Qtb.docx

1 Quantitative research technique

BBHM-F15-033

Talha Riaz

BBHM-F15-027

Palvasha kamal

BBHM-F15-024

Babar Ali

BBHM-F15-042

M. Ramzan

BBHM-F15-034

Arslan Khizar

Miss. Shabnum

Course instructor

khan

Superior university Lahore

2 Quantitative research technique

Contents Purpose of the project ................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 5 Problem statement......................................................................................................................................... 5 “Student’s perception regarding studying abroad and their readiness” .................................................... 5 Variables names and definition ..................................................................................................................... 5 Perception ................................................................................................................................................. 5 Readiness .................................................................................................................................................. 5 Research question ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Research hypothesis ...................................................................................................................................... 6 Alternative hypothesis .............................................................................................................................. 6 Null hypothesis ......................................................................................................................................... 6 Research methodology .................................................................................................................................. 6 Sampling ................................................................................................................................................... 6 Variables Types and Relevant Tests/Tables: ................................................................................................ 6 Categorical Variables: ............................................................................................................................... 6 Scale Variables.......................................................................................................................................... 6 RESULTS ..................................................................................................................................................... 7 Frequency table ......................................................................................................................................... 7 Gender...................................................................................................................................................... 7 Age ............................................................................................................................................................ 7 Total .......................................................................................................................................................... 7 300 ............................................................................................................................................................ 7 100% ......................................................................................................................................................... 7 Qualification ............................................................................................................................................ 7 Total .......................................................................................................................................................... 7 300 ............................................................................................................................................................ 7 100% ......................................................................................................................................................... 7 Previously traveled abroad .................................................................................................................... 7 Total .......................................................................................................................................................... 7 300 ............................................................................................................................................................ 7 100% ......................................................................................................................................................... 7 Interest of studying abroad .................................................................................................................... 7

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3 Quantitative research technique Total .......................................................................................................................................................... 7 300 ............................................................................................................................................................ 7 100% ......................................................................................................................................................... 7 Interpretation ............................................................................................................................................. 7 Descriptive statistics ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Interpretation:............................................................................................................................................ 8 FACTORS OF KMO AND BARTELET ..................................................................................................... 9 Chi square test ............................................................................................................................................... 9 To check the relationship between gender and interest of studying abroad .......................................... 9 Interpretation ........................................................................................................................................... 10 Interpretation ........................................................................................................................................... 10 Kendall's tau-b ........................................................................................................................................ 10 To check the relation between Age education level............................................................................ 10 Interpretation ........................................................................................................................................... 11 Correlation .................................................................................................................................................. 11 To check the relation between reason and participating in abroad study programs ............................ 11 Interpretation ........................................................................................................................................... 12 Regression ................................................................................................................................................... 12 Simple regression .................................................................................................................................... 12 To check the relationship between interest and reason of studying abroad ........................................ 12 Interpretation ........................................................................................................................................... 13 Interpretation ........................................................................................................................................... 13 Regression equation ................................................................................................................................ 13 Multiple regression ..................................................................................................................................... 13 Interpretation ........................................................................................................................................... 14 Regression equation ................................................................................................................................ 14 T-TEST ....................................................................................................................................................... 14 To compare the difference between participation of study abroad programs and gender of respondents ......................................................................................................................................... 14 Interpretation ........................................................................................................................................... 14 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 15 Appendix A ................................................................................................................................................. 15 Appendix B ................................................................................................................................................. 35

Superior university Lahore

4 Quantitative research technique Abroad Study Programs and Participation .................................................................................................. 37 Extracurricular activities ............................................................................................................................. 37

Superior university Lahore

5 Quantitative research technique

Purpose of the project The overall aim of this study is to investigate the perceptions of students in relation to study abroad programs and how much they are ready to participate in study abroad programs. And other factors like (a) Basic level of awareness of available programs; (b) Perceived value of those programs; and (c) Obstacles inhibiting participation as relating to an experience abroad.

Introduction Study abroad programs constitute all educational programs that occur in a foreign country outside of the geographical boundaries of the country of origin, offering students the opportunity to earn academic credit through international experiences Studying abroad is popular and many students leave their actual institute of higher education (HE) for an international experience. The benefits of such experience often focus on later employability and the need for international experienced employees. While student interest reflects the importance of such programs, it is surprising that overall participation rates only few students choosing to study abroad during their undergraduate years. Now a day’s educational institute is providing more opportunities to students for studying abroad by split degree programs but still students are reluctant to participate in such programs

Problem statement “Student’s perception regarding studying abroad and their readiness” Every individual has its own perception based on the personal behavior and the way of their thinking. On the basis of the perception individual makes decision. So perception of studying abroad has been treated as independent and readiness as a dependent variable.

Variables names and definition Perception The way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted.

Readiness The state of being fully prepared for something or willingness to do something.

Research question What is the relation between perception of studying abroad and readiness?

