Pulse Sep-oct 2008

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ECE

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sep-oct 2008

ECEA Vista...2

Techies’ Arena...6

Gizmos...8 Tutorials...9

EDITORIAL

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elcome back to another issue of Pulse, the scintillating magazine of ECEA. Before you take a ride into our informative and thought provoking articles, we would like to share a few words with you. Today, we are living in a golden age of technology. With Moore’s words as motto, the world’s scientists and engineers are coming up with surprises, almost everyday. Faster and faster processors, mountain of memory in miniature devices, redefined mobility with bluetooth, 3G, WiFi, WiMax and many more futuristic technologies are the order of the day. While Intel’s 45 nm Penryn processors (for the uninformed, it’s the core2duo) and Seagate’s Barracuda 1.5TB hard drives have took the world by storm today, the future has a lot more to offer. Come next year and you will find the Intel 32nm Westmere architecture processors gearing up to power tomorrows PCs, and the future hard disk drives would be hungry for even more data. Wireless and mobility are the catch words. In this regard, Nokia, Apple and other biggies are doing their duty religiously in the quest towards a connected world. It seems technology is growing at an exponential rate. And the interesting fact is that all the excitement that is happening is our field, electronics and communication! Ambient intelligence, Smart antennas, Cognitive radio, Power line communication, etc are some of the hot topics of research today. Tomorrow, we will be part of this great revolution and scale even more heights, spearheading mankind’s progress. Wow! Isn’t this a great feeling? The future is in our hands! Hmmm, now, coming to our stories, hats off to all the ECEA members for a successful Resonance ’08. And with the semester’s end nearing, assessments, lab exams and end semester exams will be looming large in everyone’s mind. Let’s take them in the right spirit and give them a shot. Pulse wishes everyone to do their best and special wishes to all those who are going to bell the CAT this November !

Nitty-Gritty...10 Gaiety...11

CORPORATE TALK

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e had the golden opportunity to interact with Gp.Capt.K.Balasubramanian, IAF(Retd) Chairman, Teledata Informatics Ltd which is a global software solutions company providing enterprise-wide solutions for the Education, Energy and Telecom sectors and has its subsidiaries and operations managed from 48 countries & 166 locations. A short bio-sketch Gp.Capt..K.Balasubramanian

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He graduated in Mechanical Engineering from GCT, Coimbatore in 1962. He was then commissioned in the IAF technical branch and served the Air Force for 32 years. He was awarded the postgraduate degree in Cranfield Institute of Technology, UK in Aircraft design. He also holds an MBA degree in Finance. He is a qualified interpreter in Russian language, having passed the qualifying examination in distinction He had served as the deputy director of Light Combat Aircraft Project at Aeronautical Development Agency. From 1994, he is serving as the Managing Director and Chairman of Teledata Informatics Ltd., a reputed global software, telecommunication and networking company. He is a fellow and member of several professional societies in India and abroad .He likes E-Mentoring Sir, could you tell us about your company?

Teledata Informatics Ltd. was founded in the year 1990. We went public in 2000 and currently have the faith of a million investors. We are the only public listed company that produces thirty one different software products for global markets . Our areas of expertise include software design and architecture, datacentre, VoIP, web solutions, e-learning (both content and delivery) and PC manufacturing. We follow the concept of backward integration. For example, if we are to develop a software product for a ship, we buy a ship for ourselves. Then we test and refine our product to meet all of the customers needs. Though this takes a lot of investment in terms of capital, our products are exactly what the customers what. Our customers can see for themselves the testing and their results. And our company meets the CMM level 5 standards, the highest in terms of quality. (CMM level 5 standard,though process centric defines and directs (in the form of a self correcting model) as an ideal standard - one defective product in 10 million!). As students, you would like the contributions of Teledata in the field of Education like Web EIM – a web based Educational Management system marketed in USA and digital Education in 7 states in India and our products and services for learning Management and Learning content Management System. Our E-Learning products cover the global audience in the field of Marine Engineering and Banking .You please also see The official BIMONTHLY magazine of ECEA

ECEA VISTA.... http://www.teledata-usa.com, http://teledatamarine.com and http:/ /tts-consulting.com and other subsidiaries etc You’ve worked in Air Force and Aircraft design. And now you are heading a software and telcom company. How has your experience in aeronautical field helped you? The quality levels in aircraft industry are high for obvious reasons and imbibing the quality levels in daily working life helps in producing higher quality software and telecom products and services. Also the software used in the aircraft systems demand greater testing and reliability, which is also useful for general software and telecom products . Teledata also has developed software for airports and aeronautical systems To be successful in telecom & networking industry, what skills do you think is expected of budding engineers like us? What the industry expects from you freshers are, the right attitude and enthusiasm to learn new things. Given these two, other skills can be taught and you will learn them quickly. Please remember that companies hire for attitude and personal qualities and then train for knowledge and skill. At the age of 21, boys and girls have to be physically tough, mentally alert and emotionally stable. With these three Core Strengths, under your belt, your ability to observe, analyze, adapt and refine yourself to the expectations of the industry will be very high .Knowledge, Skill, Attitudes, Values and team spirit etc will eventually reach you and you will be able to rise to your full potential If you want some specific answers from me, I’d like to add the following. Engineering Education is a fine balance between theory and practice. During your four year engineering course you would have studied more than 50 subjects. They form a foundation, especially your math skill, which is of prime importance. Then, you should have done some work wetting your hands , say a project, on your own. That would be sufficient. Do you think if there is a relevance between our curriculum in college and the job? I don’t think the relevance factor is an important one,as life cycles of products and services are only 5 years . As I said before, the four year course gives you a foundation on which you build your career. If you have the enthusiasm and attitude you need not bother about the relevance. It is here that E-Learning will assume greater role in retraining Engineers and technicians in newer areas of knowledge and skill. Does your company offers internships for students like us? Yes, we do offer internships but not in a very large scale as other companies do. But we have a lot of plans to change the situation and offer more internship opportunities in the future, in the form of finishing schools. Sir, your message to the students?

Google. Use it to expand your horizons. Automation and Embedded systems are the hot fields in today’s electronics industry. They’re powering aircrafts, ships, automobiles and many appliances today and they’re sure to play an even greater role in the future. It is expected that embedded systems can have about five times the impact that software had over the last ten years.

