Reproduction

Repro-101 Shana M. Machado & Marjan Tofigh March 6, 2009 1

History of ContraceptivesNatural Method. 

Women used to nurse their children for two or three years ◦ Suppress ovulation

Coitus reservatus or withholding ejaculation  Coitus interruptus or withdrawing before ejaculation 

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History of Contraceptives. 

Soranus- Greek gynecologist, second century AD ◦ Women were fertile during ovulation (correct)-wrong when he said that ovulation occurred during menstruation

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Remedies

◦ Jump backward seven times after intercourse

Intent of rerouting or dislodging the sperm

◦ Holding the breath and drawing the body back during sex

Sperm could not penetrate the mouth of the uterus

◦ Sitting down on bent knees in order to provoke sneezing

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Oral contraceptive-drinking the water that the blacksmiths used to cool hot metals

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History of ContraceptivesBarriers.

Sea sponges made of soft wool ◦ Soaked in vinegar or lemon juice to create a spermacide

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½ Lemon was placed in vagina Large wooden block was placed in the vagina Uncomfortable and deemed a device of torture

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Oriental women used oiled paper "capping the cervix" was effective while European women used beeswax

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History of ContraceptivesIUDs. Attributed to Arabs  Stick pebbles into the uteruses of their camels 

◦ Pregnancy prevention

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Create a mild infection in the uterus

http://www.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/5703087 /2/istockphoto_5703087_camel_cartoon.jpg

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http://www.medgadget.com/archives/img/iud-lg.jpg

History of ContraceptivesCondoms. 

Egyptians wore condoms made out of fabric ◦ Not as a contraceptive but as protection from insect bites

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19th century-Charles Goodyear ◦ First rubber condom

1882-Invention of diaphragm  1992-Femidom-female condom 

http://images.teamsugar.com/files/users/1/12981/37_2007/diaphragm.jpg http://news.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/490000/images/_493484_femidom300.jpg http://www.plannedparenthood.org/uhpp/images/Upper%20Hudson/condoms.jpg

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History of Oral Contraceptives. Urine and animal parts along 

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with mercury, arsenic, or strychnine India imbibed carrot seeds, and an aboriginal group in Eastern Canada drank a tea brewed with beaver testicles 1960-Frank Colton-Enovid ◦ First oral contraceptive ◦ Synthesized Norethynodrel (progestin)

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Carl Djerassi

◦ Modern contraceptive ◦ Progestin norethindrone

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Inheritance of X and Y Chromosomes.

http://www.mfi.ku.dk/ppaulev/chapter29/images/29-1.jpg

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General Pattern of Hormonal Control of Reproductio n. Already Discussed

Focus

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Male Reproductive System. •External genitaliapenis and scrotum •Scrotum-outside location is necessary for sperm development •Glans penis-prepuce •Accessory glands and ducts •Prostate gland •Seminal vesicles •Bulbourethral gland •Contribute secretions to semen

https://secure.india-herbs.com/Images2/male_reproduction_system2.jpg

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Composition of Semen

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, Silverthorn.

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Male Reproductive Structures. •Erectile tissueCorpus cavernosum, Corpus spongiosum

http://knol.google.com/k/-/-/O879r3Nx/MJ-NIA/cross_section_text1.jpg

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Testes.

Produces Testosterone, Estradiol

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f28-4ad_ovary_c.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.google.com/notebook/public/05789870409902369879/BDQyCSwoQrem50KQj&usg=__SAasI GTm_frIMxUndlYAkBuPFc4=&h=619&w=800&sz=279&hl=en&start=18&um=1&tbnid=vYFjgIIwx0KacM:&tbnh=111&tbnw=143& prev=/images%3Fq%3Doogenesis%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4GWYX_enUS311US311%26sa%3DX

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Spermatogene sis. •Sertoli cells-regulate sperm development

•Entire process from spermatogonium division until sperm are released into the tubule takes ~64 days •~200 million sperm/day

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Leydig Cells Produce Testosteron e and Estradiol.

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/picrender.fcgi%3Fbook%3Dendocrin% 26part%3DA972%26blobname%3Dch6fb30.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi%3Fbook%3D endocrin%26part%3DA972%26rendertype%3Dbox%26id%3DA1174&usg=__NCMIQqmkck24CkQ33FPrwdoBfw=&h=486&w=603&sz=151&hl=en&start=64&um=1&tbnid=grInOgVJU6fyZM:&tbnh=109&tbnw=135&prev=/ima ges%3Fq%3Dleydig%2Bcell%26start%3D60%26ndsp%3D20%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4GWYX_enUS311 US311%26sa%3DN

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Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis.

http://anatomy.iupui.edu/courses/histo_D502/D502f04/lecture.f04/Malef04/gonadhormones.jpg 17

Sperm Anatomy.

Tail (flagellum)

Microtubule s

http://www.infertilitybooks.com/onlinebooks/malpani/images/04b_sperm_cell.jpg

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Vulva-External Genitalia. •Pudendum- “To be Ashamed” •Labia majora, minora-folds of skin •Clitoris-small bud of erectile, sensory tissue •Vagina-cavity that receives penis during copulation

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Female Reproductive System.

3. 2.

1.

20 http://www.uh.edu/~tgill2/image008.jpg

Female Reproductive System. 4.

5. 3.

2.

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Uterine Tissue Layers.

http://anatomyatlases.org/MicroscopicAnatomy/Images/Plate252.jpg 22

Human Ovary.

http://www.colorado.edu/intphys/ip 23

Primary Follicle.

http://it.stlawu.edu/~mtem/devbiol/36c89bf2.jpg 24

Developme nt of Ovarian Follicles.

http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f28-4a-d_ovary_c.jpg

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Oogenesis.

http://www.tarleton.edu/~anatomy/oogenesis.jpg

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Menstrual Cycle.

RUN FOR YOUR LIFE!

•2 cycles-Ovarian, Uterine •Under 1º control of: GnRH , FSH, LH, Estrogen, Progesterone, and Inhibin •Follicular phaseEstrogen •Ovulation phase-LH •Luteal phaseProgesterone

http://www.fertility.com/Images/ovariancycle_tcm38-439.jpg 27

Principal Steroidogenic Pathways in the Ovarian Follicle.

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/picrender.fcgi%3Fbook%3Dend ocrin%26part%3DA972%26blobname%3Dch6fb44.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi %3Fbook%3Dendocrin%26part%3DA972%26rendertype%3Dbox%26id%3DA1227&usg=__ujjKDAzxCxTCvnbO0_ yoW4aWf7o=&h=385&w=549&sz=119&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=4gPXLe6Wd2t1M:&tbnh=93&tbnw=133 &prev=/images%3Fq%3DLH%2Breceptors%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4GWYX_enUS311US311%26 sa%3DN%26um%13D

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Topics beginning 3/11/09 

Oral Contraceptives

◦ Benefits/Risks ◦ Why no male oral contraceptives?

Prezygotic, postzygotic abortion  Pregnancy tests  Do women have to have a period/mth.?  Premenopause hormone therapy  Male hormone cycles  In vitro fertilization 

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