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6 Quantitative research technique

Research hypothesis Alternative hypothesis There is a relation between perception of studying abroad and readiness.

Null hypothesis There is no relation between perception of studying abroad and readiness.

Research methodology Sampling For the collection of data survey was conducted among the students of management sciences at University of Lahore and superior university Lahore. Students were asked to express their level of agreement with a series of statements on a four point scale anchored by strongly agree (1) to strongly disagree (4). Age bracket of mainly 18-28 was targeted in order to be able to cater to a variety of demographics to aid the research paper. Students of different program like MBA, B.com Horn and BBA students were included in the research process so as to get a wider scope of information while conducting the research. The research was not restricted to just specific program but aimed at collecting information from other program related students as well. After the collection of data from the targeted group, data analysis is done by using SPSS software.

Variables Types and Relevant Tests/Tables: Categorical Variables:     

Age Gender Qualification Traveled abroad Interest

These all are categorical variables

Scale Variables: And others factors that are scale variables on those variables, firstly apply Compute Variable Then Five Figure Summary, Box Plot, Reliability test, Correlation, Regression, are applied

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7 Quantitative research technique

RESULTS Frequency table

Characteristics Gender

Age

Qualification

Previously traveled abroad

Interest of studying abroad

Items

Frequency

%

Male Female Total 18-21 22-25 25-28 Above 28

180 120 300 134 147 12 7

60% 40% 100% 44.7% 49.0% 4.0% 2.3%

Total

300

100%

MPhil Graduation Under graduation Others

1 88 206 5

0.3% 29.3% 68.7% 1.7%

Total

300

100%

For fun For academic program Family work No Missing

93 26 23 149 10

31.0% 8.7% 7.7% 49.3% 3.3%

Total

300

100%

Definitely yes Probably yes Probably no Definitely no

110 115 38 37

36.7% 39.3% 12.7% 12.3%

Total

300

100%

Interpretation The above table shows that out of 300 respondents, 180 (60%) are males students and 120 (40%) are females students, Out of the 300 respondents, 134 (44.7%) students are below the age of 21 years and 147 (49.0%) students are within the age of 22–25 years old. And only 7 students (2.3%) are above the above 28 years old. While Out of 300 respondents, 88 (29.3%) students are holding a graduation degree 206(68.7%) are undergraduate while 5(1.7%) have other qualification

Superior university Lahore

8 Quantitative research technique Out of 300 respondents, 31.0% traveled abroad for fun 8.7% for academic programs 7.7% traveled for family work while 49.3% have not traveled abroad for any reason. Out of 300 respondents, 36.7% students are very much ready to study in abroad while 39.3%have a little bit hesitation on the other hand 12.7% may not want to study abroad while 12.3% clearly not wanted to go.

Descriptive statistics

Items

No of Mini Max. Respon .Val Value dent ue

Mean

1. Reason for studying

300

1

4

2.13111 .609133 1

.371

3.00

2. Participatio n

300

1

4

2.36430 .457774 0

.210

3.00

3. Disengagin g factors

300

1

4

2.62500 .773303 0

.598

3.00

4. Extracurricu lar activities

300

1

4

2.53142 .621245 9

.386

3.00

St, deviatio n

varian Rang ce e

Interpretation: The survey conducted from 300 students of private sector universities. The response of variables varies from 1 to 4 on a four-point Liker scale. The mean value of variable 1 is 2.131111 and has standard deviation .609133 and range of the response is 3.00 While variable two shows the mean value of 2.36430 and have standard deviation of .457774 and variance and range have the values of .210 and 3.00 values respectively. The third variable (disengaging factors) has mean value of 2.625000 and shows standard deviation .773303 and has range of 3.00 On the other hand mean value of extracurricular activities is 2.53142 and shows the standard deviation of .621245 and the value of the range is 3.00 (as shown in above table)

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9 Quantitative research technique

FACTORS OF KMO AND BARTELET Interpretation: The results suggest that the value of KMO for all construct is well above the recommended

Constructs

No. of Items

KMO Measure

Bartlett’s Significant Test Value

Reason of studying

9

.672

245.838

000

Participation

7

.549

191.427

000

Disengaging factors

8

.866

5136.97

000

Extracurricular activities

7

.796

4739.68

000

acceptable level of 0.4 the values are .672 good for Students reason of studying, .549 for participation .866: great for disengaging factors, and .796 for extracurricular activities Bartlett’s test is conducted to check the significance of the relationship between the items of a construct. Table reflects that the p-value of Bartlett’s test is less than standard p-value 0.05. It means we can proceed with factor analysis. Inferential statistics

Chi square test To check the relationship between gender and interest of studying abroad

What is your gender? * Are you interested in studying abroad? Cross tabulation

Are you interested in studying abroad? definitely probably probably definitel yes yes no y no

