Ramadan

my; y h`; t p d ; jp U ehkk; nfhz; L ... ukshd; Nehd;gpYk; ngUehs; nfhz;lhLtjpYk; midj;Jyf K];ypkf ; Sk; xd;Wgl;L nray;gLtJ flikahFk;. (/gu;S) ,J my;yh`; (RG) mtDila r%fj;Jf;F Vw;gLj;jpa jPug ; g ; hFk;. ,JNt K];ypkf ; spd; xw;Wikf;F cupa ep&gdkhFk;. ukshd; khj;jpy; cynfq;fpYKs;s K];ypkf ; s; Nehd;G njhlq;FtJk; ngUehs; nfhz;lhLtJk; ntt;NtW ehl;fspy; vd;gJ njspthf midtUk; mwpej ; cz;ik. ,e;j khWghLfis ,];yhkpa ehLfspYs;s Nkw;fj;jpa fhydp Mjpff ; thrpfspd; Coy; nghk;ik Ml;rpahsu;fs; Cf;FtpfF ; k; tpjkhfNt ele;J nfhs;fpwhu;fs;. my;yh`; (RG) midj;J tp]t ; hrpfSf;Fk;> ve;j xU Fwpgg ; pll ; gFjpfSf;nfd;W ,y;yhky;> nghJthfNt fl;lisaplb ; Uf;fpwhd;. tp];thrpfNs! cq;fSf;F Kd;dpUe;jtu;fSf;F tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ NghyNt cq;fSf;Fk; Nehd;G tpjpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,ijf; nfhz;L ePq;fs; ,iwar;r Kilatu;fshfyhk;. (my;Fu;Md; 2:183) my;yhy;`; (RG) ,e;j trdj;jpy; tp]t ; hrpfs; midtiuAk; xl;Lnkhj;jkhfNt Fwpgg ; plb ; Uf;fpwhd;. MfNt Nehd;G Nehw;Fk; ml;ltiz K];ypkf ; Sf;F kj;jpapy; gythwhf ,Ug;gJ ,];yhj;jpwF ; Kuz;ghlhdJ vd;gJ njspthf tpsq;FfpwJ. ahnuy;yhk; ,e;j gpuptpid nraYf;F jPtpukhfNth my;yJ cld;ghlhfNth MjuT mspgg ; huhdhy; mtu; my;yh`;(RG)Tf;Fk; mtDila J}jUf;Fk; vjpuhf tpiug;ghf epdW ; nfhz;bUf;fpwhu; vd;gij mwpeJ ; nfhs;sl;Lk;. ,iwJ}ju; (]y;) mtu;fs; ukshd; Nehd;gpd; Muk;g ehisAk; ngUehs; nfhz;lhLk; jpdj;ijAk; gpuj;jpNafkhf fzf;fplL ; fhl;bapUf;fpwhu;fs;. ,khk; G`hup(u`;) mtu;fSk; ,khk; K];ypk(; u`;) mtu;fSk; jq;fsJ `jP]f ; pue;jj;jpy; mg;Jy;yh`; ,g;D cku;(uyp) mtu;fs; mwptpjj ; jhf fPof ; z;l `jPi] gjpT nra;J ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. gpiwia ghu;f;fhjtiu Nehd;G itf;f Ntz;lhk;. gpiwia ghu;f;fhjtiu Nehd;ig tpl;Ltpl Ntz;lhk;. Nkf%l;lkhf ,Ue;j hy; vz; z pf ; i fia fzf; f pl ; L f; nfhs; S q; f s; . ,khk; K];ypk(; u`;) mtu;fs; mg;Jy;yh`; ,g;D cku;(uyp) mtu;fs; mwptpjj ; jhf fPof ; hZk; `jPi] $wpapUf;fpwhu;fs;. eP q ; f s; gp i wia ghu; f ; F k; NghJ Nehd; G itAq; f s; . gp i wia ghu; f ; F k; N ghJ tp l ; L tp L q; f s; . Nkf%l;lkhf ,Ue;jhy; Kg;gJ ehl;fshf fzf;fpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. ,e;j `jP]; kw;w njhlu;Gila rpy mwptpgG; fSk; njspthf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j `jP]py; my;yh`; (RG)tpd; J}ju; ukshDila Kjy; gpiwia ghu;jj ; Tld; Nehd;G Nehw;fTk; \t;thYila Kjy; gpiwia ghu;jj ; Tld; Nehd;ig tplTk; ekf;F fl;lisapLfpwhu;fs;. ,e;j fl;lis ek;ik