006), the GDP per capita income is rising gradually. But the present government has made a remarkable improvement on it. That’s why the present situation is better than any other regimes of Bangladesh (see table-5). Table-5: GDP per capita income of Bangladesh Khaleda Regime (2001-06)

Sheikh Hasina Regime (2009-present)

GDP Per Capita Income (USD) Year 2001* 2002 200 200 200

200

s Inc.

6 496

403.5

* 401.

3 4 434. 462

9

70

5

5 486

GDP Per Capita Income (USD) 200 201 201 201 201 201 201 2 3* 4* 5 9* 0* 1 683. 760. 839 859 954 108 121 6 1 6 3

[* Before and after election period; ** Present] Source:

The

World

Bank

Data

|

Bangladesh

Bank

|

www.tradingeconomics.com |BBS F. ICT Sector: For more than half a decade “Digital Bangladesh” has become the new mantra of development (The Daily Star, 2015). The widespread use of the term clearly signals the government's emphasis on the development of the information and communication technology. Accordingly, the government has formed a separate ministry in 2011 and has employed huge amount of resources in several policies. That’s why the previous regime (2001-2006) was based on analog system. The present government has made a notable

2016 ** 1466

improvement on ICT sector than any other regimes of Bangladesh. Some of considerable achievements are given below: a. ‘Digital Bangladesh’ (Vision 2021) b. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Act, 2013 c. E-governance d. Union Information Centre e. 3G’ Technology f. Digital National ID Card g. Digitalized Official Forms (Job Application) h. Digital Passport i. More than 6 cores mobile user (previous 12 lakh only) j. Internet speed and so on. G. Levels of Employment: Unemployment Rate in Bangladesh decreased to 4.30 percent in 2014 from 4.50 percent in 2013. Unemployment Rate in Bangladesh averaged 4.50 percent from 2003 until 2014, reaching an all-time high of 5.10 percent in 2009 and a record low of 4.30 percent in 2006. But, now it also is decreasing (see table-6) and the more employment will generate in the light of ‘Vision 2021’ and ‘Vision 2041’.

Table-6: Unemployment rate of Bangladesh Khaleda Regime (2001-06)

Sheikh Hasina Regime (2009-present)

Unemployment Rate (%) Year 200 200 200 200 200

200

200

s Rat

6 4.2

9* 5

1* 3.4

2* 3.4

3 4.3

4 4.5

5 4.3

Unemployment Rate (%) 201 201 201 201 201 2 3* 4* 0* 1 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.3

201 5

2016 **

4.5

4.2

e [* Before and after election period; ** Present] Source: The World Bank Data |BBS |www.tradingeconomics.com | CIA World Fact Book Some Remarkable Achievements:  Bangladesh is marching toward achieving a middle-income status.  Total size of GDP was about US$110 billion in 2011.  Steady

GDP

growth

rate

(about

6%) despite

global

economic

meltdown.  Per capita GDP was US$755 in 2011.  External debt has declined to 23% of GDP in 2011, from the peak of 45% in 1994.  External debt service in relation to export of goods and services has declined to 3% in 2011, from the highest 30% in 1980.

 Dependence on foreign aid declined to 2% in 2011, from its historical high of 10% in 1980.  Bangladesh in the only country in South Asia enjoying external current account surplus in recent years. 

Foreign exchange reserve has touched US$12 billion mark this year (2012) for the first time since independence of the country.

 Economy has been transforming from its agrarian base to a dynamic manufacturing and service oriented base.  Share of industrial sector has increased to 30% of GDP in 2010 from less than 20% in 1990s.  Agriculture sector also performed well, since it was strongly promoted by the state.  Rapid

transformation

in

economy

is

largely

attributed

to

the

emergence and tremendous growth of the export-oriented readymade garments (RMG) sector.  RMG sector accounts for more than 40% of the manufacturing base, and about 80% of the total export.  Bangladesh ranked 2nd, after China, in export of RMG in 2011. Socio-economic gains are not going to remain untold for Long. Bangladesh is included in the economic group named “Next-11” beyond the BRIC countries.

Credit rating agencies have placed Bangladesh ahead of all economies of South Asia, except India. S&P and Moody’s have placed Bangladesh in group of dynamic emerging economies in Asia along with the Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam. Liberal investment policies have facilitated increase FDI flow from many industrialized countries. Sources: [Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Finance Division, Bangladesh Bank, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, SEC] CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Short Brief of the Methodology This is basically descriptive and exploratory research. Descriptive study is a fact finding investigation with adequate interpretation. It is the simplest type of research. It is more specific than exploratory study as it has focus as particular aspects or dimensions of the problem studied. It is designed to gather descriptive information and provides information for formulation more sophisticated studies. Data will be collected by using one or more approaches methods: Case Studies, observation, interviewing. Besides Explanatory research is preliminary of an unfamiliar problem about which the researcher has little or no knowledge. It is similar to a doctor initial investigation of a patient suffering from an unfamiliar melody for getting some clues for identifying it. It usually take the form of a pilot study to discover on impact of politics among affected people living in Bangladesh. The credibility of findings and conclusions extensively depend on the quality of the research design, data collection, data management, and data analysis. This chapter will be dedicated to the description of the methods and procedures done in