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Total

10 Quantitative research technique What is your gender?

Male

Count

58

77

24

21

180

66.0

69.0

22.8

22.2

180.0

52

38

14

16

120

Expected Count

44.0

46.0

15.2

14.8

120.0

Count

110

115

38

37

300

110.0

115.0

38.0

37.0

300.0

Expected Count female

Total

Count

Expected Count

Interpretation The table shows that all the expected count is greater than 1 and also fulfilling the assumption of 80% expected count must be greater than 5

Chi-Square Tests Value

Df

Asymp. Sig. (2sided)

Pearson Chi-Square

5.063a

3

.167

Likelihood Ratio

5.079

3

.166

Linear-by-Linear Association

.649

1

.421

N of Valid Cases

300

Interpretation Since all above assumption are fulfilled so sig value Pearson and chi-square shows .167 which is higher than 0.05 which means there is no relation between gender and interest of studying abroad

Kendall's tau-b To check the relation between Age education level Symmetric Measures Value

Asymp. Std. Error

Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.

Ordinal by Ordinal Kendall's tau-b

-.271

.053

-5.015

N of Valid Cases

300

Superior university Lahore

.000

11 Quantitative research technique

Interpretation This test is applied on two categorical variables. Result shows the sig value .000 which is less than the 0.05 which means there is some relation between age and education level of respondents. And according to Cohan’s table there is weak relation and the direction of the relation is negative.

Correlation To check the relation between reason and participating in abroad study programs

The above graph shows that data is normal and since both variables are scale so Pearson correlation will apply on both these variables

abroad study program participation

Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N reasons for studying Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

abroad study program participation 1 300 .471** .000 300

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reasons for studying .471** .000 300 1 300

12 Quantitative research technique

Interpretation The purpose of this test is in order to know the relation between reason and participating in abroad study programs. In order to check what are the reasons that the respondents will participate in abroad study programs. The above table shows the sig value of both variables is .000 which shows the relationship exists between two variables. And according to Kohen’s table there is a significant moderate relationship and direction of the relationship is positive.

Regression Simple regression To check the relationship between interest and reason of studying abroad Coefficients Model

Unstandardized Coefficients

Standardized

t

Sig.

Coefficients B (Constant) 1

Are you interested in studying

Std. Error 1.463

.067

.333

.030

Beta

.544

21.954

.000

11.182

.000

abroad? a. Dependent Variable: reasons for studying

Interpretation The purpose of applying this is to know how much dependent variable change due to change in independent variable in this test reason of studying is treated as a dependable and Interest of studying abroad is treated as independent variable. The sig value of coefficient table is .000 which is less than 0.05 indicates that the relationship exists between two variables.

ANOVAa Model

Sum of Squares Df

Mean Square

F

Sig.

Regression

32.790

1

32.790

125.030

.000b

Residual

78.152

298

.262

1

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13 Quantitative research technique Total

110.942

299

a. Dependent Variable: reasons for studying

Interpretation The sig value of anova table shows that the model is fit and acceptable

Model Summary Model R

1

.544a

R Square

Adjusted R Square

Std. Error of the Estimate

.296

.293

.51211

a. Predictors: (Constant), Are you interested in studying abroad?

Interpretation The table shows the R square value .296 which means if independent variable changes 1% then the dependent variable will change 29%

Regression equation Reason of studying =1.463+.333 (studying interest) +Error

Multiple regression

Independent variables DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Disengaging factors

Extracurricular activities

Reasons of studying

Participation in abroad study programs

B value .007

B value .157

B value .319

Adjusted R2 Anova sig value

Sig (.082) .258 .000

Sig (.000) .258 .000

Sig (.000) .258 .000

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14 Quantitative research technique

Constant value

1.271

1.271

1.271

Interpretation The multiple regressions is used to find out the change of dependent variable due to more than one independent variable The above table shows that the sig value of disengaging factors is higher than 0.05 which means there is no relation of disengaging factors to the Participation in abroad study programs while the other two variables shows the relation. The result shows that independable variable changes then dependable variable changes .258%

Regression equation Participation =1.271+.007(D. factors) +.157(EA) +.319(Reasons) +Error

T-TEST To compare the difference between participation of study abroad programs and gender of respondents

Equal variances assumed

Levine’s Test for Equality of Variances Sig.

Sig (2 tailed)

95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower

Abroad study participation

.581

.000

.10266 .10082

Mean

Upper .31009 .31193

Male

2.4468

Female

2.2405

Interpretation This test is applied in order to know the difference between the two variables. The above table shows the sig value of leven’s test which indicates the equality of variance. While the 2 tailed sig value is .000 indicates the difference between two variables. And the mean value is showing the difference is .2036%

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15 Quantitative research technique

Conclusion At the end we want conclude that every individual has its own perception based on the personal behavior and the way of their thinking. On the basis of the perception individual makes decision. Based on the above results suggests that the only few students have already been in abroad and they wanted to go again while most of the respondents did not travel abroad for any reason but they showed some interest to visit abroad for study. The above result shows mostly students wants to study abroad because they wanted to broaden their horizons in academic and wanted to experience different teaching and learning methods. While most of the respondents find the registration process quite difficult and in contrast they believe that the participation in such program will benefit for them. The respondents showed some reluctance due some factors like concerns and separation from their family, cultural difference and personal safety concerns. During analysis it has been noticed that male students shows relatively more interest than female students. And the participation of the respondents depends upon the reasons and personal interest of the respondents.