Kw;wpYk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;> ,ij kPWtJ ekf;F jLf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. ,];yhj;jpd; kw;w flikfis epiwNtw;w jtWtJ> jLf;fg;gl;l fhupqf ; is nra;tJ Nghd;w Fw;wq;fis nra;tjw;F ,J rkkhFk;. Nehd;G Nehw;fTk; Nehd;ig tplL ; tplTk; ,lg;gl;Ls;s fl;lis nghJthdJk; vy;yh K];ypkf ; Sf;Fk; nghUe;jf; $baJk; MFk;> mtu;fs; ve;j ,lj;jpy; tho;ej ; hYk; rupNa. gpiwia ghu;f;fhky; Nehd;G itf;f Ntz;lhk;> gpiwia ghu;f;fhky; Nehd;ig tpl;Ltpl Ntz;lhk;. gpiwia ghu;f;Fk;NghJ Nehd;G itAq;fs;. gpiwia ghu;f;Fk; NghJ Nehd;ig tpl;LtpLq;fs;. vd;w `jP]f ; s; vy;yh K];ypkf ; Sf;Fk; nghJthd fl;lisahFk; mtu;fs; G+kpapd; ve;j Nkw;gug;gpy; tho;ej ; hYk; rupNa. NkYk; gpiwghu;gg ; J vDk; thu;ji ; j `jP]py; nghJthd thu;ji ; j (AAM) ahfNt mike;Js;sJ. ePqf ; s; ghu;fF ; k; nghOJ my;yJ ePqf ; s; ghu;jj ; Tld; vd;w thu;ji ; jfspd; nghUs; ve;j kdpju; ghu;jj ; hYk; mjw;F nghUe;Jk;. gpiw ghu;fF ; k; ve;j kdpjiuAk; ,J Fwpgg ; plL ; $wTkpyi ; y my;yJ ve;j xU kdpjupd; nrhe;j gFjpia Fwpgg ; hf $wTkpyi ; y. Vndd;why; Nehd;G Nehw;fTk; Nehd;ig tplL ; tplTk; ,lg;gl;l ,e;j fl;lis nghJthfTk; KOikahfTk; xl;L nkhj;j rKjhaj;ij Nehf;fpNa fl;lisaplg;gLfpwJ. MfNt gpiwghu;gg ; J rk;ge;jkhd rl;lk; re;Njkpdw ; p nghJthd tpjpahFk;. N[hu;ld; jiyefu; mk;khdpNyh my;yJ kNyrpa jiyefu; Nfhyhyk;g+upNyh ukshdpd; gpiw rdpff ; poik md;W ghu;ff ; g;gl;l epiyapy; mnkupff ; htpd; yh]; VQ;ry; my;yJ epa+ahu;f; efuq;fspy; gpiw ghu;ff ; g;gl;lhYk;> mnkupff ; htpYs;s K];ypkf ; s; N[hu;ld; kw;Wk; kNyrpa K];ypkf ; is gpdg ; w;wp nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. MfNt mtu;fs; Nehd;G Nehw;gij QhapW md;W Jtf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW Nehd;ik Nehd;G itf;ftpyi ; ynadpy; me;j Nehd;ig kw;nwhU ehspy; itf;f Ntz;Lk;. Vndd;why; cyfj;jpy; ve;j ,lj;jpy; gpiw ghu;ff ; g;gl;Ltpll ; hYk; Nehd;G Nehw;Fk; flik me;j jpdj;jpy; cWjp nra;ag;gl;Ltpll ; J. mt;thNw \t;thypd; Kjy; gpiw vq;F 1

ghu;ff ; g;gl;Ltpll ; hYk; Nehd;G tplL ; tpl Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fs; gFjpapy; gpiwia ghu;ff ; ,ayhtpll ; hYk;> gpiw ghu;jj ; J cWjp nra;ag;gl;l jUzj;jpNyNa Nehd;G Nehw;gij tplL ; tpl Ntz;Lk;> Vnddpy; Nehd;ig ,e;j epiyapy; njhlu;tJ `uhkhFk;. RUf;fkhf nrhd;dhy; \upaj; rl;lk; Fwpgg ; pLtJ vd;dntd;why;> xU gFjpapy; thOk; K];ypkf ; s; gpiw ghu;jJ ; tpll ; hy; mJ cyfpYs;s midj;J K];ypkf ; Sk; gpiw ghu;jJ ; tpll ; jw;F rkkhFk;. ,t;thNw tp]t ; hrpfspd; ukyhdpd; gpiwia ghu;jj ; Jk; Nehd;ig