ALUMNUS COLUMN “High achievers spot rich opportunities swiftly, make big decisions quickly and move into action immediately”, so said Robert H Schuller.

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true illustration of this statement is Arun A, an alumnus of our DECE, CEG & the topper of his batch, is currently pursuing his PostGraduate Programme in Management in the prestigious IIM B (Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore). We had the opportunity to talk with him. Here are a few excerpts from the conversation:

Life at IIM B Arun finds the hectic time-packed life at IIM-Bangalore enthralling. He says, “Everyone here is busy doing something or the other .Not even a single minute is wasted. We hardly sleep for 4 hours”. He further adds, “The live projects at IIM really prepare you to face the corporate world. The students are trained to take up the challenges of the real world. At the IIMs, a student has to be constantly updated with his curriculum and last-minute preparation for the exams would be impossible. One has to be very systematic, focused, self-disciplined and self-directing to succeed in the institute.” Arun briefed us on how the students are tested at IIMs. He says, “we have 3 semester exams every 6 months. Besides surprise quizzes are conducted at any point of time. Of course the remaining time is spent working on projects. When asked about case studies, he gave us his own experience at a General Hospital in Bangalore. The hospital received regular supply of medicines but other hospitals in nearby towns and cities had to collect their medical supplies from this hospital in Bangalore. This caused many problems like delay of medicines. The students tried to rectify this problem by providing solutions like opening branches in those cities and having better ways of distribution. He says, “the best part of projects is that they are implemented before your eyes.” Arun also gave us a few tips on how to prepare for the surprise quizzes conducted at IIMs. He says, “Surprise Quizzes are very challenging, they are not at all simple despite how much effort one puts in. One should regularly follow professors. IIM is a place where management gurus and pioneers across the world come. It would be extremely useful to understand what concepts they explain. Most of them can be easily applied in these quizzes.”

Today there are numerous global opportunities. Knowledge is the key factor that would decide your destiny. Acquire enough knowledge and use it to acquire additional knowledge. And now, it is not like my times. You have a good friend called Potential Unleashed by Logic Saturated Engineers 2

....ECEA VISTA Arun also gives us a glimpse about the curriculum at IIM. He says, “The syllabus at IIM is really demanding. Subjects like Managerial Accountancy and Operational Management are formidable as they are filled with complicated mathematical problems and mind-boggling questions.”

Future Plans and Job Prospects Arun gave us a good guidance about the job prospects in management field. He says, “The hottest career options in management are Finance and Corporate Strategy. But one should follow his preference rather than going with the tide.” Arun enthusiastically replies when asked about his future plans, “I just did my internship in Rothschild, a leading investment bank. So I would prefer to take up a job in Corporate Strategy or Finance for now. Also, I do have plans of staring my own venture later.”

Arun’s tips for belling the CAT •

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Practise regularly all the sections. Start with the section you are extremely comfortable with and then move to the other sections. Read newspapers like the Economic times and The Hindu. Read a lot of periodicals and keep your vocabulary updated always. Reading Economic Times will help you tackle questions in Data Interpretation and the Group Discussion In the group discussion round, be confident in whatever you speak. Even though you don’t have any points, try getting it from others. Be cool and composed during the personal interview. Know yourself in and out to answer any question about yourself. Always be prepared about a few general questions.

[email protected] Watch out for the exhilarating forthcoming “Dec-Jan 2009 PULSE” issue! We welcome technical or general articles, crosswords, puzzles, interesting facts, trivia, suggestions or any other constructive contribution! Kindly note we do not publish plagiarised articles.

INTERVIEW WITH THE PRESIDENT, SAAS

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udos to Mr. Kalaiarasan P, the President of Students Association and Arts Society (SAAS) for his well crafted prospective plans and efforts. By calling a spade a spade, we would say SAAS has brought on tremendous and authentic changes in our campus in the past and we may expect the best in the future as well. Talking to the President, who also belongs to our IV Year ECE department, this is what he had to say to the PULSE crew… Can you tell us about SAAS? Student Association and Arts Society (SAAS) is the deep inner desire and voice of CEG students. It is involved in organizing various inter-college and intra-college events such as the Freshers’ party, Agni, Techofes, etc. It functions as the caretaker of all cocurricular and extracurricular activities in the campus. SAAS was inaugurated on 29th September by the Honourable Chief Guests Police Commissioner R Sekar and famous Music Director Gangai Amaran. How can we contact SAAS and voice our suggestions? One can always contact their class representatives round the clock. The SAAS office bearers can be got in touch in the SAAS office between 4:30 and 5:30 PM. Also we are planning to have proper means of communication between SAAS and fellow college mates via notice boards exclusively for SAAS in canteen. Where is the SAAS office? It is located near Hall No.13 in the School of Mathematics building. For the uninitiated, can you elaborate about your team composition? Elections would select sixteen 2nd year students, sixteen 3rd year students and fourteen 4th year students. From the selected representatives, we elect the office bearers of SAAS which include the President, Vice-president, Lady Vice- President, Arts Secretary all from 4th year; while General Secretary & Assistant Arts Secretary are from 3rd year and the Joint Secretary is from 2nd Year. Can you recollect some of the landmark changes by SAAS in our college? SAAS was responsible for the construction of ramps exclusively for the differently abled in S&H block, ground fencing, opening of coffee shop and several other constructive alterations. What are your agenda and plans as the President of SAAS?

The various proposed plans are as follows : •Railway ticket booking counter inside college. •Wifi in all hostels •Providing high configuration Laptops at affordable rates •Creation of blood group bank The official BIMONTHLY magazine of ECEA

Mail us or hand over your artefacts (in soft copy) to any PULSE member.

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ECEA VISTA.... •Insurance for differently abled students. •Drinking water supply in coolers throughout the college. •Renovation of gym. •Xerox machine instalment at easily accessible places. •Links from annauniv.edu –updated regularly-enhancing cultural activities exposure, giving a clear insight to all activities.

COMPETITIVE EXAMS FOR HIGHER STUDIES

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or all those who aspire to do higher studies after their graduation, here is a brief look at the various entrance exams you may have to take to stand a chance in the forbidding competition for the limited number of seats in the various prestigious institutions.

What are the cultural events organised by SAAS ? The events under the supervision of SAAS are as follows: •Agni – the intra-college cultural festival •Techofes – the inter-college cultural festival Any message to the students of our college? SAAS strives to do its best in catering the needs of the students in every possible way. We kindly request the full cooperation of all our mates in implementing our agenda for this academic year. Together, let’s bring out the highest quality in all endeavours.

