Practice Test 1 Fall 05

Name: ________________ Date: ______ 1Blankness, 3eyes Below are three barriers to learning hurt, 1feeling stupid, From the list of symptoms write two next to each barrier that 1irritable, causes that symptom. (2 pts each) 3headache, 1. Misunderstood words and symbols ____________ 1wanting to get away from subject, 2. Learning at too steep of a pace_______________ 2confused, 3. Lack of a physical connection to subject; meaning a lack 1disgusted, 3heavy feeling, 1disoriented of visuals or hands-on learning. _________________ Situation: A recent hurricane that hit the South will leave many without power for a weeks. If they had a freezer full of frozen meat, what should they do to preserve this meat? Give at least three methods. Assume there’s no where to buy ice or get a electric generator and there’s no place cold to store it. (3 pts)

The following methods are good for preservation: Cooking, drying, packing in salt, blend with spices, pickle with vinegar, expose to UV light (black light/sunlight).

Situation: You are hiking in the desert in the winter and need to start a fire, but have no matches or lighter. How would you start a fire? Draw a picture and label. (3 pts)

Wood or rock hand protector with depression to hold top of spinning stick Spinning stick Bow with string, shoe lace, or fibers wrapped once around spinning stick. Back and forth motion spins stick. Plank wood with depression and notch for embers to drop onto tender.

Situation: You are walking along a river bed and find a dog tangled up in some tough nylon rope. You tried to untie it but couldn’t and you don’t have a knife to cut it. How can you make something sharp enough to cut the rope? Describe and draw a picture. (3 pts) Throw or strike one rock against another. If you get a concave break, strike it again from an angle that may produce a sharp edge.

This piece may be sharp enough

What are the building blocks of clay?

SiO2*2H 2O Al2O3*2H 2O

Clay is made of two layers. One layer is silicon and oxygen bonded to water molecules. The other layer is aluminum and oxygen bonded to water molecules. Other water molecules will fit between these layers if the clay is wet. All cultures mold pots and then place them in a fire. What happens when clay is fired?

First, the water that was added to mold the clay evaporates. Next, the water that was bonded to the layers of silicon dioxide and aluminum oxide gets driven off. The loss of water causes the clay to shrink and the layers to fuse. The clay will be hard and will no longer be softened by water. Be prepared to give the written name if the formula is given and vice versa.

F2 Fluorine Cl2 Chlorine CO Carbon monoxide CO2 Carbon dioxide P2Br4 Diphosphorus tetrabromide NO Nitrogen monoxide NO3 Nitrogen trioxide

Know what these prefixes mean • • • • • • •

mono- 1 di2 tri3 tetra- 4 penta- 5 hexa- 6 deca- 10

N2O Dinitrogen monoxide

Where does the word, “Chemistry” come from?

Chemistry is from chemists, which is from alchemists which came from Al kemia (meaning the black lands of Egypt) This is where the chemistry of mummification was known.

Cl2O dichlorine oxide

On a personal level you experience electrons, protons, and neutrons. Pick which one goes with which experience. protons

neutrons electrons

Matter

Anti-Matter

What kind of light is capable of creating matter? Gamma Rays

When light creates matter, two particles are always formed. For example, when an electron is formed, an anti-electron is also formed, but its proper name is a

Positron

Elements are building blocks for compounds.

Protons, Neutrons, & Electrons are building blocks for elements

Write in the number of Electron protons for the Helium below # Elemen atom though elements are ts element protons s by using just three Hydrog

Neutron Proton

Even built building blocks (electrons, neutrons, and protons), a variety of elements with vastly different properties are created: Choose two elements that differ by only one proton, but appear very different.

en Helium

4) Electrical attraction & repulsion are Lithium Berylliu primary forces that m cause elements to Boron combine. Protons & Carbon electrons attract each Nitroge Hydrogen & other even when in n oxygen make Oxygen different atoms. This ____________________ water attraction causes Electrons can shape themselves into many shapes: True or False? True atoms to combine. _____________________

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Some of the electrons in your body could be at this moment on the moon: True or False? True Electrons can go through barriers even though they don’t have the energy to do so: True or False? True It is possible for you to walk into a wall and find yourself on the other side? True or False? True Electrons repel each other: True or False? True Electrons are attracted to protons: True or False? True Elements can be said to be very diverse building blocks. How many compounds can elements Aninorganic almost infinite number of compounds The Earth’s crust is mostlymake? made of compounds. What areplaced the three common elements Compounds are often intomost 2 categories: Organic and Inorganic. in the Earth’s crust and their percentages (by weight) in high to low order? Oxygen (50%), silicon (30%), aluminum What element accounts for about half the weight of a mountain? Oxygen (8%). What four metals are the next abundant in Earth’s crust? Iron, calcium, sodium, and potassium. When you are walking on the ground, what predominant element are you standing on? Oxygen When you walk on carpeting, what is the predominant element (by weight)? Carbon When you walk on wood, what is the predominant element (by weight)?