Nehw;fTk;> \t;thypd; gpiwia ghu;jj ; Jk; Nehd;ig tplL ; tplTk; fl;lisaplg;gl;bUf;fpwhu;fs;. \upaj;jpdg ; b ,J my;yh`;(RG)tpd; rl;lkhFk;. ,iw J}ju;(]y;) mtu;fspd; [Ptpa fhyj;jpy; K];ypkf ; s; midtUk; xNu jpdj;jpy; Nehd;G Nehw;fTk; xNu jpdj;jpy; Nehd;ig tplL ; tplTk; nra;jhu;fs;. gy ghfq;fspy; mtu;fs; trpjJ ; te;j epiyapy; ,t;thW nra;jhu;fs;. ,e;j nra;jp K];ypkf ; spd; xU gFjpapy; ghu;ff ; g;gLk; gpiw> cyfpd; kw;w gFjpfspy; thOk; K];ypkf ; is xd;whf Nehd;G Nehf;fNth my;yJ xd;whf Nehd;ig tplL ; tplNth fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ vd;w \upaj; Mjhuj;ij nfhLf;fpwJ. thdpapay; fzpg;ig gad;gLj;Jjy; thdpapay; fzpgi ; g gad;gLj;jp Kd;$l;bNa ukyhd; khjj;ij fzf;fpLjy; `uhkhFk;. ,J gpiwia fz;zhy; fhZjy; vd;w nraYf;F xUNghJk; khw;whf mikahJ vd;gij mwpa Ntz;Lk;. fz;fshy; gpiwia fhz Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ `jP]pypUe;J ekf;F fpilf;Fk; ngUkhdhupd; fl;lisahFk;. my;yh`;(RG)tpd; J}ju; (]y;) $wpdhu;fs;. R% yp &j;jp my;yJ gpiwia fhZk; NghJ Nehd;G Nehw;fTk; vd;gjhFk;. ,Ue;j NghjpYk; thdpay; fzpgi ; g gad;gLj;jp ve;j jpdj;jpy; gpiwia fhz;gJ vd;W mwpeJ ; nfhs;tJ mDkjpff ; g;gl;l xd;whFk;. Mdhy; ukshdpd; Kjy; jpdj;ij thdpay; fzpgi ; g nfhz;L fzf;fplL ; Nehd;G itg;gJ (gpiw ghu;ff ; hky;) `uhkhFk;. rpyu; njhOiff;Fupa Neuj;ij thdpay; fzpgg ; pdg ; b mwpAk; NghJ Vd; ukshd; khjj;jpd; Kjy; jpdj;ijAk; thdpay; fzpgg ; pdg ; b Vw;Wf; nfhs;s$lhJ vd;W tpthjk; nra;fpwhu;fs;. ,J xU rupahd xg;gpLk; Kiw my;y vd;gij mwpa Ntz;Lk;. njhOifapy; ehk; #upadpd; Row;rpia fzf;fpLfpNwhk;. tUlk; KOtJk; mjd; #ow;rp epiyfis mwpfpNwhk;. #upadpd; Row;rp epiy khwhj xd;whFk;. vdpDk; #upad; Vw;fdNt cs;s fzpgi ; g tplL ; khwp nrd;why; ehk; ekJ fzpgg ; pd; ml;ltizia Gwf;fzpff ; Ntz;Lk;. Kf;fpakhf ftdpff ; Ntz;ba tp\ak; vd;dntd;why; #upa Row;rp(Solar Calender)iaAk; re;jpu Row;rp(Lunar Calender)iaAk; (ehk; xg;G Nehf;f (Alqiyas) ,ayhJ vd;gij czu;eJ ; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. tzf;f topghLfspy; xg;GNehf;Fjiy (Alqiyas) nfhz;L tu ,ayhJ. xU tzf;f topghL (Ibadadh) Fwpgg ; pll ; Kiwapy; vt;thW nray;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w fl;lisia ehk; \upaj;jpypUe;J Neubahf njupeJ ; nfhs;fpNwhk;. mjid nra;tjw;Fupa fhuzj;ij (Shriah Illah) ehk; Nfhu KbahJ. xg;G Nehf;Fjypy; (Alqiyas) fhuzk; (Alqiyas) ,uz;L tp\aq;fis ,ize;J ghu;gg ; jpy; Kjy; fUtpahf nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. cjhuzkhf khjtplha; ngz; xUj;jp me;j ehl;fspy; tplg;gl;l njhOifia kWgbAk; njhOkhW