Referencing

Referencing: Harvard system has been recommended for references according to which: •

All the references, which are cited in the main text of the report, should be listed at the end of the report, immediately prior to the appendices (Annexes)

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The works are listed by alphabetical order of the surname of the author (examples on pages ahead)

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The list should be captioned “References”, and normally such list is not subdivided into sections of any kind

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Websites references should be inserted at the end of the references list separately.

How to write references in different situations: (SAMPLES) 1. One Writer (In Paragraph) It has been investigated the impact of teaching contemporary European philosophy alongside the teaching of a European language (Smith, 1990) (In reference list) Smith, J (1990); The theory of European Culture. Birmingham: Language Press. 2. More than One Writers: (In Paragraph) A number of writers have investigated the impact of teaching contemporary European philosophy alongside the teaching of a European language (Smith, 1990 and Dixes, 2001) (In Reference list) Smith, J (1990) & Dixes, W (2001); The theory of European Culture. Birmingham: Language Press. 1. One author with more than one publication in a single year (In Paragraph)

The desire to possess more and more has been caused the downfall of many a nations (Iqbal, 1935a) Youth is the capital of Pakistan (Iqbal, 1935b) Muslims need a separate homeland (Iqbal, 1935a) (In Reference List) Iqbal, A.M (1935 a); A message for youth of Pakistan, Philosophy of Freedom, PP 55-56. Iqbal, A.M (1935 b); …………………………………………………………………….. 4. In References Without dates Ali, K (undated);………………………………….. 5. A book is referenced in the following way: Smith, J (1990); The theory of European Culture. Birmingham: Language Press. 6. A chapter in an edited volume is referenced as Jones, S (2000); ‘Contemporary existentialist thought’ , in M. Bradley (ed), A History of Modern Philosophy. London: Thames Publication. PP. 39-576 7. Academic Journal Jones, P (2002); ‘Phenomenology in sociological theory’, Journal of Interpretative Studies, 28(3): PP 202-30 8. Report Collin, J (2001); ‘The origins of the German university system’ PhD report, university of Northtown, England. 9. Referencing websites Jennings, P. (2003); An annotated bibliography of contemporary psychology. [Online] Available: http://www.bup.ac.uk/humlit/ [accessed January 2, 2003]

Notes and Footnotes It is sometimes necessary to include additional material in a report, which cannot be placed in the main text. Such material may be included 1. In footnotes at the bottom of the relevant page, or 2. In notes at the end of each chapter or 3. At the end of the report (before “reference list” under the caption of “Notes”) It has been recommended to follow option# 03, i.e. the “notes” should be placed at the end of the report before “reference list” instead of footnotes or chapter end. Appendices / Annexes •

Some material is important for a sound understanding of the report, can be properly included in the appendix.

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A blank questionnaire or interview schedule used for data collection may be put as an Annex.

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An official documents or letter can be used as an Annex. Inclusion of long official documents should be avoided.