Appendix A current educational level Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

MPhil

1

.3

.3

.3

88

29.3

29.3

29.7

206

68.7

68.7

98.3

99.00

5

1.7

1.7

100.0

Total

300

100.0

100.0

Graduation Valid

under graduation

Have you previously traveled abroad? Why so? Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

for fun

93

31.0

31.0

31.0

for academic program

26

8.7

8.7

39.7

family work

23

7.7

7.7

47.3

148

49.3

49.3

96.7

Valid No

Superior university Lahore

16 Quantitative research technique 99.00

10

3.3

3.3

Total

300

100.0

100.0

100.0

Are you interested in studying abroad? Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid

definitely yes

110

36.7

36.7

36.7

probably yes

115

38.3

38.3

75.0

probably no

38

12.7

12.7

87.7

definitely no

37

12.3

12.3

100.0

300

100.0

100.0

Total

Statistics Age of respondents Valid

300

N Missing

0

Age of respondents Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid

18-21

134

44.7

44.7

44.7

22-25

147

49.0

49.0

93.7

25-28

12

4.0

4.0

97.7

7

2.3

2.3

100.0

300

100.0

100.0

above 28 years Total

KMO and Bartlett's Test Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy.

.672

Approx. Chi-Square

2405.838

Bartlett's Test of Sphericity

df Sig.

36 .000

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17 Quantitative research technique

Communalities Initial

Extraction

I want to experience other cultures

1.000

.745

I want to broaden my horizons in the academic areas

1.000

.983

I want to improve my foreign language competence

1.000

.795

I think that a higher level of English proficiency would

1.000

.461

I particularly wanted to study in the UK

1.000

.604

I want to broaden my academic scope and perspectives

1.000

.615

I want to experience different teaching and learning

1.000

.982

I want to become more independent

1.000

.515

I need a change in my lifestyle

1.000

.590

improve my job prospects

methods

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

Total Variance Explained Component

Initial Eigenvalues

Total

% of

Cumulative

Variance

%

Extraction Sums of Squared

Rotation Sums of Squared

Loadings

Loadings

Total

% of

Cumulative

Variance

%

Total

% of

Cumulative

Variance

%

1

3.061

34.011

34.011 3.061

34.011

34.011 3.032

33.686

33.686

2

2.097

23.302

57.313 2.097

23.302

57.313 2.113

23.482

57.168

3

1.131

12.567

69.880 1.131

12.567

69.880 1.144

12.712

69.880

4

.903

10.037

79.917

5

.645

7.171

87.088

6

.567

6.296

93.384

7

.357

3.969

97.353

8

.237

2.631

99.984

9

.001

.016

100.000

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

Component Matrix Component

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18 Quantitative research technique 1 I want to experience other cultures

2

3

.853

.039

-.123

-.176

.974

.057

I want to improve my foreign language competence

.867

.207

-.002

I think that a higher level of English proficiency would

.459

.073

-.495

.563

-.174

.507

I want to broaden my horizons in the academic areas

improve my job prospects I particularly wanted to study in the UK I want to broaden my academic scope and perspectives

.782

-.023

-.058

-.174

.973

.072

I want to become more independent

.616

.344

.134

I need a change in my lifestyle

.044

-.057

.764

I want to experience different teaching and learning methods

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. a. 3 components extracted.

Rotated Component Matrix Component 1 I want to experience other cultures

2

3

.852

-.109

-.078

-.016

.991

-.036

I want to improve my foreign language competence

.889

.065

.029

I think that a higher level of English proficiency would

.485

-.048

-.473

I particularly wanted to study in the UK

.505

-.213

.550

I want to broaden my academic scope and perspectives

.769

-.153

-.012

-.015

.991

-.021

I want to become more independent

.658

.253

.139

I need a change in my lifestyle

.003

.008

.768

I want to broaden my horizons in the academic areas

improve my job prospects

I want to experience different teaching and learning methods

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.a a. Rotation converged in 4 iterations.

Component Transformation Matrix Component 1

1

2 .986

3 -.160

.056

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19 Quantitative research technique 2

.164

.983

-.085

3

-.041

.093

.995

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.

KMO and Bartlett's Test Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy.

.549

Approx. Chi-Square Bartlett's Test of Sphericity

191.407

df

21

Sig.

