Rammonia Bravo

Rammonia Bravo Grade: 117 Human and Social Biology Miss Clarke

1. Using a table, describe each of the five groups of pathogens mentioned under the following heading: Characteristics,

Examples of diseases in humans, Examples of diseases in crop plants.

Pathogenic group Viruses

Bacteria

Fungi

Protozoan

Parasitic worm

Characteristics

Diseases in human Minute particles Polio, composed of nuclear influenza, martial (DNA) enclosed in measles, a protein coat. All are yellow fever, parasites which cannot dengue, produce outside living herpes, AIDS cells Inhibit cellular activity and destroy cell structure Single cell lacking a true Gastroenteritis nucleus, DNA is spread , leptospirosis, throughout the cholera, cytoplasm. typhoid, Produce enzymes which whooping destroy host’s cell, cough, release toxins into host’s tetanus, body syphilis, gonorrhea Body consists of a Ringworm, network of hyphae which athletes foot, makes up a mycelium. thrush Destroy host’s tissues by extracellular digestion

Digest host’s tissues or Malaria, release toxin in the host’s amoebic, body dysentery, sleeping sickness Tapeworm, liver fluke, blood fluke, hookworm,

Diseases in crops Mosaic disease of tobacco. Bunchy top of pawpaw. Ratoon stunting of sugar cane Bacterial wilt of tomato. Leaf scald of sugar cane. Bacterial spots on pepper Rust and smut of maize, rice, coffee and sugar cane. Anthracnose of yam and mango

Root-knot nematode of tomato, corn and carrot

threadworm

2. Describe one example of each of four main types of diseases under the headings: causes, symptoms and signs and method of prevention and or control Pathogenic disease: Influenza Cause Influenza is a viral disease. It generally affects those with a toxic and run-down condition. Such a state is brought about by dietetic errors and a faulty style of living such as worry, overwork, and lack of proper exercise, living in stuffy rooms, and keeping late hours or from another person. Influenza strikes suddenly. It usually begins with chills, fever, headache, and severe muscular pains. The patient feels miserable and weak. There is an inflammation in the nose and throat, which may spread down the windpipe to the lungs, resulting in a sore throat, cough, and running of the nose and eyes. Method of prevention and or Control Preventing over crowding and exposure to the virus. Prevent droplet infection thought coughs sneezes, ECT Deficiency disease: Iron-deficiency anaemia Causes Iron-deficiency anemia occurs when there is too little iron in the body. A person can have a low iron level for three reasons:

• • •

Blood loss, either from disease or injury Not getting enough iron in the diet Not being able to absorb the iron in the diet Symptoms and signs

Signs of anemia may include the following: Black and tarry stools (sticky and foul smelling) , maroon, or visibly bloody stools , rapid heart rate rapid breathing, Pale or cold skin , yellow skin called jaundice , low blood pressure , heart murmur , enlargement of the spleen Symptoms of anemia may include the following: Fatigue , trouble breathing, chest pain , abdominal pain , weight loss , weakness, dizziness and passing out, especially upon standing Prevention You can help prevent iron deficiency anemia by eating foods rich in iron, as part of a balanced diet. Eating plenty of iron-containing foods is particularly important for people who have higher iron requirements, such as children and menstruating or pregnant women. Heredity disease: Sickle cell anaemia Causes The gene causes the red blood cell to be sickle shaped which reduces oxygen carrying ability Symptoms and signs The signs and symptoms of sickle cell anemia are different in each person. Some people have mild symptoms. Others have very severe symptoms and are often hospitalized for treatment. Although sickle cell anemia is present at birth, many infants don’t show any signs until after 4 months of age.

The most common signs and symptoms are linked to anemia and pain. Other signs and symptoms are linked to some of the complications of the condition. Prevention Sickle cell anemia is an inherited condition. Children who inherit the genes for sickle cell anemia can’t prevent developing the condition, although they can take steps to reduce complications.

