Pocket Guide To Mushrooms

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The Pocket Guide to

Mushrooms

C COj))'rtght LO$ANGE - 63400 Chamall!}rt!'I - france M,maglng Editor: He"'~ Chaumeton Pro)l'Ct Coordinauon: Mu"eI Bresson Oe5ign ar.d Layout: Nathalie Lao:haud, Jean,rran~ols Lauren t. Isabelle Veret Typesetting , $t!}phaJlle Henf)', VerOOlQue Ja,.,."er, Chantal Mlaion

The author and the editorlillteam WO\.IklIIKe to acknowledge the kInd il5S1Stance of Ren!}JiKques Bouteville of lhe Avvergne Natural HI~tory SOCIety, who IS also a member of the Soci· et~ My<:oIoglque de fraoce, and thank hIm for h>s help and
Orl9l1'1i1l tItle: Le mJllI-<}ulde de champ.gnorrs ISBN of the German ed i ~on J·8331-1314·6 CopyrIgh t C 2005 for th>s English ed,tron; Tandem Verlag GmbH KONEMANN is a trademark and an Imprint of Tandem Ve!1ag GmbH Translatron from french : JOSephIne BiKOO, Chanterelle Tran'ilalions, London Adilptatron of the English editlOll: Jo5ephIn. BOKon Typesel1lng : Chanterelle Tran'llatIOrlS. London: OMs. Cologne PrOject coord inatIOn: Ale~ Morkraml!f Pnnted In SlovakIa ISBN ]·8]] 1- 1809- I 109B7654]21 X IX \1111 Vr1 VI V IV IU I

Th", tJr:x* has been researched, and the Illustratrons con taIned hereon collated. Wllh the greatest of care, nevertheles5, there can be rIO guarantee that the contents are completely free of errOf. The IdentlflCatron of edible and porsooous mushrooms always, In Pf3CtlCe. underlies an e,..,errenced gatherer's subJectrill' OV'l'fall IJdgmefl\ of varIOUS characteflnru, the publisher can therelore accept no respor1lo1brlity for the safe usage of these (jesjgnallOlls, arnvor posSIble mIstakes concerning Ihem. NeIther the autOOr' and editors. nor the publ>Sher can be hekl responsrble lor any damages whal50ever that may arISe flOm the use of the contents ollhls

""'"

The Pocket Guide to

Mushrooms Jean-Marie Polese

KONEMANN

PREFACE his is a field guide to wild mushrooms, also known as fungi. It does not include all of the species, of course, because there are several thousand of the macrofungi, those which can be seen with the naked eye, but you

T

will find the most frequently found species in this book. The mushrooms featured here are generally found throughout the temperate zone of the nonhern hemisphere, though there may be slight variations from one continent to another. A few species have a more

restricted habitat but are quite common in those areas in which they grow. A certain number of species which are especially frequent or which are of particular interest due to their edibility or toxicity are dealt with in greater detail and are more extensively illustrated. This book will be of interest to the amateur mycologist as well as to the novice mushroom-picker who wants to be able to identify fungi precisely and accurately, and even to the more experienced picker who would like to extend his or her knowledge to other species, whether they are edible or nol. In order to give the reader some idea of how mushrooms are classified, we have used the method adopted by French mycologists who are the European authorities. Shape, color, odor, taste, and habitat are all properties that are unique to each species. It is rare to be able to recognize a species on the basis of one of these faaors alone. It is usually a combination of several characteristics that enable identification of a specimen with certainty. All this makes mycology, the study of fungi, a discipline which increases powers of observation and exercises the critical faculties. It also arouses a sense of wonder and increases feelings of humility when faced with the extraordinary diversity of nature and the amazing creative gen ius of which the kingdom of the fungi is proof. We hope that this book wi ll lift the veil from certain aspects of the strange and fascinating world of wild mushrooms.

CONTENTS Introduction

8

Anatomy of a fungus What is a fungus? Ecology Mushrooms and Man Picking and eating Key to identification

10 12 16 19 21 26

The Ascomycetes

32

The Phragmobasidiomycetes

58

The A[lhyl lo[lhorales

64

The Tricholomatales

106

The Aqaricales

178

The Entolomatales

230

The Cortinariales

240

The Russulales

284

The Boletales

316

The Gasteromycetes

352

Glossary Index

366 369

NonCE TO READERS The Wusmtions and descriptions of spe:cics in this book have Men produ~ed

with the greatest

ClIte.

If you an in the slightest doubt, however, as 10 the edibilily of ~ mushroom, do not eat it, and consult an identi6eation txpert.

H: height L: length

0: diameter

ANATOMY OF A MUSHROOM

OF CAP

• n IH OA m .M·- -- -t

M ET HOD OF ATTACHMENT OF GILLS TO THE S TI PE

,

TEXTURE AND SHAPE OF STIPE

CA'

Convex

Umbooate

I I I Fibrillo~

Funnel-shaped

(~I O M ARGIN OF CAP

0

Smooth

9

Undulating Of 5inuous

~

Downy

~ ~

SlI"II.IOUS

O,l!).wped

Reticulate

u~ Bulbous

Thin

~ E~ \cen~

r::efal -

Enrolled

B ULB

~ Fluted

~ SUialed

V OLVA

Sac-like

Sheath-like

Ridged bulb

WHAT IS A FUNGUS? Fungi were ollCe classified as plants. but today they are (on~idered 10 be in a class of their own, neither vegetable nor animal, inhabitants of the fungal kingdom. Unlike

plants, they do not have siems, leaves, or rool$. Fungi contain no chlorophyll, the sub·

stance that enables plants to manufacture their own food, w they are fOlced to find food from their environment, in the same way as animals The mushroom that is visible is actually jusl the largest part of an organism most of which lies in the soil. embedded in leaf litter, humus, de
aments, which are called hyphae, and which are invisible to the naked eye when found in isolation. Howev!'!, hyphae often cling

together and their density makes them visible in the form of a white, felt·like wbstance or as thin strings. The mass of hyphae is (ailed a mycelium. My<:elia (an often be found in early fall beneath the moss which grows on the forest noor, Some mycelia (an be found growing over sevefal dead leaves which they dump together. This is the case

The fall is {he liesllime of year 101 finding and picking mushrooms.

"" Mycelium has caJ.JSed the /edves IlrI this brarlCh /0 Clump logether

with certain species 01 Clitocybe. A particularly thick mass 01 mycelium can sometimes be seen on the pine needles thaI carpel the Hoor of coni ferous forl'Sls, l'Specially spruce. The real function of a fungus is 10 produce spores, its minute dispersal organs. That is why mycologists cali the visible mushroom the fruiting body or w(X.Jphore (from the Greek karpos meaning "fruit" and p/l!:Jm; "support" or "bearer "). The fruiting body is also known as a sporophore (from the Greek spora meaning "seed"). life cycle of the fungus A fungus produces spores which, once in the substrate, germinate into a very fi ne, white filament which branches out in all direc· tions. This primary mycelium is incapable 01 producing a carpophore on its own. In order for this to happen, the mycelium needs to encounter a filament from another spore 01 the same species 01 fungus. but one which is genetically different. The two types of fila· ment merge to create another type 01 filament, the secondary mycelium, which is lertile and is capable 01 producing a mushroom. Very often. it takes more than

two types of genetically different spores to produce a fru iting-body; as many as four, may be required, which makes procreation a rather complicated process! Fungi produce a huge number 01 sporl'S. The champion in this respect is the Giant Puffball. a real spore' making factory. This fungus can exceed 16 inches (40 em) in diameter. According to an eminent mycologist. a single specimen is capable of releas· ing 10billion spores into the atmosphere! Despite the amazing number of spores produced by fungi, they clearly have nO! invaded the planet. In facl, in nature, sporl'S very rarely develop a mycelium. ftIr instance, groups of Marasmius oreades. the Fairy Ring Champignon, are to be found every year in abundance in certain meadows, wh ile neighboring meadows, which have the same agricultural. physical, and chemical properties. never have a single specimen, even though spores must have drifted over from the neighboring field and landed there countless times over the years. Although certain mycelia are known to live for centuries (an example is the abovementioned Fairy Ring Champignon) the mycelium of other specil'S die every year. The cycle then starts over in the 'opOres which germinate in the substrate, producing new filaments and new mycelia, and eventually new carpophores.

How mushrooms are formed

At a (enain moment in the life of the filaments, under conditions which are still a mystery, they start to dump together instead of growing in all directions. A little lump then appears on the filaments. a ball of hyphal threads the size of a pinhead. This is called a prifrl()(dium and it is the start of what will become the carpophore of the mushroom. So the carpophore consists of a grouping together of filaments which in other organisms would be comparable to a group of cells combining to form tissue. Only when the frui ting body is fairly well developed (an the species be identified. Mycelium on its own is very hard to attribute \0 a spe
Several species 01 wild mushrooms lIlal grow irt woods are rrow cufljvated commercially These irtClurJe the Oyster Mushroom. the Blewil (pictured here). aJ1(/ the Shaggy Irtk cap

as soon as condi tions imprO'v'e. This phenomenon has been successfully explOited by mushroom-growers. To produce the store or Portobello mushroom. growers (O'v'er the substrate which is impregnated wi th the fungus mycelium with a layer 01 sandy soil, se\'. eral inches thick, stimulating the production of fruiting bodies. In the case of Blewits, a wild variery that has only recently been culti· vated, the triggering fador is a sudden drop in temperature.

Alovely lorest in glorious fall weE/her is an invilaiioolo go mushroom-hurtling.

ECOLOGY Fungi afl' normally divided into three categories depending on where they find their food and their behavior in the growing environment.

- Saprophytic fungi feed on dead

organic vegetable mailer (leaves. twigs, logs, etc.) or animal remains (carrion, excreta), This is the case, for instance, wi th all the fungi that grow on dead trl'e trunks or logs, such as the Honey Fungus, those which grow on dead leaves, such as the Blewit, or the weird-looking Ear-pick Fungus. which grows on fallen pine cones. Fungi playa vel)' important role in the decomposition 01 all

types of waste and in the formation of humus which enriches the soil. Some micro,",opic ~prophitic fungi are valuable aids in lhe fields of medicine and food preparatfon, The 81ewe1 is asaprophyte which grows 01/ oalr or beech leaves.

Penicillin is extracted from a Penicillium

nota tum; yeast, used in brewing and bait.· ing, is also a type of fungus. - Parasitic fungi grow on living plants and animals and thrive at their expense. The most frequently encountered species are Polypores or the fungi that form a lichen·like crust on the trunks or brarxhes of living lTees. The spores find their way into a wound where they germinate or they Sapropftylic lungi play an ifT¥X)ftant role in nature, by cleaning up dead trees and plant rJebris.

allack a host in a weakened state and kill it Numerous spe
- The mycorrhizal fungi. These are fungi tha t live in symbiosis with a plant, generally a tree, Symbiosis is a system in which two living beings live ofl each other to their mutual advantage. The my<:elium combines wi th the rootlets of the plant, which take on a swollen appearance. The resulting combination of root and my<:elium is called a my<:orrhiza, a latin word which literally means "fungus-root" 1\ is in the my<:orrhiza that the exchange of nutrients takes place. The plant supplies the mush· room with carbohydrates resulting from photosynthesis. In exchange, the fungus feeds the green plant with water and min· eral salts, especially tho! rel="nofollow">e which the plant finds hardest to convert from the soil. such as nitrate!>. it is able to do this because of il5 den!>e networ~ of my<:elial filaments which are in closer contact wi th the soil than the rootlets of plants. It thus creates a sort of extension of the rootlets, increasing the area of con tact between the soil and the rootlets. Symbiosis is not confi ned to trees but is practiced by many other plants, including heather, orchids, and even cereals. In fact, threeThis strange. long, Ihin fungus is a species of CordyCepS. COfdyceps ophiogI05S(lil1eS. It parasilizes other fungi. in this case asubterrane.lI1 truf· fle-like fungus called Elaphomyces muricalus Of Deer Truffle

quarters of all green plants benefit from a mycorrhizal asW{iati on. Some. such as orchids. al l' even incapable of life without it. The system of exchanges enables the green plants that benefit from it to grow quickly and strongly. Experiments conducted by many research organizations show that saplings, in particular, derive great advan· tage flam a symbiotic association with a fungus. The fungi evl'l1 participate actively in protecting the tree by releasing chemicals into the soil which prevent attack by predators and pests. Some fungi have even been shown to create nets of mycelium in which

Myr;orrhyzal fungi ate ~imes associaled with a single species. such as lhe Elegant Bolele (Suillu$ grevillei) which only lives unrJer /arch.

to trap and destroy the nematodes (tiny worms) and other insect pests that gnaw away at the rootlets of plants and seriously damage, stunt, or kill them. In exchange for the great service rendered by the mycorrhizallungus, the plant or tree supplies the lungus with mgank matter which it is incapable of producing by itself.

MUSHROOMS AND MAN Man has alw
fascinated with fungi. The mystery surroond· ing their growth. the way they appear so suddenly (Shakl'Speare's "midnight mushrooms"). the strange circles which are formed by some spe<:ies in meadows or forest dearings. and the violent reactions they

can cause to the human organism, including serious poisoning and even death, have

inspired fear and superstition. Even loday, many people have a phobia about wild mushrooms, despite the fact thai fungal Fly Agaric (Amanita musraria), for instance

has been used since at least the eighteenth century in the rituals of native peoples of Siberia, Nonh America, and Lapland.

Fairy rings 01 mushrooms have given rise 10 many lales and beliefs.

Some mushrooms, such as this Liberty Cap (Psilocybe semilanceata) afe hallucinogenic.

-

Nordic tribes have taken advanlage of tile fJal/ucinogeflic SiJlJslances found !n Fly Agaric (Amanila muscaria)

In central America and Mexico, hallucinogenic fungi of the genus Psilocybe were used by the priests of pre-Columbian civilizations. They may well have been sacred or even deified, as certain figurines and representations of the mushroom would appear to indicate. Mushrooms must have pfayed quite an important role in the d~t of early man. They are still eaten in abundance, but generally as a flavoring or delicacy, though vegetarians appreciate them as a meal substitute. The Tinder Fungus and similar woody species probably enabled our ancestors to po-eserve fire and carry il around with them. This fungus burns very slowly and retains an incandescent spot. At a later date, it used in tinder boxes. hence its name. The Styptic Fungus (PanelIus stypricus) was used in staUf\(hing wounds. as the name implies. Fungi have also been harnessed to industry. They are indispensable in If mixed with poIasslum mlrate. Ille Tinder Fungus will burst inlo flame when struck 10 produce a S(J8rk.

The decoIallVfJ (Jfoperlies of CorioIus versicolor ale used in lIower-amnging making bread, cheeses, alcohol, penicillin, and many other useful items. The corky flesh of the Birch Polypore (PiptOPOM betulinus) was used to make a leathery substance on which barbers sharpened their cutthroat razors, hence it s old-fashioned name, the Razor-Strop Fungus. Thus quite apan from their food value. fungi are employed in various areas of human e!1deavor, including the arts and flower-arranging, The Many-ZOfled Polypore ((orioIus versicolor) is often used in dried flower arrangements. as are some members of the Pleurotus family which are cultivated for their bfighl colors.. Fungi also have many negative aspects, in that they can ravage crops. cause illness in humans and animals, and destroy any type of vegetable fThll1er that is not carefully stored. The mold which is used 10 make blue cheese is /he mycelium 01 a fungus called Penicillium roque1o~ii

PICKING AND EATING One of the best-known properties of fungi is the edibility of certain mushrooms. In some parts of the world, including (emral and eastern Europe. Turkey, and North America, fungi are assiduously collected for Ihe table. Whether they are to be eaten at home or picked for salt! \0 markets and restaurants, the number of wild mushrooms currently picked has reached a tonnage that ddually surpasses that of cultivated mushrooms such as the store or PortobeHo mushroom, the Paddy Straw Mushroom, and Shiitake Mushrooms consequently play a Significant part in the human diet. They are &lIen throughout the world from the cold countries to the tropics of Africa and Asia. Mushroom consumption is patchy, however, depending 011 the country or region and

local tradition and custom. tn Southeast Asia, for instance, especially Indonesia, the Philippinfls, and China, mushrooms have been eaten lor centuries. In these countries. mushroom-growing is a cottage industry. Indonesia is the world's biggest produ<:er of Paddy Straw Mushrooms (Vo/varieJ/a valvae",a). In China. many fungi are use
Every fall, an abundance

of wild mushrooms appear on markel slal/s in Europe.

ancient tradition 01 gathering wild mushrooms and a large number of spe
are very young, whose shape and color could be interpreted in various ways. Young sperimens, rKognizable by the firm· ness 01 their I~sh, are much tastier than older ooes. Yoonger mushrooms stay firmer during cooking and are less likely 10 be worm-eaTen.

A IunglJS foray in Ifre (ores) in search of chanlerelles.