ECEA CORNER

ME / M Tech / MS GATE Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) is an annual exam for admission to M.Tech and M.S. programs in most engineering institutes in India as well as pharmacy institutes. It is regarded as a benchmark test for engineering graduates in India.It is conducted jointly by the Indian Institute of Science and the seven Indian Institutes of Technology. GRE Graduate Record Examination or GRE is a standardized test that is an admissions requirement for many graduate schools principally in the United States, but also in other English speaking countries. TOEFL

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he ECEA was inaugurated on 2nd September 2008 by the Honourable Chief Guest Mr. D Varadarajan, Principal General Manager, BSNL, Tamil Nadu Circle. The highlight of the event was the launch of PULSE and the formal kick off of the ECEA website. So, what’s happening in ECEA? Let’s have a quick briefing: 1) IEEE Chapter: In order to provide ECE students a global exposure (including papers, projects, seminars, etc ) in the field of Electronics and other relevant fields, an IEEE branch is to begin in our department very soon. (25$ membership per year ). For the ECEians dreaming of doing an MS or an MTech, this membership will give you an edge.

The Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) evaluates the potential success of an individual to use and understand Standard American English at a college level. It is required for non-native applicants at many English-speaking colleges and universities. IELTS IELTS stands for ‘International English Language Testing System’. It is a test of English language proficiency. IELTS is accepted by most Australian, British, Canadian, Irish, New Zealand and South African academic institutions, by more than 1,800 academic institutions in the United States, and by various professional organizations. It is also a requirement for immigration to Australia and Canada.

Famous quotes

2) ECEA Teams: Networking is today’s mantra.One should know his seniors and the industry people in his area of interest. Experience is precious. This will be a kind of a mentorship programme which will last even after college. This network (MBA, MS, Work-related) will enable you know how to prepare yourself for your career. 3) Events: ECEA has a number of teams like Events, Logistics, Marketing, Corporate Relationship or Design;if you want to join any of the above team, do contact the ECEA office bearers directly or through your Organising secretaries or Joint Secretaries. Also, as always the enthusiastic PULSE team is there to cover every nook and cranny of DECE and keep you informed.

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”The heights by great men reached and kept, Were not attained by sudden flight, But they, while their companions slept, Were toiling upward in the night.” - Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ”What you get by reaching your destination is not nearly as important as what you will become by reaching your destination.” - Zig Ziglar ”Most folks are about as happy as they make up their minds to be.” - Abraham Lincoln

Potential Unleashed by Logic Saturated Engineers

....ECEA VISTA distinguish yourself from others. It is a common myth that only CGPA or projects matter. They do, as a matter of fact, but the real focus is on your attitude.

MBA GMAT The Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) is a computer adaptive standardized test for measuring aptitude to succeed academically in graduate business studies. Business schools abroad commonly use the test as one of many selection criteria for admission into an MBA program. CAT The Common Admission Test (CAT) is an all-India test conducted by the Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) as an entrance exam for the management programmes of its seven business schools. CAT scores are also accepted by approximately 120 MBA institutes in India.. More than 2,30,000 students compete for about 1500 seats in the IIMs. This is said to make the IIMs more selective than the Ivy League Universities. XAT XLRI conducts Xavier Admission Test (XAT) on All India level to select the most appropriate students for management education in XLRI and 60 other Management Institutes. MAT Management Aptitude Test (MAT) is a National Entrance Test conducted by Centre for Management Services (CMS), the specialized division of AIMA. MAT exam is used as a benchmark by hundreds of AICTE approved Institutions & University departments to screen candidates for admissions to MBA programmes.

CHAT WITH A BELL LABS INTERN

What does Bell Labs deal with? Bell Labs is not a new name in our domain. It deals with a variety of fields intricately connected with our department. However, Bell Labs India has only Networking and Network Management section. Can you categorize the work as hardware or software oriented? Networking is a tricky field that cannot be categorized as such. But I think the lean is on software. What are the positives you can pick up from Bell Labs? Again, there is this popular myth that an internship in Bell Labs is like having the blue moon. You do nothing more significant than at other places. The main difference is that you get a taste of actual industry competition and the way to adapt yourself to such scenarios. You get to face situations where you only know what to do and not how to do it. You get an opportunity to work with the big shots in business. When should we apply to Bell Labs? Now is the right time. I have already conducted a small session for our immediate juniors on how to apply. You will know the results somewhere before your sixth semester. Any words for the juniors?

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ere are a few excerpts from our chat with Ranganathan Ramaswamy, IV Year

Internships are a great way to learn. There are cool offers and it can be fun too. You will get to know yourself better if the choice of your internship is a company that deals with challenging projects.

What do internships mean to us?

Is there any distinction between various programmes?

T r i v i a Co r n e r

Internships are programmes that allow students to interact with actual industry or research environments aiding them to gain valuable experience.

Internships are basically of two types. It’s not any religious way of demarking boundaries between types. In general, some programmes deal with research and while others deal with actual field work and implementations. You can group them that way. Under what category does Bell Labs offer internships?

Bell Labs offer internships under both categories. There are research avenues as well as ventures and development kind. Who can get an internship at Bell Labs?

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Spiders have transparent blood. Penguins can convert salt water into fresh water. 3. Black whales are born white. 4. A woodpecker can peck twenty times a second 5. The state of florida is bigger than England. 6. Snake venom has 90% protein. 7. Storage capacity of human brain is greater than 4 tera bytes. 8. Rhythm is the longest English word without vowels. 9. Mozambique is the only country to have all the vowels in its name. 10. United Arab Emirates is the only country to have alternating vowels and consonants in its name. 11. The word GIRL appears only once in Bible.

There are no hard and fast rules. You need to give the impression that you are willing to learn. You must be able to The official BIMONTHLY magazine of ECEA

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techies arena......