Physiological disease: Asthma Causes No one really knows the causes of asthma. What we do know is that asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. The causes of asthma symptoms can vary for different people. Still, one thing is consistent with asthma: when airways come into contact with an asthma trigger, the airways become inflamed, narrow, and fill with mucus. Symptoms and signs of Diabetes Common asthma symptoms include: • • • •

•

Coughing. Coughing from asthma is often worse at night or early in the morning, making it hard to sleep. Wheezing. Wheezing is a whistling or squeaky sound when you breathe. Chest tightness. This can feel like something is squeezing or sitting on your chest. Shortness of breath. Some people say they can't catch their breath, or they feel breathless or out of breath. You may feel like you can't get enough air in or out of your lungs. Faster breathing or noisy breathing.

There is no prevention but can be control by using insulin

3a describe the life cycle of a mosquito or house fly The

mosquito goes through four separate and distinct stages of its life cycle and they are as follows: Egg, Larva, pupa, and adult. Each of these stages can be easily recognized by their special appearance. There are four common groups of mosquitoes living in the Bay Area. They are Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, and Culiseta. Egg : Eggs are laid one at a time and they float on the surface of the water. In the case of Culex and Culiseta species, the eggs are stuck together in rafts of a hundred or more eggs. Anopheles and Aedes species do not make egg rafts but lay their eggs separately. Culex, Culiseta, and Anopheles lay their eggs on water while Aedes lay their eggs on damp soil that will be flooded by water. Most eggs hatch into larvae within 48 hours. Larva : The larva (larvae - plural) live in the water and come to the surface to breathe. They shed their skin four times growing larger after each molting. Most larvae have siphon tubes for breathing and hang from the water surface. Anopheles larvae do not have a siphon and they lay parallel to the water surface. The larva feed on micro-organisms and organic matter in the water. On the fourth

molt the larva changes into a pupa. Pupa: The pupal stage is a resting, non-feeding stage. This is the time the mosquito turns into an adult. It takes about two days before the adult is fully developed. When development is complete, the pupal skin splits and the mosquito emerges as an adult. Adult: The newly emerged adult rests on the surface of the water for a short time to allow itself to dry and all its parts to harden. Also, the wings have to spread out and dry properly before it can fly.

3b. Give reasons why knowledge of the history of a vector is important Common vectors which carry organism that cause disease are mosquitoes’ rats and certain water snails. It is important to kill or treat infected animals to break the life cycle of a vector. 3 Pathogenic diseases can also be spread by air, water, direct contact, dust, faeces and spores Give examples of diseases spread by each of the following methods mentioned The air diseases: Diphtheria, German measles respiratory disease for example common cold or influenza Direct contact diseases: impetigo, chicken pox, athletes Dust diseases: diphtheria Faeces: intestinal diseases such as typhoid and cholera Spores: rust and smut

Discuss the causative agent methods of transmission, treatment, prevention and control AIDS and one other sexually transmitted disease. The causative agent of AIDS is (virus) HIV Transmission The two most common methods of transmission are: sexual activity such as sexual intercourse (blood to semen contact), oral or anal sex; blood transfusions of infected blood; and the sharing of intravenous needles which may have contaminated blood still in them. Another common way of AIDS transmission is mother to child transmission. The virus can be transmitted to the child from the mother before or during the delivery of the baby. The other mother to child transmission case is through the breast milk that he/she is fed in the early stages of the child's life. Treatment While there is currently no cure or vaccine for HIV/AIDS, people living with HIV disease can benefit from an array of antiretroviral therapies and other services that have proven effective against it.

Prevention 1) Keep only one sexual partner 2) Do not inject harmful drugs 3) Use a condom during sex 4) Avoid exposure to infected body fluids 5) If there is a mother who has AIDS she should avoid Mother-tochild transmission during breast feeding Control Keep to one sexual partner Education about the disease Use a condom during sex. Get tested

Causative agent Bacterium (gonorrhea) Method of transmission Sexual intercourse. Mother to eyes of the baby during birthleads to blindness if not treated Treatment Gonorrhea can develop into more serious medical conditions if not treated. You must see a doctor for treatment. It is usually treated with antibiotics specialized to destroy neisseria gonorrhea Prevention and control Preventing an STD is easier than treating an infection after it occurs. You can take measures to reduce your risk of becoming infected with gonorrhea or another STD. You can also lower your risk of transmitting gonorrhea to your sex partner(s) by practicing safe sex. Using a condom, trace and treat all sexual contracts of infected person and treat all cases