order to obtain the data, how they will be analyzed, interpreted, and how the conclusion will be met. This section is to justify the means in which the study was obtained and will help in giving it purpose and strength as it will then be truthful and analytical. All these will help in the processing of the data and the formulation of conclusions. Specifically, this research will cover the following: the research design and method, the respondents or subjects to be studied (which will include the sampling method), the data collection instrument, and the data analysis. These will be presented below. 3.2 Research Methods This study utilized the descriptive method of research. As widely accepted, the descriptive method of research is a fact-finding study that involves adequate and accurate interpretation of findings. Descriptive research describes a certain present condition (Creswell, 1994). Relatively, the method is appropriate to this study since it aims to describe the present condition of technical analysis as it is used in the stock market. The technique that was used under descriptive method is the normative survey approach and evaluation, which is commonly used to explore opinions according to respondents that can represent a whole population. The survey is appropriate in this study because it enables the researcher in formulation of generalizations. Specifically, two types of direct-data survey are included in this study. These are questionnaire survey and interviews. Interviews with researchers, venture capital practitioners, and other colleagues in the academy were conducted to provide further insight about the results of the survey. The direct-data type of survey is a reliable source of first-hand information because the researcher directly interacts with the participants. The questionnaire survey respondents were given ample time to assess the challenges facing the socioeconomic development in Bangladeshi people. Their own experiences with politics and policy in practice are necessary in identifying its

strengths and limitations. The purpose of employing the descriptive method is to describe the nature of a condition, as it takes place during the time of the study and to explore the cause or causes of a particular condition. The researcher opted to use this kind of research considering the desire to acquire first hand data from the respondents so as to formulate rational and sound conclusions and recommendations for the study. Whether a research should be based on qualitative or quantitative research method depends upon the research questions and it’s linkage with the research issue (Marshall, 1996). Because, “Quantitative research frequently involves the study of meanings in the form of attitude scales […]. Qualitative researchers may feel that the tendency for attitude scales to be pre-formulated and imposed on research participants means that they do not really gain access to meanings” (Bryman, 2012: 620). If a researcher intends to explore people’s life histories or what people do in their everyday life, whether at households, offices or other public and private places, then qualitative research may be the best suitable approach (Silverman, 2005: 6).Because, “Qualitative researchers often want to interpret people’s behavior in terms of the norms, values, and culture of the group or community in question” (Bryman, 2012:620). On the other hand, quantitative research is connected to social survey research, which does not interpret peoples’ actual behavior (Bryman, 2012: 620). In this sense, qualitative data is more appropriate than quantitative data for this thesis. Consequently, this thesis applies a qualitative research method. Two types of data were used: the primary and the secondary data. The primary data were derived from the answers respondents gave in the self-administered questionnaire prepared by the researcher. In addition, the information obtained from the interview also provided primary research data that supported the study. The secondary data on the other hand, were derived from the findings stated in published documents and literatures related to the

research problem. In terms of approach, the study employed both qualitative approaches the qualitative approach of the study as this focused on personal accounts, observations, and description and individual insights of the respondents. This study employed the combined approach so as to overcome the limitations of both approaches. 3.3 Direct-data Survey Direct-data survey aims on collecting pertinent data about technical analysis. Accordingly, direct-data survey is used to reveal the status of some phenomenon within an identified class of people, organizations, or regions at a particular time through questionnaire and interview to directly collect information (Brubaker & Thomas, 2000). The aim of the survey is to obtain pertinent data to achieve the research objective. Representative samples were taken using a random sampling approach. In this research study, the critical examination of the Bangladesh government's accounting policy regarding was made. The responses, observation and approval of the respondents towards these policies were gathered. In this study, the chosen respondents will be selected from poverty prone areas, industrial areas and other people who are related to development sector in Government or non-government’s officials sector and decision-making. Interview questions will focus on the research problems and questions. The dissertation used self-administered questionnaire as the main tool in collecting data from a large number of respondents. 3.4 Respondents of the Research The study will have respondents directly from the chosen poverty prone areas in Bangladesh. This may include Government’s officials, NGOs, general people, graduate unemployed, labour force and other knowledgeable employees. Approximately, five hundred samples will be