PATTERN RECOGNITION AND NEURAL NETWORKS – SOME BASICS Harish guruprasad, Iv YEAR

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ello people, the objective of this series of articles is to give everyone an idea about the topic and make interested people refer for stuff. If you are confused or not clear about some concept here, be heartened in knowing that confusion is the first step to proper appreciation of any subject. It is more true in the hazy subject of neural networks than any other subject. Now onto the journey. Advances in computer technology has led to the building of computers capable of doing calculations which would take humans hundreds of years to compute in seconds. But we are still far from building a computer which can understand and learn a natural language like english or tamil, something a human is able to do quite easily. This has led to many hypotheses which say that, the reason for this is the different architecture of the nervous system. The number of neurons range from 10 to 100 billion. Though a large number, it is quite possible to build a supercomputer which uses 10 billion transistors. The main difference then is not the numbers but rather the nature of the connection and the way in which knowledge is stored. Moreover it is the fault tolerant nature of the brain which has led people away from the typical computer model. The brain would function almost normally even if a large number of neurons fail to function, But a computer could collapse catastrophically even if just one transistor goes awry. There have been quite a few mathematical models for the neuron, but none has even neared explaining the functionalities of the brain. So much about the brain’s functioning is unknown. Ask any question about the functioning of the brain to a specialist and the most probable answer would be “I don’t know”. So the models for the brain are based more on heuristics and guesswork than mathematical rigor. The first model of the neuron was proposed by Mccullough and Pitts. It was quite simple. It had a number of inputs ,each of them weighted by a specific number and they were added and fed to a non linear function like a thresholder. Many refinements followed. Though it was proposed just as a model for the neuron, it began to be looked upon with interest even when it was proved the neuron was far more complicated than that. It was mainly because people began to build networks out of such structures and they began to be used in pattern recognition and classification applications on their own merit and not because it modelled the brain . Different architectures of the so called neural networks also began to develop. Some of the noteworthy architectures were l Feed forward Artificial Neural Networks— (e.g) multilayer perceptron State Transfer networks-- (e.g) Hopfield network Competitive learning — (e.g) Self organising maps. The Hornik-Stinchcombe-White theorem greatly increased the popularity of FANNs as it stated that any non linear function can be approximated by a ANN of appropriate size.

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Though these models were created to simulate the brain, Potential Unleashed by

they will most probably never near the functionality of the human brain. I have restated this because of the misconception that “ANNs are intelligent and sentient beings which can think for themselves”. ANNs are mostly used only in pattern recognition. Pattern recognition is the science of recognizing patterns in any data, it may be the recognition of a handwriting pattern, a pattern describing the face of a particular person etc. Most problems can be rephrased into pattern recognition problems. The data from which any pattern is to be recognized is given as a N element vector. For example to recognize faces on 24*24 images, the data could be 576 element vector. In most pattern recognition problems there are two phases training and operational. For the solution to detect patterns rightly in the operational phase, it must be instructed as to what the pattern is in the training phase. This is usually done using positive and negative exemplars. For example in a handwriting recognition problem the system is given samples of the person’s handwriting to recognize (positive exemplars) and samples of some other people’s writings (negative exemplars). Most pattern recognition problems are phrased as separating points in a N dimensional space with N-1 dimensional surfaces. (N can range from 2 to tens of millions). Consider for a N=2 case. In the training phase let there be 10 exemplars ( 5 +ve and 5 –ve ). The two dimensional data may be plotted on a graph.

So if the line separating the positive and negative exemplars is found during the training phase, in the operational phase we could find out which side of the line the new data lies in and we can classify it as being closest to positive or negative based on that. This is just what a neural network or any other pattern recognition system does, find a line (an N-1 dimensional line). This line is called the decision boundary. Finding a linear boundary is quite easy, but most real world data can’t be separated by linear surfaces. Finding 100 dimensional complex surfaces separating 101 dimensional data isn’t something you can do by yourselves between bath and breakfast. Finding nonlinear surfaces is what the Hornik theorem is about, neural networks can find any non linear separating boundary (if it exists) given sufficient neural nodes. This is the reason for popularity of ANNs. But there are 2 important riders associated with this 1) given sufficient neural nodes 2) if a boundary exists . Sometimes the number of neurodes may reach several million, which would make it a wee bit difficult to implement the neural network on the TRANSLTR ( remember digital fortress?). Sometimes the boundaries don’t exist , meaning that though positive and negative training images can be separated the data can’t be. For example you could have a complete database of many faces for detecting a face anywhere in an image, but in the operational face there may come a face part of which is under Logic Saturated Engineers

shadow causing drastic variations in pixel values , so the image could come on the other side of the line. Problem number one can’t be avoided, but it can be diminished by using lesser dimensional independent data than high dimensional correlated data, using alternate architectures for specialized problems, more processing power. Problem number 2 is much more serious though. To counter problem 2, instead of giving direct data like pixels as vectors, some function of the data that is invariant to changes like illumination , rotation and translation can be used. For example each pixel may be normalized in magnitude within a region to come across the illumination variance problems. Such functions are called features, and designing the best features for a particular problem is known as “Feature Engineering”. It also enables to reduce the dimensionality of data. An example will be given in the next issue.

WSN PART 2 - EMBEDDED NETWORK TECHNOLOGY ARUN S, IV YEAR

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SNs merge a wide range of information technology that spans hardware, systems software, networking, and programming methodologies.

......techies arena and 10 to 100 microwatts per square centimeter indoors. Mechanical sources of energy, such as the vibration of windows and air conditioning ducts, can generate about 100 microwatts. A typical cubic-centimeter battery stores about 1,000 milliamp-hours, so centimeter-scale devices can run almost indefinitely in many environments. However, low-power microprocessors have limited storage, typically less than 10 Kbytes of RAM for data and less than 100 Kbytes of ROM for program storage—or about 10,000 times less storage capacity than a PC has. This limited amount of memory consumes most of the chip area and much of the power budget. Designers typically incorporate larger amounts of flash storage, perhaps a megabyte, on a separate chip. Microsensors Sensors give these nodes their eyes and ears. Many materials change their electrical characteristics when subjected to varying environmental conditions. Sensors are manufactured so these changes are predictable over a certain range. For example, a thermistor is a variable resistor that changes smoothly with temperature. An ADC converts the voltage drop into a binary number that a microcontroller can store or process. Photocells and fog detectors work similarly, but they consist of finely interleaved combs separated by a material that uses incident photons or moisture to change resistance. Many more sophisticated structures have been developed to detect other phenomena. These structures consume a few milliwatts and only need to be turned on a fraction of the time. Extremely efficient. ADCs have been developed so that the sensor subsystem has an energy profile similar to the processor. Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) can sense a wide variety of physical phenomena cheaply and efficiently. Researchers can use the processes for etching transistors on silicon to carve out tiny mechanical structures, such as a microscopic springboard within an open cavity. Gravitational forces or acceleration can deflect this cantilevered mass, causing powerful internal forces that cause changes in material properties or delicate alignments, which can be amplified and digitized. Manufacturers used the first major commercial MEMS sensor, the accelerometer, to trigger automotive airbag release.

