Power Point Presentation In Com. Sci.

TOPICS: III. DATA PROCESSING IV. COMPONENTS

iii. DATA PROCESSING   

Data processing is any computer process that converts data into information or knowledge. The processing is usually assumed to be automated and running on a computer. Because data are most useful when well-presented and actually informative, data-processing systems are often referred to as information systems to emphasize their practicality. Nevertheless, both terms are roughly synonymous, performing similar conversions; dataprocessing systems typically manipulate raw data into information, and likewise information systems typically take raw data as input to produce information as output.

DEFINITION 

Data processing, data are defined as numbers or characters that represent measurements from observable phenomena. A single datum is a single measurement from observable phenomena. Information is defined as either a meaningful answer to a query or a meaningful stimulus that can cascade into further queries.

A. GENERAL 

More generally, the term data processing can apply to any process that converts data from one format to another, although data conversion would be the more logical and correct term. From this perspective, data processing becomes the process of converting information into data and also the converting of data back into information. The distinction is that conversion doesn't require a question (query) to be answered. For example, information in the form of a string of characters forming a sentence in English is converted or encoded meaningless hardware-oriented data to evermore-meaningful information as the processing proceeds toward the human being.

B. EMBEDDED SYSTEM 

Conversely, that simple example for pedagogical purposes here is usually described as an embedded system (for the software resident in the keyboard itself) or as (operating-) systems programming, because the information is derived from a hardware interface and may involve overt control of the hardware through that interface by an operating system. Typically control of hardware by a device driver manipulating ASIC or FPGA registers is not viewed as part of data processing proper or information systems proper, but rather as the domain of embedded systems or (operating-)systems programming. Instead, perhaps a more conventional example of the established practice of using the term data processing is that a business has collected numerous data concerning an aspect of its operations and that this multitude of data must be presented in meaningful, easy-toaccess presentations for the managers who must then use that information to increase revenue or to decrease cost. That conversion and presentation of data as information is typically performed by a data-processing application.

C. DATA ANALYSIS 

When the domain from which the data are harvested is a science or an engineering, data processing and information systems are considered too broad of terms and the more specialized term data analysis is typically used, focusing on the highly-specialized and highly-accurate algorithmic derivations and statistical calculations that are less often observed in the typical general business environment. In these contexts data analysis packages like DAP, gretl or PSPP are often used. This divergence of culture is exhibited in the typical numerical representations used in data processing versus numerical; data processing's measurements are typically represented by integers or by fixed-point or binary-coded decimal representations of numbers whereas the majority of data analysis's measurements are often represented by floating-point representation of rational numbers.

D. PROCESSING 

Practically all naturally occurring processes can be viewed as examples of data processing systems where "observable" information in the form of pressure, light, etc. are converted by human observers into electrical signals in the nervous system as the senses we recognize as touch, sound, and vision. Even the interaction of non-living systems may be viewed in this way as rudimentary information processing systems. Conventional usage of the terms data processing and information systems restricts their use to refer to the algorithmic derivations, logical deductions, and statistical calculations that recur perennially in general business environments, rather than in the more expansive sense of all conversions of realworld measurements into real-world information in, say, an organic biological system or even a scientific or engineering system.

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Elements of Data Processing 

In order to be processed by a computer, the data needs first to be converted into a machine readable format. Once data is in digital format, various procedures can be applied on the data to get useful information. Data Processing includes all the processes from Data Entry up to Data Mining:

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Data Entry Data Cleaning

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 act of detecting and correcting (or removing) corrupt or inaccurate records from a record set, table, or database.         

DATA CODING DATA TRANSLATION DATA SUMMARIZATION DATA AGGREGATION DATA VALIDATION Data Tabulation Statistical Analysis Computer graphics Data Warehousing …data warehouse is a repository of an organization's electronically stored data. Data warehouses are designed to facilitate reporting and analysis. This classic definition of the data warehouse focuses on data storage.

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Data Mining  the process of sorting through large amounts of data and picking out relevant information.  the statistical and logical analysis of large sets of transaction data, looking for patterns that can aid decision making.

DATA PROCESSING CYCLE  I.

COLLECTING AND PROCESSING DATA  II. DATA INPUT  III. DATA PROCESSING AND STORAGE  IV. DATA OUTPUT

I. COLLECTION AND PREPAIRING DATA 

A computer cannot function without a list of instructions for it to follow. These instructions must be inputted in a computer in order for it to function. Data must be collected before it can be input.

II. DATA INPUT 

INDIRECT

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 order forms are sent in by post and lots of operators type in the orders, not directly to the mainframe computer, but to a disk system which will eventually be processed in a batch on the mainframe computer.

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Direct

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 means the device which captures the data also inputs it to the computer, E.g. bar code reader in a supermarket. Because the computer knows the goods have been sold, it can keep track of the stock.

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Tools/machines for inputting data:

1.) keyboard 2.) graphics pads (tablets) 3.) scanners

III. DATA PROCESSING AND STORAGE 

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When a computer receives data, it automatically processes the data and executes the instructions or commands that the data entail. The computer converts the inputted data into a language that it actually understands. This data is then stored or saved in the computer’s memory for future use.