participated in this research. All of these participants will be selected through random sampling. This sampling method will conduct where each member of a population has an equal opportunity to become part of the sample. As all members of the population have an equal chance of becoming a research participant, this is said to be the most efficient sampling procedure. In order to conduct this sampling strategy, the researcher defined the population first, listed down all the members of the population, and then selected members to make the sample. For this purpose, a self-administered survey questionnaire in Likert format will be given to the respondents to answer. 3.5 Instrumentation Content analysis Content analysis was done to analyze communications in order to answer two levels of questions the descriptive and the interpretive. Descriptive questions focused on what the communication contains. Interpretative questions focused on what the contents was likely to mean. The process entailed searching through one or more communication to answer questions that an investigator brings to the search (Brubaker & Thomas, 2000). Content Analysis was used to analyze and interpret the interviews. 3.6 Ethical Statement As this study utilized human participants and investigated on socioeconomic development in Bangladesh, certain issues were addressed. The consideration of these issues is necessary for the purpose of ensuring the privacy as well as the security of the participants. These issues were identified in advance so as prevent future problems that could have risen during the research process. Among the significant issues that were considered included consent, confidentiality and

data protection. In the conduct of the research, the survey forms and interview methods were drafted in a very clear and concise manner to prevent conflicts among respondents. People who participated in the research will be given an ample time to respond to the questions posed on them to avoid errors and inaccuracies in their answers. The respondents will be given a waiver regarding the confidentiality of their identity and the information that they did not wish to disclose. This Research is unique. There is no research before in regarding this study. Conclusion "By making one part of a country aware of other parts, their people, arts, customs, and politics; by permitting the national leaders to talk to the people, and people to the leaders and to each other; by making possible a nation-wide dialogue on national policy; by keeping the national goals and national accomplishments always before the public--thus modern communication, widely used, can help weld together isolated communities, disparate subcultures, self-centered individuals and groups, and separate developments into a truly national development."- “Father of Communication Studies”, Wilbur Schramm. Bangladesh, since its independence has come a long way in terms of achieving economic development. But in comparison other countries which are more or less the same age have exceeded Bangladesh in economic development. But, the socioeconomic standard of Bangladesh is increasing rapidly day by day. The study will compare the different governments’ regimes in term of politics and policies of Bangladesh. After completion of the data collection and analysis, the study will be very fruitful for the people and the government of Bangladesh. The successful result of this research will provide a novel strategy to solve the political and policy problems and will open a peaceful Bangladesh economy as well as the world economy.

References Aristotle (350 BC). The Politics. Translated and with an introduction by Carnes Lord. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984. Aristotle (350 BC). The Politics. Translated by C.D.C. Reeve. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1998. The Republic of Plato (380 BC): Second Edition Paperback – Unabridged, October 3, 1991. Thomas R. Dye (2002): Understanding Public Policy (the 5th edition). Hay, C., (ed.), New Directions in Political Science: Responding to the Challenge of an Independent World (2010). A series of astute reflections on the nature, extent and implication of global interdependence for politics and a variety of political issues. Leftwich, A. (ed.), What is Politics? The Activity and Its Study (2004). A very useful collection of essays examining different concepts of politics as well as contrasting views of the discipline.

Bangladesh Bank (BB). 2008, Recent Employment Situation and Labour Market Developments in Bangladesh. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Bangladesh Bank. Available at: http://www.bb.org.bd/pub/research/policypaper/pp0807.pdf Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). 2008, Report on Labour Force Survey 2005-2006. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). 2009, Report on Monitoring of Employment Survey2009. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). 2011, Report on Labour Force Survey 2010. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. CPD. (2013a). Analytical Review of Bangladesh’s Macroeconomic Performance in Fiscal Year 2013 (Second Reading). Dhaka: Centre for Policy Dialogue. Available:http://cpd.org.bd/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/FY2013_-Analytical-Review-ofBangladeshs-Macroeconomic-Performance-in-FY2012-13-Second-Reading.pdf CPD. (2013b). An Analysis of the National Budget for FY2013-14. Dhaka: Centre for Policy Dialogue. Available at: http://www.cpd.org.bd/downloads/Budget%20FY14.pdf Titumir, R.A.M. and Rahman, K.M.M. 2011, Poverty and Inequality in Bangladesh. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Unnayan Onneshan. Available at: http://www.unnayan.org/reports/Poverty_and_Inequality_in_Bangladesh.pdf World Bank (WB). 2013, Poverty headcount ratio at $2 a day (PPP) (% of population). Washington DC, USA: The World Bank Group, Available at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.2DAY Zohir, S. 2011, Regional Differences in Poverty Levels and Trends in Bangladesh: Are we asking the right questions? Dhaka: Economic Research Group. Available at: http://www.ergonline.org/documents/sajjad%20regpov%2010july11.pdf UNDP (2007-08), “Human Development Report 2007-08: Fighting Climate Change: Human solidarity in a divided world”.

Du, Hua, “Bangladesh economy: Opportunity and challenges”, Journal of the American Chamber of Commerce in Bangladesh; Vol. 1, No 3, October, 2008. .

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