fl;lis ,lg;gLtjpyi ; y. Mdhy; khjtplha; fhyj;jpy; tplg;gl;l ukshd; Nehd;Gfs; kWgbAk; NtW ehl;fspy; Nehw;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W fl;lis ,lg;gLfpwJ. Kjy; tp\aj;jpy; \upaj; flikia ePff ; ptpLfpwJ. Mdhy; ,uz;l ; htJ tp\aj;jpy; flikia tpjpff ; pwJ. ,jpy; ehk; ve;j fhuzj;ijAk; NfhUtjpyi ; y vd;gij mwpa Ntz;Lk;.kw;nwhU Kf;fpakhd tp\aj;ijAk; ehk; mwpeJ ; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j `jP]py; ,lk; ngw;w &Aj;jp vd;w nrhy;ypd; Ntu;rn ; rhy; uM MFk;. ,e;j nrhy; ,lj;Jf;F jf;fg;gb ,U mu;jj ; q;fis juf;$baJ. xd;W ekJ fz;fshy; ghu;jJ ; mwpaf;$ba nghUis (Physical Material) ghu;gg ; J vd;gJ. cjhuzk; thdj;jpy; xU Mfha tpkhdk; ghu;gg ; J my;yJ fzpdpia (Computer) ghu;gg ; J. ,uz;lhtJ mu;jj ; k; gz;Gf;$Wfis mwptJ (Abstract) cjhuzk; xUtdpd; ew;Fzj;ij fhz;gJ> moif fhz;gJ. xUtd; nraypy; cs;s Nehf;fj;ij fhz;gJ Nghd;witahFk;. ,e;j nghUspdg ; b ghu;gg ; J vd;w nrhy;Yf;F mu;jj ; k; njspthf xU nghUis ghu;gg ; J vd;gjhFk;. mjhtJ gpiwia ghu;gg ; J. NkYk; ghu;gg ; J vd;gJ Gyd;fshy; Vw;gLk; xU nraNy (Aciton) jtpu ntWk; kdJrk;ge;jg;gl;l vz;zk; fpilahJ. mjhtJ kdjhy; vz;zg;gLk; fzf;fL p jy; fpilahJ. gpiwia ghu;ff ; hky; mjw;F gjpyhf thdpay; fzpgi ; g gad;gLj;Jtjw;F vjpuhf cs;s kw;nwhU Mjhuk; ,g;D mg;gh];(uyp) mtu;fs; mwptpjj ; pUf;fpdw ; xU `jP]hFk;. (ukshid Fwpgg ; plL ; $Wk;NghJ) ePqf ; s; Kd;ghfNt khjj;ij fzpjJ ; f; nfhs;shjPuf ; s; vd;W ,iwJ}ju;(]y;) mtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs;.NkYk; ukshd; Nehd;G rk;ge;jg;gl;l `jP]f ; s; ahTk; gpiw ghu;gg ; ij Fwpgg ; pLtnj jtpu ukshd; khj gpiw gpwg;G gw;wp Fwpgg ; pltpyi ; y. gpiw gpwe;jhyd;wp re;jpuRow;rp khjk; cz;ikapy; Muk;gpgg ; J ,y;iy. thdpay; fzpgg; pdg; b khjk; gpwe;jhYk; gpwf;fhtpll ; hYk; rupNa. thdpay; fzpgG; kpfr;rupahdJk; Jy;ypakhdJkhFk; vd;w fUj;J cilatu;fSf;F ehk; vLj;Jf;fhl;LtJ vd;dntdpy>; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;s gy;NtW re;jpu Row;rp gw;wpa thdpay; fzpgG; gy rkaq;fspy; mjd; Neuf;fzf;F tpjj ; pahrg;gLfpwJ vd;gijjhd;. ,J me;j KO ,utpd; Neu khw;wj;ij czu;jJ ; fpwJ. tpQQ ; hd fzpgG; fis gy;NtW Ma;TfshYk;> Nrhjidfs; %yKk; rupahdjh vd;gij ehk; mwpeJ ; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. tpQQ ; hdk; $Wk; mDkhdq;fs; Gyd; mDgtq;fs; %yk; fz;lupag;gLtJ rupahd mZFKiw vd;why; gpiwia fz;zhy; fhz;gJ vd;w `jP]pd; fl;lis kpfr; rupahdNj vd;gij ehk; mwpeJ ; nfhs;s KbAk;. 2

