Railway Gate Report.docx

AUTOMATIC RAILWAY GATE CONTROLLLER USING ARUDINO A PROJECT REPORT Submitted by

WILLSON SELVA R MAHESH M in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

Bachelor Of Engineering IN

Electrical And Electronics Engineering

St. JOSEPH’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025

MARCH & 2019

ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “AUTOMATIC RAILWAY GATE CONTROLLER USING ARUDINO” is the bonafide work of “WILLSON SELVA R” and “ MAHESH “ who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE

SIGNATURE

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

SUPERVISOR

Index S No

Title

Page No

01

Abstract

5

02

Introduction

6

03

What is Level Crossing

7

04

Rail Accidents

9

05

Cause of Accidents

11

06

Accidents and Death

12

07

Steps by Government

14

08

Hardware Specifications

15

09

Working

19

10

Arduino Code

20

11

Conclusion

21

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Abstract The objective of this project is to provide an automatic railway gate at a level crossing replacing the gates operated by the gatekeeper. The road users have to wait for a long time before the arrival of train and even after the train has left. And secondly the chances of accidents that usually made by the carelessness of the road users or due to the time errors made by the gatekeepers is more. Here comes the importance of automatic railway gate control system.

The system reduces the time for which the gate remains closed. This type of gates can be employed in an unmanned level crossing where the chances of accidents are higher and reliable operation is required. Since, the operation is automatic; error due to manual operation is prevented. The system works on a microcontroller based control. The proposed system uses Ardino Uno R3 microcontroller. With the help of IR sensors, the arrival and leaving of the system is monitored and the gate is operated accordingly with the help of DC Motor.

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Introduction Indian Railways is one of the world's largest railway networks comprising 115,000 km (71,000 mi) of track over a route of 65,436 km (40,660 mi) and 7,172 stations. It has 23 million passengers daily and 8,245 million passengers annually. Its revenue in 2013-14 was Rs.1441.67 Billion. Railroad related accidents are more dangerous than other transportation accidents in terms of severity and death rate etc. Therefore more efforts are necessary for improving safety. The number of deaths on railway tracks has been on the rise in the past few years despite several measures taken by the authorities to contain such incidents. Mishaps at level crossings are the biggest killer, although trespassing into railway premises including the track is a punishable offence under Section 147 of the Railways Act.

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What is Level crossing? Level Crossing is a place where a railway and a road, or two railway lines, cross at the same level. It is called Grade Crossing in North America.

Types of Level Crossing in India – 1. Special Class Level Crossing Normally kept open to road traffic Equipped with lifting barriers 2. A Class Level Crossings Normally kept open to road traffic Equipped with lifting barriers 7|Page

3. B Class Level Crossings Normally kept closed to road traffic Lifting barriers shall be provided 4. C Class Level Crossings Normally kept closed to road traffic These are manned 5. D Class Level Crossing For cattle crossing

All rail or road intersections are provided with either passive or active protection.

Passive Protection – Passive protection is the application of passive traffic control devices (signage) which provides an unchanging warning to the road user whether or not a train is approaching the crossing.

Active Protection – Active protection is the application of warning devices to warn road users of the approach of a train when the train is a minimum time from entering the road-rail intersection. In some cases it also blocks access to the crossing.

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Rail Accidents Railway Accidents can be classified on the basis of cause and effect, study of which helps in preventing similar ones in future.

Based on Cause – 1. Driver’s Errors Passing Signals at danger Excessive Speed Mishandling Engine 2. Signalmen’s Error Allowing two trains into same occupied block section Incorrect operation of signals, points or token equipment

3. Mechanical Failure Poor Design Poor Maintenance 4. Civil Engineering Failure Track Faults Bridge and Tunnel collapses 5. Due to other people Vandalism Terrorism Suicide Trespassing

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6. Contributory Factors Fires Effectiveness of brakes Inadequate Rules Level Crossing misuse

Based on Effects – 1. Collisions Head-on collision Rear Collision Obstructions on the line (landslides, avalanches etc)

2. Derailments Plain track Curves Junctions

3. Other Fires and explosions Falls from trains

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Cause of Accidents Level Crossings are one of the major causes of accidents. In spite of various measures taken by the Indian Railways, level crossing accidents have continued to occur, that too frequently.