Fig:Sensor node architecture. Microprocessors, power, and storage A sensor network node’s hardware consists of a microprocessor, data storage, sensors, analog-todigital converters (ADCs), a data transceiver, controllers that tie the pieces together, and an energy source. Recently, a new operating point has emerged that suits all these components. As semiconductor circuits become smaller, they consume less power for a given clock frequency and fit in a smaller area. In simple microcontrollers, miniaturization increases efficiency rather than adding functionality, allowing them to operate near one milliwatt while running at about 10 MHz. Most of the circuits can be powered off, so the standby power can be about one microwatt. If such a device is active 1 percent of the time, its average power consumption is just a few microwatts.

Whereas high-precision piezoelectric accelerometers cost hundreds of dollars, MEMS provided sufficient precision for a few dollars. Once the devices entered mass production, they could ride the CMOS technology growth of modern chips to become increasingly accurate while remaining inexpensive. A wide variety of MEMS devices can sense various forces, chemical concentrations, and environmental factors.

Microradios* For some time now, manufacturers have added sensors to many appliances, vehicles, and gadgets. The breakthrough comes from communicating sensor readings to other devices, translating the physical world into information—bits—that the devices can transport, store, and process. Radio components can now be manufactured using conventional CMOS technology, enabling wireless entry devices, pagers, walkie-talkies, cell phones, and This scale of power can be obtained in many ways. Solar wireless local area networks for mobile laptops. However, the amount cells generate about 10 milliwatts per square centimeter outdoors of energy required to communicate wirelessly increases rapidly 7 The official BIMONTHLY magazine of ECEA

gizmos...... with distance. Obstructions—such as people or walls— and interference further attenuate the signal. Wireless LANs and cell phones consume hundreds of milliwatts and rely on a powerful infrastructure. WSN radios consume about 20 milliwatts, and their range typically is measured in tens of meters. For small devices to cover long distances, the network must route the information hop by hop through nodes, much as routers move information across the Internet. Even so, communication remains one of the most energyconsuming operations, with each bit costing as much energy as about 1,000 instructions. Thus, WSNs process data within the network wherever possible. (* Now, even picoradios have been proposed – a lot research work going on under J.M.Rabaey) SYSTEMS CHALLENGE Bridging the gap between the hardware technology’s raw potential and the broad range of applications presents a systems challenge. The network must allocate limited hardware to multiple concurrent activities, such as sampling sensors, processing, and streaming data. The potential interconnections between devices must be discovered and information routed effectively from where it is produced to where it is used. There must also be a means of programming the ensemble. TinyOS Conventional operating systems such as Unix run well on a 32-bit microprocessor at 50 to 100 MHz, with several megabytes of RAM and a gigabyte or more of secondary storage. Today, this can be achieved in a handheld device that runs for several hours on a single charge. A more typical operating point for WSNs is one year on a pair of AA batteries with a small fraction of these resources. Further, this application focuses on structured interaction with the physical world, rather than on complex human interactivity. The developers of the open source TinyOS tailored it for this application. CONSERVING POWER AND BANDWIDTH Communication, usually the most energy-intensive operation a node performs, must contend for a share of limited bandwidth. The network stack attempts to minimize energy usage, either by eliminating communication or by turning off the radio when no communication needs to occur. Several approaches are possible. For example, nodes could process data locally and only communicate when they detect an interesting event. This approach would be employed in an intelligent alarm system or an environmental monitoring system that focuses data collection on time or areas of interest. In many cases, crude low-power sensors trigger higher-powered sensor devices, such as cameras. Performing aggregation within the network can reduce communication. For example, an application might need to determine the average temperature at shaded nodes in a certain geographic region. Selecting the subset of readings of interest could be performed at the tree’s leaves, routing their aggregation as data upward, so that each node transmits at most a single packet to provide a statistical summary of its subtree. More sophisticated aggregation could involve detecting distributed regions of interest. Compression and scheduling also can conserve energy at lower layers. Some protocol overhead is associated with data communication to maintain routing structures, manage contention,

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and enhance reliability. Sensor networks can avoid explicit protocol messages by piggybacking control information on data messages and by overhearing packets destined for other nodes. They can use prescheduled time to reduce contention and the time the radio remains live. This can be coordinated with the high-level application behavior by, for example, periodic low-rate data sampling. Alternatively, the network could implement energy conservation generically within lower layers by, for example, time division multiple access. In the spatial dimension, the network can assign specific responsibilities to certain nodes, such as retransmission or aggregation. Finally, the network can reject uninteresting packets by turning off the radio after receiving only a portion. However, because these many optimizations can be mutually conflicting, a rich and growing body of literature employs different combinations of techniques under different application and platform assumptions.

NOKIA E71 : REVIEW anish a, iv year

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he Nokia E71 is said to be one of the best phones Nokia has made to date. It’s a device that a lot of businessmen have been waiting for ... Now for the specifications: It’s got QVGA display (320x240 pixels, 16M colours), the screen can be displayed as “Detailed and Clean”. It’s a quad band phone that offers 3G connectivity in the form of HSDPA, as well as Wi-Fi. It’s got 110MB of internal storage that uses a Symbian Operating System 9.2 (series60 3rd edition Feature Pack1) powered by a ARM11 369Mhz processor and a micro SD slot that can offer support up to 8GB cards. The main highlight of this phone is that it’s got a QWERTY keypad so it’s make it easy to type SMS’s and emails etc. It’s got a 3.2megapixel with optional auto-focus and LED flash and a secondary camera in the front for video conference calls. It’s also got a built-in GPS receiver. Now for the review, one can bang out SMS/emails on this device, but there’s a lot more under the hood and the E71 looks to be a fairly good all rounder. The S60 implementation used is still a little under-powered at times, most notably when opening images and playing back videos, but its fine for everyday productivity and general mobile computing, the E71 now plays DRMed WMA music. The D-pad is outstanding, the best such control I’ve used in several years. With the screen being QVGA, there are many, many compatible games (maybe N-Gage will make an appearance here?) and having a good D-pad to work them is half the battle. QVGA on the E71 looks crisp and good. It’s only really when web browsing that you’ll come a cropper - as usual with S60 Web in such a low resolution display. Around the sides of the E71 are: Top: power button and mono speaker (good volume and quality). Left: microSD slot, microUSB port Bottom: charging port. Right: Volume up/down, voice recording button, standard 2.5mm 4-way stereo headset jack.