gpiw ghu;gg ; J vd;gJ Nehw;gjw;Fupa rl;luPjpahd fhuzkhf (Shabab) cs;sJ. mJNghyNt #upa m];jkdk; kf;up/g; njhOiff;Fupa (Shabab) MFk; my;yJ jq;fNkh my;yJ nts;spNah xU tUlk; KOtJk; Fwpgg ; pll ; msT itj;jpUg;gJ [f;fhj; nfhLg;gjw;Fupa rl;luPjpahd fhuzkhFk;. kw;nwhU Kiwapy; ,ij tpsf;fyhk;. tUlk; g+u;jj ; pahftpyi ; yahdhy; [f;fhj; nfhLf;Fk; flik Vw;glhJ. #upad; m];jkdk; Mftpyi ; ynadpy; kf;up/g; njhog;glkhl;lhJ. mJ NghyNt gpiw ghu;ff ; g;glhtpll ; hy; kWehs; Nehd;G Nehw;fg;glkhl;lhJ. ,e;j rl;luPjpahd fhuzk; (Shabab) \upaj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ. ,JxUNghJk; khw;wkilahJ. ,q;F Kf;fpakhf Fwpgg ; pl Ntz;baJ vd;dntdpy; Vty; tpyf;fy; gw;wp `{Fk; \upah (Hukm Shariah) ,uz;L tpjkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. xd;W my; `{Fk; mj;jf;yp/gp (Al Hukm At Taklifi) my;yJ nghWg;Gfis epiwNtw;WtJ njhlu;ghd fl;lisfs;(Command of Responsibility) cjhuzk; njhOiff;Fupa fl;lisfs;> fpyh/gj;jpd; gb r%fj;ij Ml;rp nra;tJ Nghd;wit. ,uz;lhtJ my;`{Fk; my;tjh, (Al Kukm Al Wada’i) my;yJ flikfis epiwNtw;w #o;epiyfis mDrupgg ; J gw;wpa flikfs; (Command of Circumstances) cjhuzk; ukshd; Nehd;G Nehw;f gpiw ghu;gg ; ij rl;luPjpahd fhuzkhf nfhs;tJ. ,q;F kpfKf;fpak; vd;dntdpy; ,e;j ,uz;L fl;lisfSf;Fk; \upah Mjhuk; mtrpakhFk;. ,itfs; midj;Jk; gpf` ; { rl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilahd tpjpfshFk; (Usul Al Figh) ,itfis xU NghJk; J}f;fp vwpeJ ; tpl KbahJ. ,j;jif thdpay; fzpgi ; g gpiw ghu;gg ; jw;F khw;whf gad;gLj;Jk; ,];yhkpa muRfis nghWj;jtiu> mitfs; nra;Ak; ,e;j nray;ghLfs; \upahtpd; Mjhuj;jpwF ; Kw;wpYk; Kuzhf cs;sJ. NkYk; ,it Nghd;w nray;fspypUe;J nfhz;Ltug;gLk; midj;J tp\aq;fSk; `uhkhFk;. ,j;jifa mwptpgG; fis Vw;gjpypUe;J K];ypkf ; s; Kw;wpYk; jLf;fg;gl;Ls;shu;fs; vd;gij jpzz ; khf ehk; mwpeJ ; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j epiyghL thdpay; fzpgG; fis itj;J ukshd; khj gpwg;ig Kd;$l;bNa mwptpfF ; k; kw;w ,];yhkp mikg;GfSf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;. xUtu; gpiwia fz;lhNy NghJk;: gpiwg;ghu;gg ; J vd;gij nghWj;jtiu ,uz;L epiyfs; cs;sd. xd;W cyfk; KOtJk; gpiw vq;F ghu;ff ; g;gl;lhYk; mij Vw;Wf;nfhs;StJ (Al Ittihad Al Mutale- Global sighting) kw;nwhd;W jq;fsJ gFjpapy; kl;Lk; ghu;gg ; ij Vw;Wnfhs;StJ (Al Ikhtilaf - Local sighting) \upaj;jpd; cWjpahd Mjhuq;fspdg ; b cyfj;jpy; vq;F gpiw ghu;ff ; g;gl;lhYk; mij Vw;Wf; nfhs;tJ vd;w epiyjhd; nuhk;gTk; tYthf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,J rk;ge;jkhd `jP]; cyfj;jpd; ve;j xU %iyapy; gpiw ghu;ff ; g;gl;lhYk; midj;Jyf K];ypkf ; Sf;F mJNt NghJkhdJ vd;gijjhd; rpwg;ghf Fwpgg ; pLfpwJ. ,e;j `jP]py; ,lk; ngw;w R% (Sumu) vd;w tpidr;nrhy; gd;ikapy; ,Ug;gjhy; ,J midj;J K];ypkf ; isAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;> &a+jj ; p (Ru’yuti) vd;w nrhy;Yk; nghJthd nghUspnyna gpuNahfpff ; g;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,jd; nghUs; vq;F> ve;j xU K];ypKk;> cyfj;jpd; ve;j xU %iyapy; gpiw ghu;jJ ; mwptpjj ; hYk; mJ nry;YgbahFk; vd;gjhFk;. ,g;D mg;gh];(uyp) mwptpf;fpd;whu;fs;: gpiwia ghu;f;fhj fhuzj;jhy; K];ypk;fs; ukshd; Nehd;G Nehw;gij Muk;gpf;fhky; ,Ue;jhu;fs;. kjpdh efupy; xU kdpju; te;J ,iwJ}ju;(]y;) mtu;fsplk; jdh; gpiwia fz;ljhf $wpdhu;. ,iwJ}ju;(]y;) mtu;fs; me;j kdpjuplk; mtu; K];ypkh vd;W tpdtpdhu;. mjw;F me;j kdpju; Mk; vd; W $wpdhu; . ,iwJ}ju; ( ]y; ) clnd my; y h`_mf; g u; xUtu; ghu; j ; j hy; midj; J K]; y pk; f Sf; F k; NghJkhdJ vd; W $wpatu; f shf jhDk; Nehd; G Nehw; f Muk; g pj; j hu; f s; . K];ypk;fisAk; Nehd;G Nehw;f fl;lisapl;lhu;fs;. (my; kg;]{j; 3-52) ,khk; K];ypk(; u`;) mtu;fs; jq;fs; `jP]; gjptpy; Fiug;(uyp) $wpajhf gpdt ; Uk; rk;gtj;ij gjpT nra;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;. K];ypkf ; s; \hk; Njrj;jpypUe;J jpUk;gp tUk;NghJ nts;spff ; poik ,uT gpiwiag; ghu;jj ; hu;fs;. kjpdh te;jTld; Fiug;(uyp) vg;NghJ gpiw ghu;jj ; hu; vd;W ,g;D mg;gh];(uyp) tpdtpdhu;fs;. nts;spff ; poik vd;W $wg;gl;lNghJ mtu;fs; (kjpdhthrpfs;) rdpff ; poik gpiw ghu;jj ; pUf;fpwhu;fs;. Nehd;ig mtu;fs; \t;thy; gpiwia fhZk;tiu my;yJ 30 ehl;fs; g+u;jj ; p MFk; tiu Nehd;G Nehw;fl;Lk; vd;W ,g;D mg;gh];(uyp) $wpdhu;fs;. KMtpah(uyp) mtu;fs; gpiw ghu;jJ ; Nehd;G itj;jij ehk; gpdg ; w;w Ntz;lhkh? vd;W Fiug;(uyp) tpdtpaNghJ> ,y;iy ,t;thNw ,iwJ}ju;(]y;) mtu;fs; ekf;F fl;lisaplb ; Uf;fpwhu;fs; vd;W ,g;D mg;gh];(uyp) mtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs;. ,e;j mwptpgi ; g ek;gj;jFe;j Mjhq;fspy; nfhs;s KbahJ. ,J ,g;D mg;gh];(uyp) mtu;fspd; ,[;jp`hJ MFk;. ,iwJ}ju;(]y;) mtu;fspd; `jP]; my;y. ,ij ,khk; \t;`hdp(u`;) cWjp nra;fpwhu;fs;. mtu; $Wfpwhu;. ePqf ; s; njspthf mwpeJ ; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Vw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $ba Mjhuk; ,g;D mg;gh];(uyp) mtu;fs; mwptpjj ; ,iwJ}ju;(]y;) mtu;fspd; `jP]py; njspthf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j njspthd Mjhuk; kf;fs; tpsf;FtJ Nghy; mtuJ ,[;jp `hjPy; ,y;iy. ehk; ,iwJ}ju;(]y;) $wpaijNa gpdg ; w;w Ntz;Lk;. \upaj;jpwF ; KuzhfNth my;yJ re;Njfk; nfhs;Sk; tifapNyh ,g;D mg;gh];(uyp) mtu;fspd; $w;W ,Ue;jhy; mij ehk; gpdg ; w;w Njitapyi ; y. 3

