Pollution Chawinda Devi Amritsar

WHAT IS POLLUTION  Pollution is the contamination of

Earth’s environment with materials that interfere with human health, the quality of life or the natural functioning of ecosystems. Pollution is dangerous both for plants and animals. Man is the main creator of each type of pollution.  Due to transportation and factories smoke Poisonous gases and bad smell mixes with the surrounding air and resulting air pollution.

1. Air Pollution 2. Water Pollution 3. Soil Pollution 4. Sound Pollution

WHAT IS AIR POLLUTION  Air

Pollution, addition of harmful substances to the atmosphere resulting in damage to the environment, human health, and quality of life  Air pollution occurs inside homes, schools, and offices; in cities; across continents; and even globally

Causes of Air Pollution The main reasons of Air Pollution are : The

smoke coming out of the chimneys of Industries  Burning of Fossil Fuels in Automobiles and in Industries.  Use of Chloro-flouro Carbon (CFC) which are the root cause of depletion of ozone layer resulting in the formation of ozone hole in the atmosphere.  The SO2 gas present in air mixes with water vapours to form sulphuric acid (H2SO4) which falls on plants and buildings thereby causing irrepairable loss.

Contd..  Sources

of major air pollutants include individual actions, such as driving a car, and industrial activities, such as manufacturing products or generating electricity. Note: 1 cubic meter (1m3) is equal to 35.3 cu ft; 1 milligram (1 mg) is equal to 0.00004 oz; 1 microgram (1µg) is equal to 0.00000004 oz.  PollutantMajor SourcesNotesCarbon monoxide (CO)Motor-vehicle exhaust; some industrial processesHealth standard: 10 mg/m3 (9 ppm) over 8 hr;

• Water Pollution, contamination of

streams, lakes, underground water, bays, or oceans by substances harmful to living things. • Due to chemical wastes and waste materials our rivers, streams are being polluted and man is responsible for the water pollution

The main causes of water pollution are 

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The liquid industrial wastes coming out of the industry are polluting the land water thus effecting the agricultural land and the drinking water. This industrial wastes are also polluting the river water & thus effecting the sea water. The radio active wastes of the nuclear power plants are being thrown in to the sea thus causing a great damage to the sea life.

The

major water pollutants are chemical, biological, or physical materials that degrade water quality. Pollutants can be classed into eight categories, each of which presents its own set of hazards.

Pollution: From Air to Water

Pollution: From Air to Water 

Emissions from the burning of fossil fuels, especially oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, or carbon, combine with water vapor in the air to form acids. These acids fall to earth as acid rain, acid snow, and acid deposition. Flowing water carries these acids into streams and lakes, where they can damage delicate lake ecosystems

Industrial Water Pollution

 Industrial pollutants that run into streams, rivers,

or lakes can have serious effects on wildlife, plants, and humans.  In the United States there are strict rules for the amount and composition of substances that factories can release into bodies of water.  These rules are not always enforced, and much industrial water pollution comes from accidental chemical or oil spills.

Spruce Forest Damaged by Acid Rain  Forests, lakes, ponds, and other terrestrial and aquatic environments throughout the world are being severely damaged by the effects of acid rain.  Acid rain is caused by the combination of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen compounds with water in the atmosphere to produce rain with a very low pH.  Normally, rainwater has a pH of 6.5, making it slightly acidic.

Contd…  However, with the addition of sulfur and nitrogen compounds, the pH of rainwater may drop to as low as 2.0 or 3.0, making it dangerously acidic.  In addition to chemically burning the leaves of plants, acid rain poisons lake water, which kills most if not all of the aquatic inhabitants

Wastewater Treatment  Wastewater Treatment Raw sewage includes

waterborne waste from sinks, toilets, and industrial processes.  Treatment of the sewage is required before it can be safely buried, used, or released back into local water systems.  In a treatment plant, the waste is passed through a series of screens, chambers, and chemical processes to reduce its bulk and toxicity. The three general phases of treatment are primary, secondary, and tertiary. During primary treatment, a large percentage of the suspended solids and inorganic material is

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Due to sound of vehicles, loudspeakers in the loud volume is the cause of sound pollution Unwanted sound, or noise, such as that produced by airplanes, traffic, or industrial machinery, is considered a form of pollution. Noise pollution is at its worst in densely populated areas.