$/_

Th! tMhioom-pdets I!q/Jrpmetl/ /$ It!fY COiISISJlng merely 01 a SlICk. asharp knife. abifsk!I and shJrp eyes. or you will be disturbing the medium 00 I'I'hidlIhe myceIitIn

Some spe
tw.Children love

to go looking fix rrvshtooms.

grows and may kill the fungus. II you are careful to pick mushrooms wilhom disturbing their growing medium, you will not compromise their future growth. Mycelium present in the soil could produce anothl'l' speCImen during the same glOwing season or in the followrng year. Try not to mix differem species in the same basket. Those with fragile flesh should be

separated from firm, fleshy speties which might crush them and reduce thl!m to an inedible pulp. Mushroom cuisine Mushrooms ought to be eaten as soon as possible after they have been picked. Most species can be stored in the refrigerator for several days, however. Preparation It is not advisable to wash mushrooms, as this may remove s.ome of the flavor. For those species which do not need much cleaning, it is best to pid: them as cleanly as possible and scrape off any dirt with a knife, then wipe them with a damp cloth. If washing cannot be avoided (as in the case of the Horn of Plenty, and other species that grow in sand), this should be dOlle as quickly as possible, and above all do not leave mushrooms to soak in water. Drain them on a kitchen towel or kitchen paper. Cooking methods As regards the best way to cook them, opin· ions are very divided. Some cooks simmer wild mushrooms for an hour or so, while olhers consider lhatthey should be cooked quickly over high heat. It is all a matter of taste, though it also depends on the texture of the mushroom itself. Fleshy species. such as Ceps and Chanterelles, can withstand loog cooking, those with thin, fragi le flesh,

TIle next scene after a lruirfullungus foray In the forest is set in the kitchen.

such as the Ink Caps, the Blusher and the Griseue should be quickly fried in very hot oil; if subjected to long, slow COOKing, they will turn into an unappetising mush. As a general rule, the first stage of cooking consists in making the mushrooms release the water they cO!ltain by heating them in a skillet or pan that is large enough to ensure even (ooking, simply to allow the water to evaporate. This operation does n01 require the addition of fal, but a tablespoon of oil

could be used to prevent the mushrooms sticking to the pan. Mushrooms releaS
These Ceps have been driOO and stored in Mason jars. They will keep 101 several monlfls.

is sometimes used. Another method of cookirlg the mushrooms is to braise them in a covered pan. Gastronomy is not an exact science and it is up to the individual to discover the best ways to cook their favori te species of mush· room. Now that wild mushrooms are becoming so popular on restaurant menus, and spedes once only to be found in the wild are now being cultivated, it is becom· ing easier all the time to find recipes for cooking fungi. Perhaps the only rule is that they should not be cooked with any food, such as cheese, wIlien masks their subtle flavors. The reduction in price also makes it easier to experiment. Furthermore, those who are nervous about not washing specimens found in the wild will prefer the culti· vated versions, wIlieh are always grown on a sterile substrate, and thus are free of con· tamination.

IDENTIFICATION KEY Spherical or globular mushroom,

Not

sometimes dMloping into

subterranean

Globular

diverse forms

.. ..-..... .

Phallus-shaped

v

Q

~

Star-shaped

z

I

~ ~ ~

-

~

Subterranean

Q

Z

....'" "z

-z ~

'" " ~

Fungi in the shape of cups, antlers. or pustules

Club·shaped fungi, bfaoched.

bum,

fungi. neither viscous

!lOr

getalinous Vis(Ous Of gelatinous fUngus Fungus spreading in a oust or fans-shaped fungus.

I

26 27

Puff-balls (fragile skin), Scleroderma (leathery skin) GASTEROMYCETES p. 356 to p. 361 Phallus GASTEROMYCETES

p. 363 to p. 364 Geaster anthurus

GASTEROMYCETES

p. 354 to p. 355 p. 364 to p. 365 Truffles

ASCOMYCETES

p. 56 to p. 57 Xylaria hypoxylon, Bisporella citrin a, Peziza spp.

ASCOMYCETES p. 34 to p. 45 Clavairia APHYLlOPHORALES

p. 99 to p. 105 Exidia, Auricularia, Tremella ...

PHRAGMOBASIDOMYCETES

p. 60 to p. 62 Stereum, Trametes, Polypores ...

APHYLlOPHORALES p. 66 to p. 85

Fungus with pores in place 01 gills

Lateral or absent stipe. growing on wood or O!l the I ground

.'" V

Gelatinous flesh

0

.... -'...." ~

Central. dillerentiated stipe. ground grower.

fungus with spines in place 01 gills

.. z

~

Non-gelatinous flesh

~ ~ ~

-

,I

0

'"....

:z:

;J:

-

'"z :: rel="nofollow"> ~

Fungi with a pitted or deeply lobed cap

Trumpet-or funnel-shaped fungus. underside smooth or (overed in de
28

29

BOLETALES

Boletus, Suillus, Xerocomus, Tylopilus p. 318 to p. 344 Polypores

APHYLLOPHORALES

p. 80 to p. 85 Hydnum gelatinosum PHRAGMOBASIDIOMYCETES

p.63 Hydnum APHYLLOPHORALES

p. 86 to p. 89 Helvella, Verpa, Morchella ASCOMYCETES

p. 46 to p. 55 Cantharellus, Craterellus APHYLLOPHORALES

p. 90 to p. 98 Gomphidius, Paxillus BOLETALES

p. 345 to p. 348

-

Mushroom whose gills are not separable from the lIesh of the cap

Brittle stipe

0

~

~

z

-•z

.0

v

Fibrous stipe

Spores white or cream, gills the soame color but sometimes yellow, orange, or violet.

"" ... -.""z.. u Q

~

I

~

'" ~

~

~

Q

...-'""" ~

-z

Spores pink, gills pinkish at maturity.

Spores sepia brown or black, gills bla(kish at maturity

'"

:> ~

Spores ocher brown, or brown-violet, gills the same color at maturity

IlIst

30 31

Nonseparable stipe

RUSSULALES

Russula (no milk), Lactarius (milky substance appears when damaged) p. 286 to p. 315

TRICHOLOMATALES

Hygrophorus, Pleurotus, Lentinus, Lentinellus, Clitocybe, Tricholoma, Lepista, Armillaria, Melanoleuca, Collybia, Marasmius, Mycena p. 108 to p. 177

BOLETALES

Clitocybe nebularis, Pleurotus ostreatus, Clitocybe aurantiaca p. 349 to p. 351

Agaricus, Lepiota, Amanita Stipe separable

AGARICALES p. 190 to p.229

ENTOLOMATALES

Clitopilus, Entoloma, Pluteus (no ring or volva), Volvaria (volva but no ring) p. 232 to p. 239

AGARICALES

Psathyrella, Coprinus p. 180 to p. 190

CORTI NARIALES

CORTI NARIALES

Paneolus p. 281 to p. 283

Cortinarius,Hebeloma, Inocybe, Pholiota, Stropharia, Hypholoma, Psilocybe, Agrocybe p. 242 to p. 283

- - - - -- - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "

CORDYCEPS OPHIOGLOSSOIDES Club-shaped Cordyceps DESCRIPTION: H:l'/.-]'/, in (4-8 em). Shaped like a club with a $wollen, granulos!!!

and blackish tip, which when mature is covered with a whitish powder.

HABITAT: de
unnoticed. SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS CordycfpS art aU fotmidable parasites. In some specirs, the myce~um develops in the bodies of insectS or their larvae, Cllusing them to die. The bright-red C",dJ'rtps mililllris kills flirs in this way. Th~ Club-shaped Cordyceps parasitizes a type of tl'1.lffie with a yeUow mycelium.

The same family includes crop pests such as ergot of rye (Cla,,'u!,s I""I',/r(,,).

NECTRIA c/NNABARINA Scarlet Ncctria

DESCRIPTION: 0:0.08·0.4 in (0.2-0.5 em). This fungus has two distinct forms. that of smooth,

pink pillows or cinnabar red, hard, granu!ose pustules. The two forms are frequently found together. HABITAT: on the dead branches of a ~afi· ety of deciduous trees. Found all year round, but mainly in the fall. Very common.

THE ASCOMYCETES XYLARfA HYPOXYLON Candle-snuff Fungus DESCRIPTION: H:'10-3 in (I-Scm).

Fruiting bodies resemble little stag horns, almost cylindrical

at first, then flallened, black at Ihe base and white al the top.

fl~

has a corky con-

sistency. HABITAT: logs and the dead branches of deciduous

trees. Found all year round, but mainly in wintel'. Very

common. HYPOXYLON FRAGfFORME Strawberry Hypoxylon

DESCRIPTION: O:Ir-'h in (0.5-1 em).

Small granulose globule\ brick led at first thefl blackening. Blackish-brown, rodaceous flesh. HABITAT: on bark or dead

branches of beedl tr~ Different stages may be PfI?SeI'lt at the same time. Found all year rOOM, but mainly in winter. Very common.

USTULINA DEUSTA Burnt Uni lina

DESCRIPTION: 0:'/.-4111 (2·10 em), Grayish when young. 1hef1
HABITAT: on decomposing beech logs. Common. lives lor several years. The pale gray areas of growth appear in lale Spllng 01 wmmer, then bladen and perSISt from OIl(> year to the next.

SCLEROTINIA TUBEROSA, DUMONTINIA TUBEROSA Tube ro us Sclcro tini a

DESCRIPTION: H:l 'r-4 In (4·10 em), 0:'/,-

,'1. in (1-3 em), fi~1 deeply cup-shaped lhell mallow!!r, brown 01 tlazelnut. Stipe smooth ami narrow, brown, long but panly embed-

Receptacle at

black scleiohum. No charactefistic odcw woods. hedge!ows., and meadows aloogside wood ar.emones arid Ranunculaceae such as lesser celaOOmt'. Common.

HABITAT: damp

ded in the soil, sinuous and attached to a SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS

This 1U1'lp5 anuhrs i~lf ru a Kit· rotium to tht dead roots of lht host plant. It is a hard, bbck splltrial mass mruuring about 'I. in (1 em) and rtprt-

nllling .. rt'Si§laD! form of tht fungus.

THE ASCOMYCETES BULGARIA INQUINANS Bac helor's Button DESCRIPTION: 0: '/.-1 '11 in (O.5·4 em). at first, then widening and be
lights. It ~omes (overed with a black dust (the black spores of the lungus) which stains

the fingers. The outer parI is brown, velvety

SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS

and granulose. The lIesh is ocher-brown, elastic, and rubbery.

The 5olm1' species of tree is host to the TruncalI'd Bulgaria (Bulgaria rruNClulI),

which is a dose relative of Jl.achelor Button but its spores do nOI stain the fingers.

HABITAT: grows in patches on bark or branches of oak, chestnut. and beech that have rffMl1y bet>n cut down. Fall and winter. Common.

ASCOCORYNE SARCOIDES Fleshy Ascocorync

DESCRIPTION: 0:'/,·'" in (0.5-1.5 em). The fruiting body is cup- or funnl'!-shaped with a flattl'ned or convl'~ top, which becomes concave. Violet-pink or purple-red gl'latinous flesh, margin often lobed. Stipe absent or very short. HABITAT: in large, tightly packed clumps on rotting dead wood, esPl'{iaHy bel'ch. but alw fir. Fall and winter. Common.

NEOBULGARIA PURA Pale Bachelor's Button DESCRIPTION : 0:'I.. , '{, in (1·4 em). Conical. fleshy, and gelatir.ou~ almost

translucent. The upper side is smooth with a slightly raised margin. The underside is smooth, beige or pin~ish. HABITAT: on the bark of branches of deciduous trees that have died re<enlly. espedaliy beech. Grows in light dumps.

From summer through late fall. Fairly common.

CHLOROCIBORIA AERUGINASCENS, CHLOROSPLENIUM AERUGINASCENS Blue.green wood Cup DESCRIPTION: 0:'/,·'" in (0.5·1 em).

A small, wide shallow cup with a wavy margin, 0!1 a short stipe. The fungus is entirely blue-green in color, with a slightly paler exterior; very often the wood around it is

stained blue-green. HABITAT: grows in colonies on dead wood with no bark (oak, hazelnut, beech). Found all year round. The fungus fruits quite rarely, but the blue-green mycelium forms large distinctive patches on tref! trunio::s or branches. It wa~ once used for

THE ASCOMYCETES BISPORElLA CITRINA Yellow 8isporella DESCRIPTION: 0:0,04·" in (0.1-0.3 em). looks like a tiny. shallow (UP al first; la\er, the lOp becomes cOlwe~ . Bright sulfur yel-

low in color, turning orange as il ages. HABITAT: in large (olonj~ on brandies Wipped of bark, espe
LEOTIA WBRICA Yellow Nail Fungus

DESCRIPTION: H:l 't.-2'1, in (3-6 em),

yellow, devoid

e:!I"" in (1-2 em).

ci o:b tnhasle.

This fungus Is completely (OVefed in ~ime and is the shape of a nail. The edge of the cap IS inrolled, nregular, '\Offielimes de-pressed in the (enl~ ~lcm-brown or ~Iow-ocher. turning fainl/y olive with age. Stipe finely granulos!. sometimes fluted, pale yel.

low 10 ochef. Flesh

gelati~

and rubbery.

TOXICITY

Suspected of being poisonous. This li mps (ould b<.' confused with a young specimen of the Tubular Chantcrdlt, which is similar in shapt and color.

HABITAT: grOW§ Singly or in

~II

groups on moss or leaf litter In damp wood, Found in summer through fall. Fairly common, POTENTIAL CONFUSION .. CAN'11iAREll.US nJBAF1'ORAUS Tubu~f Chantcrelle

EDIBLE

HUMARIA HEMISPHAERICA Acorn Elf Cup

DESCRIPTION: H: '/,·'I. in (1 -1.5 em), 0: '/,. 11. in (1 -3 em).

looks like an acorn (Up. and is sometimes half-buried in leaf liner. Remains semicircular even when mature. The interior ollhe cup is smooth and shiny, bluish-white 10 gray-while. then pale och~. Tht> exte1iof and margin are covered WIth thick, dense reddish Of brown hairs lNhich are dafter al the edge. The f~ is pale and pef!>lSlem. HABITAT: grows on the ground. on (Ouing wood in cool. shady urodefgrowth. From !>Ummel through early fall. Quill' common.

SCUTELLINIA SCUTELLATA Shield·shaped Elf Cup DESCRIPTION: 0:0.2 -'1. in (0.4·1 em). A fairly regularly shaped shallow cup willi OtJt a Sfipe. The inside is bright reddimOIal'!)e and the outside beige and velvety The margin is covered in blackish-brown !lairs

',,."J.. in (110 2 mm) long. The cup is

folded inward al first, then flattens out wilh age. The flesh is reddish, with flO particular

odor or laste. HABITAT: in dense clumps on wood, some· times on SOil riCh in humus; in very humid places. ohefl beside waler. from spI"ing Ilirough fall. Common.

THE ASCOMYCETES TARZETTA CAT/NUS, PUSTULAR/A CAT/NUS Crucible Elf C up

DESCRIPTION: 0:'1._2 in (2-5 em). Another elf cup that looks like an acorn cup, though in this one the edge is curlPd over until maturity. and when it opens it exhibits tiny rounded indentations on the margin.

SPECIAL FEATURES

This is rhe largest fungus in the genus Tar:tlliI. Another common species, the

Cup-shaped Peziza (far-dla (ll,,,,/aris) i5 less than ',. in (2 em) in diameter.

The interior surface is smooth and ochla(faUS. The outer surface is paler. sometimes almost white, and covered with a very fine down. Short, thin stipe. usually buried in the substrate. Flesh thin and brittle. HABITAT: 00 bare ground in deciduous or coniferous woods and in gardens. Usually grows in groups. the specimens may be sep-

arated or tightly packed together. Fruits in summer. Fairly com moo.

SARCOSPHAERA CRASSA Crown Elf Cup

edges.. The interior is pinkish·violet, soon turning brown. Outer surface whitish. Whrtish flesh/. in (0.5 cm) thick and brittle; no particular odor or flavor. HABITAT: under beech tr~s or pine trees, espe
DESCRIPTION: H:2'lr 41_ ill (6-12 em), 0 : 4-7 in (10·18 em). Globular al first and half-buried. Ihe Crown Elf Cup Ihen opens al Ihe lOp wilh a wide crown·shaped aperture, wilh saw-loothed

Vtry poiSOIlOUS when r;tW, ptrhaps r,'tn dradly. Ediblc if thoroughly cookcd, but in vi~ or its toxiciry, it is ~r not to try uling iI, C"CII cooked.

SARCOSCYPHA COCCINEA Scarlet El r Cup

DESCRIPTION: 0:'/.·2 ill (2·5 em). This cup with liS irregular margin is ~Iil in placK. The mner surface IS bl"ight red. The outer surface is palei' and covered with a fif"le while down. Stipe ·/r'/. in (\·2 cm) long, and the same color as the outer wrface. Thin, leathery. ~nk flesh; no particular tasle or odor, HABITAT: grows in large colooies 00 dead

braMhes and twigs. sometimes half·hidden rn moss. often In hedgerows, on bramble or

blackthofll !Wigs. and in the undergrowth of dKiduous woods. Fruits from spring U'llough \0 winter. Fairly common.

THE ASCOMYCETES DESCRIPTION: 0: 1. 4 in (1·10 an). This Elf Cup has no Stipe The edge

is imolled when young. f1auening oot wilen older and bKomlng wavy Ot" lobed. The inner surface is bright Ot"ange, and the outer surface is pale orange. and (Ollerro with a line down. The nesh is thin and friable. with no parucula. odor or taste HABITAT: on bare ground, dirt road~ embankments and freshly turned earth. Found mainly on day soil. Sometimes grows in tightly packed dumps. fall to early winter. Very common.

EDIBILITY

This is the only Elf Cup Ihal is edible raw. All the 1'CSt, \\-ith a couple of uccplions, ~rt poisonous r.lW and mIlS! bt; coolctd 10 bt; uttn. However, the Or.lngc Pecl Fungus il not particularly bSt)'. 11$ m.lin inltrdt lies in il$ brilli"nl color lhat looks good in salads and C\'fn in desserts.

PEZ/ZA VESICULOSA Bla dder Elf C up

DESCRIPTION: 13:1'/,-4'/, in (4· 12 em). Globulose al first, ohen compressed sideways. It opem out into a wide cup with an inroDed, toothed edge. The smooth innef surface is ocher or fil'Nfl. Theft dll! often tiny bladders in the bouom of the cup, hence the name. The outer surface is the same calOf as Ihe inner, though often paler and finely

Poisonous wIIm TlIW. Quite good to flit whm thoroughly cooked.

PEZ/ZA SUCCOSA Juicy Elf C up

DESCRIPTION: 0:'1.. 2 in (1 ·5 em). An inegular·!Jiaped cup with an incurving margin. There is no Slipe. The inner !>Uriace is smooth, ocher Of hcl2elnut in color. The outer surfa<:e is paler, sometimes even cream-colored, lightly granuloS!! and

pruioose. The flesh is wtlite and lough, exuding a while, milky liquid. The f\esh and milk tum yellow a few minutes

alte. (ulling. HABITAT: under de
paths. on damp, clay soil~ Summer and lall, Failly common.

granulose. The flesh is fragile. brmle arld whitish, without dfly spedal odor Of taste. HABITAT: on rich soil and burnt Qfound,

old compost, and rotting straw. Grows is0lated or In light grou~ from fall. Fairly common.

sp!'lng

through

THE ASCOMYCETES PEZIZA BADIA Black E.lr Cup

DESCRIPTION: 0:'/,-3 In (2-8 cm), This Elf Cup ha~ no ~tipe and an irregular, wavy edge. The interiof is reddish·brown, then gleef1ish brown. The e~tetior i~ also reddish·brown and finely granulo5e. The f1e~ is thin. brownish· red, and contains a watery liquid, HABITAT: On bare soil, be~ide paths, in clearings and very damp places on acid

OTIDEA ONOTICA DESCRIPTION: H:l '...-4 in (3-10 em). Shaped like the ear of a donkey or a hare. The inner surface is ocher or pinkish·yellow. The outer surface is velvety, bright yellow or orange yellow. and acquires rust·colored or brown spots with age. Very short stipe covered in white down. Very thin, elastic flesh. HABITAT: In small groups under de
«

"

HELVELLA ACETABULUM Cu p-S haped Srain Fungus

DESCRIPTION: H: 1-'.-2'/. in (3·7 em).

0: I',,-2'/. in (3-7 em). The fungus is shaped like a chalice, with a broY.'nistHed intefior. The OIlier SUfface is paler and Slightly ~ty, The Stipe is short. though il can be as Ioog as 2 in (5 em). 11 is thickly veined, and sometimes the veins ale ramified, right up to the cup. Flesh elastic then brittle; faint odor and mild navor.

HABITAT: in groups in well.lit deciduous woods beside paths. on plains and mountains. Prefers non-acid sandy soil. found from spi"ing through early summer. Fairly

common. SPECIAL FEATIJRES Sometimu known as the VllItgOlr Brain

Fungul ocuu~ (lit ROlNlnl art said 10 lIave u,rd il like a vinegar boldt.

HELVELLA CRISPA Common Brain Fungus

DESCRIPTION: H:l l.-4 1: in (3-12 em). 0 : ,'/.-3/. in (3·8 em).

This fungus ~aries considerably in size. The cap is very irregular. then but wIVed and curled. It is cream to pale ocher in color. Stipp !Mute and hollow, deeply funowed. Fie!.h elastic and thin; faint odcr. HABITAT: decidUOltS Of (olllfer~ woods, especially borders, footpaths. dealings, and in meadows beside wood5. On calcareous ~il.

Lale summer and fall. Fairly common.

THE ASCOMYCETES HELVELLA ELASTICA Elas tic Brain Fungus

DESCRIPTION: H:2't,-4 in (6-10 emL 0:',.- ,'/, in (2-4 em). Undulating, saddle-shaped cap, often consisting of two lobes. cream !O pale ocher underside smooth and whitish. Stipe smooth, whitish, elongated and thickened at the base, often compressed and hollow, 1'/, to 2 in (3 to 5 mm) in diameter. The elastic fle~ has no odor or flavor.

HABITAT: under dedduous Irees, on the TOXICITY

PoisonoLl$ when r;lW. The Brain Funguses generaUy make poor cating,

and Iheir Resh is clastic and lough.

HELVELLA LACUNOSA Elfin Saddle or Black Bra;n Fungus DESCRIPTION: H: l /.-4 in (3-10 em). Very variable in mape, looking very much like the Common Brain Fungus but with a gray-brown 10 blacI:. cap
HABITAT: grows in the same places as the Common Brain Fungus, but may persist into the fall. Common and widespread through the temperate and (001 lones of both hemispheres.

ground sometimes on rotten logs. Calcareous soil. Fall. Fairly common.

GYROMITRA ESCULENTA False M orel

DESCRI PTIO N: H:2-4'/, in (5-12 em), 0:24in(5·IOcm). Irregular, heavily convoluted cap, looking li~e

a brain, wider Ihan il is lall and reddishbrown in color. The shorl thick stem is swollen allhe base. whilish and ooUow.The Ihin white flesh has a rather fruity odor.

POTENTIAL CONFUSION

• AfORCHELLA ESCULENTA MOld

EDlIlLf

• PTYCHOVERPA BOIIEMICA Boheml.tll Veipol

E01IILf

THE ASCOMYCETES "

"

HAB ITAT: the false Morel is rarely lound at heights 01 less than 1,700 It (500 mI. It appear~ from late March through May, and as late as June at high altitudes. It lives in coniferous woods. especially well-lit ones, such as clear· ings and beside paths; rarer under deciduous trees. Prefers cool, damp, rather acid soil. Com· mon in eastern Europe.

SPECIAL FEATURES There are other species of Cyromitra (False Morel) which are ran in Europc but more common in Nonh America. The Turban Brain Fungus (C)TO",;/r4 ;"fulll) is a large mountain species with a brownish-yeHow to reddish·brown cap whkh ran reach a height of 8 in (20 em). I! groW$ in the fan in coniferous or mixed woods. The cap consists of two or three IObt5, making it look more like a Brain Fungus. The Ciant False Mord (G)"rom;/r4 gig4S) is another large species that grows at high altitudes. The cap is reddish-bro .... n to dark brown and icss convoluted than that of the False Morel. It can measure 8 in (20 em) in diameter and gro\\'5 in late spring.

TOXICITY Although the False Morel has long bten taten in many countries, especially those of eastern Europe, it can be deadly. lis toxicity is extremely variablc, however. Some people bave been poisoned who had uten the mwbroom for years without incident. Sometimes, the poison docs not manifest itself the first time the fungus is eaten, but only produces symptoms the next time;t is consumed, especially if this is soon ahefWilrd. Chil· dren arc particularly wlnerable. When dried, the mwhroom is much less toxic, and may C,'cn Ix harmless. Caution is strongly advised, however.

VERPA CONICA The Glove-Finger Morel DESCRIPTION: H:2-6 in (SIS (m), eU-! ',. in (1-3 em),

The cap is shaped

li~e

IlIlgt, and may have wavy lines of hairs iKross II at inlerval5. The interior is filled

a trun-

with a COllony fiber at first, later be
cated (one, and is reminiscent of a thimble on a fingf!r. II is wrinkled and coovoluled, sometimes

hollow. The flesh is soft and fragile with a

slightly umbilic:ate at the top. The colOI' varies from hfGWni!.h·odlef to reddish-brown. The stipe is cy1mdrKal, !oOOIl'times thickened at the base, II is short al first, then e\oo9ated. somellilleS exceeding 4 " in (12 em) in ler,gth, with a diame·

HABITAT: grows in tr<XJpS in ~1'l9, In hedgefows and unOO ~iny bushes. wch as bla
tfr of '/' in (1 em). I! is

white, somelimM with a pinkish

laint odor and mild flavor.

stone. Fairly uncommon.

Poisonous when raw, not particularly

good to eat when cooked.

THE ASCOMYCETES PTYCHOVERPA BOHEMICA Rohemian Verpa

DESCRIPTION: H:2-8 in (5-20 em), 0:'/._2 in (2-5 em), Conical cap rounded at the top, entirely free (only the top of the cap is attached to the stipe), It consists of thick, longitudinal, fibs. folded into shallow, narrow, irregular honeycomb, The color is ocher to reddish· brown. The stipe is short at first, then eKlending, sometimes to more than 8 in (20 on}, "..;m a cDneter d. III jess than

>Um

mra/ked ra

"r-/"'1' __

'I. in (2 ern), It is fragile and cylin· drical, stuffed with conony fibers at first, then hollow. It is whit!', tinted with ocher In places and may have bands of whitish down encircling it. The flesh is thin and fragile with a slight odor, that becomes

HABITAT: in groups in groves 01 ash,

hazelnut or poplar, !'spedally at mid-mountain height, and often alongside Morel!>. Grows from mid-March 10 early May. Uncommon 10 common.

MITROPHORA SEMILIBERA Miniature M o rel

DESCRIPTION: H;2·6 in (5-15 em), 0;'/,... 1'/. in (1 -) cm). Cap conical and pointed, rather ~a l l. (II, to
EDIBILITY /TOXICITY

Poisonous when nw, but good to rat when (oohd. Only the cap tastes as good as a Mord , according to SlIme cxpcns. Because it is so small you need a lot of them to mah a meal. Miniature Morels should ~ eatcn right ann picking, al it IkteriorattS quidly.

THE ASCOMYCETES MORCHELLA ELATA Tall Morel

DESCRIPTION: H:2'I.-5 in (7-1] em), 0: 1'f.·2 in (3-5 em), Conical cap. aboot twice as lall as i\ is wide. The honeycombing is more or less vertical. the cross-ribs being thinner than the vertical ones. The cap is browni5h-yel· low to dark brown. Stem is short and while. wilh a small ofrolar depression between the stipe and tile cap. HABITAT: ~11·ljl coniferous 'M)()(\s and

mixed

~

mainly in the mountains.

_ _ illl1ft

"IA-

In(~·II"n

March and Apfil, but sometimes as early as from mi
SPFClAL FEATIJRES This Morel VoiIrie!l in shajH' ~nding on th~ SlXciu of ute under ..... bich it grows. and othtr tnvironmental factors. Tnt Ribbed Morel {.lIorcltt/l" (MIllIa) grows mort frequently on detritUS and

gubage hups. The ribs afe more veni· cal with cross·ribs at right angles to them. It is often consiclered a men

variery of "'ort~tlln (/)fr;el!.

MORCHELLA ESCULENTA Mo rel

DESCRIPTION: The stipe and the cap are hollow and form a continuous cavity. SPECIAL FEATURES

Thi5 fungus vants widtly in $hapt'. Som~ mycologislli b~\'r dillid(d it into KVtnl ",,-ntb" or , .. b.spt'(~', but the while 51em and honeycomlKd cap arc Vtry distiMlivf.

HABITAT: Very varied. Damp, cool deciduous woods. especially under aih, but also under poplar. willow and hazelnut. Also in hedgerows of these trees, in neglected a~ orchards. old bum! patche. suub, disturbed wiL April and May. until late June at high altitude. Fairly common, found in tem-

perate zones throughout the WOI'Id.

THE ASCOMYCETES EDIBILITY /TOXICITY

.. GYROAlITRA ESCULENTA False Morel DEADLY

Poisonous when raw, but delicious when cooked. Mords are a valuable and expensive foodstuff, sold at gourmet

foodstorcs. Fresh specimens are from the U.S. or imported &om Europe and Turkey; dried Morels are imported from southeast Asia. '"Oft (Jf'

1m gllli'"/11St

"I'

/ " ' " ..,/I.. " "'" SPECIAL FEATURES The Pale or Round Morel (ll/orcbil/n rolm,dll) may grow larger. The cap is rounded, sometimes wider than it is tall. The honeytombing is also more rountkd, with narrower ribs. The cap is straw· colored or pale ocher, and may be tinged with 0151 color on the ribs. The stipe is thicker and shorter but;t has almOSt the

SlIme habitat as the Common Morel.

TUBER MELANOSPORUM Black Truffle, Pe rigord Truffle

DESCRIPTION: 0: 1'/.-]'/, in (3-8 em). Rounded, often irregu-

lar, lumpy shape, black covered with flattened pyramid-IDaped warts. The flesh is firm and pale al first, then turning violet-

black and heavily marbled with white veining which reddens when exposed to the air. The odor and taste are powerful and fragrant. HABITAT: grows underground a few inches below the surface, and may sometimes

5wion of rm{fl,

" break through. Found in clearings in wooded areas, mainly under evergreen oaks on well-drained, caicarel)Us soil. Found in

southern France. Spain, Italy, and Portugal. Ripens from November through March, Rare, and has suffered from changes in the environment. Cul tivated in evergreen oak or h
THE ASCOMYCETES TUBER UNCINATUM Burgundy Truffle HABITAT: glom

underground in woods of oak, hazelnut, beech, hornbeam, birch and pine. 1\ is

more of a woodland variety than the Black Truffle, growing on lime-

stone soil, maturing from D<:tober through January. 1\ is probably the most widely distributed and commonl'St truffle in continental Europe.

DESCRIPTION: 0:)/.·3/, in (2·8 em). The BurgundyTruffle is closely relolNl to the Black or Perigord Truffle, but its warts ale larger and the flesh is dar~ brown, also veined with white. It has a strong odor but not as aromatic as that of the Black Truffle and smells a little like ether. SPECIAL FEATURES Ahhough Ih~ Burgundy Truffie is not particularly demanding as to tcmJX'rature, it is mon: sensitive to rainfaU. In order to Bourish, it needs to have plenty of rain in July and August.

EDIBILITY Very good to tat. The slightly unpl e~s· ~nt odor disappears during cooking. It h~s a bettcr flavor than the Summer Trume, though il has a lower Slatus. It fetches high prictS, nevertheless, cOSling around S200 a kilogram (211 Ib). There are plans to grow Ihis trume in areas which are too cold for the Black Trume.

EXIDIA GLANDULOSA Wit che s' Butter

DESCRIPTION: 0:'1.-2 in (2-5 em). Asoh, black gelatinolls mass. irregular, sometimes lobed and !.Oflletimes globulose,

often folded and convoluted, growing alone or in groups of two or three attached to each other. Sometimes $el't!ral individual fruiting bodies mass togethef. The under-

~ide i~ covered with small conical papillae. Grayish flesh. odorle!.S and flavorle~~.

SPECIAL FEATURES There is a morc rounded form, &idjl/

,rllllralll, which is extremely common,

especially on oak branches and twigs.

HABITAT: on dead logs and Ilfan
AURICULARIA MESENTERICA Gray Brain Fungus DESCRIPTION: 0:up to 6 in (15 em).

This crust-like fungus sometimes grows in a ring of fruiting bodies. It is '10 to ',. in (OJ to 0.5 em) thick. The upper side is grayish with

(Ol)(eolri( zones, some (overed in gray hairs. others folded and darker, The under· SPFCIAL FEATURES like the jelly funguses, thc brain and ear funguses arc able \0 dry out and shrivrl

du ring dry spells, When rhey reabsorb warer, rhey sweUup again ro r('$ume rheir normal shape.

side is gelatinous and cOflvoluted; it is gray· violet to purplish·brown in color. Flesh is leathery and gelatinous. HABITAT: on the dead wood of de
trees. especially ash. Present all year round, but especially in winter, Common.

THE PHRAGMOBASIDIOMYCETES AURICULARIA AURICULA JUDAE Jew 's Ear

DESCRIPTION: 0:1 '/,.4 in (4-10 em). (up-shaped, no stipe, irregular Of in the !.hape of an ear. Interior surface is reddishbrown, ~th al fnt, ~ foldirlg like the inside of an ear. The outer surface is velvety, reddish·brown, darl::.enlllg WIth age, grayishviolet or grayish-olive. The flesh is gelatinous or elastic, almost translucent. coriaceous and shriveled when dry. No particular flavor

or odor HABITAT: On the dead branches of de(iduous trees, ~Ify elder, sometJmes on other de
the Chintw have Men uring for emIUrits, mainJy in its dried form, is an ingrtdicnr in many prtp.lnltions or as a thickener for S
properties for this fungus. In order

[0

met'l the demand for il among oriental popl.llalioM, the J~5 Ear is cultivated in

Chil\.ill and c\sf:v.-htrc in SOl,lthcut

As~,

on logs of wood or, more r(untly, on ,lrtifici,ll SUbSlf,ltn. Most Europuns rq<Ect this fungus fllr nUng, u thty 6nd it 100 insipid.

beside wJde rivers. Grows in groops aligned vertically or horizontally on branches. Present all ~ar round. espedally winter and spring. Common to fairly uncommon, depending on climatIC zooe.

TREMELLA MESENTERICA Yellow Brai n Fungus DESCRIPTION: 0: 1'/... 3'1. in (3-8 em). Convoluted ITIiISS shaped like 11 txain, flaccid and gelatinous, oembling to the slightest touch. Generally sulfur yellow, but some

speomens may be pale yellow Of even white. The fungus be
year round. Common.

TREMELLODENDRON PALL/DUM Pale Coral Fung us DESCRIPTION:

H: l '1.-4 in (3-10 em), 0:2-6 in (5-15 em), lool:s like a branching {Ofai, with white or whitish vellical branches. FIe>h gelaliflOus but tough. HABITAT: grOW§

on the ground in the deciduous or mixed forests of North Amefica. Summer and fall.