.000

Communalities Initial

Extraction

I have plan to participate in abroad studying programs

1.000

.747

I have specific knowledge regarding the abroad studying

1.000

.751

1.000

.757

I regret not participating in abroad studying programs

1.000

.548

I assume participating in abroad studying programs is of

1.000

.761

1.000

.912

1.000

.653

programs available The registration process of abroad studying programs appears to be quite difficult

no benefit with regard to my chosen field I assume participating in abroad studying programs is of benefit to me I think participation in abroad study programs is a wastage of time and money Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

Total Variance Explained Component

Initial Eigenvalues

Total

% of

Cumulative

Variance

%

Extraction Sums of Squared

Rotation Sums of Squared

Loadings

Loadings

Total

% of

Cumulative

Variance

%

Total

% of

Cumulative

Variance

%

1

1.810

25.855

25.855 1.810

25.855

25.855 1.722

24.604

24.604

2

1.249

17.849

43.704 1.249

17.849

43.704 1.239

17.695

42.299

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20 Quantitative research technique 3

1.066

15.227

58.930 1.066

15.227

58.930 1.123

16.042

58.341

4

1.004

14.344

73.274 1.004

14.344

73.274 1.045

14.933

73.274

5

.833

11.906

85.180

6

.616

8.797

93.977

7

.422

6.023

100.000

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

Component Matrix Component 1

2

3

4

I have plan to participate in abroad studying programs

.807

.006

.310

.030

I have specific knowledge regarding the abroad studying

.804

-.095

.304

.064

-.198

.263

.577

.562

I regret not participating in abroad studying programs

.615

.177

-.369

.048

I assume participating in abroad studying programs is of

.221

.754

-.300

-.231

.089

-.034

-.529

.789

-.197

.755

.197

.067

programs available The registration process of abroad studying programs appears to be quite difficult

no benefit with regard to my chosen field I assume participating in abroad studying programs is of benefit to me I think participation in abroad study programs is a wastage of time and money Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. a. 4 components extracted.

Rotated Component Matrixa Component 1

2

3

4

I have plan to participate in abroad studying programs

.863

.036

.013

-.036

I have specific knowledge regarding the abroad studying

.864

-.064

-.006

-.004

.034

-.046

.866

.065

I regret not participating in abroad studying programs

.451

.339

-.328

.350

I assume participating in abroad studying programs is of

.063

.860

-.130

.018

programs available The registration process of abroad studying programs appears to be quite difficult

no benefit with regard to my chosen field

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21 Quantitative research technique I assume participating in abroad studying programs is of

-.039

-.043

.056

.952

-.144

.612

.496

-.107

benefit to me I think participation in abroad study programs is a wastage of time and money Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.a a. Rotation converged in 6 iterations.

Component Transformation Matrix Component

1

2

3

4

1

.939

.144

-.270

.155

2

-.038

.934

.356

-.015

3

.334

-.257

.685

-.594

4

.067

-.204

.576

.789

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.

KMO and Bartlett's Test Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy.

.866

Approx. Chi-Square Bartlett's Test of Sphericity

5136.972

df

28

Sig.

.000

Communalities Initial

Extraction

Financial concerns

1.000

.748

Concerns expressed by your parents /guardian

1.000

.985

Separation from family

1.000

.990

Potential language barrier

1.000

.985

Cultural differences’

1.000

.989

Personal safety concerns

1.000

.981

Missing out social activities

1.000

.913

Possibilities of hurting expectations

1.000

.838

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

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22 Quantitative research technique

Total Variance Explained Component

Initial Eigenvalues

Total

% of

Cumulative

Variance

%

Extraction Sums of Squared

Rotation Sums of Squared

Loadings

Loadings

Total

% of

Cumulative

Variance

%

Total

% of

Cumulative

Variance

%

1

5.539

69.243

69.243 5.539

69.243

69.243 4.845

60.564

60.564

2

1.889

23.613

92.855 1.889

23.613

92.855 2.583

32.292

92.855

3

.387

4.834

97.689

4

.116

1.456

99.145

5

.025

.316

99.461

6

.020

.249

99.710

7

.016

.194

99.904

8

.008

.096

100.000

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

Component Matrixa Component 1

2

Financial concerns

.485

.716

Concerns expressed by your parents /guardian

.962

-.242

Separation from family

.963

-.251

Potential language barrier

.963

-.241

Cultural differences’

.961

-.256

Personal safety concerns

.955

-.261

Missing out social activities

.612

.734

Possibilities of hurting expectations

.560

.725

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. a. 2 components extracted.

Rotated Component Matrixa Component 1 Financial concerns

2 .124

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.856

23 Quantitative research technique Concerns expressed by your parents /guardian

.972

.202

Separation from family

.976

.194

Potential language barrier

.972

.203

Cultural differences’

.976

.189

Personal safety concerns

.973

.182

Missing out social activities

.231

.927

Possibilities of hurting expectations

.188

.896

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.a a. Rotation converged in 3 iterations.