6. List some social possible implications of STDS.  Reduction is workforce – loss of valuable ‘working man hours’.  People with STDS (including children) may be scorned and alienated from society.  These diseases are easily spread in an activity which is basic human drive – sexual intercourse  Millions of children worldwide suffer from STDS , many are orphans 7. Describe how the clotting of blood occurs. The blood clotting system is activated when a blood vessel is injured. Platelets circulating nearby respond first by sticking to the injured area and recruiting more platelets to the site. This aggregation of platelets forms a temporary plug that protects the vessel wall from further bleeding. At the same time, additional proteins are activated in a specific order that lead to the formation of tissue glue known as fibrin. Fibrin is laid down at the site of the platelet plug, making it secure. Eventually, scar tissue forms completing the healing of the injured vessel.

8. explain what is meant by Natural immunity and how it may be acquired actively and passively Natural immunity is created by the body’s natural barriers, such as the skin, and protective substances in the mouth, the urinary tract, and on the eye surface. Another type of natural immunity is in the form of antibodies passed on from mother to child. Active – when the body has already experienced an infection by that pathogen, and the lymphocytes produce large quantities of antibodies to fight the diseases before symptom develop. Passively – antibodies pass across the placenta providing a new born baby with immunity against diseases that the mother’s body is immune to. Also antibodies present in breast milk help the protect the baby against antigens. It also Receive antibodies from the mother in uterus 9. Explain what is meant by Artificial immunity and how it may be acquired actively and passively Artificial immunity develops through exposure to specific foreign microorganisms, toxins, and/or foreign tissues), which are

“remembered” by the body’s immune system. When that antigen enters the body again, the immune system “remembers” exactly how to respond to it, such as with chickenpox. Once a person is exposed to chickenpox or the chickenpox vaccine, the immune system will produce specific antibodies against chickenpox. When that same person is exposed to chickenpox again, the immune system will trigger the release of the particular chickenpox antibodies to fight the disease. Actively - this is by vaccination at a suitable time in a person’s life not when they are infected with the antigen. Passively – the vaccine contains ready made antibodies which provide immediate relief by destroying the antigens. This is given when the person has been infected with the antigen and has no pervious immunity. 10.Discuss the physiological, social and economic effects of the abuse of the following drugs: alcohol, one illegal drug and one prescription drug. Physiological effects of alcohol The physiological dependence of alcohol is called alcoholism. Effects of alcohol abuse include: Stomach ulcers as alcohol irritates the stomach lining causing it to produce excess gastric juice Coronary heart diseases High blood pressure Liver cancer Cirrhosis of the liver

Social and Economic Effects of Alcohol Alcohol can have negative effects on your social life. Someone who is using a lot of alcohol can expect to have many different physical symptoms, of course, and will probably do things to their bodies that they wouldn’t be doing if they weren’t using alcohol. However,

something that is often overlooked is the social effects of drinking too much. When a person uses too much alcohol, they are limiting themselves regarding how they are seen by others. They are giving themselves a very negative state of being when it comes to how they are seen by others, and people might be more likely to shy away from someone who uses alcohol. People might not want to get involved, so the person might have trouble making friends. This can be a very difficult situation, and so people who are dealing with this type of alcohol use and abuse should take care to make sure that they are not limiting themselves.

10.b One illegal drugs: Ecstasy Physiological effects of Ecstasy The short-term physiological effects of cocaine include constricted blood vessels; dilated pupils; and increased temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. The long term physiological effects include Use the drug is taken repeatedly and at increasingly high doses, leads to a state of increasing irritability, restlessness, and paranoia. Social and economic effect of Ecstasy Loss of man hours or working time Loss of lives due to cocaine abuse is loss of human resources Increase crime and even social unrest Cocaine abuse is also associated with family and personal neglect One Prescription drug:

Valium

Physiological effects of Valium

Physiological effects of valium include Schizophrenia, paranoia, mood swings, lethargy, lack of motivation and restlessness Social and economic effects of valium • • • • •

lack of productivity loss of life due to the abuse of the drugs increase in crime families become neglected increase in the demand of drugs