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Systems thinking is holistic, that is it deals with wholes rather than parts and is relevant to tackling ill‐structured “messy” problems. Reviews the literature on risk to identify the techniques and concepts used in the management of risk and the identification of potential failures. The majority of the concepts identified are found to be systematic and reductionist. Also identifies related concepts not used in the techniques which are found to be more holistic. Classifies the concepts according to their use and holistic qualities. Briefly describes a systems approach to failures. As risk is associated with uncertainty and ill ‐ structured problems, suggests that systems thinking could be a valuable aid to risk management.

In adaption to the statement of Gavin W. Parter Although multiple studies examine institutional transitions of learning managementsystems (LMS) or compare their merits, studies examining students' free choice of access on parallel LMSs for the same course are absent from the literature. In order to investigate usage in a free‐choice situation, identical content was posted at the same time to two different LMSs in a large enrollment class with a diversity of majors.

According to Alexander Rad the paper aims to explore the interplay between risk management and control systems in banks, specifically investigating the managerial intentions underlying the design of management control systems.

Acording to Nikitas A.Assimakopaulos sytem can do our job fast and efficients. To be most effective, systems must be designed for the requirements of the manager‐user. Too often there is a communication gap between managers who are too busy, uninterested or unwilling to become directly involved, on the one hand, and on the other, the consultant who is more usually engrossed in the special nature of the system. The author aims to provide an up‐to‐date and integrated treatment of organisation and management, as well as to emphasise the utilisation of management information systems to improve the art of managing.

Yudi Azis Innovation in management system.his purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the effectiveness of Six Sigma as an innovation tool in management system. In this regard, the comprehensive impact of Six Sigma is provided based on Osada's management system model in terms of driver, enabler, and performance. Then, the causal relationship diagram is drawn among critical success factors to show how Six Sigma innovates the management system. Finally, the comparison between Six Sigma and

total quality management (TQM) is discussed to reveal the strength of Six Sigma as an innovation tool in management system.