Component Transformation Matrix Component

1

2

1

.900

.436

2

-.436

.900

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.

KMO and Bartlett's Test Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy.

.796

Approx. Chi-Square Bartlett's Test of Sphericity

4739.680

Df

21

Sig.

.000

Communalities Initial

Extraction

I prefer living independently

1.000

.988

I love travelling around the world

1.000

.983

I like socializing with foreigners

1.000

.952

I like exercising and taking part in physical activities

1.000

.790

1.000

.972

abroad I want to participate in theatrical based dramas

Superior university Lahore

24 Quantitative research technique I want to portray my culture among foreign students

1.000

.990

I might start working on a part-time basis for earning

1.000

.946

purposes Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

Total Variance Explained Component

Initial Eigenvalues

Total

% of

Cumulative

Variance

%

Extraction Sums of Squared

Rotation Sums of Squared

Loadings

Loadings

Total

% of

Cumulative

Variance

%

Total

% of

Cumulative

Variance

%

1

4.756

67.943

67.943 4.756

67.943

67.943 3.888

55.547

55.547

2

1.866

26.652

94.596 1.866

26.652

94.596 2.733

39.049

94.596

3

.304

4.342

98.937

4

.044

.632

99.570

5

.014

.196

99.765

6

.008

.121

99.886

7

.008

.114

100.000

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

Component Matrixa Component 1

2

I prefer living independently

.929

-.353

I love travelling around the world

.916

-.378

I like socializing with foreigners

.707

.672

I like exercising and taking part in physical activities

.597

.659

I want to participate in theatrical based dramas

.916

-.365

I want to portray my culture among foreign students

.928

-.358

I might start working on a part-time basis for earning

.704

.671

abroad

purposes Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. a. 2 components extracted.

Superior university Lahore

25 Quantitative research technique Rotated Component Matrixa Component 1

2

I prefer living independently

.971

.214

I love travelling around the world

.974

.186

I like socializing with foreigners

.223

.950

I like exercising and taking part in physical activities

.139

.878

I want to participate in theatrical based dramas

.966

.196

I want to portray my culture among foreign students

.973

.209

I might start working on a part-time basis for earning

.221

.947

abroad

purposes

Statistics disengaging factors Valid

300

N Missing

0

Mean

2.6650

Median

2.6250

Mode

2.00

Std. Deviation

.77330

Variance

.598

Range

3.00

Minimum

1.00

Maximum

4.00

Percentiles

25

2.0000

50

2.6250

75

3.3750

Statistics Extracurricular activities Valid

300

N Missing

0

Mean

2.5314

Median

2.5714

Mode

2.57

Superior university Lahore

26 Quantitative research technique Std. Deviation

.62124

Variance

.386

Range

3.00

Minimum

1.00

Maximum

4.00

Percentiles

25

2.1429

50

2.5714

75

2.8571

Statistics abroad study program participation Valid

300

N Missing

0

Mean

2.3643

Median

2.4286

Mode

2.14

Std. Deviation

.45777

Variance

.210

Range

3.00

Minimum

1.00

Maximum

4.00

Percentiles

25

2.1429

50

2.4286

75

2.5714

Statistics reasons for studding Valid

300

N Missing

0

Mean

2.1311

Median

2.0000

Mode Std. Deviation

1.67a .60913

Variance

.371

Range

3.00

Minimum

1.00

Superior university Lahore

27 Quantitative research technique Maximum

4.00

Percentiles

25

1.6667

50

2.0000

75

2.4444

a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown

What is your gender? * Are you interested in studying abroad? Cross tabulation Are you interested in studying abroad?

Total

definitely yes probably yes probably no definitely no Count

58

77

24

66.0

69.0

22.8

52

38

14

Expected Count

44.0

46.0

15.2

Count

110

115

38

110.0

115.0

38.0

21

180

male Expected Count

22.2 180.0

What is your gender? Count

16

120

female 14.8 120.0 37

300

Total Expected Count

Chi-Square Tests Value

df

Asymp. Sig. (2sided)

5.063a

3

.167

5.079

3

.166

Linear-by-Linear Association

.649

1

.421

N of Valid Cases

300

Pearson Chi-Square Likelihood Ratio

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 14.80.

Symmetric Measures Value

Approx. Sig.

Phi

.130

.167

Cramer's V

.130

.167

Nominal by Nominal N of Valid Cases

300

Superior university Lahore

37.0 300.0

28 Quantitative research technique

Case Processing Summary Cases Valid N Are you interested in studying

Missing Percent

300

N

100.0%

Total

Percent 0

0.0%

N

Percent 300

100.0%

abroad? * What is your gender?

Are you interested in studying abroad? * What is your gender? Cross tabulation What is your gender? male Count

Total

female 58

52

110

66.0

44.0

110.0

77

38

115

69.0

46.0

115.0

24

14

38

22.8

15.2

38.0

21

16

37

Expected Count

22.2

14.8

37.0

Count

180

120

300

180.0

120.0

300.0

definitely yes Expected Count Count probably yes Expected Count

Are you interested in studying abroad?

