Primary And Secondary Standards
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Department of Chemistry Stage 2 Chemistry Social Relevance Projects. Home | Contents | Cross Referenced Index | Experimental Procedures | Data Analysis
Analytical Standards Introduction Standards are materials containing a known concentration of an analyte. They provide a reference to determine unknown concentrations or to calibrate analytical instruments. The accuracy of an analytical measurement is how close a result comes to the true value. Determining the accuracy of a measurement usually requires calibration of the analytical method with a known standard. This is often done with standards of several concentrations to make a calibration or working curve.
Primary Standards A primary standard is a reagent that is extremely pure, stable, has no waters of hydration, and has a high molecular weight. Some primary standards for titration of acids: • •
sodium carbonate: Na2CO3, mol wt. = 105.99 g/mol tris-(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS or THAM): (CH2OH)3CNH2, mol wt. = 121.14 g/mol
Some primary standards for titration of bases: • •
potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP): KHC8H4O4, mol wt. = 204.23 g/mol potassium hydrogen iodate: KH(IO3)2, mol wt. = 389.92 g/mol
Some primary standards for redox titrations: •
potassium dichromate: K2Cr2O7, mol wt. = 294.19 g/mol
Secondary Standards A secondary standard is a standard that is prepared in the laboratory for a specific analysis. It is usually standardized against a primary standard.
NIST Standard Reference Materials The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provide a wide variety of standard reference materials (SRMs) for validating and calibrating analytical methods. Some examples of SRMs: for chemical composition • • • •
elements in iron, steels, and other metal alloys sulfur in fossil fuels polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in oils elements in foods and beverages (e.g. milk powder, wheat flour)
for physical properties • • •
strength and melt fow of polyethylene pipe radioactivity electrical resistivity of Si
for engineering materials • • •
particle sizes magnetic computer storage media surface flammability
Analytical Standards Introduction Standards are materials containing a known concentration of an analyte. They provide a reference to determine unknown concentrations or to calibrate analytical instruments. The accuracy of an analytical measurement is how close a result comes to the true value. Determining the accuracy of a measurement usually requires calibration of the analytical method with a known standard. This is often done with standards of several concentrations to make a calibration or working curve.
Primary Standards A primary standard is a reagent that is extremely pure, stable, has no waters of hydration, and has a high molecular weight. Some primary standards for titration of acids: • •
sodium carbonate: Na2CO3, mol wt. = 105.99 g/mol tris-(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS or THAM): (CH2OH)3CNH2, mol wt. = 121.14 g/mol
Some primary standards for titration of bases: • •
potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP): KHC8H4O4, mol wt. = 204.23 g/mol potassium hydrogen iodate: KH(IO3)2, mol wt. = 389.92 g/mol
Some primary standards for redox titrations: •
potassium dichromate: K2Cr2O7, mol wt. = 294.19 g/mol
Secondary Standards A secondary standard is a standard that is prepared in the laboratory for a specific analysis. It is usually standardized against a primary standard.
NIST Standard Reference Materials The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provide a wide variety of standard reference materials (SRMs) for validating and calibrating analytical methods. Some examples of SRMs: for chemical composition • • • •
elements in iron, steels, and other metal alloys sulfur in fossil fuels polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in oils elements in foods and beverages (e.g. milk powder, wheat flour)
for physical properties • • •
strength and melt fow of polyethylene pipe radioactivity electrical resistivity of Si
for engineering materials • • •
particle sizes magnetic computer storage media surface flammability
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