Most of the E71’s rear is metal, with a patterned mirror finish, with the camera module adding a couple of mm to the 11mm basic thickness in a little bump, featuring a tiny camera, a LED flash and an aiming mirror - though, to be honest, the entire back forms a good enough mirror for framing yourself when talking ‘to camera’. Buttons either side of the case pop off the rear cover, revealing the huge BP-4L battery, the same one as used in the E61i and E90( commonly known as the communicator) and 1500mAh will power Potential Unleashed by Logic Saturated Engineers

the E71 for an eternity. Even with heavy Wi-Fi use and music/ camera activity, the E71 will easily last a working day - and often two. Take the battery out and you appreciate just how stunningly light the E71’s body is and how hard Nokia has worked to miniaturize everything. We can appreciate Nokia for the good design and work they have done on this phone. The phone costs around Rs.20200.

BLUETOOTH WRISTBAND sindhu a, iii year

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ife would be better if we don’t miss a phone call under any circumstance. But what do we do if the mobile is in silent mode and buried deep inside your bag or if the surrounding environment is so noisy that you are unable to hear or see the phone ring or feel its vibration? Though the bluetooth headsets are already available in market to ward off these problems, people with aesthetic sense don’t prefer wearing it all the time. Let us see some of the basics of bluetooth technology which is used in this product. BT (BlueTooth) devices operate at 2.4 GHz in the globally available, license-free ISM band. This band is reserved for general use by Industrial, Scientific, and Medical(ISM) applications, which obey a basic set of power and spectral emission and interference specifications. So Bluetooth has to very robust, as there are many users sharing this spectrum. The two devices connected communicating via BT , retune their radio to different frequency, effectively hopping from radio channel to radio channel. In this way, BT devices use the whole of the available ISM band and if the transmission is compromised by interference on one channel, the retransmission will always be on a different, most probably clear channel. The operating band is divided into 1 MHzspaced channels, each signaling data at 1 Mega symbol per second so as to obtain the maximum available channel bandwidth. Using Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying , a binary 1 gives rise to a positive frequency deviation from the nominal carrier frequency, while a binary 0 gives rise to a negative frequency deviation. Each BT time slot lasts for 625 microseconds, and, generally, devices hop once per packet, which will be every slot, every 3 slots, or every 5 slots. Three different power classes are defined, which provide operation ranges of approximately 10 m, 20m, and 100 m. Two trendy bluetooth wristbands named blualert and bluQ offer a solution to this problem. Blualert uses v1.2 standard which is compatible with 1.1,1.2 and 2. These wristbands vibrate to alert you whenever you get a call . They can sometimes be used to alert upon receiving messages too. BluQ has two buttons, one is the on/off button and the other one is the transfer button which is used to transfer the control back to the phone once the call has been sensed. Simplicity in its usage along with the option to personalize its appearance by using own pictures or the available wearable skins makes it more appealing to youngsters who are concerned about the ‘cool factor’. Bluealert can also be configured to act as a security device to prevent you from losing your phone . If the device finds itself more than five metres away from the phone after being paired up with it, it buzzes. As far as aesthetics are concerned, Blue alert looks more like a fashionable hi-fi bracelet . If you see from a different perspective, it might be more useful than what it sounds - deaf people can be alerted whenever they get a message or alarm, so they will find $50 is worth paying. Further research is

.....tutorials taking place to incorporate additional functionalities like displaying time and the name of the caller .These functionalities demand effective coupling with the operating system of the phone and utilization of effective tactile communication devices. So, in future, we can imagine of a deaf person wearing a wristband which alerts upon a wide range of activation signals from different sources like doorbell, microwave oven, washing machine or whichever demands his/her attention. Rather than having the transmission device incorporated internally into the existing bluetooth functionality of the phone, it can be added as a retrofit element to the phones without bluetooth capabilities. The transmission device consists of an array of MEMS actuators, a few piezo benders, mechanical actuators, pneumatic actuators, direct pneumatics and solenoids. Trade off between power and range limits its range to 15 feet with a battery life of 100 hours in standby. Apart from bluetooth, other radio frequencies like VLF , VHF , ultrasonic and inaudible sound can also be employed for communication between the phone(transmission device) and the wristband(receiver device) .It is apt to conclude that, this product is just a precursor of versatile yet simple bluetooth gadgets to come in future.

MAKING PCBS AT HOME FOR DUMMIES ARUN GOUD, IV YEAR

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ave you ever experienced this ordeal? – You draw a neat circuit diagram, hesitantly transfer it to a breadboard hoping for the best and find that your shabby circuit works perfectly. Next, with renewed confidence, you set about transferring it to a general purpose PCB expecting the same results but what turns out is utter mayhem. Your PCB is laced with blobs of solder covering one another without intent and the number of components comes a distant second to the number of jumpers. Don’t despair. There is a way out of this predicament. You can build your own custom PCB in a jiffy and that too a neat one like those computer motherboards with perfectly parallel copper tracks running in harmony. For that you may have to get your hands on the following materials1 Copper clad boards which are fiberglass boards with a thin copper coating available in electronic goods shops. 2 Marker pen or Carbon paper (Any one will do). 3 Acetone (Found in nail polish remover). 4 Ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3.6H20) which can be purchased in any shop dealing with chemicals.(Anhydrous FeCl3 can also be used but it generates a lot of heat when dissolved in water and needs HCl to start the etching reaction) 5 A plastic container. 6 Hand drill.