THE PHRAGMOBASIDIOMYCETES PSEUDOHYDNUM GELATINDSUM Jelly Tongue

DESCRIPTION: H:l 'I.·l'h in (3·6 em), 0: 1'/.-3',. in (3·8 em). Spatulate or semicircular, very soft, gelati· nous, and wobbly. Upper surface velvety, dirty white, gray· blue, turning brownish with age, and almost translucent. Urlderside

covered in soft, gelatinous projections like blunt spines, white with bluish reflections. Stipe excenuic, very short, and SOO'letimes

EDIBILITY Averagt. Somrtimes lainltd ...ilh a sUghl laste of resin. Can be uten raw.

absent. The gelatinous fiesh is

almost translucent. HABITAT: on rotting conifer stumps, often pine, sometimes buried in the ground. Fall and early wimer. Fairly fre· quem, especially in the mountains. Does not grow outside the temperate lOnes.

CALOCERA VISCOSA Yellow Stagshom Fungus

DESCRIPTION: H: 1".-4 in (3·10 em). The fungus is shaped like tiny stag's an tlers or coral, ramified and viscid. the ramifica· tions end in a point. The color is bright, golden to orange yellow, be
The siagshom funguses arc erect, some·

times branched fungi with tapering tops, reminisctlll of the Clavaria. Their consistency may be gelatinous and tlastic or leathery.

HABITAT: firmly attached to the stumps and branches of the rotting wood of vari· ous species 01 (onifer by a wrt of whitish "root: All Yl!af round, but especially in late fall and early winter. Very (ommon.

SERPULA LACRYMANS Dry Rot

DESCRIPTION: 0:up to 20 in (50 em). The fungus takes a variety of forms depending on the stage of its developmenl.The SUIface is \If!!vety, olivaceous or illS! brown, swollen and alveolate; the margin is velvety and while. The underside is covered with dirty yellow or brownish irregularly shaped, polygonal or labyrinthine pores, which

release droplets 01 water at the edges (hence the epithet "'acrymans·). It has a pleasant ~ell wt1en fresh, but becomes unpleasant as it (t9es, HABITAT: under floorboards and carpets, in

the walls. cupboards, cellars and damp unaired places. All year round.

SPECIAL FEATURES This is the fearsome destroyer of older buildings, whith eats ilWily at the wood·

work in damp constru(rions, especially those that arc airlcss or uninhabited.

Dry Rot requires a fairly damp almo-

sphcn for if fO fake hold. It subsequently spreads by decomposing the wood and mortar, using the water in the materials and transporting it to the dry, inedible parts. It un thus thrive even in places which arc not partio,]arly damp, providing they remain airless ~nd .. ndisturbed. It is the scourge of stately homes and mansions.

THE APHYLLOPHORALES SOI/ZOPHYUUM COMMUNE Common Schizophyllum DESCRIPTION: 0:'1.-2 in (2-5 em), A tiny fan-shapM OJ kidney-shaped fungus.. from '/~ to 'I. in (2 1a 4 mm) thick, and a very sinuous 01 lobed edge. The uppe! wrfact is whitish 10 grayish-beige and woolly. The underside has darKpink gitls. radiating from a central point where it is aHache
HABITAT: the dead wood 01 any decid~ U~,

raref on conrfefs. All year round. Com-

mon from temperate regions to the equator.

PHLEBIA RADIATA Many-capped Phlebia

DESCRIPTION: multiple fruiting bodies from 2 to 8 in (S to 20 em) in diamelef. Ineguiar cwange CIlJ51with darker, even viC)let. (enter, very veined and swollen, falde
is pleated with radiating

~eins.

Soh gelati-

nous flesh in young ~jme~ becoming leathe!y in the dry slale.

HABITAT: on slumps or bfand~ of de
SPFCIAl FEATURES Tmnbling ReI: tlltnlliln -hsJ, which

is., rommoa, is \'tf)' ht",iyfokied on the~, the folds rtKmbinggills. lt is soh and gelatinous and dt\Idops on the wne wood as the Many~ Phkbia.

HYMENOCHAETE TABACINA Tobacco Brown Hymc nochactc DESCRIPTION: 0:4- 16 in (10-40 em). A fungus that forms a leathery Clust on wooo, with small patches at first which spread and merge to form a large sheet. Velvety, tobacco or rust-brown surface, paler when the weather is dry. The sinu· ous margin is golden yellow then orange, IUlning brown with age. leathery flesh.

HABITAT: on the dead wood of decidu· ous trees, mostly willows and hazel. whether standing or having fallen to the ground. Often localized at the edge of woods or in hedgerows. Present all year round . (ammon in temperate zones. SPECIAL FEATURES Mougeo!'. Hymrnochaete de M4Iugr4lIii}, which is widely distributed throughout the world is usy to recognize dut to its bright red tolor. It grows on dud branchu of fir Ireu. 1I)'",u«IIII(II fubigiN4I$1I is a common speciu which grows on the trunks of old oak ~nd chestnut trtu. It forms little l uptrimposed an d imbric~td caps of i Inth· cry con,islcncy, which art vtlvcty in young . petimens. The edge of the caps is reddish-brnwn, btcoming duktr with age. (II)'MtlUK/UWt

THE APHYLLOPHORALES CHONOROSTEREUM PURPUREUM Silver·leaf Fungus

DESCRIPTI ON: 0 :'1..2 in (0.5·5 em), This funglJS may foml a crust on wood or be attached to it at one side, leaving the edges of its cap free and undulatlng.The upper !>tI'face is white to reddish, hairy and with various parallel bands of colaf WIth a paler edge. The undefskle is smooth and slightly undulating. It is lilac-mlored, turning brownish-violet with age. The flesh is thin, gelatiI'IOIJS at first, then cOfiaceous.l t has no particular odor, and a mild fIavoI.

HABITAT: the individual fungi grow in large

SPE( tAL FEATURES

patches, one on top of the other. sometimes welded together, on the brandles or trunks of lumber, mainly dec.iduoos trees. Present

sirize living but weakened !fees. It

all )'f!ar round. Very common.

The Silver-tuf fwlgus INIY aJso ~r;l. CilUS4:S

Silvcr·lufDisusf in fruit trees.

STEREUM HIRSUTUM Hairy S!en:um DESCRIPTION: 0:'/.·4 in (2-10 em). Multiple imbfi
the wbsuclle. Undefside smooth and orange. f~ (Ofiaceous. HABITAT: in dense colonies on dead or felled de
bf.:mches, sometimes on pinewood. Present all year round. Very common.

STEREUM RUGOSUM Rough Sicreurn

DESCRIPTION: 13: ',.·4 in (1-10 em), Forms a ems! '/" to 'I... in (1 to 2 mm) thid::, attached 10 wood on the upper SlJiace, with a margin that is somelimes fref!. Upper SUI' face (see below) grayish wilh a white edge. Undel~ white through ocher,

pale ocher in fresh young spe
smooth or bumpy, turning blood red when rubbed. The flesh is coriaceous,

Pr!Senl all year round. Very (ommon.

HABITAT: on the dead t.anches and trunks of dedduoos trees. especially hazel and birch.

THE APHYLLOPHORALES COLTRICIA PERENNIS r ersinen! Coltricia

DESCRIPTION: 0:'/d'l. in (2-8 em). f unnel·shaped cap wilh thm, often undulating margin, ~metimes in(is~ 01 den-

tale. Several caps may be welded al the edges. The underside is velvety, covered in cinnamon or rust-colored concentric circles. The tiny pores on the underside of

the cap are yellowish-white al lim, then becoming coarser and wming brown,

except al Ihe edge, which slays while, as there are no pores there. Shoft, thick,

(entral Stipe ('1.-2 in _ '".',. in (l·S em x 0.]-0.7 em)), wider at the base, velvety, paler al first, then blackening. Flesh, rust brown, Ihin and coriaceous.

HABITAT; grows on Ihe ground in small groups. usually under conifers, in dearings

buml, ground on sandy soil. I'!rsists all year lOund, sometime~ for sevtral years on end. Common.

Of

SPECIAL FEATIJRFS fungi Ih~t form a crust on wood art said be r«lIpin~te . ThOSl' ~n;I(hed to the gro ..ing mcdhull on onc $UK ud grow ooc 00 top of the ntbn- ~rt said 10 be dimidute . Some, such;J.S tht Rough Sicreum (SltrtUm rJlg<1fum), maY'PJIC,r in cithu of these forms. 10

PHAEOLUS SCHWEINITZII Schwcinia.'s Polypore

DESCRIPTlON: @:6· 12 in (15-]0 em), Round Of lan-shaped fungi, ohen imbri-

cated Of welded together. imprisoning twigs Of plants within their growth. Upper surface hairy Of downy, sulfur yellow with concen· triC cirdes of ochef. orange, or cinnamon, tuming brown from the center. The margin stays yellow for a long time. The underOOe is labyrinthine, yellowish-green at first, turning reddish, and browning to the touch. The

stipe is more or 155 developed. short and thick. Brown, tender, and fibrous flesh, with a slightly biner flavor, HA8ITAT: 00 the ground, growing in symbiosis (mycol'lhiza) with the roolS of living Of dead cOillfers. pille, spruce, and larch. From early summer through late fall. Urt(ommoo but widespread and 100md In many cDuntlies in thl' temperate lone,

THE APHYllOPHORAlES HAPALOPILUS RUTILANS, PHAEOLUS RUTILANS Reddening HapaJopilus

DESCRIPTION: H:'/,- l 'I, in (1·4 em), 0:2-4-/, in (~'12 em), Fan-sl\apPd or kidnPy-shaped

foogus. flXl'd 10 the substrate CM'I' a large area, isolated 01 in groups. specimens s0metime ~ together. The u~ side is of a uniform color, yel· Iow«her ullough dnnamon, 'o'!M!ty al fJS\, then r.mooth.

The underside is russel and in round, polygonal, Of eIcln9aled porK. Flesh soft ard spongy then corky, ocher or rilnamon-
HABITAT: dead braoches of de<:idliOus t r~s. main~ oak, beech, birch, chestnut. as well as on ((lf1ifefS such as fir. Spring through fall. Common,

PIPTOPORUS BETULINUS, UNGULINA BETULINA Birch Polyport

DESCRIPTION:

0:4-10 in (10·2S em). Roood 01 kidney-shaped cap. 'I. to 2'" in (2 to 6 em) thick, stifle absenL attached to the sub5uale by a sweHing. The upper surface is coffee-c:olored, somellfnes grayi~, matte, smooth, or vetvety, cfiKking with age. The margin is inrolled forming a ridge on Ihe pure white underside. 'Ntlich is covered with rounded pores that ale barely visible. The flesh is white, soft and spongy. then {Ofky.

SPE.ClAL FEATURE.S

This fungus has been put to various uses, for example, to sharptn the cut!hroat raZOR once used by ba"wn.

HABITAT: 00 the branches afld trunks of Ediblt only in tht rollng state, and Dot very good to eat.

living Of dead birch trees. Annual but may persist for sev~ral years. V~ry commOfl.

8JERKANDERA ADUSTA, POLYPORUS ADUSTUS, LEPTDPORUS ADUSTUS Burnl Polypore DESCRIPTION: 0: 11,.4 in (4-10cm)_ Tllls fungus grows in tletS or imbricated dumps, in lan-shaped specimens 01 in a Vf!ry thin layer only ',. in (6 mm) thid:. at the maximum). The upper side is gray-brown and veiwty with a margin that is white at r~ bIadrelirg with age. The undefside is cindef gray, then turning darker gray, with tiny pores. The flesh is soft and elastic, then hard. whitish. and clearly sepa-

rated from the pale gray lUbes by a black. line (' rel="nofollow">t'E'f1 irl transverse

sec-

tiOll); fungal odor and slightly acid taste HABITAT: on slUmps or on the dead or living trunks of deciduous trees, especially beedl,

lT10Ie rarely on conifffS. Present all year fOund, especially summer and fall. Very common.

DAEDALEDPSIS CONFRAGOSA, TRAMETES RU8ESCENS Blushing Bracket DESCRIPTtON: OJ'I.-6 in (8-1 ~ em). Kidney-shaped cap, no thkker than 2 in (~em), and with a thin margin. Upper surface reddish, decorated with darker concentric cir-

des and sprinkled with little brown wans. Pores are dirty white, rounded and 01 slrghtly elongated, 01 lormlng a maze. They redden when tOt.Khed, turning darker red with age. HABITAT: 011 the dead and

~\lmes living braoches of deci
THE APHYLLOPHORALES TRAMETES GIBBOSA Bulbous Polypo re

DESCRIPTION : H: ".·2 in (2·5 em). 0: 3",-8 in (8-20 em). Fan-shaped, ~essile , Upper surface vel· vety, swollen at the point 01 fixation, whi te or cream, but very ohen greenish due to the growth of microscopic algal' on the surface of the cap. There are it

few concentric bands of color on the margin. The underside is creamy white,

wilh large. elongated pores which may even take the form of short gills near the point of fixation. Flesh white and corky.

HABITAT: singl(> Of in tiered groups on branches and trunks of living or dead deCiduous trees. Present all year round, and may persist for one or two years. Very (ommon in the north, rarer in southern regions. SPECIAL FEATIJRES This fungus an grow 10 an imprcssi,'c

sizt, and is 5Om~lim~s mort (\ m) in diameler!

Ih~n

3h

TRAMETES VERSICOLOR, CORIOLUS VERSICOLOR Many.zoned rolyporc

P",1llk1 hllNl$ ~ \'/lnoors {DIers IlR dillllllll'lS litIS {ltttgJIS 10

DESCRIPTION: 0:11,·2 in (4·10 em). fan·shaped caps. tiered and bonded together. very thin with a very undu· lating margin. The range of colors includ~ while. gray. beige. black.. blue· gray. and russel. These are aflangM in parallel bands, but the mal' gin is always pale!. belllg white 01 pall' Yf:l1ow. Velvety patches alternate with smooth ones. The minute pores are white at lirst. lurniJ'lg Yf:11ow with age. SI'FCIAI FF.ATURES

The fungus is used in Chinese medicine is a Il'medy "gaim;! cancer of the Uver "nd (ena;n Iyptl of jaundice. In the W"t it is used as a decorative elemeot in Hower·arranging and on hats.

THE APHYLLOPHORALES TRAMETES HIRSUTA Hairy Tramctc

DESCRIPTION: 0:2-41, in (5-12 em), Fan-shaped fuJ'lQus when growing on an upright medium, rosette-shaped when !pawing on a hofizomal medium. Superiof

face decorated with paraliel bands of white, cream, oc~r, or orange and C~led with

Ioog. sldf hairs. Underside vAli!e, turning gray, with very small poi'ts. Flesh white and ~tic; faint odor and flavor. HABITAT:

on

dedduous trees. All year

round. Fauly common in many coun tries. SPF.CIAl FEATURFS In ~ T!
tuba

~

boIlowed out of 1M IIesb.

LENZITE5 BETUL/NA Birch lenl!i te

DESCRIPTION: Iarge:l-4 in (5-10 em). Thin ('f, in (2 em) maximum), filfl'~ped cap. ohen imbricated. Upper surface hirsute

and ~lvety, covered in while, gray, or ocheI concentric paraliel bands, often colonized by algae which give it a greenish color. Thefe are pale gray or ocher crowded gills on the undefside. some 01 which are faked. The flesh ii pale. coriaCKJUS,

eIastJC. ex

'O
deciduous lreer--not confined 10 birch-and felled Iog5. in cool places. All )'f'ilr round. Quilt common and fo.n:I in many countries.

FOMES FOMENTARIUS Hoof Fungus; TInder Fungus

DESCRIPTI ON: H:1'I,.8 in (4·20 em). 0:4-16 in (10·40 an). The upper surface is odJef Of rl!ddiVl·brown, SPECIAL FEATIJRES

This fungus probably played an impor. ranI role in the Life of prehistoric II1
turning gray with semi.orculaf stripes Of folds. The l.I'IdeIside is aeam to gray-brown with tiny poI'e5 whICh darkM .....tlen toudled. The red· dish-bmwn flesh is as hard .3$ wood. HABITAT: on the trunks of living Of dead deciduous Ir~ ~11y beech and birch. All year round, Fairly common.

bunu very slowly.

FISTULfNA HEPATICA Beefsteak Fungus

DESCRIPTI ON: 0:4-10 in

(10·2~

em).

The fungus is elongated like a tongue

Of

semi-circular, It sometimes has it short Slipe by whidl it is anached to the wood. The upper surface is brick red, 5l1cky, and densely covered with little papillae. The pores 0f11he underside are cream 031 first, then reddish-pink, staining darker red

when lOiKhed. The fiesh is soh spongy. red with pal{'f patches, oozing a red juice when CUI. lUbes are 1"101 bonded logelhef

and and The

and are easily separable. Acidic taste HABITAT: atlhe base of living oaks Of chestnut!.. Late summer and

fall. Common in certain places and found in many countries in the temperate lOfIE!.

THE APHYLLOPHORALES

..1L

"

GANODERMA APLANATUM. G. LlPS/ENSE Ani 51's Fung us

DESCRlPTlON: 0:4-16 in (10-40 an).

The fungus

~

fan-shaped

Of

semi-cifcular and is allached to the substrate ovt'f a large area on one ~ide. II is quill' thin ('I. to )'/. in (210 8 em)). The upper surface is knobbly. and furrowed, ocher-brown or cinnamon wnh a very thin. white margin. WIlen the spores alt! e,e
HABITAT: on S!lImps and dead or living

tree trunts of decidoous [lees Of ffiOfl' rarely on conifers. Persists for ~,al ~ars. Common and found in many countries.