Sounds are produced by objects that vibrate at a rate that the ear can detect. This rate is called frequency and is measured in hertz

Sound Intensities

 Sound intensities are measured in decibels

(dB). For example, the intensity at the threshold of hearing is 0 dB, the intensity of whispering is typically about 10 dB, and the intensity of rustling leaves reaches almost 20 dB.  Sound intensities are arranged on a logarithmic scale, which means that an increase of 10 dB corresponds to an increase in intensity by a factor of 10. Thus, rustling leaves are about 10 times louder than whispering.

PROBLEMS 

Even at levels below those that cause hearing loss, noise pollution produces problems. Noise makes conversation difficult, interferes with some kinds of work, and disturbs sleep. As a source of stress, it can promote high blood pressure and other cardiovascular problems, as well as nervous disorders

Contd…  Noise

also puts stress on domestic animals and wildlife. In remote areas, helicopters and military aircraft often frighten animals.  Factory workers, construction workers, farmers, military personnel, police officers, firefighters, and musicians all have reason to be concerned about their occupational exposure to noise.

• Soil pollution is a buildup of toxic chemical compounds, salts, pathogens (disease-causing organisms), or radioactive materials that can affect plant and animal life • Soil is a mixture of mineral, plant, and animal materials that forms during a long process that may take thousands of years. It is necessary for most plant growth and is essential for all agricultural production

• soil pollution, and enhanced erosion.

Treating the soil with chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and fungicides interferes with the natural processes occurring within the soil and destroys useful organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms. For instance, strawberry farmers in California fumigate the soil with methyl bromide to destroy organisms that may harm young strawberry

Contd…. This process indiscriminately kills even beneficial microorganisms and leaves the soil sterile and dependent upon fertilizer to support plant growth. This results in heavy fertilizer use and increases polluted runoff into lakes and streams.  Improper irrigation practices in areas with poorly drained soil may result in salt deposits that inhibit plant growth and may lead to crop failure. 

Components of Municipal Solid Waste

Components of Municipal Solid Waste 

A person living in an industrialized nation produces a great variety of solid waste, often a mix of potentially reusable or recyclable items (such as paper and yard waste) and largely nonrecyclable material (such as food waste and many types of plastic). Of the municipal solid waste (the waste collected from residences and businesses) produced in the United States in 2000, about two-fifths of the paper, metal, and yard waste was recycled, and about one-quarter of the glass was recycled.

 Economic

and sanitary considerations are the principal reasons for the increased number of cremations in recent years. Expanding populations have created land shortages, causing space for burial plots to become scarce and expensive. In addition, in-ground burial can contaminate water supplies for entire communities. This is especially serious when death has been caused by a highly contagious disease.

Ef fects of Pol luti on on Heal th  pollutants in the soil account for about 2 percent of all cancer deaths in the country, particularly due to lung and bladder cancer.  Lung cancer rates are generally higher in cities, where increased industry and automobile traffic produce air pollution. Some people encounter carcinogenic chemicals in their working environment.  Occupational carcinogens account for about 10 percent of all Indian cancer deaths and include such industrial chemicals as benzene, asbestos, vinyl chloride, aniline dyes, arsenic, and certain petroleum products.

Methods to Control Pollution • Pollution is controlled in two ways: with end-of-the-pipe devices that capture pollutants already created and by limiting the quantity of pollutants produced in the first place. • End-of-the-pipe devices include catalytic converters in automobiles and various kinds of filters and scrubbers in industrial plants. • In a catalytic converter, exhaust gases pass over small beads coated with metals that promote reactions changing harmful

Contd… • Indoor pollution control must be accomplished building by building or even room by room. • Proper ventilation mimics natural outdoor air currents, reducing levels of indoor air pollutants by continually circulating fresh air. •After improving ventilation, the most effective single step is probably banning smoking in public rooms. Where asbestos has been used in insulation, it can be removed or sealed behind sheathes so that it won’t be shredded and get into the air. Sealing foundations and installing special pipes and pumps can prevent radon from seeping into buildings.

Govt.Sr.Sec.School, chawinda Devi, Amritsar • MADE BY:- CLASS 8TH SEEMA GEETA RAMANDEEP KAUR CHANPREET KAUR AMANDEEP KAUR

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