Reinforcement

Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning ‫מ‬

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B.F. Skinner: The Behavioral Approach

‫اﻷهﺪاف‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫أن ﻳﻔﺮق اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻤﺎت اﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ واﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫أن ﻳﻤﻴﺰ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻤﺎت اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ واﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫أن ﻳﺤﺪد اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ أﺛﺮ اﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ اﻻﻳﺠﺎﺑﻰ واﻟﺴﻠﺒﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫أن ﻳﺘﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ دور اﻟﻌﻘﺎب ﻓﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫أن ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻓﻰ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻘﺎب‬ ‫أن ﻳﺪرك اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ اﻷﺛﺎر اﻟﻀﺎرة ﻟﻠﻌﻘﺎب‬ ‫أن ﻳﺤﺪد اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ‬ ‫أن ﻳﻔﺮق اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﺪاول اﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ‬

‫ﻧﻮﻋﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك‬ • • • •

Conditional Behavior ‫• اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﻰ‬ Reflexive, elicited behavior CS controls behavior Operant Behavior ‫• اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻹﺟﺮاﺋﻰ‬ voluntary, emitted behavior outcomes control behavior

• Type of learning in which the future probability of a behavior is affected by its consequences

‫ﻧﻮﻋﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻤﺎت‬ ‫• ﻣﺪﻋﻤﺎت اﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﻣﺪﻋﻤﺎت ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫• ﻣﺪﻋﻤﺎت أوﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﻣﺪﻋﻤﺎت ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫• ﻣﺪﻋﻤﺎت داﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﻣﺪﻋﻤﺎت ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻮﻋﺎن ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮق اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻤﺎت‬ ‫• ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻢ‬ ‫• ﺳﺤﺐ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻢ‬

Operant Consequences • Reinforcers: events that follows behavior and increases the future probability of that behavior • Punishers: events that follow behavior and decrease the future probability of behavior. • Behaviors are reinforced or punished not organisms.

Classes of Reinforcing and Punishing Stimuli

Present Remove

Reinforcer Positive Reinforcer

Punisher Positive Punisher

Negative Reinforcer

Negative Punisher

‫دور اﻟﻌﻘﺎب ﻓﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻓﻰ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻘﺎب‬ ‫ﻣﺎ اﻷﺛﺎر اﻟﻀﺎرة ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻘﺎب‬

‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫اﻟﻜﻢ‪ :‬آﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮع‪ :‬ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد‪ :‬ﻋﺪد ﻣﺮات اﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ :‬اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك وﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻢ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮارﻳﺔ‪ :‬؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟‬

‫ﺟﺪاول اﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ‬