Pathogens & People: A tick virus with a dangerous bite By EDWARD McSWEEGAN, For The Capital Published 04/05/09
Across much of Europe and Russia, various tick species regularly transmit a serious infection called tickborne encephalitis. It is a viral infection with longterm neurological complications and a mortality rate of about 20 percent. Fortunately, there are very effective vaccines against this summertime menace. Here in the U.S., the situation is a more complicated, "good newsbad news" kind of story. The good news is that most of the tickborne infections in the U.S. are bacterial (such as Lyme and Rocky Mountain spotted fever) or parasitic (such as Babesia), and easily treated with common antibiotics and anti malarial drugs. But there is also an obscure tickborne virus called Powassan that may occasionally cause encephalitis. The bad news about Powassan is that it's probably underdiagnosed in the U.S., it can cause significant morbidity and mortality, and there is no preventive vaccine or effective treatment for it. Powassan virus is a flavivirus similar to the viruses that cause Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, and St. Louis encephalitis. It was first discovered in a fatal encephalitis case in Powassan, Ottawa, in 1958. Since then, about 40 cases have been described in Canada and the northeastern U.S. Between 1999 and 2005, nine cases were identified in Maine, New York, Michigan, Vermont and Wisconsin. The latest national tally in Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports listed six cases in upstate New York and one in Wisconsin during 2007. Four different tick species are known to transmit the virus, and 38 mammal species have been identified as possible sources of the virus. Groundhogs seem to be major sources of both Powassan virus and the tick that transmits the virus, Ixodes cookei.
Powassan virus may cause little overt illness unless it invades the central nervous system. Once there, it can cause headache, fever, nausea, a stiff neck, meningitis, and of course, encephalitis. Tremors, mental confusion, seizures, coma and death also may occur. The fatality rate is 10 to 15 percent. Complete recovery following infection may be prolonged or impossible. Persistent and debilitating symptoms can include headaches, muscle weakness, cognitive and memory difficulties, and other neurologic defects. A recent review of nine cases found the average length of hospitalization was 18.6 days. Six of those nine patients had to undergo "prolonged inpatient rehabilitation" due to "impaired ability to perform (the) activities of daily living." Treatment tends to be aimed at relieving the symptoms of infection. Fluids, ventilators to aid breathing, and steroids to reduce brain swelling are commonly used. These infections probably are made worse by the delay in diagnosis. There are no commercial tests for Powassan virus, so testing often is done at special laboratories run by the Centers for Disease Control. The lack of specific and readily available diagnostic tests also means many cases are probably missed and the actual number of cases in the U.S. is underestimated. Some of the recently reported cases, for example, were identified only after initial tests turned up negative for West Nile virus. A dangerous virus that is carried by four different ticks, circulates among three dozen animal species and is hard to diagnose presents real challenges to developing effective prevention and treatment measures. The situation is made even more difficult by the finding in 1997 of a related Powassan virus called the "deer tick virus." Laboratory studies suggest the deer tick virus is less infectious than the classic Powassan virus, but the consequences of human infection are still unknown. It may cause a mild infection or like its Powassan cousin cause a lifethreatening
encephalitis. It's important to find out more about it. A few years ago, scientists at New York's Department of Health discovered the deer tick virus also could be transmitted by the same tick (Ixodes scapularis) that transmits Lyme disease. Most bacterial and parasitic pathogens carried by this tick require 2448 hours to move from the tick into a human host. In other words, there is a grace period between tick attachment and disease transmission, which sometimes allows people to find and remove the tick. That's not the case with the deer tick virus (or perhaps Powassan virus). Experiments with mice show virus transmission in as little as 15 minutes. Given the tiny size of some ticks and the likely absence of a grace period for some ticktransmitted viruses, it is especially important to practice "tick hygiene." So use tick repellents and check for ticks after being in areas where ticks are likely to be found.
Dr. Edward McSweegan has a Ph.D. in microbiology and lives in Crofton. He works on and writes about infectious disease issues. He may be contacted at
[email protected].