Public Policy Models

COMSATS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

 Institutional

Model  Process Model  Rational Model  Incremental Model  Group Model  Elite Model  Public Choice Model  Game theory Model

POLICY AS INSTITUTIONAL OUTPUT

 Focus

of political science

 Authoritatively

determined, implemented, and enforced

 Very

close relationship

 Policy

does public policy

not

become

a

 Government

lends legitimacy to

policies  Government

policies involve

universality  Government

society

monopolizes coercion in

POLICY AS POLITICAL ACTIVITY

Political scientists – Policy Process – Outlines 

Problem Identification



Policy Formulation



Policy Legitimation



Policy Implementation



Policy Evaluation

POLICY AS MAXIMUM SOCIAL GAIN  

"Maximum social gain“ 

Choice Of Policies › Costs < benefit



Refrain from Policies › Costs > benefits



No Policy adoption › if its costs exceed its benefits



Policy Alternatives › Decision Making



Preferences and their relative weights



Policy alternatives available,



Consequences of each policy alternative



Calculate the ratio of benefits to costs for each policy alternative, and



Most efficient policy alternative.

POLICY AS VARIATIONS ON THE PAST  

 continuation

of activities with modifications

 Constraints

past only

prevents from identification

government incremental

policymakers

 Policymakers

accept the legitimacy of established programs, agree and continue them

 uncertainty

about the consequences

POLICY AS GROUP EQUILIBRIUM  

 Balancing

the interests of

groups  Make

policy by continuously responds to: › Pressure groups › Negotiate with there demands

POLICY AS ELITE PREFERENCE  



Very Powerful



Manipuilate the masses



It reflects the Interests, values & prefrences of Elite

POLICY AS COLLECTIVE DECISION MAKING BY SELFINTERESTED INDIVIDUALS  



Self-interests



Mutual benefit of government and individuals

  In short, interest groups, like other political actors, pursue their self-interest in the political marketplace.

POLICY AS RATIONAL CHOICE IN COMPETITIVE SITUATIONS 

Game Players  Decision in favor of public 

Perhaps the suggestion of a "game" is unfavorable, suggesting that the game theory is not really appropriate for serious conflict situations. Game theory is a conceptual and deductive model of