Organic compounds are built around the element, carbon, and many have chains of this element.

Write down the type of organic compounds built from the elements indicated

H

C

O

N

S

P

Hydrocarbons Carbohydrates & Lipids Amino acids & proteins More amino acids & proteins RNA, & DNA

Hydrocarbons are made from what two elements?

Hydrogen

Carbon and

Match the formula or description with the compound B CH4 a. Gasoline D CH3CH2CH3 b. Methane (natural gas) A 6 to 10 carbon hydrocarbon c. Motor Oil E Hydrocarbon with thousands of carbons d. Propane C Hydrocarbon about 20 carbons Polyethylene Living things usewith small molecules as buildinge. blocks for larger molecules

and large compounds as building blocks for very large molecules (macromolecules). What are the two small molecules that build sugars?

dioxide and water

Carbon

O C O

Wood is built primarily from cellulose, which is built from the 6carbon sugar called glucose, which is built from what three elements? Carbon, oxygen, & hydrogen

H

This sugar also forms chains in a slightly different arrangement that stores energy in plants. What is that carbohydrate? Starch What are the building blocks for proteins? Amino acids.

H H

To the right is glycine. Circle the part that is the “amino” part and which is the “acid” part? Amino part Proteins have two purposes. Some build structures and others are for directing chemical reactions. Keratin and collagen are proteins Enzymes are They proteins thatstructures direct chemical reactions. Their names which type? build . usually end with what? -ase

O

O

N C C O H

H

H

H

Acid part

Hemoglobin is a protein made for its chemical capability. What is its chemical specialty? H O H H H H Oils and fats belong to the family of lipids. What It can hold onto oxygen. H C C C C C C O are the building blocks of lipids? Fatty acids H H H H H Hydrocarbon=Fatt acid part

H

Abundance of elements The website, in the Earth’s crust www.webelements.com provides these 3-d graphs of abundance of elements. What elements predominate the Earth’s crust? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. This galaxy is measured to be 30,000,000,000,000,000,000 miles away and traveling 2,000,000,000 miles per year. How far was it fromAbundance us 15,000,000,000 years (d=vt):ppb by % of ppb by wt ago? % Log ______________________________ Hydrogen in 750,000,0 75 atoms 9 Universe 8 930,000,0 00 00 3 Earth’s crust 1,500,000 0 .88 6 310,000,0 00 1 Sea water 107,800,0 .15 11 .18 8 662,000,0 6 What does “ppb” mean? 00 10 .03 00 6 Human 100,000,0 8 620,000,0 ________________ • How do explain that 11% of the weight of sea water00 is hydrogen, .00 but 66% of 00the2 number of atoms in sea water is hydrogen? Hydrogen is very light, so it their weight makes up a lower percent of total weight •

In humans, hydrogen make up 10% of its weight and 62 out of 100 atoms in the body. What compounds in the body have hydrogen (name at least 4)?

Water, lipids, sugars, carbohydrates, proteins, DNA. •

What does the log of 8 mean? It means 10 to the 8th power or 100,000,000

Fused for Nuclear Fuel Hydrogen (H) Helium (4He) Carbon (12C) Neon (20Ne) Oxygen (16O) Silicon(28Si) Fused during neutron core Created from neutron capture in explosion • What doesSupernova the 12 mean in 12C?

Main Products Temperature 4 He 4 million K 12 C 150 million K 16 20 24 O, Ne, Mg 1 billion K 24 Mg 2 billion K 28 Si, 32S 3 billion K 56 56 Fe, Ni 4 billion K All elements less than 10-100 All elements 4 billion K Fe heavier than Fe

It is the total of protons and neutrons in this isotope of carbon.

•

What temperature is oxygen created from carbon? And what other element is needed? 1 billion degrees Kelvin, and helium is fused to the carbon.

•

Alchemists tried to turn common metals into gold and there are plenty of websites still saying they can do that. They could if they did what? Placed

common metals in a supernova, or bombard metals with high energy neutrons.