Accidents at Unmanned Level Crossings are caused mainly due to trespassing by road vehicles across these on Railway tracks. Railways have the ―Right of Way‖ across unmanned level crossings.

The road vehicle drivers are duty bound under Section 131 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, to ―get down from the Vehicle, walk up to the crossing to ensure that no train is approaching from either side before crossing the unmanned level crossing‖

Thus, the primary cause of the accidents at unmanned level crossings is ―NEGLIGENCE BY ROAD VEHICLE USERS‖.

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Accidents and Deaths Level Crossing Accidents in Indian Railways since 2000 –

Year

Accidents at Level Crossing

2000-01

84

2001-02

88

2002-03

96

2003-04

95

2004-05

70

2005-06

75

2006-07

79

2007-08

77

2008-09

69

2009-10

70

2010-11

53

2011-12

61

2012-13

448

According to Indian Railway Ministry Data, recent deaths that occurred on railway tracks were –

2011 2012 2013

14,973 16,336 19,997

And according to the data prepared by safety wing of the national transporter, railway tracks have claimed 18,735 lives till October this year.

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Main reasons for death of persons on railway tracks are trespassing, falling off trains, accidents and suicides.

Mishaps at level crossings are the biggest killer, accounting for 40% of train accidents and 66% of fatalities, reflecting the railways' failure to man these crossings or build road-over bridges and road-under-bridges. There are 30,348 level crossings, of which around 40% (11,563) are unmanned. 53 people have been killed in accidents on unmanned crossings since April this year. In last five years, 723 people were killed in accidents at level crossings. Around 95 people were killed in accidents on unmanned crossings in 2013-14 while 124 people lost their lives in 2012-13. The figure was 204 in 2011-12.

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Steps by Indian government The transport department has set target to eliminate 9,808 level crossings during the 12th Five Year Plan (2012-17) and not adding any new level crossing to the rail network in future. But this task seems ambitious considering the financial health of the railways as removing one level crossing costs around Rs 4.4 crore. The high-level committee on safety, headed by Anil Kakodkar, has recommended elimination of all level crossings (manned and unmanned) within 5 years.

The panel pegged it at Rs 50,000 crore, but said this could be recovered over 7-8 years due to saving in operation and maintenance costs incurred at gates and smooth train operations. "The gigantic project will also need setting up of a dedicated and empowered SPV for each railway zone to accomplish this task within a 5-year period," it said. With the introduction of high speed trains on the cards, Indian Railways has decided to acquire the sophisticated "early warning system" to alert both the driver and staff at the nearest railway station about an impending danger of an accident. This way the railways hope to do way with human error as cause of an accident. In a move to prevent accidents, Indian Railways is all set to start a new chapter by introducing Train Protection and Warning System (TPWS) which is based on European Train Control System (ETCS) — a proven and well known protection technology used in several countries across the globe for prevention of accidents caused due to human errors either by over shooting a signal or failing to adhere to speed limit directions on the tracks.

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Hardware Specifications Arduino Uno The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-toserial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

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Revision 3 (R3) of the board has the following features – 

pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other new pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the voltage provided from the board. In future, shields will be compatible with both the board that uses the AVR, which operates with 5V and with the Arduino Due that operates with 3.3V. The second one is a not connected pin, that is reserved for future purposes.



Stronger RESET circuit.



Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2.