GANODERMA We/DUM la<:quered Bracke t

DESCRIPTION: 2·12 in (S-JO em), 0:2-8 in (S-lO em). Circular or kidney-shaped cap. Upper surface reddish-brown, knobbly. and hard with

a brilliant glaze. Margin yellow-Ofange in young ij)edmens. Undefside white. turning

brown. Shiny Stipe lal(!fal or excentric, vertical, fai rly twisted. and the same coo or darter than the cap. Flesh elastic but coria·

ceoos. Not edible. SPECIAL FEATURES

Th( fungus is highly pnz(d in ChinH( medicint, and is

u~d 10

(urt a n... mbtr

of infe
HABITAT: on W'TlpS and dead trunks of decidUOltS trees, someumes on buried roots. Summ(!f and fall. Uncommon.

TRICHAPTUM ABIETINUM, HIRSCHIOPORUS ABIETINUS Fir Brac ket Fungus

DESCRIPTION : 0:'"...1 '/" in (1·3 em). flanish bladr.et fungi WIth imbricated on bonded caps, often in fO'M. The Uppef surface is graybrown, hairy, sometimes green-

pores of I.II'IeVeO size, in a labyrinthine paltern, which 1001 brCJMl WIth age. flesh thin and coriaceous. HABITAT: on the !Junks of dead or felled con ifer~ sometimes

ish due to the growth of a~ae, and

on living trees. Grows from sea level

violet or purple on the margin. The underside has small, violet, rOUl'lded, or angular

10 the tree line, Present all year round. Common in temperate zones..

POLYPORUS LEPTOCEPHALUS, P. VARIUS Vari ab le Bracket Fungus DESC RIP TIO N: H: l '/.-2'1. in (]·7 em), 0: 2·4 in (5·10 em),

Irregular, circular, or fan-shaped bracket, sometimes lobed, OJ wi th a sinuous margin,hollow at Ihe stipe end, yellow ocher

or reddish, with fine, darker radial striations. Underside white then browning, lubes mOle or less decurrl'nl, vl'ry small porl'S. ExCl'ntric or cl'ntral stlPI', tapering at the typically black base. Whitish or yellowish fll'sh; pll'asant odor and mild flavor.

HABITAT: on dead wood and stumps of dl'Ciduous Irees. soml'timl'S on livinglretS. From spling 10 latl' fall. Common and found all OVl'r the tl'mperate lonl'S.

THE APHYLLOPHORALES POLYPORUS SQUAMOSUS. MELANOPUS SQUAMOSUS Dryad's Saddle

DESCRIPTION: H:2·4 in (S· 10 cm), 0:4-20 in (10-50 cm). Kidney-shaped or circular cap, straw to ocher in color, covered with large reddish or bfown scales. Underside whitish, with decurrent tubes and large pores, from 'm. to '/0 in (1 to 3 mm). Very short, thick stipe (up to 3'/. in (8 em) long and 2 in (5 cm) wide). lateral or excentric, rarely (entral, white except al the base, where it is black. Firm white flesh. Flavor and odor of flour.

HABITAT: grows in tiers on stumps or at the base of the trunks of deciduous trees, such as willow, poplar, walnut, and maple, in welHi t woods, parks. roadsides, and beside Spring through fall. Fairly common.

POLYPORUS DURUS. P. BAD/uS. P. PICIPES Bay Polypore

DESCRIPTION: resembles P. leptocephalus. but larger. The surface of the cap is very shiny and pale at first, later becoming dark brown, with a paler border. HABITAT: on dead wood and deciduous tree·stumps, often in groups of two or three. Spring through fall. Fai~y common.

DESCRIPTION: 0:2-16 in (10- 40 em). Cap forming voluminous, large, thin, fanshaped tufts, with a sinuous, lobed margin. Surface rough, ocher, reddish or dark brown. Pores whitish, blac~ning to the touch and on maturity. Stipes bonded together at tilt! base into a single point of allachmentlO tilt! substrate. flesh soon be
SPECIAL FEATURES Stlme dumps ~re of gig~nlic proportions. They may weigh S('Vcr~l dOlen pounds and «In me~sure up 10 40 in (I m) in diameter.

FOMITOPSIS PINICOLA, UNGULINA MARGINATA Marginate Polyporc DESCRIPTION: H;I '/,·4 in {3· 10 em), 0 :4· 16 in (10·40 em). Fan-shaped lungus without a stipe. The

upper surface has a resinous crust of palf!r yellow turning reddish brown, and finally gray·blacK. ThiCK. yellow·orange margin. Underside whitish or cream, secreting large drops of color· less liquid a\ the margin while the fungus is growing. HABITAT: mainly on Slumps and logs of dead or living conifers. Present all year round, perennial. Common in places and in many countries.

THE APHYLLOPHORALES INONOTUS HISP/OUS Shaggy Polyporc DESCRIPTION: 0:3/.-12 in (8-30 em).

Fan-shapM cap. up to 4 in (10 em) thick at the base. Grows singly or in tufts. Cap reddish, turning brown outward from the point of attachment. The surface is thickly (overed with stiff hairs. The pores are orange-red, then brown. The flesh is wft at first and yellow then COlldceous and rust-colored. Pleasant odor and mild flavor. HABITAT: on living deciduous tre1!s, where they have been damaged, or on old trees.

including apple, pear, aspen, and mountain-

ash. Summer through fall; it disappears when the weather turns cold, but reappears annually. Fairly common and widespread.

SCHIZOPORA PARADOXA, IRPEX PARADOXA, PORIA VERSIPORA DESCRIPTION: l:2-12 in (S·3Dan). thickness:',,'/.. in (0.3-0.S em). White to cream patches. dispersed at first but growing together 10 form a large sheet. Shan tubes at the margin, lengthening toward the center and looking like spines Wi th age. Tiny white pores. stained wi th ocher, varying in shape from circular, elongated, angular, or labyrinthirn!, absent on the margin. Flesh :4 in (1 mmlthick, whitish, leathery, toughening when dry. HABITAT: on deciduous trees. espKially hornbeam, ash, and oak, in forests and

parks. Present all year round. Common and widespread throughoullhe temperate 20ne.

PLiCATUROPsls CRISPA Shriveled Polyport:

times with alternate bands, paler at the margin, often undulating and turned under al

the edge. The underside has radial whitish folds which look like shriveled gills. The flesh

is soft and elaslic when fresh, hard and brittle in dry weather. The fungus is odorle!>S and has a mild flavor.

DESCRIPTION: l:'/,-'I.. in (1-2 em). Th~ linle fan-sh.1ped caps arl! borne on a very short stem. The upper surface, is velvety and varies from yellow through fawn, some-

HAB ITAT: grows in large numbers on the dead branches of various deciduous trees, especially ~ch and hazel. Summer and fall. Fairly common but easily passes unnoticed.

THELEPHORA TERREsTRls Earth-fan DESCRIPTION: 0:2-4 in (5-10 em).

HAB ITAT: on the ground, on

The fungus actually consists of numerous

pine-needles. or half-buried twigs. in coniferous or mixed forests. Dry, acid soil. All year round but mainly in the fall. Fairly common.

indiVidual fruiting-bodies bonded together at the base and of unequal size, tiered, spread out, or funnel -shaped_ The marge is fringed. Twigs and pine-needles are often enousted in the flesh. The upper surface is reddish-bfown then paler at the edge and covered in stiff hairs. The underside is paler, irregularly warty or wrinkled. The flesh is coriaceous and spongy.

THE APHYLLOPHORALES SCUTIGER OVINUS, ALBATRELLUS OVINUS, CALOPORUS OVINUS Sheep Po!ypore

1'1,.2 in (4·10 em), 0: 2'/.·6 in (7-15 em). Cap has a !IW1 rn,ygil. sometme5lOOed. mte at

DESCRIPTION: H:

""""-"-IUOOg"""" s.:rne -MIen old. Small rcml JXlIes 01 the o:tlt Sho1. thick, ceotral a excentric ~ simla i'1 cola to the cap. Flesh pale 'Nith mild flavor,

HABITAT: in groups, with stipes or caps sometimes welded together. 00 moss In old IOfests. From late sumlTll'f thlough late fall. Fairly common in mountainous regions. fall' in the lowlands.

SPECIAL FEATURES EDIBILITY

Good

wbcn young, but OntO wonn-uteD, with firm flesh iM:coming COlUcto\lll iilnd bitter with Igt. 10 ut

This fungus MUS $Orne rntmblance to

the common Hedgehog fungus, but the sbttp pol)'POrc Iw no spines.

HYDNUM REPANDUM Hedge hog Mushroom, Wood Hedge hog DESCRIPTION: H:24 in (5·10 em), 0:1 1."

6in(3-1Scml· The irregularly shaped undulating cap is sometHnes lobed and bonded to other caps. The margin is iorolled in young specimens. 11

is creamy while, slightly velvety. and reddens Slightly. The undef~ of the cap is covered in solt

SPECIAL FEATURES

The RedMning Hedgehog Mushroom (II)'II,,~ .. ",(aw.s) is JOmClimes confused wilh Ihe Hedgehog Fungus, bUllhe IifilM' iii (enlnl ~nd Ihinne. ~d Ihe fungus is smaller and redder. 801h mu~hrooms arc edible.

!opines the same (olor as the cap which are easily detached. They are -J, in (1 em) long in older ~i mens. Slipe central or excet1trk, shcwt and up 10 1'I. in (3 em) thick fleshy and full, irregu· lar, oft en WIVed and swollen al Ihe base, deeply embedded in the soil and the same coo as the cap but reddenlllg when llan· died. Flesh firm and brittle. white, b«omlng orange-red when exposed \0 the air 101 a few hour!>. flaYOf mild or sligtltly peppery. sligh tly bitter in older specimens. Often

glom alongside the Reddening Hedgehog Mushroom (Hydnum rufescens).

THE APHYLLOPHORALES HABITAT: forms rings in the moss of

fOlem of oak, beech, or chestnut, mixed foresls. and coniferous foresls in fall and early winter. Its fie!.hy consistency enables It 10 resist minor frosts.

(I(

sligJlliI·

rtllJislt f/tsb)\

'Thl'l)'

lrtlll")' M'hi/t

{[II'

EIJIBILITY Although some people find it 10 be of ~nle inlerUt, the Hedgehog Mushroom is olttn considered good 10 cal. The firm, crunchy nesh has a slightly spicy laSIC, reminiscent of that of the ChantertUc. The Hedgehog Mushroom should be eaten )'ollng, because it becomes bitter as it ages. To rrmovc any bitterness, it is advisable !O throwaway any liqllid given offby the mushroom 011 the start of cooking, instead of kning it evaporate. II should bt si mmered over low hUI. The finn Desh makes it possi· ble 10 pickle small specimens in vinegar and serve th em iI.5 co ndimcnu.

SPECIAL FEATIJRES The Hedgehog Mushroom is 100 d;sl;ncti\·c to be confused with any poisonous varicty, since none of Ih~ mushrooms v.ilh spines in place of gills arc poi· sonous. Seen from above, the Sheep rolyporc (Albm,rl/us O,1HUS), which;5 good 10 cal, looks very much like Ihe Hedgehog Fungus, bUI il has portS instead of spincs on the undersidc of the cap and;s more likdy to be wonn-catcn.

AURISCALPIUM VULGARE Ear-pi ck Fung us

DESCRIPTION: H:l ',.-4 in (3-10 cm),

0:',,-'1. in (1-2 cm), The cap Is kldney·shaped, bfown or reddtsh· brown, covered in fine, dense hairs. The spines are 10119 and large in relatioo to the size of the cap, and are dirty white, then turning brown. The stipe is thin, lateral, darker than the cap and also hairy. The flesh is ~ry thin, (oriaceous. arld white. The species is easily identifiable due to it beil'lg the only variely of hedgehog fungus to grow on pine·cones.

HABITAT: mostly grows on pine·cones which are hall·buried in the soil. All year round, especially in spring and fall. Com· mon, but difficutt to spot due to its size and color. tr.edible,

SPFCIAL FEATURF.S AU rungi with spines inttud of giLk wrrt oner included in the genU$ Urallll'" and the br.pick f\lnp' h~d the boWli· wllilme of /lp/IIIIIII IllIri~II/I';II"'. Today the genU$ has bun SP~I into ~ do~en different genera bufd on rcolop. nl differences and microscopic cham:· teristks. Thrst wngi have t~tn bern placed in different families.

THE APHYLLOPHORALES HERICIUM RAMOSUM. H. CLATHROIOES White Coral Fungus

DESCRIPTI ON; H:3 ',.,6 in (8·15 em).

0:4·10 in (10·25 em). lva)' v.tIite or cream, ~ 'Nim age. The hr1gus is attaehed to the substrate try a mid: SIJpE!. wIldl brandles lOlO fruiting-bodies to srFCIAl HATURFS

The ConI Fungu' (Uerid"," ((Jr/dIoiMS), II rdal~d 5pt'ciu, grows on (onfers; th e spinu au of YlnOUS lengths Ind art gflltraUy ranillifd and art found at the fnd of bl'ilnchu only.

which the spines are attached. The spines are arranged in (CONS on the sides or underside. The flesh is fragile and 'My friable, wtlite, with afaint aoo pleasant ocb; and mikl flavor. HABITAT: gems at the base of dead deOOJ· ous nees. especially beech Late surnmef and

fall. Uncommon and rather localized.

Goodla UI when young, b«oming s1ighlly 'ONceD"'! and bitter with age.

CRATERELLUS CORNUCOPIOIDES j'lo rn of Ple nty

DESCRIPTION: H:,',,·4'f, in (4-12 em), 0: 1/.· ]'/. in (lS em), Trumpet·shaped fungus whose margin is curved outward and becomes brown, streaked with darker lines which turn black in damp Wf'alhef. The exterior surface is

gray, plumose, smooth, or slightly veined. then rough or swollen, and also black when wet. The stipe is sometimes sinuous, becom·

ing thinner at the base and i/regularly swollen.The lIesh is thin and elastic, the flavor mild and the odor fruity. The flesh is nevI.'! worm·eaten, HABITAT: in very large colonies in lowland forests of oak, hombeam, and hazelnut. Rarer on high ground ur.der conifers. Prefets very damp soil, clay. limestone, or neutral

THE APHYLLOPHORALES SPF.CIAI FEATURES Two other snullu, rarer spuits of Cratrrtll us IIrc dosdy rtl.ud 10 the

Horn of Plrnty which the French call the Trumpet of the Dnd, no doubt due to ils black color. They are: • the Sinuous Chanlcrcllr (PstuJO(rlllfrfllu~

S;ftUflSUS), which is

paler in color, ocher-brown or gray, and decorat ed with brown fibrils and with II very sinuous, lobd margin. Th e utcTn;d surfact of the Ifllmp(:1 is ochnctous and also covered in II whitt

bloom. It grows in the same type of foruls, bUI on more acid soi ls. - the Gray Chantutl1e (PSfudocrllttrtl· lu! ci"trrus) has a strong odor of

mirabelle plum and by the presencc of strongly marked, gill-like folds below the up. II grows in the same habitat liS the Horn of Plenty.

(non-acidic). from late September through lale November, occasionally appearing in June if Ihere is enough rain, bUI such growth is very localized and short-lived. The fungus seems 10 grow in cycles. which would explain why il is abundant in cerlain years and absent in other!.. However, il may be abundant or rare ill the !>ame season, depending on the region.

The Horn of Plenty maku ncellent eating. II can M !!cwd and mad e into 3 sauce to be nten with venison , jugged harr, and olhtr typ es of game. It is also added to stews, pites , and other types of chareuterk These trumpet-shaped fungi have the advantage of drying u sily and the flavor is even enhaned by dessication . Once dried , it can even be crushed to powder and uled as a condiment, to flavor sauces. Befort duning the fungus, it should be split lengthwise because th e holl ow interior oflen contains earth , insect laf'lae, and even slugs.

CANTHARELLUS c/BAR/uS C hantcrclle

DESCRIPTION: H: ,'/.-4'11 in (3-12 em) 0 : , '/.·4 in (3· 10cm). ' The whole lungus is entirely bl'jght Yi!lIow.

The cap is conve~ at first, with an inrolled, regular margin. 11 lalef sinks into a funnel shape, and the margin becomes more sinuous and undulating. The folds or veins under the cap look like gills. They are thick and de<:urrefll, straight at first, then forked and then more sinuous and mOle heavily forked.

1· D1BIIITV

A very d~licioU5 mushroom, IUghly soughl Jetr and sold cOllUMrcilolly in lIWIy COIlIImes. It is n~r worm-u rn and it t.sy to slore and pr~rvt. The C!u.ntfftUC . hould be l immtud Ovtf low hu t. II is used .u In a((omjWIi· IMllt 1(1 pouluy, fish, or p me and an enD be eaten TilW .