And most importantly you will require a Schematic and PCB layout generating software. The best one around is EAGLE by Cadsoft. A limited capabilities version is available for free from the company’s website. This software lets you draw your circuit’s schematic in a schematic editor and generates a PCB layout automatically. Once the layout has been generated you can take a printout of it and use it to build your PCBs. Remember to take a mirror image of the layout since the tracks will be printed on the The official BIMONTHLY magazine of ECEA 9

Nitty-Gritty.... bottom side of the PCB while the components will be placed on the upper side. Once you are equipped with the layout you can start following the steps given below. Steps to come up with your very own home made PCB1 Wash the copper clad board using soap water and then wipe it clean. Rub the surface with sandpaper to remove the deposited oxides. The copper surface should be lustrous at this stage. 2 Draw the PCB layout on the copper surface using a marker pen(preferably black colour). Alternatively a carbon paper can be placed on the copper layer and the layout’s imprint can be created. 3 Take a plastic container and fill it with warm water. Add a tablespoon of FeCl3. Care must be taken as FeCl3 is highly corrosive and can leave indelible marks on the floor and on your clothes if spilled. For the same reason, don’t use a metallic container. Remember to use gloves and spectacles. 4 Place the copper clad board in the FeCl3 solution and stir slowly. It takes around 15-20 minutes for the exposed copper to dissolve. If the reaction is slow add more FeCl3 .During this process the portion of copper which is covered by carbon (from marker/carbon paper) will stay untouched. 5 Remove the board and leave it to dry for some time. 6 Once dried, use a piece of cotton dipped in acetone solution (from nail polish remover) to remove the carbon. Now the copper tracks will be visible. 7 Test the board using a continuity tester for any short circuits. 8 Drill holes for placing the components. 9 Solder the components. You can’t run away from this task. However it will look simpler now since the layout generating software creates an optimal layout with shortest interconnect length and minimum number of jumpers.

READ ME K. Ramasubramanian, IV YEAR

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n a world where money is more coveted than glory, complacency is on the rise-A situation where people get satisfied by a place in the podium, when they could have ended up on its top!! The value which people attach to expectations and promises, has decreased a lot. And we budding engineers are no different?!? We see so many students getting admitted in this institution, carrying with them the expectations of so many people with them, but miserably fail to make any great impact in the society today. This is mainly because we get complacent once we get into this institution, and the very fact of enjoying freedom of thought, action and the power of independent decision making infuses us with a wrong perspective about the freedom vested upon us and we get caught in an illusion, and are reluctant to come out of the illusion which gave us a feel of pseudo-success. By the time we realize this (everyone will certainly!!!), we think it’s too late. This is nothing but the”FEAR OF ACCEPTANCE AND DENIAL”(FAD). We fear to accept because; we fear that we might get denied for mere acceptance. The truth is that we get denied only because we fear to accept. The number of cases where our college students join courses for competitive exams like CAT,JMET,GMAT etc. paying huge money to coaching institutes but fail to attend even regular classes 10 Potential Unleashed by

,is on the rise. This is only because of the fact that, we refuse to think on the right accord before making decisions. We join these courses, just because our neighbor or roommate, class mate has enrolled in it. We join because we do not want unwanted scrutiny from our parents on what we do in our leisure time. We do so because we think we are providing us with an opportunity. An opportunity which will pull us out of the FAD factor. We fail to realize the real opportunity** in that opportunity. We use the opportunity for our purpose. We fail to realize its real purpose. **realizing the MBA dream By “we” I do not mean “all”. The Day has already dawned. The only thing is that, we late risers are still inside our shell. All we have to do is to come out of the shell and feel the sunshine. P.S. Never mind the title. If you’re reading this line, it has served its purpose.

NUCLEAR DEAL SANTHAPRAKASH S, III YEAR

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ere is one issue that has sparked of debates all over the country. The question that lingers on everybody’s mind is, “Is the nuclear deal good or bad for India?” People have judged this issue, not based on facts, but on personal interests, business motives and imaginations. It has got a dubious distinction of being called not clear deal because of the political and the technical complexities involved in it. As this deal is going to be active for a period of 40 long years, it is imperative that you and I know it better than our 60+ politicians. Here we go!!! It all began when Dr. Manmohan Singh went on his first trip to the United States on March 2005, after being crowned India’s fourteenth prime minister in 2004. It was first time that a pact on civilian nuclear energy cooperation was signed. Why it was the first time, requires a bit of rewinding… Jawaharlal Nehru, independent India’s first prime minister, proclaimed that we should not miss the nuclear bus as India had lost out on industrial revolution, because we did not develop steam energy. Many countries including US, UK, Canada and Russia helped to build our nascent nuclear energy program. US, in particular, not only helped in nuclear power, but also to develop nuclear weapons, because Washington did not want China to gain nuclear dominance in the South Asian region. The face of all this cooperation changed when Indira Gandhi decided to test plutonium based nuclear weapon, at Pokhran, in 1974. The bomb was built using the used fuel imported from Canada .For the first time, the world realized the scourge of nuclear proliferation. The international community imposed restrictions on supply of nuclear fuel and technology to India. Infact, the nuclear suppliers group or the NSG was itself created in Pokhran’s aftermath (India can take credit for that!!!). What followed was an era of nuclear apartheid, which continues even till today. Consequently, our nuke scientists were isolated from their counterparts in western countries, leading to a technological embargo. Our scientists started working from the scratch and developed indigenous nuclear technology. India was lucky to have Logic Saturated Engineers

visionary leaders like Dr. Homi Bhabha who envisioned a three stage nuclear program. The first stage involves construction of Natural Uranium, Heavy Water Moderated and Cooled Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs). Spent fuel from these reactors is reprocessed to obtain Plutonium. Stage two envisages construction of Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs) fuelled by Plutonium produced in stage-I. These reactors would also breed U-233 from Thorium. Finally, stage-3 would involve power reactors using U-233 / Thorium as fuel. Thus the thorium based reactors would be the final destination in Indian nuclear program as India is home to one-third of world’s thorium reserves. We come back to July 2005, when President Bush on his reciprocal visit to India, signaled the beginning of negotiating an operational agreement called the 123 agreement. This was because section 123 of the US atomic energy act, deals with nuclear cooperation with other countries. US had already entered into 123 agreements with 25 nations. Meanwhile, the US senate passed the H.R.Hyde act which was the legal framework on which the nuclear deal with India had to be worked upon. This act contained many extraneous provisions, which caused furore in India. They are: •

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India should contain, isolate and dissuade Iran (a traditional ally of India) from continuing with its nuclear weapon program and should sanction against Iran. This was a direct interference in our sovereignty. India had to cut down its plutonium based nuclear weapon production and in the long term has to be a partner to the Non-proliferation treaty. Again this was interference in our strategic issues. India was forced to follow a unilateral moratorium on nuclear testing. Any nuclear test would end the nuclear deal. This was a nefarious design to curtail our right to self-defense from our enemies. On the technological front too, India suffered a body blow when it was learnt the existing embargo would not be lifted. India had to develop its own reprocessing facility (which is an important part of nuclear fuel cycle) and put it under IAEA safeguards. Thus, this lead to a reverse drain of technology from India to the US. This deal posed some serious questions on the legal front also. Unlike the 123 agreements with china and Japan, this 123 agreement with India didn’t have an arbitration clause. That is, the US could just go away from the deal Scot free when we would have invested billions of dollars. Thus US again reinforced that this was not a deal between equal nations but was a lopsided one.