Count probably no Expected Count Count definitely no

Total Expected Count

Chi-Square Tests Value

df

Asymp. Sig. (2sided)

5.063a

3

.167

5.079

3

.166

Linear-by-Linear Association

.649

1

.421

N of Valid Cases

300

Pearson Chi-Square Likelihood Ratio

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 14.80.

Symmetric Measures

Superior university Lahore

29 Quantitative research technique Value

Approx. Sig.

Phi

.130

.167

Cramer's V

.130

.167

Nominal by Nominal N of Valid Cases

300

Case Processing Summary Cases Valid N

Missing Percent

current educational level * Age

300

N

Total

Percent

100.0%

0

N

Percent

0.0%

300

100.0%

of respondents

current educational level * Age of respondents Cross tabulation Count Age of respondents 18-21 MPhil graduation

22-25

25-28

Total above 28 years

0

0

0

1

1

20

58

4

6

88

114

84

8

0

206

0

5

0

0

5

134

147

12

7

300

current educational level under graduation 99.00 Total

Symmetric Measures Value Ordinal by Ordinal

Kendall's tau-b

N of Valid Cases

Asymp. Std. Error

-.271 300

a. Not assuming the null hypothesis. b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.

Correlations

Superior university Lahore

.053

Approx. Tb -5.015

Approx. Sig. .000

30 Quantitative research technique abroad study

reasons for

program

studding

participation Pearson Correlation abroad study program participation

Sig. (2-tailed)

.000

N Pearson Correlation reasons for studying

.471**

1

300

300

.471**

1

Sig. (2-tailed)

.000

N

300

300

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Model Summary Model

R

R Square

Adjusted R Square

Std. Error of the Estimate

.544a

1

.296

.293

.51211

a. Predictors: (Constant), Are you interested in studying abroad?

ANOVAa Model

1

Sum of Squares

df

Mean Square

Regression

32.790

1

32.790

Residual

78.152

298

.262

110.942

299

Total

F

Sig. .000b

125.030

a. Dependent Variable: reasons for studying b. Predictors: (Constant), Are you interested in studying abroad?

Coefficients Model

Unstandardized Coefficients

Standardized

t

Sig.

Coefficients B (Constant) 1

Are you interested in studying

Std. Error 1.463

.067

.333

.030

abroad? a. Dependent Variable: reasons for studying

Superior university Lahore

Beta

.544

21.954

.000

11.182

.000

31 Quantitative research technique

Model Summary Model

R

R Square

Adjusted R Square

Std. Error of the Estimate

.402a

1

.162

.153

.42127

a. Predictors: (Constant), Extracurricular activities, what is your gender?, disengaging factors

ANOVAa Model

1

Sum of Squares

df

Mean Square

Regression

10.127

3

3.376

Residual

52.530

296

.177

Total

62.658

299

F

Sig.

19.022

.000b

a. Dependent Variable: abroad study program participation b. Predictors: (Constant), Extracurricular activities, what is your gender?, disengaging factors

Coefficients Model

Unstandardized Coefficients

Standardized

t

Sig.

Coefficients B (Constant) disengaging factors

Std. Error 1.901

.143

.082

.032

-.228 .223

Beta 13.335

.000

.138

2.576

.010

.050

-.245

-4.562

.000

.039

.303

5.682

.000

1 What is your gender? Extracurricular activities

a. Dependent Variable: abroad study program participation

Regression

Variables Entered/Removed Model

Variables Entered

Variables

Method

Removed

Superior university Lahore

32 Quantitative research technique Are you interested

. Enter

in studying abroad?, 1

Extracurricular activities, disengaging factors

a. Dependent Variable: abroad study program participation b. All requested variables entered.

Model Summary Model

R

R Square

Adjusted R Square

Std. Error of the Estimate

.360a

1

.130

.121

.42918

a. Predictors: (Constant), Are you interested in studying abroad?, Extracurricular activities, disengaging factors

ANOVAa Model

Sum of Squares Regression

1

df

Mean Square

8.135

3

2.712

Residual

54.523

296

.184

Total

62.658

299

F

Sig. .000b

14.721

a. Dependent Variable: abroad study program participation b. Predictors: (Constant), Are you interested in studying abroad?, Extracurricular activities, disengaging factors

Coefficients Model

Unstandardized Coefficients

Standardized

t

Sig.

Coefficients B (Constant) 1

Std. Error 1.584

.134

disengaging factors

.044

.033

Extracurricular activities

.200

.040

Superior university Lahore

Beta 11.817

.000

.073

1.327

.185

.272

4.949

.000

33 Quantitative research technique Are you interested in studying

.078

.026

.170

3.039

abroad? a. Dependent Variable: abroad study program participation

Regression

Variables Entered/Removed Model

Variables Entered

Variables

Method

Removed reasons for

. Enter

studying, 1

Extracurricular activities, disengaging factors

a. Dependent Variable: abroad study program participation b. All requested variables entered.