 

Summary of Specifications – Microcontroller Operating Voltage Input Voltage (recommended) Input Voltage (limits) Digital I/O Pins Analog Input Pins DC Current per I/O Pin DC Current for 3.3V Pin Flash Memory SRAM EEPROM Clock Speed

ATmega328 5V 7 – 12V 6 – 20V 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output) 6 40mA 50mA 32kB of which 0.5 KB used by boot loader 2 KB (ATmega328) 1 KB (ATmega328) 16 MHz

The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The power source is selected automatically. The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library). Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kΩ. The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software. 16 | P a g e

IR Sensor The IR Sensor-Single is a general purpose proximity sensor. Here we use it for collision detection. The module consists of an IR emitter and IR receiver pair. The high precision IR receiver always detects an IR signal.

The power consumption of this module is low. It gives a digital output. The output of IR receiver goes low when it receives IR signal. Hence the output pin is normally low because, though the IR LED is continuously transmitting, due to no obstacle, nothing is reflected back to the IR receiver. The indication LED is off. When an obstacle is encountered, the output of IR receiver goes low, IR signal is reflected from the obstacle surface. This drives the output of the comparator low. This output is connected to the cathode of the LED, which then turns ON.

DC Motor A DC motor relies on the fact that like magnet poles repel and unlike magnetic poles attract each other. A coil of wire with a current running through it generates an electromagnetic field aligned with the centre of the coil. By switching the current on or off in a coil its magnetic field can be switched on or off or by switching the direction of the current in the coil the direction of the generated magnetic field can be switched 180°.

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A simple DC motor typically has a stationary set of magnets in the stator and an armature with a series of two or more windings of wire wrapped in insulated stack slots around iron pole pieces (called stack teeth) with the ends of the wires terminating on a commutator. The armature includes the mounting bearings that keep it in the centre of the motor and the power shaft of the motor and the commutator connections. Different number of stator and armature fields as well as how they are connected provide different inherent speed/torque regulation characteristics. The speed of a DC motor can be controlled by changing the voltage applied to the armature.

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Working of this Design 1. Detection of Train by IR Sensor : When Train arrives near Crossing the IR Sensor Detects its Motion and then it Closes the Crossing way of Cars or Other vehicles. 2. When The Train Further Crosses the Cross way other sensor detects the motion and opens the cross way. 3. The Detection of Objects by IR sensor controls the Motion of DC motor which Monitors the motion of Cross Way.

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Arduino Code int l,r; int leftSensor=3; int rightSensor=4; int roghtMotor = 12; int leftMotor = 13; void setup(){ pinMode(leftMotor, OUTPUT); pinMode(roghtMotor, OUTPUT); pinMode(rightSensor, INPUT); pinMode(leftSensor, INPUT); } void loop(){ l = digitalRead (leftSensor); r = digitalRead (rightSensor); if( l == HIGH && r == LOW){ digitalWrite (leftMotor, HIGH); digitalWrite (rightMotor, LOW); delay(10000); } if( l == LOW && r == HIGH){ digitalWrite (leftMotor, LOW); digitalWrite (rightMotor, HIGH); delay(10000); } }

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Conclusion The approach of using infrared sensors opened up a wide array of advantages as opposed to the currently prevalent level crossing system. The extrapolation of this technique to a scale of a greater magnitude coupled with the deployment of pressure/vibration sensors offer a greater degree of reliability, precision and efficiency. As infrared sensors are relatively cheaper and easier to fabricate while also being integration – friendly, it decimates the possibility of casualty occurring due to shortcoming to the existing of the manned level crossing, which rely on human unpredictability, there by rendering it a much more effective way of supporting vehicular movement. Although this approach offers various distinct advantages, it does suffer from its own set of drawbacks. Inference of radiation from other electromagnetic waves is one issue. Also the security offered by such systems is also in doubt owing to the possibility of any external human interference or an attempt to distort its working environment. Through the course of our study and research for this project, we came to know that a great lack of acknowledgement of the importance and of safe and reliable crossing system exists. It is therefore imperative to ensure that a significant emphasis is placed on the design, implementation and maintenance of efficient railway level crossing.

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