THE APHYLLOPHORALES

With transvef5e, interconnecting veins.. The stipe tape~ slightly toward the base. The whitish flesh betomes more fibrous in the stipe and with age. The flavor is mild and slightly peppery. and the pleasant fruity odor is often compared to apricot Of plum. HABITAT: Grows in groups in foresls,

grOVt!s,

Of

plantations of deciduous trees,

principally oak, hazel, or chestnut, as well as under conifers. Appears in late May through

October on acidic soil. The Chanterelle appears in the same places every year after heavy rain followed by several days of warm weather. It is common in many regioos. bul

is lending to become rarer, espedally in Eastern Europe. Thefe are several varieties or fOfms 01 the Chanterelle. When it grows under hazelnut, it is smaller, ~s fleshy, and appears later in

the year. When il grows under bee<:h and fir. il is morl! fleshy and mum paler. The ame~OO$ variety can be found in the undergfOwth under deciduous tree$. It is quote large {0: 2·4'" in (S·ll em)). and has violet scales in the center of the cap. The bicoIot variety. which is also found under deciduous trees, is very pale yellow beneath the cap. The other part5 are identi· cal to the classic form. Camharellus friesii. is only 'I, to 1'I, in (I to 4 em) in diameter and is br;ghter orange. PO HNT1AL (ONHJS10 N • OM PHA L07VS OLEARIUS Olive tru PleutOM POISONOUS • I fYCROPHOR.OPSIS AVRANTlACA

False Chamtrelle

POISONOUS

CANTHARELLUS LUTESCENS Yellow ing Chantc rcllc

plessed, and may haY(! a central furrow 1\ is bright

yellow. even when old. Ve!'j thin flesh smelling of plum,

DESCRIPTION: H: 2-4'1, in (5· 12 em),

0: 1'/,·2'1, in (3-6 em). The thin cap funnel -shaped cap is often

pierced in Ihe center.lhe margin is often curved downward, but later flattens and becomes undulalir.g, curly, and sometimes

lobEd. The surface is (overed in brown fib· rils

00

a 'ff!lIowish·brown background. The undl:!rside of Ihe cap is lightly Cfeased and brightly col·

ored orange or salmon pink. whidl con·

trasts With the brown upper surface. The stipe is long and thin, up to ii'/, Ifl (12 em) long for a diameter of less than '" in (1 em). It is cylindrical or ~ry often slightly co·

HABITAT: deciduous or coniferous forests, espedaUy under pines, from the lowlands 10 Ihe mountains. on acidic soil. Absent from certain regions. but very common in othe!;. Grows in large colonies. fall and early win· ter. ln warmer climates. such as the South of France, it grows in wintl'f (until February), FDlBJI lTV Although the fl"h is vcry thin, the Yellowing Chanlerdlc m~lt.ts panicularly good eating, II is ol'ttn confuftd wirh the Tubular Chanttrel1e and both fungi are called tht Gray Chanrerellt, but the flavor i5 much stronger and the consisttncy 1"5 rubbery. [t an also be dried very n sily. All ChanrelcUe, U n be iden_ tified by the ribs or veins on thc underside of tbe cap, instead of gills.

THE APHYLlOPHORAlES CANTHARELLUS TUBAEFORMIS Tubular Chanterelle

DESCR IPTION: H: H '" in (5-12 em),

13: '/.·il. in (2·7 ern). When young, the fungus is nail-shaped, with a tiny cap 00 a long, narrow stipe, The cap expands gradually and becomes corn:ave, eventually becoming deeply hmnel·shaped.

The center 01 the cap is ohen pierced with a small hole which leads to the hollow stipe. The margin is imolled in the young speci· men, becoming !>inuous and urxlulating. The upper surface of the cap is ocher through

EI>IBILIl Y QUilf good {O tal, rhough not strongly Oavored, arid of a rather l'\Ibbery consis-

teney. It ill never worm-catcn and

grows in large colonics, so 11 basket is soon filled. It can thus be prepared like 11 wgctablt. [I dril'!l vtry well, as long as it is not waterlogged when picktd, a condibon thai should Ix avoided when picking illly m... shroom.

- - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

gray-brown and the undetsi
Imall varieties of Cortinariul, Ilich

is

the Cinnamon Cortinatiu. (COrtiltll,;UJ ciN''''",OlflCIlS) may grow in the midst

of a colony of Chanlcrelln and may accidentally be picbd along with

them. The Cinnamon Cortinniu. dots nOI have a funnel·shaped cap and it

has tru e gill. which art nOI decurrent. It is Ihudort vcry important 10 lorl the harvest care fully. There is ~ yellow form of thc Tubul~r Ch~ntere lle, which i, golden·yellow ",II over ~ nd h~s a Jm~ller with a di~meter of no more tbn I ', in (3 em). In thi, variety, tbe margin unrolls vcry I~te Ind the nuh is thicker. The variety is commoner undcr deciduous trtCS th n it is under conifers.

UP.

d((urrtw, (oMs, rtStlllbliwg lilt gills 11{ "it "&drils, t'tJ/IIW l/tt.. 8'''t'

THE APHYllOPHORAlES al the top. The flesh is thin, rather elastic, with a faint odor and mild flaV()(,

HABITAT: grows in colonies. consisting of tightly packed speci-

mens. on moss or pine-needle liner In comfer-

ous forests. mainly under ScOI5 pine aod

sp-uce, more rarely under depped

branches or beside sllCh heaps, as ~II as near old, rotten stumps. II normally appears In fall and early winter. but it is not uncomlTl()(l to find il growing in mid·winter. The winter !>pe(imens usually remain small. The fUl1<}uS persists well inlo

the cold weather and can withstand a certain amoon\ of frost. The fungus freezes but thaws out wilen

the weather turns warmer.

GOMPHUS FLOCCOSUS Scaly Gomphu5 DESCRIPTION: H:2'I.·7 In (7-18 em).

0:2-6 in (5· 15 em). The fungus is cylindrical at firsl. expandIng the top and funne!·sllaped and hollow at

ill

11M.>

bottom. The ytliow

10

Ofangl!·red

mal-

gin is undulalH'Ig and lobed and covered in scales that ale nat at the margin and erect in the center. The (ream, yellow, Of ocher f.[)JBILI

rv

Although occuionollly nltn, rhi, fungus and ils relativn should bt

,1.voided, siner they .Ie indigutiblc and 50mclimu himr.

DESCRIPTI ON: H:l 'I,. 4 In (4· 10 em),

0:',,,,'4 in (0.2- 0.'1 em), This fungus often grows In tufts, and II may be upright, ()'Iindrical, 01 ~plf1dle·shaped,

becoming shghtly (ompr~~ 01 wlIh aver· heal furrow, often twisted, hollow, and b!"ittie, WIth a pointed 01' rounded top. It is pure while, yellowtng WIth age at lhe lip. The f~

is odor~s.

HABITAT: In grclSS

01' Ofl

bafe soil. Spring

through fall. Uncommon but widespread.

outer wrface is wrinkled and folded. The stipe is thick and tapering at the bottom, bet:oming hollow, smooth 01 fibrillose, yellow to orange. The flesh is whitish.

HABITAT: under mnilers or in mix~ forests in summer. Quite common.

THE APHYLLOPHORALES CLA VULINA CINEREA Ash-gray hiry Club DESCRIPTION: H: 11.·4 in (3-10 em). The fungus look.s like a tiny buoch of antlefs with natleoed, cuNed, lWl~ljng bfanches. the liPS are tapering and rounded, and of uneven lengths. They are ash gray, s0metimes tinged WIth lilac. '!hi! stem Is about 'I, in (1 (m) in diameter. The soft flesh Is ~Iighlly bitter and odorless.

HABITAT: beneath c\e(lduous Ir~ on the ground, more rarely under coollels, often in

colonies. fall. fairly common.

CLAVULINA CRISTATA Crts led fairy Club HABITAT: On bare soil or

DESCRIPTION: H 1'1..4 in (3·10 em). This Fail)' Club is shaped like a bush or, when the branches arl!

lighlly packed. liKe a cauliflower. Ills usually pure while, bill sometimes il is pale gray_ The ups of the llIaoches ale flattened and dentate or lobed like a coxcomb The f~ is willie, odcJffes.s. and mild.

J

decomposing wood, along paths. In ruts,. and under de
and COOliefOus trees. SUrnmef 10 early winlel'. Very common.

FDlBII.lTY

Somt pfoplt

tal

fllry Club and i.

Ihi5

~o1Uidtr;1

10 ha,·c a pluliInl navar, but ;1 is not (Of" a1110lSttS.

RAMARIA ARA/OSPORA Fiery Coral Fungu s

DESCRIPTION: H: 2-4'" in (5-12 un). 0: 1'''.2 1" in (3-7 em). This Coral Fungus Is thickly bfafl(hed abovf!

the

ba~,

and hl'ight red or scarlet,

th(!

tips

be
wt1lle or yellowish-while. The stipe is ~ery short or absent, 11. in (3 em) long at the most. The flesh is thick and fibrous.

HABITAT: gOM in the fan I.IxIer 'M!Stem hem· kxk(Tsuga hE'~ in NonhAmerica. EOJRIII T Y Good to t at, and harvMltd in large qu.anliliu in !he northwCSltm United Statts.

RAMARIA FLACCIDA Flaccid Coral Fungus

DESCRIPTION:: H: 1'1.-V. in (3-6 on).

YelloN ochefto 1x"0MIish ocher tv;n:hes '" to '" in (1 10 3 mm) thick. Color does not charge when tooched. lIrancheseryj ina.e or two paler teeth. Stipe " lOb in (0.5 10 1 on) thid: with ....nile base. 'Mlite ftbrcus flesh, titter taste. HABITAT: grows on the ground in lines or cildes. under conifers,l!Spe(ially Norway spruce,

in mountainous regions at altitude. Summer and fall. Common.

to RAAIARJA FORJUOSA Bcauuful Coral fungus POISONOUS

THE APHYLLOPHORALES

100 101

RAMARIA FORMOSA Beau tiful Co ral Fungus DESCRIPTION: H: 4-12 in (1030 em), In·8

in (5-20 em). thIS handsome

cOIal fungus has eftct, cylindrical branches, which may be

slraight or bent and have ~t ramifications at the lips. It is an allractlVE! !oalman pm!:. except at the tips which all! brillianllemon yellow. As 11 glows older, the fungus becomes ochraceoos orange all 0Yef. The

SUp! is short, MUlish then turning pinkish. The pinkish-gray flesh is brittle when cut. The flavor is fairly MleI'

HABITAT: de<:iduous fOfests, especially under beedl, also found in mixed woods. Summer through fall, UllCommon.

RAMARIA STRICTA Erec t Coral Fungus DESCRIPTION: H: 1'1,-4 in (4-10 em). This (oral fungus has V!rtlcal, densely

packed. straight arxl Yee-shap!d brandies. In young specimef1s the color valles from the narlOW, pointed lip which is pale yellow and the lower part of the branches which Is reddish ocher Of pinkish ochef. The whole fungus reddens WIth age and turns brown when rubbed. It has no stipe; the lower part forms a short trunl:: whidl txtends into the whitt filaments of the mycelium tmbtddtd in the wMtrate. The nesh is wtilte Of pale ytllow, coriaceous. with a pleasant odor but bitter, peppe'Y taste.

HABITAT: on the dead and rotten branches of de
or on conifers. sometimes embedded In the ~il. AI~ found on sawdust or wood sha~ings. Summer througtl fall. Fairly common.

RAMARIOPSIS KUNZEI, CLAVARIA KUNZEI Kun ze's Coral Fungus

HABITAT: on lhe ground or ITIOi'I! rarely on wood, In woodland, meadows. or at the edge 01 fiekk. $umrrtef through lall.

DESCRIPTION: H 11.-4 In (4-10 em), 0; I I,-n in (H an)

101\109

ThiS bushy (Olal fungus has few bul dense ramificatIOnS, endif"lg In !ohoft lorks. The

Uf"lCommoo.

Stipe is absent 01 only I. 10

',.111 (1 \02 (m)

long and '4 in (4 mm) wide Fragile lIesh.

THE APHYLLOPHORALES SPARASSIS CRISPA Cauliflower Fungus DESCRIPTI ON: 0:4-16 in (10·40 em).

A globulose mass of densely

pa<:ked, wrinkled fronts, loolcing

like a cauliflower or a spooge, creamy white at Ii!;!, then ~lIow ocher. The brarl(hes are flattened and sinuous, divided and very numerous, splitting at tips when old. Very short thick, white stipe. flesh smelling slightly of drmamon, lender but slightly {oriaCellUS when older, lasting of

hazelnut. HABITAT: Almost always on 0.near conifer SlUmps or living trunks. especially pine, sometimes spruce. Oiten grows again in the l'OTENTIAI. CONFUSION

same places. Fall, sometimes summer. Fairly common in mountainous regions.

,. RAJUARIA FORMOSA &autrNt Coral Fung\ls POISONOVS

SPECIAL FEATURES

FDiBILlTY Good 10 ut wh~n )'oung. Flavor of older

specimen, less pleasant. and Ncoming rubbery and slightly laxative. It is often cooked with cream and good Karoning. II needs long and urerol washing.

Some Sp('cimens of the CauliDower Fungus can weigh up 10 22lb (10 kg)! A vel)' simil~r bUI much rarer species, Ihe leafy Fungus (Srilr~5li;S bm;/",s), is only found nur or allht base of ook IfftS. The branch~5 art flalltr, wider and Dop. pier. It smeUs s1ighlly of bleach and;s $,lid 10 ~ slightly 10xic.

CLAVARIADElPHUS PISTILARIS Giant Fairy Cl ub DESC RI PTION: H 4· 10in(10·25eml. 0 : '/.·2 in (B em). This club·!Jlaped fungus can take on very diverse appearances. Jt may be tall

or !Jlort, WIth a swollen rounded trp, Of rather puffy and bloated. The surface is smooth at first, bec:om· ing deeply wnnkled or folded. Yellow at first, reddelling when mature The flesh is soli in young specimens, later becom· ing hard and fibrous. It is while, changing 10 red· dish·bfa.vn when cut. Faint odor, billet taste HAB ITAT: singly 01 in

groups uncler deciduous trees. tspeCially bee
srI-< IAI FFATtJRfS Tht Truneated Fairy Club (Clal'llr;/IJd· , tllllf frII~(Qlllf) looks very ' ;lIIi11(, but the top is not rounckd, but &'t, as if truneated.

Not good to ut dut 10 the biller flavor and fibrous tuture. In lome platn, notably eastern Euro~, it is picked young, th~ pidded in vineg;u and uttd as I tondiJMnt.

THE APHYLLOPHORALES

DESCRI PTION: H: ]'1.·6 in (8·15 em), 0: '/.-l'b i1 (2-4 em), This fungus i$ shaped like an upturoed cone,. The top is swollen and the margin extl'nds over the edge. forming a ridge. 11 is pale yellow, turning ocher and finally re<Xlish. Stipe indis· tinct. The lower part is ocher and slightly wrinkled. The flesh i$ firm, soon be
HABITAT: forests of fir and mixed forests in the mountains, oolimeslone soil and in cool, humid regions. late summer and fall. fairly uncommon.

CLAVULINOPSIS HELVOLA Yellow Fairy Club

DESCRIPTION: H:l ".-2'h in (3·6 em), Tall narrow, founded spikes or club·shaped fungus without branches, often bent Dr wrved, and may have a vertical furrow.

Golden-yellow, paler toward the base. Flesh, pale yellow aod Ilblou!" Odorless but wilh a mild flavor.

HABITAT: i!>Olaled or in groups. in the grass or moss of lawns or in woods. Fall. Widespread but uncommon.

~ 105

--------------------------------------

CUPHOPHYUUS PRATENSIS, CAMAROPHYLLUS PRATENSIS Meadow Wall.eap cream -colored gills. wide apart, slightly

dKurrenl. Thid supe narrowing toward tile

base and often curvt'd, smooth and bfif1ll', paler in color than the cap. Flesh thkk in the center of r the cap. pale orange. Pleasant odor and mild flavor.

HABITAT: In well· drained meadows. beside paths. espe· DESCRIPTION: H: 1'1,,3',. in (4·8 em),

0: 1".-3'1, In (3·8 em). Cap convex at first but soon flattening and ending Wlth an upturned margin and a lafge central umbo. Flesh thick in the center, thin

cially at an altitude of over 1,670 ft (500 m), Fall. (ommon to uncommon btll wi~ead

CUPHOPHYLLUS VIRGINEUS, HYGROPHORUS NIVEUS Snow-white Wax -cap

DESCRIPTION: H: 1'1.-3'1. 111 (4·8 em), 0: '/r 1'/, In (1 -4 em). Cap (olllcal aod umbonate at lirst. then flattening, often Wi th a central depression; fleshy under the center, pure while,

oc~1 odIef

or reddish s.pots. WhIle gills

THE TRICHOLOMATALES very wide apart and decurrent. Stipe and sinuous. white "',"'" wi,h

..!!L ' 09

fined to the edga From fall through early wintef. Common

and widespread.

pink or red al the base. FleVi white HAB ITAT: meadcrovs and pastures. mossy lawns, grassy moors. and damp, glassy woods where it is frequently con·

.. CUTOCYBE OEALBATA, C. RlVULOSA. C. CANDICANS Whitt Cbtocybcs POISONOUS

HYGROCYBE PSITTACINA "arrQI Wax-ca p

DESCRIPTION: H:I'/,.2'/. in (4·7 em), 0;)/.-, '1, in (2·4 em). Hemispherical or campanula te (ap becom-

iog COI'M!K or IlaUened, umbonate, with striated margin. Very viscid, blue-green dis(010(109 with age 10 yellow orange; the cap may be multkolon!d. Gills ~ightty emargl!late, yellowi!oh-green or orange. Stipe solid al first, thef1 hollow, and with the same viScosity and coloiallon as the cap. green at first, then yellowing from the base. Yellow· green IIesh thin, odorIm and Oavorlm. HABITAT: meadows, pastures, roadsides, in lowlands and highlands. Summer through late faiL Uncommon. '\PH I A I FFATl IRFS

Thr I/JI""t'w ~ brightly colored Will ups which grow in grutWId. ~y of thrm appur 10 br brcoming Ie" nu.mcrolli.

HYGROCYBE CHLOROPHANA Lemon Wax-cap

DESCRIPTION; H: "J..3 n(3·7 em), (l jj,.. 3 in (3-1 on).

CorM!)( cap. 1LattefW'g. retan"g a cecllrallJ:'J'lOO

s>j>"""""""w....... "",,, yeIow Pale

HABITAT:!1O\4l'S" ~ and the edge of 'NOOdIaod and beside hedge!> in wmmef Ihroujl fall. UI'I(OITlmon but widespreild

"" beg striated. vised. p1en !hen

,..,. """"hoi_ ""'""" ""s>j>!Iy _ _.S"'".'TOO. ""'. _ "",..,.. pale yellem IIeVi aoo oOOr\ffi, mild flavor. SPfC IAL HATl ' RI S 1I).,,~~ obnr!StJli is mother solMnye:Uow hygrophoNS, bul the "P ~ns conical and the stipe is nOI ,;,ad,

HYGROCYBE COCCINEA Sca rlel Wax-cap

DESCRIPTION: H: 1"._3',. In (4-8 em), €I: '1.-2 In (2·5 (m). CQf1vex cap. blood-re(j at

first, theflturning pmk as it ages. Widely-spaced gills. red dish orange men turning yel lower, alw.lys yellow al the edges, Stem hollow, slightly (OmPfes~, often With a longitudinal furrow, or
golden-yellow to red: falll! odor and mild flavor whkh Is hard to define. HABITAT: grows in Ifoops

on gr;ml,md and
frequently found al higher altitudes. Widespread.

...!1Q...

THE TRICHOlOMATALES '" HYGROCYBE MfNfATA Vermillion Wax-cap

DESCRIPTION : H: ".-1. in (2-5 em), 0: 'h- l 'I. in (1-3 em). Cap hemispherical at first, then corwex or

flattened, more or less dePfessed in the celller, with striated margin {overed in liny

tightly-packed scales. vermillion then lUmir.g yellow. Gills the same color. Hollow, brittle stipe wlth smooth, matle, dry surface, red with an orange-yellow \0 pale yellow base. Flesh orange and odo!less. mild flavor. HABITAT: lawns and heaths. on add soil, especially in the mountain!>. Fairly (ommon

and widespread.

HYGROPHORUS COSSUS Stinking Wax -ca p DESCRIPTION: H:2·4 In (5·10 un),

0: 11.-3'1. in (3·g em), The cap is hemispherical and conical, Ihefl flattened, wi th a smooth, viscid surface. whi te to cream, turning yellow or brownSPECIAL HATURFS This Wax-cap resembles the 1\'01)' Waxcap bUI is more slcndrr; the unpleasant

odor of cooked Jerusaltm artkhokes makes it distinctive. The botanical epithet ·(OSSI/S~ comes from the name of a moth whose caterpillar has the same unpleasant odor as the mU5hroom.

ish-ocher iflthe center with age. J Gills broad aod
HAB ITAT: deciduous for em, especially oak ami mixed woods. (ommoner in warmer dimates. on limestone soils. Fall.

HYGROPHORUSEBURNEUS [yory Wa)( -cap

DESCRIPTION: H:2 '1t-4',. in (6·12 em). 0:4'/,..4 in (4-10 em). Hemisphel'ital or conical cap. bec:oming flattened and more or !eM undulalll'lg. WIth margm which remains imolled !Of a long lime. Vefy viscid, pure while, then cream-tinted. Thick. white, widely

spaced gills, slightly decurrent. long. while, viscid slipe, thinner at the base, often WNlng, granuiose or floccose al !he lop. Flesh thin and

HABITAT: often glows

in colonIeS In de
HYGROPHORUS HYPOTHEJUS Yellow-gilled Wax -cap

DESCRIPTION: H:il,-4 In (6· 10 em), 0:1'/.·2'1. in (3·] em). Cap conve~ or campaoulate at filst, then

flallemng and become slightly depres~ in the (!Oter, wuh or without an umbo, malgln remaining inrolled for a long time. Cap fibrillow. very VIKid, oIive-brcmn palll'09 to yeIIow«hel as il dlies. Gills ~ S9iK1!d. de. It appears late. alter the first frosts. in late fall and early wrntel'. Fairly common and widespread.

THE TRICHOlOMATALES

,,,

...!.!!..

HYGROPHORUS MARZUOLUS March Wax-cap DESCRIPTION: HI I,:3'/. in (48 em). 0:2·4/, in (5-12 em).

Cap thick, hemispherical at firs! then convex or ilallened, or slightly depressed. umbonate, with a margin thai remains imolled for a long time. White when VOUng. turning grayish and eYef1llially blackish. Gills thiel, stJa'9ht. slightly de
HABITAT: In small groups in coniferous forests, mainly fir, pine,

and spruce, 1\ is often hidden by moss or puW!-needle hilI!!'. On limestone soil at mid-mountain a!!Jlude, but also in the lowlands in ITIOI'I! northerly rtglOl'lS- late WInter, lin9l'flng on into spnng In some

regions. Fairly common \0 rare, depending on the reglOll,

SI'I ClAI HATIJRES Some ptoplc find if is nOI p~rtiwlarly lall)' and claim th,l I ils only virtue is thai il a~ln in early winter ~ncllpring, whrn eclible mushrooms Ire al their

Edibk, though Ihere it some clisp"te al

rlIfftl.

to whether il is wonh eating.

HYGROPHORUS OLiVACEOALBUS Oli ve Wax-call

DESCRIPTI ON: H: 4·6 in (10-15 em), 0: 2-tl. in (5-8 em). Hemispherical 01 campanulale cap, becoming convex 01 flattened with an umbo, 'li!ry viscid, olive-brown, da rl:ening in Ihe cenler. Gills decurrent and bow-shaped, waxy.

Not partiruLuty good, and the viscid cuticle should N pt'dtd off.

white to pale gray. Stipe lall and slender (4·6 in (IO· IS em)), very viscid, (overed in olivf!·bwwn stripes. except at t~ lOp which is while and dry, the two zones being separated by a fairly distiIX\ ring. WhiTish lIesh, thick only in Ihe center; odor and lIavor not characteristic HAB ITAT: under spruce, glowing among bilberries. blueberries, and moss, on add

soils. Common in the late summer and fall.

THE TRICHOLOMATALES HYGROPHORUS PUDORINUS Modest Wax.cap

DESCRIPTI ON: H: )'/.-4'/. in (8·12 em).

0: l/.·S in (8· 13 em)_ Cap hemispherical then convex WIth inrolled margin, fleshy, very viscid in damp weather, malle and silky In dry weather, pale odIIa· ceous-orange to fawn, dar~ in the center and oumy pink at the margin. Gills broad I DlBII.ITY

and WIdely spaced, bow·shaped and only shghtly decullent, wtllle at fi~1 then of a color Similaf to that 01 the cap. Stipe ~ighlty bulbous. thicl: (up to 1J. in (3 em)), slightly viscid al first, the same coo as the gills and brOWfling Slightly at the base, doned Wilh pinkish·white granulations
Some specimen, lIave such a strongly

resinous Ibvor that they art intdiblt . Others arc mtffly of poor edibility.

HABITAT: urder conifers. especially spt'uce and Ilf, on noo-acK!i< soil. and even limestone Commoner on high ground.

HYGROPHORUS RUSSULA Russula Wa x-cap

then dry, pinkish, rapidly becoming covered in dark pink spots. Gills tightly packed, wide, non·de
cap. covered in longitudinal purple fibers, graoulose at the lOp. flesh pale or spoiled with dark red spots, pleasant fruity odor, mild or Slightly bitter flavor. DESCRIPTION: H:3 '/.-6 in (8-15 em). 0:3'-'-6 in (8-15 em). Cap hemispherical then convex, neshy, can analn 8 in (20 em) in diameter, viscid al lirst,

HABITAT: often in groups under deciduous trees such as oak and be«h, on limestone soil. Summer and fall. Fairly common in more southerly regions,

PLEUROTUS CORNUCOPIAE Branched Oyster Mushroom

H:',.-4 in (2· 10 em), 0:1 '/,.4'" in (4· 12 em). funnel·shaped tap, 01 unHOfm color, oeamy wilile or beige, dail::ening with age Creamy gilk vel)' decurrent, bonded \ogethef al the

DESCRIPTION:

base of the stipe to form a nel~. Stipe cenIra! Of extentri(. CldoJ pleasant, flavor mild.

HABITAT: singly 01 more often in tufts on stumps or the dead branches of various deciduous trees (elm, WIllow, poplar, oak, be«h, etc.), May throogh August. Fairly com mon in the south, rarer in the flOIth.

THE TRICHOLOMATALES PLEUROTUS ERYNGII Eryngo Oyster Mushroom

DESCRIPTION: H:l '/.-3'I. in (3-8 em). 0:2·/1 '1, in (~·12 em). Cap conye~ then flattening, margin almost always inrolled, smooth, beige 10 brown. Gills quite widely spaced, decurrent, creamy white or reddening. Stipe excenllic or (en· tral, usually wrved, white and velvety. flesh white, quite firm, pleasant flavor and odor. HABITAT: in dry. meadoY.ts on poor soli and

and fallow land. Dewlaps on the dead roots

of eryngo and sea-holly,

~ar

coasts. Spring

through fall. fairly commoo along the coast

and in soolhem regions.

PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS Oyster Mushroom

DESCRIPTION: H:l'/.-4 in (l 10 em), 0:2-6 in (5-15 em). Cap spatulate al first, extend· ing to look mo;e like a mollusk shell, with a margin whkh remains inrolled for a IOrlgllme and a smooth surface with a (OIOf that varies but is uniform,

ohen slate gray or gray-brown. be
velvety althe base. Flesh while with a pleasant odor and flavor. HABITAT: forms compact lults

01 tiered specimens on klgs or the dead trunks of various d«iduous trees, such as poplar, willow, walnut, oak, and beech, from fall through early wimer and during the wimer in !>OUlhefly regions. Filllly (Om-

mon and widespread. SPECIAL FEATURES F.D1BILITY Coocl lO ~al. Should b.e picked young as il often bccomd worm -tillcn and coria· (COlIS

with agc.

The oyster mushroom;s now rultivated aU over the world. It;s grown inten·

sivdy in a manner similar to that of the Cultivated Mushroom.

THE TRICHOlOMATALES

...l!.!. 119

LENT/NUS COCHLEATUS Spiral lcntinus

DESCRIPTION: H:l/,·4 in (4·10 (m).

0:1 ',.-3". in (3·8 em). Thi! cap is continuous with the stipe, giving the mush· loom the shape

~<::::;;:::=:~

of a (ornel(hat is notched on one

edged and cream to browni!>h. The stipe is (enual or eKceo· tric and the same color as the cap at the top, darker at the base, The flesh is thick and coriaceous, whitish to beige, with a mild aniseed odor and

flavor.

side, The margin is inrolled and

HABITAT: in dense, tiered tufts on stump$ and at the base of trunks of de<;iduous trees. lale summer and fall.

is fawn or reddish bfOWf'l in color. The gills are strongly decurrent, saw-

LENT/NUS T/GR/NUS Striped lcntinu5

DESCRIPTION: H: 1'1,-3',. in (4-8 em), 0: " "-4 in (4· 10 em), Cap globose at firs!, be<:oming convex, and finally depressed in the center, with a thin, sinuous, inrolled margin that is often split; the backgroorld color is cream, covered with brown or black scales arranged in a fairly

regular pattern, more densely in the (emer. Gills decurrent ar.d lightly packed. with an irregularly emarginate edge, creamy white then tinted orange. 5upe rnOfe or ~s excen· llic, thinning toward the base, whitish and brown toward the bollom, scaly like the cap. Flesh whi tish, elastic. Odor fruity, "avor mild at first, becoming acrid.

HABITAT: often grows in tults on willow and poplar, frequently beside water. From spring through fall. Uncommon but widespread.

f~rly good 3((OUS

to tat whn young, 100 (ori· whn older.

PANELLUS SEROTINUS Winter Pancllu$ DESCRIPTION: 0:1 '~-4 in (liO em). Shell-shaped or spatulate fungus.

with a yellow-green or brownish cap. velvety bu t very viscid in wet weather with a margin which is

inrolled at first Gills tightly packed and forked, pale yellow then pale

ocher. Stipe lateral, very shon, ochlaceous orange and cO'Iered in small bfown scales. Whitish flesh thick, §oft, and elastic; faint odor and mild flavor. HAB ITAT: in tiered clumps. on branches and dead or living tree-trunks, especially wil·

low and alder, in damp places. especially beside waterways. late fall and winter. Fairly common.

PANELLUS STIPTICUS Styptic Mus hroom rowed margin, ocher

Of

pale !>fawn. Felted

suriace, cracking with age. Russel gills crowded and ohen forked. Stipe excentric or lateral, very shoIt ('I. in (2 em) at the most) ar.d thinning toward the base, paler than the cap, FI~ soft and elastic, whitish or pale yellow, aromatic odor but bitter, acrid flavor,

HABITAT: in dense, tiered clumps on dead

wood, fallen branches. and the slumps of DESCRIPTION: 0: '"., '" in (1-4 em).

Semi·circular cap. depres~ where attached 10 the stipe, with inrolled, striated or lur-

de(idllOUS trees. mainly oak. All year round, but mainly in the fall. Common.

>2.

THE TRICHOlOMATALES '" OMPHALINA ERICETORUM, GERRONEMA ERICETORUM Moss Omphalia

DESCRIPTION: H '1.-2 in (l-S em).

o /.,',. in (0.7-2 em), COlM!~

cap.

SOOIl

becormng funnel-shaped

in the center, undulating Of ~nuate margin;

!oUrface stJialed to the cente!' or WIth darker rad~1 bands over the gills. White-beige, to

srI'( IAI

Ff.ATURES

Thi, is one of Ihf COmmOnH! fungi in tbf no"ht m htmisphtrt . It lives in mon, in .ymbiotis with an alga.

pale ocher Of re11ow·bI'own in coo. Gills decuutm. widely spaced and thick, but thin· ning toward the edge of the cap, oeam to pale yellow. 511pe thin and short ('I, to 11. in (1 10] em)), pale blown, darker at the lop. Flesh thin and pale, odorle~~ and flaVOfI6s. HASITAT: in coldel' regions. especially in the mountains, on damp. clCidic soil, heathland and beside bogs. Summer through fall. Common aod widespread.

PSEUDOCLITOCYBE CYATHIFORMIS Cup-shaped Clitcx:ybe DESCRIPTION: H: 2%-47\ in (7-12 an), (I: 11'-27\ in (3·7 em).

Cap cup-shaped, with small limbo and inrolled margin, darK brown, almost black when wet, becoming much paler as il dries. Gills de<:urreot and forked, with crenelated edges. white turning pale grayish-beige..

Very long STipe thickening toward the base, brown ar.d striated with paler !jmils. Base felted with white

fibers. Flesh thin and spongy; pleas-

ant odor and mild flavor. HABITAT:

grassy paths, ground or on rotten tree

slumps. late fall. Common.

_

\ ""-'''. ~Ii,~ 51riilrtd y';rh Mwilish plori/5.

_ ~,m"8i,lI, inS(rr(a i'llll'tin kmg OIl'S

The PscudodilOCYbcs differ from I h~ CliuxYMI due 10 Ihtir forlccd gills.

THE TRICHOLOMATAlES

...ill...

'"

CLITOCYBE CANDICANS White Clitocybe

DESCRIPTION: H: 1'/,-1 /' in (H em), 0:'/.1',. in (2·3 em), Cap convex theJ'l flattening and slightly depressed, pure v.t'iite, later dirty v.tlite or SIXll' red with ochef or brO'Ml. Margin infoUed for a Ioog time. 'Mlite gills crowded and slightly decurrent lNhile stipe elastic, often bffil. cr/II' !!fed in while flakes on the lW' third. Flesh th4n and wIlile; pleasant odor and mild flavor.

HA8ITAT: lawns, grassy clearings, undef

deciduous trees or in copses. Summer through fall. Fairly common.

CLITOCYBE CERRUSSATA HOII!), Clitocybe

DESCRIPTION: H: 2·4 ill (5· 10 em), 0 : l /d'1. In (3-8 em).

Cap (OIM!K then "anening. eventually slightly depressed, margin imolled for a 1009 time. Silky surface with a while COOlir.g liu Iloar·frOSI, dispersing with ~ \0 reveal a pinkish 01' ocher ground. ClOwded, slightly decurrent, white or cream

gillS. Stipe while, ohen tuNed. solid then holIaN, wider al the ba!.e which is (overed with a while down which holds the leaf hllef around the base. Flesh blanche . slightly floury odor, mild flavor. HABITAT: coniferous forests from summer through early fall. Fairly (ommon. SPH. IAL FEATURI S C/if«J'~

I'II,'IIfl,lIIilll is simibr in ever')' rupcCl , but groW$ unoo dccidllOUI

IrttS, and hilS been c1usificd as a ~nolc spedts, [, is c~ cIlngcrwf.

THE TRICHOLOMATAlES -ill.. '" CUTOCYBE DEALBATA Ivory Mushroom

DESCRIPTI ON: H:, '/.-2f in (3-6 on), 0: '1.-2 III (2-5 on).

Cap COI1Yel, soon Oatleflif"IQ. and evt'Il behaded with pink, Gills crowded, slightly dKurfeflt, whitish lhefl reddentng Stipe ~ Dilen slightly bent at the

base emd elastic. whitish or beige. flesh thin and while,

slightly floury odor, mild navar. HABITAT: in Uoops or rings

in paStures. on lawns. beside hedgerows. and on playingfields. Stirnmel' dvoogh fall.

Common.

SPEC IAL FEATIJRI S ClitO<)'~ are very bard (0 ttll_p.o."_C/il«,·~ ril"lIloS1l is more distinctive, in tbt it is 1m whitt, talItr, and bas no odor of Hour.