Model Summary Model

R

R Square

Adjusted R Square

Std. Error of the Estimate

.515a

1

.265

.258

.39438

a. Predictors: (Constant), reasons for studying, Extracurricular activities, disengaging factors

ANOVAa Model

1

Sum of Squares

df

Mean Square

Regression

16.618

3

5.539

Residual

46.039

296

.156

Total

62.658

299

F 35.614

a. Dependent Variable: abroad study program participation b. Predictors: (Constant), reasons for studying, Extracurricular activities, disengaging factors

Superior university Lahore

Sig. .000b

.003

34 Quantitative research technique

Coefficients Model

Unstandardized Coefficients

Standardized

t

Sig.

Coefficients B (Constant)

Std. Error

Beta

1.271

.130

9.758

.000

disengaging factors

.007

.030

.011

.222

.825

Extracurricular activities

.157

.038

.213

4.175

.000

reasons for studying

.319

.039

.424

8.092

.000

1

a. Dependent Variable: abroad study program participation

T-Test

Group Statistics What is your gender?

N

Mean

Std. Deviation

Std. Error Mean

abroad study program

male

180

2.4468

.43188

.03219

participation

female

120

2.2405

.46925

.04284

Independent Samples Test Levene's

t-test for Equality of Means

Test for Equality of Variances F

Sig.

t

df

Sig.

Mean

Std. Error

95% Confidence

(2-

Difference

Difference

Interval of the

tailed)

abroad study

Equal

program

variances

participation

assumed

.305

.581 3.916

298

.000

Superior university Lahore

Difference

.20637

.05270

Lower

Upper

.10266

.31009

35 Quantitative research technique Equal

3.851 240.388

.000

.20637

.05358

.10082

.31193

variances not assumed

Appendix B Questionnaire STUDENT’S PERCEPTION REGARDING STUDYING ABROAD AND THEIR READINESS

Dear participant The overall aim of this study is to investigate the perceptions of undergraduate students in relation to study abroad programs and to identify to what extent they are ready to participate in abroad study programs. In order to fulfill the course requirements of Quantitative techniques in Business. It would take hardly 05-10 minutes to fill out this questionnaire It is ensured that all the information will be kept confidential and will be used for the research purpose only. Your cooperation in this regard will be highly appreciated.

Name (optional)

1.

Gender

a)

Male

b)

Female

2.

Age

a)

18-21

b)

22-25

Superior university Lahore

36 Quantitative research technique c)

25-28

d)

Above 28 years .

3. What is your current educational level? A)

MPhil b)

Graduation

c)

under Graduation

d) Others

5. Have you previously traveled abroad? Why so? a)

For fun

b)

For academic program

c)

Family work

d)

others

6. Are you interested in studying abroad? a) Definitely yes

b)

Probably yes

c) Probably no

d)

Definitely no

Please indicate how strongly you agree or disagree with each statement using the scale provided. Please check in the numeric box 1, 2, 3 or 4 in the appropriate column.

SCALE Strongly Disagree Disagree 4 3 Reasons for studying overseas

Agree 2

1

I want to experience other cultures

2

I want to broaden my horizons in the academic areas

3

I want to improve my foreign language competence

4 5

I think that a higher level of English proficiency would improve my job prospects I particularly wanted to study in the UK

6

I want to broaden my academic scope and perspectives

7

I want to experience different teaching and learning methods

8

I want to become more independent

9

I need a change in my lifestyle

Superior university Lahore

Strongly Agree 1 4 3 2

1

37 Quantitative research technique 4

3

2

1

Abroad Study Programs and Participation 1

I have plan to participate in abroad studying programs

2

I have specific knowledge regarding the abroad studying programs available The registration process of abroad studying programs appears to be quite difficult I regret not participating in abroad studying programs

3 4 5 6 7

I assume participating in abroad studying programs is of no benefit with regard to my chosen field I assume participating in abroad studying programs is of benefit to me I think participation in abroad study programs is a wastage of time and money

Factors playing role in disengaging from studying abroad: 1. None

2. Very little

3. Average

1

Financial concerns

2

Concerns expressed by your parents /guardian

3

Separation from family

4

Potential language barrier

5

Cultural differences’

6

Personal safety concerns

7

Missing out social activities

8

Possibilities of hurting expectations

4. Very much 4 1

4

Extracurricular activities 1

I prefer living independently

2

I love travelling around the world

3

I like socializing with foreigners

Superior university Lahore

3

3

2

2

1

1

38 Quantitative research technique 4

I like exercising and taking part in physical activities abroad

5

I want to participate in theatrical based dramas

6

I want to portray my culture among foreign students

7

I might start working on a part-time basis for earning purposes

Superior university Lahore