IV. DATA OUTPUT 

Output is an information produced by the computer program and perceived by the user.

computer system 

Computer hardware as a system of input, processing, output, storage, and control components. Thus a computer system consists of input and output devices, primary and secondary storage devices, the central processing unit, the control unit within the CPU, and other peripheral devices.

♥ PRIMARY COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEMOF COMPUTER SYSTEM ♥ 

1.) INPUT  send data and instructions to the central processing unit.

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2.) OUTPUT  make processed data available to the user.

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3.) PROCESSING  Output devices make processed data available to the user.

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4.) SECONDARY STORAGE  store data and programs permanently.

IV. COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM  A.

HARDWARE  B. SOFTWARE  C. PEOPLE WARE

EXAMPLES OF COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

A. HARDWARE  

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The hardware components of a computer system are the electronic and mechanical parts. The equipment associated with a computer system is the hardware. Computer hardware is responsible for performing four basic functions: input, processing, output, and storage. hardware is the physical aspect of computers, telecommunications, and other devices. The term arose as a way to distinguish the "box" and the electronic circuitry and components of a computer from the program you put in it to make it do things. The program came to be known as the software. Hardware implies permanence and invariability.

1. INPUT DEVICES 

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Input devices accept data in a form that the computer can utilize. Also, the input devices send the data or instructions to the processing unit to be processed into useful information. The input device feeds data, raw unprocessed facts, to the processing unit. The role of the processing unit or central processing unit is to use a stored program to manipulate the input data into the information required

I N P U T Bar code reader

Graphics pad D E V I C E

keyboard

Touch screen

joystick

I N P U T D E V I C E

Web cam

scanner

2. OUTPUT DEVICES 

An output device displays the processed information to the user. The two most popular forms of output devices are the printer and the monitor. The monitor produces output that is temporary—the output is lost when it is rewritten or erased or when power is lost. Monitor output is called softcopy. The printer displays output in a permanent manner; it is called hardcopy. Other types of output devices include voice output and music output devices.

speakers

headset

O U T P U T D E V I C E

printer

Computer monitor

3. STORAGE DEVICES 

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A storage device is a hardware device designed to store information. There are two types of storage devices used in computers primary storage device  A storage location that holds memory for short periods of times. For example, computer RAM is an example of a primary storage device.

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secondary storage device  A storage medium that holds information until it is deleted or

overwritten. For example, a floppy disk drive or a hard disk drive is an example of a secondary storage device.

Bluray

S T O R A G E

USB/flash drive

D E V I C E

External drive

diskette

B. SOFTWARE 

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As important as hardware devices may be, they are useless without the instructions that control them. These instructions used to control hardware and accomplish tasks are called software. Software falls into two broad categories— applications and systems software. Software or programming can easily be varied. You can put an entirely new program in the hardware and make it create an entirely new experience for the user. You can, however, change the modular configurations that most computers come with by adding new adapters or cards that extend the computer's capabilities. Like software, hardware is a collective term.

1. APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE 

Applications software allows you to perform a particular task or solve a specific problem. A word processor is the most widely used example of applications software; it can be used to create a letter or memo or anything else you need to type. Other examples include games, spreadsheets, tax preparation programs, typing tutor, etc. Applications software can be purchased in stores and is called packaged or commercial software. In other words, it is prewritten. However, there may be situations that require a specific type of software that is not available. It would then be necessary to design and write a program; this software is called custom software. Most often, personal computers utilize packaged software.

MOST IMPORTANT APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE Software Category Word Processor

Function Provides the tools for entering and revising text, adding graphical elements, formatting and printing documents.

Spreadsheets

Provides the tools for working with numbers and allows you to create and edit electronic spreadsheets in managing and analyzing information.

Database Management

Provides the tools for management of a collection of interrelated facts. Data can be stored, updated, manipulated, retrieved, and reported in a variety of ways.

Presentation Graphics

Provides the tools for creating graphics that represent data in a visual, easily understood format.

Communication Software

Provides the tools for connecting one computer with another to enable sending and receiving information and sharing files and resources.

Internet Browser

Provides access to the Internet through a service provider by using a graphical interface.

2. SYSTEMS SOFTWARE 

As important as applications software may be, it is not able to directly communicate with hardware devices. Another type of software is required operating systems software. Operating Systems software is the set of programs that lies between applications software and the hardware devices.

2. SYSTEMS SOFTWARE (CONTINUATION) 

All computers, regardless of size, require the operating systems software. As soon as your personal computer is turned on, the operating systems software is loaded into RAM in order to use your computer devices and other software. A few short years ago, personal computers used an operating system call MS-DOS, Microsoft Disk Operating System. This was a command-driven program in which you needed to know command names and syntax. The need for a more user-friendly system brought about Microsoft Windows operating systems software. Icons or pictures, requiring no knowledge of spelling or syntax, drive Windows operating systems software. Windows is a GUI, graphical user interface. A GUI uses graphic symbols, icons, in its interface. Further, Windows allows you to multitask, which means that you may use more than one program at the same time. The newest version of Windows is Windows 2000.

Think of the cross section of an onion. The inner core of the onion represents the hardware devices, and the applications software represents the outside layer. The middle layer is the operating systems software. The instructions must be passed from the outer layer through the middle layer before the reaching the inner layer.

C. PEOPLEWARE  Peopleware

are the "users" pertaining to computers

Miguel and Ian

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