....gaiety Union Carbide had done to Bhopal and Enron had done to Maharashtra. We would filling their cash chest for which we would get in return •

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India will be able to feed her uranium starved nuclear reactors, which are running at half of the installed capacity. But many nuclear experts have suggested that it was only a temporary bug and could be solved by shoring up our domestic reserves. India will become a strategic outpost (not an ALLY) of the US, helping it to get strong foothold in the South Asian region. Nothing else!!!

But US responded to the timid fears (which should have been strong allegations) from the Indian side by resorting to convoluted wordings in the 123 agreement. In the due course, India got its safeguards agreement approved in the IAEA, lost the majority in the parliament, passed the floor test and went to the NSG for an India-specific waiver so that we could enter into global nuclear commerce (not just with the US). India faced stiff resistance in the NSG from the nonproliferation lobby. While complains about lack of interest in the US negotiating side were being raised in the Indian media, a potential deal buster came in the form of a letter released by the foreign relations committee of the US senate. This letter contained answers from the Bush administration to 45 techno-political questions raised by the congressional committee. The letter, which could be considered the official stand of US, confirmed our worst fears. (The letter can be accessed at http://www.hcfa.house.gov/110/ press090208.pdf) But as had been the custom throughout the negotiations, the Indian side brushed aside the issue, saying India was bound only by the 123 agreement. (Best contenders for modern day Nero!!) Finally, under the pressure of the US government and after an Indian assurance on non-proliferation, India-specific waiver was cleared at Vienna with the government describing it a historic moment and the opponents claiming loss of sovereignty. We can’t brush aside this deal as being totally off the colour. Many countries, including Pakistan, have been denied one. Come October there will be no Bush to respond to our allegations or for that matter during the next forty years. It is upto us to protect our rights and dignity by being pro-active. JAGO INDIA JAGO!!!

TECH - QUIZ CORNER M.GOVIND RAMANUJAM, iv year

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To add to the humiliating list is the clause of perpetual safeguards not leading to perpetual fuel supply. In simpler terms, while the reactors that we earmark for civilian nuclear 2. energy production will be kept under IAEA safeguards for their entire lifetime, there is no assurances of lifetime fuel 3. supply in case the deal is broken.This deal could have only a dream for the American nuclear energy companies which were running into huge losses. All over the world too (except 4. France and Russia), governments have shied away from nuclear energy. Our politicians had forgotten about what The official BIMONTHLY

The base transit time of a bipolar transistor is 100 ps and carriers cross the 1.2 micro metre B-C space charge at a speed of 10^7 cm/s. The E-B jn charging time is 25 ps and the collector capacitance and resistance are .1 pF and 10 ohms, resp. What is the cutoff frequency? What type of junction is formed in the collector-substrate junction in epitaxial collector structure? A 4 bit modulo-6 ripple counter uses JK flip-flop. If the propagation delay of each FF is 50ns, what is the max clk freq? Whether the signal x(t) = 4 sin 3t + 3 sin (sqrt(3)t) is periodic? If it is periodic, what is its periodicity? magazine of ECEA

gaiety..... 5.

12 signals each band limited to 5 kHz are to be transmitted over a single channel by FDM. If AM-SSB modulation guard band of 1 kHz is used, what is the BW of the multiplexed signal? 6. A super heterodyne receiver is to operate in the frequency range of 550 KHz – 1650 KHz, with IF = 450 kHz. The receiver is tuned to 700 kHz . What is Cmax / Cmin ratio of the LO? 7. 4 1.2 nC point charges are located in free space at the corners of a square 4 cm on a side. Find the total potential energy stored in it. 8. A lossless transmission line with a characteristic impedance of 80 ohm is terminated by a load of 125 ohm. Length of line = 1.25 lambda. What is the input impedance? 9. A 1 micro Farad cap is shunted by a 1 K ohm resistor maintained at 300 K. What is the rms noise voltage over the entire frequency band? 10. A mixer stage has a noise figure of 20 dB. This mixer stage is preceded by an amplifier which has a noise figure of 9 dB and an available power gain of 15 dB. What is the overall noise figure?

Winners of July - August 2008 issue Quiz COrner

Sudharshan MG, IV Year

ACROSS 1 Murders cop tribe if light signal is transmitted (5,5) 6 Aerial worker turns Nebraska, not applicable (7) 7 A completely succesful storage (4) 8 Mixed up at the end (4) 9 This is the point which marks the end of solidity(7) 13 Non-discrete youth leader offers parallelism (7) 15 F1 (Not racing!) (4) 17 This theory is really big! (4) 18 Mongolian leader arranged meet on the outskirts of Amritsar on current issues (7) 19 Get rid of these and keep doing your work (10) DOWN 1 Breaking news about the fastest of converters (5) 2 100kbps rat bite?Ouch! (3,4) 3 If you can’t catch up with me , you’ll have to face this reportedly(5,3) 4 Transistor found in a big fettle (5) 5 Impulse gesture? (5) 10 BASIC ENGLISH for example (8) 11 Reverse attractor(6) 12 Openest error in a single stair (3,4) 14 Even,allonge ions need password to enter (5) 16 Harbour sockets (5)

Crossword

Sudharshan MG & Rukmani Ravi, IV year Mail your entries to [email protected] Exciting prizes await you ! We also welcome well-written articles !

Editors

Bharanidharan B

& Arun Chekhov I

Principal correspondents

CROSSWORD KARTHIK.T, iv year & KARTHICK.R.N, iii year

Saravanan P Karthyek Rajhaa Harish Guruprasad Govind Ramanujam M Arun S Arun Goud Anish A third year journalists

Visswanath V Sindhu A Sheerapthinath OS Santhaprakash S Roopini Dan Prasanna Kumar TSM Karthick RN Ganapathy S

[email protected] 12

Potential Unleashed by Logic Saturated Engineers