,j;jifa Mjhuq;fs; ,Ue;jNghjpYk; Qhakpdw ; p rpy khu;ff ; jPug ; G; fs; ntt;NtW gpiw ghu;jj ; iy typAWj;jp tUfpdw ; d. rt+jp mugpahtpYs;s cykh rig gpdt ; Uk; jPug ; i ; g 8/29/1397 `p[u; papy; toq;fpapUf;fpwJ. gy;NtW tp\aq;fis Ma;T nra;j gpwF ,e;j tptfhuj;jpy; gy Kuz;ghLfs; ,Ug;gjhy;> xUtu; gpiw ghu;jj ; hy; NghJkhdJ vd;w mbg;gilapy; K];ypkf ; is xUq;fpizg;gjpy; ve;jtpj Kf;fpaj;JtKk; fpilahJ vd;gjhy; ,e;j rig kWgbAk; ,e;j tptfhuj;ij jpUk;g tpthjpgg ; jpyi ; y vd;Wk; xt;nthU ,];yhkpa ehLk; mjd; cykhf;fs; KbT nra;fpdw ; gb ele;J nfhs;s cupik ngw;wit vd;Wk; jPug ; G; nra;fpwJ. vg;NghJ ,];yhkpa ck;kh gy ,];yhkpa ehLfs; cUthf ,lk; mspjj ; J? kpf Kf;fpakhf ve;j ,];yhkpa ehLk; ,];yhj;ij nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;ag;gltpyi ; y. vt;thW ,e;j epiyapy; ck;khtpd; xw;Wikg; gw;wpa g+rp nkOf KbAk;. ,khk; \h/gp(u`;) mtu;fs; kj;`g; kl;LNk xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l gpiw ghu;jj ; iy Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. Mdhy; ,e;j gFjpfs; ,d;Dk; gpiwghu;fF ; k; ,utpd; xU gFjpia mile;J nfhs;fpdw ; d vd;Nw nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; xUfhYk; ,khk; \h/gp(u`;) mtu;fs; nraw;ifahd ve;j msTNfhisAk; itj;J ck;khtpy; fUj;J NtWghL tUtij mDkjpff ; tpyi ; y. F/g;ghu;fs; ,e;j E}w;whz;by; Vw;gLj;jpa ehl;bd; vy;iyfs; ,e;j nraw;if msTNfhspy; mlq;Fk;. F/Gu; Ml;rp Kiwia ek; g+kpapYk; ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapYk; mky;gLj;Jk; Ml;rpahsu;fis ehk; xUNghJk; ek;gf;$lhJ. Kf;fpakhf mtu;fs; njspthf ,];yhk; $Wk; Vty; tpsf;fy;(Command and Prohibition) tp\aq;fspy; FUlu;fshfNt ,Ug;gjpd; fhuzj;jhy; mtu;fs; Kw;wpYk; ek;gpfi ; ff;F jFjpahdtu;fs; my;yu;. K];ypk; xUtupd; gpiw ghu;jj ; rhl;rpaj;ij ,iwJ}ju;(]y;) mtu;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;fs; vd;w nra;jp ek;kplk; ,Ue;jNghJk; K];ypkf ; spd; rhl;rpak; ek;gpfi ; ff;FupaJ vd;W ehk; mwpej ; pUe;jNghjpYk; ,e;j Ml;rpahsu;fis ehk; mwNt ek;Gjy; $lhJ. K];ypkf ; Ns! cq;fspy; xU MltNuh my;yJ kfspNuh mtu; ve;j gFjpia rhu;ej ; tuhf ,Ue;jhYk;> mq;fPfupff ; g;gl;l Kiwapy; ukshDila Kjy; gpiwia ghu;jj ; jhf mwptpjj ; J cWjp nra;ag;gl;lhy; ePqf ; s; clNd Nehd; G Nehw; f jahuhfp t p L q; f s; . ,e; j ep i yap y ; eP q ; f s; Nehd; G Nehw; f hJ ,Uf; f jilnra;ag;gl;bUf;fpwPuf ; s;. ePqf ; s; cq;fs; Ml;rpahsiuNah> K/g;jpiaNah> gs;spthry; eput ; hfj;ijNah my;yJ cq;fs; gFjpapYs;s ,];yhkpa ikaj;ijNah rhu;eJ ; nfhz;L mtu;fs; mwptpfF ; k; tiu fhj;jpUf;f Ntz;lhk;. ,d;Dk; cq;fspy; xU MltNuh my;yJ kfspNuh mtu; ve;j gFjpia rhu;ej ; tuhf ,Ue;jhYk; \t;thy; Kjy; gpiwia Kiwg;go ghu;jj ; jhf cWjp nra;jhy; clNd Nehd;G Nehw;gij tplL ; tplL ; ngUehis nfhz;lhLq;fs;. ,jw;F ve;j egu;fspd; mwptpgG; f;Fk; ePqf ; s; fhj;jpUf;f Ntz;lhk;. ePqf ; s; Nehd;G Nehw;gJk; Nehd;ig tpLtJk; my;yh`;(RG)tpd; kw;Wk; mtDila jpUj;J}ju;(]y;) mtu;fspd; fl;lisgbjhd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. my;yh`;(RG)tpd; nghUj;jj;ijtpl Ml;rpahsu;fspd; ed;kjpgi ; g ngw tpUk;gp Fu;MDf;Fk; Rd;dhtpwF ; k; Kuzhf ,Ug;gtu;fspd; fl;lisg;gb my;y. cz;ikapy; ,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpYs;s ,];yhkpa r%fj;jpd; epiy fle;jfhy kfj;Jtk; nghUe;jpa ck;khtpd; xsp kpFe;j rupjj ; puj;jpwF ; Kw;wpYk; khw;wkhdjhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. ,d;iwa epiyapy; ehk; gy;NtW rpdd ; Q;rpwpa Njrq;fshf nraw;ifahf tiuag;gl;l gy`Pdkhd vy;iyf;NfhLfshy; gpupff ; g;gl;L tplN ; lhk;. VNjr;rjpfhu F/g;ghu;fs; ek;kPJ CoYk; xOf;fq;nfl;l xU murpay; KiwiaAk; Rkj;jp tplb ; Uf;fpwhu;fs;. cilf;fg;gl;l ,];yhj;jpd; muzhd fpyh/gj; vDk; rpjpyq;fs; kPJ jq;fsJ Mjpff ; j;ij epiy ehl;Ltjw;fhf ,opthd xU Ml;rpia jpzpjj ; pUj;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;. murpay; kw;Wk; rpj;jhj;j uPjpapyhd xUq;fpize;j KOikahd nfhs;iffs; cila \upaj;jpd; rl;lj;jpll ; q;fSf;F Kw;wpYk; Kuzhf ,e;j Ml;rp Kiw ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j re;ju;gg; j;jpy; cq;fSf;F ehk; epidt+lL ; tJ vd;dntdpy; my;yh`;(RG)tpd; topapy; cq;fs; flikapid czu;ej ; tu;fshf ePqf ; s; nrayhw;Wq;fs;. cz;ikahfTk;> vOr;rpAlDk; fhupakhw;wp K];ypkf ; Sf;F xU fyP/ghit epakdk; nra;Aq;fs;. mtu; K];ypkf ; spd; yl;rpaq;fis xUq;fpizg;ghu;. mtu;fspd; epiyikfis Nkk;gLj;Jthu;. \upaj; rl;lq;fshd my;yh`;(RG)tpd; rl;lq;fis mky;gLj;Jthu;. cynfq;fpYk; miog;gzpahd jhth %ykhfTk;> [p`hj; %ykhfTk; ,];yhj;jpd; nra;jpia cynfq;Fk; vLj;Jr; nrd;W my;yh`;(RG)tpd; fypkhit NkNyhq;f nra;thu;. Kbthf> ,iwJ}ju;(]y;) $wpdhu;fs;. ,]; yhj;jpd; Kbr;Rfs; xt;n thd;w hf Jz; b f; f g; g Lk; ,]; y hkpa Ml; r p vd; w Kbr; R Kjyp y ; Jz;bf;fg;gLk;> ,Wjpahf Jz;bf;fg;gLk; Kbr;R njhOifahf ,Uf;Fk;. 1924Mk; Mz;L khu;rr ; p 3k; ehspy; ,];yhkpa Ml;rp vd;w Kbr;R Jz;bf;fg;gl;lJ. Mk; md;Wjhd; JUf;fpapy; ,];yhkpa fpyh/gj; mopjn ; jhopff ; g;gl;lJ. ,g;NghJ Nehd;G vd;w Kbr;R mtu;fs; gpbapy; ,Uf;fpwJ. mLj;jJ vd;d vd;W my;yh`;(RG)Nt mwpthd;.

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