Tht while 5pc'rirs of

CLITOCYBE VIBECINA Striated Ag"ric

DESCRIPTION: H:2-l/. in (5·8 em), O:, ',.·2'/, in (3·6 em). Cap convex with Inrolled mal'gtn, slightly stri·

flay. WIth lorqtudinaI....n.te ~Iri!., while 001tony fibers at the base. Flesh thin, gay to brown. lainl fIcuy or rancid ~ mild ftayor,

aled when mature; smooth, gray-brown v.tIen wet, discoloring \0 pale gray as it dries, star\Ul9 in the cemer, Gills slightly decurrenl, pale gray or brO'Ml. Stipe soIKl then hollow,

HABITAT: o:nferous,y(\ mixed Iorem. from mid-faH tIYOJgh ~ winter. FairlycO!M\Oll.

CLITOCYBE GIBBA Funnel-shaped Clitocybe

DESCRIPTION: H:2·4 In (5-10 eml. 13:11,-4 in (4· 10 em), Umbonate cap with illlolled margin. then

funnel -shaped in !he ceIlter with faintly 5111 aled margin, becoming more or less sinuous. May retain slight umbo. Cream-

.~ T... HE TRICHOlOMATALES

...ill....

'"

thin, lull\hen hollow, whitish Of pale russet, the base is surrounded by leaf litter felted together With a fl uffy white mycelium. Thin, white fiesh, faint but pleasant odor, mild fla\l(lr. HAB ITAT: In troops in deciduous and coniferous for~ts. in lowland or al altitude. Summel through fall. Very common.

colored, beige or pale IUS~t. White. crowded gills, very decurrent. Stipe fairly

Qu.iIC good 10 eal, as long as the librou, stem is discarded.

CLITOCYBE DECEMBRIS DESCRIPTI ON: H:I "rl/. In (4-8 em), 0:1 ',.·g in

(3-6cm). Cap convex, with an umbilicus in the center, sometimes becoming funnel-shaped. Gray·brown when wet,

beige to pale brown during dry spells. but very often

with a darker patch in the center. Gills more or less decurrent, yellow-gray or

pale brown. Stipe twisted and rigid, paler, with while fibrils. turning dalker gray a( (he base. fleih thm and whitiih; faim odor, mild "avOf.

HABITAT: deciduous or coniferous woods. from fall through winter. Very common.

CLiTOCYBE CLAVIPES Club- footed Agaric DESCRIPTION: H:2'ir·4 in (6·10 em), 0: 1'1,·2',. in (4·7 em).

Cap convex then flattened, with a slighl umbo, be<:omir19 funnel·shaped in older specimens. gray-brown with a darker center and paler at the margin. Gills decurrent. widely spaced, {[earn or palE' y(!lIow. Stipe

swollef1 al the base, twice as thid as at the lOp, ocher \0 brown, striated. Flesh spoogy. espe
of the Stipe. Sirong odor and mild flavor.

HABITAT: coniferous forests, on acid soil, in

the plains or mountains. late summer and fall. Very com moo.

CLITOCYBE OOORA An iseed Mushroom DE SCRIPTION: H: 1'/,-4 in (4· 10 em), 0 :1'/•. 3'/. in (4·8 em), Cap convex allirst with an lnralle
umbonate, then flattening, with

an undulating, slightly retracted margin. Mane blue-green in young spe
Gills very slightly decurrent, dirty wtllte, then gray green. Stipe whitish, fibrillose, then takiog on ttw cob of the cap, and with a white down around the base. Flesh white and solt, SHang aniseed odor and flavor. HABITAT: in deciduous forests (mostly

beech and birch) or under conifers (mainly spruce) from plains to mountains. Summer through fall. Fairly common.

THE TRICHOLOMATALES ....ill... '" CLiTOCYBE NEBULARIS Clouded Agaric DESCRIPTION: H:2'1,·6 in (7-1 5 cm), 3:3',.·8 in (8· 20 em). Cap convex then flattened may become depressed. with or without a small umbo and a margin which remains inrolled for a long time. Surface gray or gray-brown. dark at first. t~n paler. (ov· ered in a sort of cottony veil. Gills crowded. slightly decurrent, whi te to pale yel· low. Stipe thick. soon becoming hollow with age. grayish·white. covered in gray fibrils, base swollen. but hidden in leaf littef. White

mycelium accumulates leaf littef around the stipe. flesh white and soft, strong but In definable odor. flavor mild or slightly b4l1er. HABITAT: often grows in rings in decidu· ous or coniferous forests. sometimes in parks. In fall and often late into the winter. Very common and widespread.

TOX IC ITY

A1rhough considtrHI td:i~, the species should be rtj««'d as it tJlI ause: smOld digestive problems.

CLiTOCYBE GEOTROPA Monk's Head Agaric

==~

DESCRIPTION: H:4-IOin (10· ... 2S em), 3:2'1...8 in (6-20 cm). Cap more Of less nat and umbonate, then becoming funnel·shaped while retaining the central umbo. pinkish·beige Of fiesh·coIOfed. Gills very decurrent cream or beige. Stipe thick and smooth, thickening from top to

Good 10 UI when young; the flem is too fib""" and , haWd be disarded.

bouom, t~ same COIOf as the cap. Flesh white, thick in I~ center, thin at the edge of the cap: strong odor of bil1er almonds. mild flavor. HABITAT: in circles Of rows in well· lit deciduous woods, clearil'l9s, wooded pastur(>$, in hilly Of mountair.ous country. on non·addk Of limestone soil. Fall. Fairly common.

LEPISTA INVERSA Inside O ut Agaric

DESCRIPTION: H:2·4 in (5· 10 em), 0:1 'lr 4 in (4· \0 em). Cap rapidly becoming funnel-shaped, bul wi th a thin, HghUy inrolled margin. orange or reddi!.h, often sprinkled with reddi~ · brown patches as it ages. Gi!ls very crowded and decurrent. cream then orange. Shorl SPEnAI FFATURI S Sn-tnI species once IYd the bot.aniaI rwne Ltpisbt irn-, .uch as lM )YDow u/isM pn'/l and the dalttr ttd Lt/,;~

f/ata.u. wbidJ grows undnttm

stipe 2 in (S em) maximum), the same color as the cap, with a white downy base surrounded by leaf liner. HABITAT:

in

dense

dumps in (oniferous wood in lowland and

highland. Sommer through lale lall. Very frequent and widesp.-ead.

duiduous

or in mimi woods.

LEPISTA PANAEOLUS, L. LUSCINA Cloudy Tricho loma

DESCRIPTI ON: H:l 'I.. 2'I. in (4-7 em), 0: 1'/.-4 in (3-10 em). Cap thick, convex, with a slight central

depressioo. soon flanening and long retain- 2 in (5 cm) ing lhe inrolled margin; gray-beige, with maximum, dirty small round, darker oily or waxy scal1ered at random Ot' in rings around the edge. Gills white then grayish·pink. Stipe shOt't,

Good 10 Cil, wilh a spicy IhVOf whcn cookrd, bul oftcn wonn·Cilcn.

white. Flesh thick. whitish, smelling stlongly of flour, flavOt' mild bot not particularly pleasant. HABITAT: In small groups in mountain pas' tures. Fall. Fairly common.

THE TRICHOLOMATALES LEPISTA NUDA Wood Slewi t

DESCRIPTION: H:2'b-4'h in (6-12 em), 0:}-6 jn(S·lsan),

Cap thick and smooth, becoming depiessed in Ihe center, margin imolled for a long lime, blue-violet allil51, but may lose all trace of violet color with age, Gills crowded,

amethyst cob', darker than Ihe cap. Stipe thick (1~ \0 4 in x '.4 10 I'A in (410 10 em x 1.5 to 3 em)), wider at the base, the same color as the gills. covered in ~Ivery fibrils. Flesh thick, friable, slightly fibrous in the stipe. paJe liJac; strong, fruity odor, smellmg slightly of aniseed and mild fiaVOf. HABITAT: in groups or drcles in dedduous woods (beech, chestnut, oak) or

among conifers. from lale rail to early winter, but appearing earlier a1 altitude. Very common, but requiring low temperalures. The species grows alrrlO$\ throughout the year, especially in spring

and from lale !.Ummer.

lilM{oloud

pes' -

hi!

I D1BIlITY Vfry good 10 n l, bul rt quir« birIy prolongt'd cooking at tht Ba h is lovgh. Tht Wood 81rwil can 1K: tultiv.lt d.

LEPISTA SOROIDA Lesser Blue-Foot

DESCRIPTION: H:l "r 2'h In (4·6 em), 0: 1 /.· l '/. in (J.7 em), Cap sI.gllt/y dep!'essed in the Ctfltef, With II !>ITIa1l umbo, tllln, slightly inrolled margin, dark bluish violet, darkening Wlttl age Pale lilac gills. Stipe no more than ~ in (1 em) in diam-

HABITAT: meadO'NS.

smoky places. conilet plarll
eter, the same (alar as the cap.

LEPISTA SAEVA, L. PERSONATA Blcwil

DESCRIPTION: H:2-4'h in (5·12 an), 0;3/.-6 in (8·1Scm).

Hem~icaI cap, bKOO'ling convex, then ftanened, coffee or betge color, smooth, matte su1i1Cl'. Stipe short .nI tf*:k. !tom '.10 10 1/. If) (2 10 3 em) in diamet« swollen at tht base. fillliliose. blue-violet. contrasting With the darker rob 01 the gills and cap. Flesh thick. white, or p!fIkiVl-be!ge; fainl bul pleasant 1Xbr, mild fiaVOf.

HABITAT: in circles in meadows and parks, on

rlf!leS10111! soil. from liite fall to early vMle!'. Fairly common II pIa(es.

THE TRICHOLOMATALES

...ill... m

ARMILLARIA MELLEA Honey Fungus

DESCRIPTION: H:2'1.-8 in (7·20 em), 0 : 1',.-4 in (l-IQ (m). The cap is hemispherical and scaly at fif~t, be
(ottOrlywhile ring. Strong. unpleasant od~.

HABITAT: forms large lUtts on stumps or fallen branches of deciduous trees. especially beech. Sometimes parasitizes living !lees. Fall. Very commoll.

SPfClAL II ATlJRfS

The Honey flmgus is a ~gefOU$ pMa· sile which attacb living or ~nened trees, causiDg hem-rot. It pfOlNIptn by means of •.unified blIck liWnmu which I1In bc-ne.1Ith the IwIo: of the InInU or branches. Thnc libmenu, which a~ merely bIInehcs of mycr6um, look 6kt thin roots and for this ~ason they are caUed rhizomorphs or psruclorrhiu.

I DlBIl.ITY!1 OXKITY

The Honey Fungus is nOI nt ensMily tdiblt , ~CiI,* older or unckrtooked spmmtnl Iuovt produced poisonings. ~cimtn$ for the ublt should be vcry )'OWl8 ~nd the fibrous Itml mUSI be di,urdtd. Onpilt these prU41iution5, fOtm peopk CoIMO! digcst the Honey Fungul which is wickly rilCn in Wltm Europ:, IWy, and SjNin.

ARMILLARIA OSTOYAE Darkening Armillaria

DESCRIPTION; H:2'I.-6 in (7-15 em), 13: , ',,.4 in (4-10 em). Cap cooical or convex. then iI.lneoed and lKIdulating. The surface is ooYefed with dark brown scales. crowded in the Cl'I1tl'l,on a bra.vn or reddish-brown background. Margin Striated, paler than the rest of the cap. ard with more widely spaced scales. GiIs ....nil! or cream, bewniog spotled WlIh I~.tmvn paldlK 5~ bnttIe. solid, beooming hoIow, ocher bot dart.er toward the base. SlrIated aIxwe the v.tUte ring edged.,..;m dart.er flakes.

HABITAT: in tufts on tree-stumps 01 the roots of SjWCe or fro Summer and fall. Common.

CATATHELASMA VENTRICOSA Bulbous-s temmed Armillaria I~r

ont membranous, the

upper one dOWlly. Flesh com· pact, thick and white. HABITAT: isolated 01 in

groups under (omlers. espedally fils, in North Amellca. late

summer

and

lall.

Common. DESCRIPTI ON: H:2'J.·6 III (7-15 an), 13:3'1.· 6in(8·1Scm). ConV(!x cap dry and smooth, whitish or pale gray. Gills sl~htly decurrent, whitish or pale

brown. Thick stipe (1 \0 2 in (2.5 to 5 em)), deeply buried in the soil, while to yellowishbrown Wllh a characlerisuc IbJble ring, the

II)JBllITY

Ouilr lood 10 lOll. A Jim&or species which it a1so t diblt is found in EIlfOpt', tht Impnial AnniIbN. (CtdllllKhmfNI i_ptn.lis. II is WJtT with iI dMktr up.

THE TRICHOLOMATALES

.lli..

us

LACCARIA AMETHYSTEA Ame thys t Deceiver

DESCRIPTION: H:H'/, in (5· 12 em). 0:',._ 21, in (2·6 em). Cap convex then flatt~, thin WIth an inrolled margin, then undulatlllg and sometimes slightly crenelated. often umbilICate in tile centef. Amethyst. turning 10 pale lilac, almost whi te or ochla-

ceoos ~Iolel whef1 dry; Ille surface is maUe.

granuw, or (OVered WIth fine scales toward the centl'f. The wide,deep vio· let gills are thick and widely spaced, Inlefspersed Wllh shofter gills. They all! spl'inkled WIth white

""""

-

S I' J (JAt 1'1 All rRl'S

The deep amethyst violet color in young specimens !lab it easy 10 r«Opliu the Amethyst DenNer growing on moss or 1uili",•. The up is pod 10 ut but the

6broullinn Ihould be disankd. AI ont rime the Amnbyst I)c,(rivtt _ rntrtly cont.ickrtd to be I YWI)' of the Dtcrivtr (iAwI,u '-'(011"')" dOKIy

rtlmd .penes.

mature. The Slipe is long, thin, sinUOllS and

fibrous. !he same color as the cap, often COOSISling of whitish fibrils and With lilac felling at the base. The thin, viOlet flesh is elastic in !he stipe, and has a mild odor and flavor which are not characteristIC. HABITAT: coni ferous or deciduous

fOlests, on acid or limestooe soli, mainly in hilly or mountainous regions. from late

!.Umtnef thfough lall. Very common.

LACCARIA LACCATA Deceive r

DESCRIPTION: H;2·4 In (5· 10 em), 13:'1.- 1'1, in (2·4 em), Cap domed then convex and

depressed In 1M cenlel'. The edge remains culVed downward fOf a long ume. Coo is russel, pinkl!oh. OIangt'. Of brownish-orange, paling whef1 dry or with aging. Surface mattf, smooth, or slightly grainy. Gills wide, pinkish-brown. Stipe thin and elastic, reddish-brown with white fibflls. Flesh whitish to brownish, depending on the degree of humidity. Odor faint and flavor mild. HABITAT: decid-

uous or conifer· ous forests and

copses. Lale summer through lalL Common and widespfead .

.

THE TRICHOLOMATAlES

..lli....

'"

TRICHOLOMOPSIS DECORA El egant Tricho loma

DESCRIPTION: H:l·3',. in (5·8 em).

0:2-6 in (5-15 em). Bright yeHO'N or yellow«her
gray-brown scales or fibrils. denser in the center. conical at first then (()IIYeX or flattened. The margin remaiflS inroUed for a klng lime. Gills bright yellow with while l'dges. Stipe long and thin, often I'Xce!ltrk or CUrvM, fibrillose, the same color as the cap or paler. Flesh bright yellow, no panicular 000r Of flavor. HABITAT: singly ex f1 tufts, Ql conifell:os tnris mairIy nthe root.fItans.l..:ue soowner !hn:lugllatelaI.l/ncOrmlon. ~ ~ cr tree

1. !.IrIIIIt.l and T. fIRm_it! an: snWler fungi with rtddisb-brown 5C3Ies.

TRICHOLDMOPSIS RUT/LANS Pl ums and Cus tard

"""..

DESCRI PTION: H:2'h-4'/, in (612 em), 0:2·4'h in (5·12 em), Cap conical or domed, then

km ""

with red scales less dense than those on the cap. Pale yellow flesh, !.lightly bitter, or mild.

flattened, velvety aod covered with fine. brick-red or purplish scales ()f1 a yellow background, hence the name. Gills crowded and egg yellow; stipe thrlening at the base, sometimes cuiWd, yeI. I' D IBIUTY

Dtspitt irs name this fungvs is no! ronsid· em! edibk in watrm Europe, though il is uttn in muin pam of tilSttm E~.

HABITAT: in tufts on the rotten stumps of conife~

(pine trees) or on tile Hunks. From

late summer through fall. Fairly common and

""""'' ' .

TRICHOLOMA COLUMBETTA Dove-li ke TrichoJoma

DESCRIPTION: H:3'1.-S in (8·13 em), 0:2-4 in (5-10 em).

Cap convex or cOllical at first, soon flattening, then becoming more or less undulating, sometimes with a centlal swelling. Ohen indined, and pure wllile in color, sometimes spoiled With tiny, reddish-pink or blue-green mark!.. The center may be pale ocher, The silky and ~Iiny surface is covered in line

"''''I''rrc~' ditl Ifm~hroom

I

radial fibrils and is slightly viscid when weI, ohen becoming covered in traces of soi\' Gills oowded and wIlile, toothed al the edges, Slipe sturdy, slightly spindle-shaped. full and firm, fibrillose. flesh firm and white, with an odor and laste of flour.

•

de
'. 4-,

'

fall.

common in places.

Fairly

POTENTIAL CONFUSION

" AMAN I TA VIROSA

Dwroymg Angel

Df.AlllY

.. AM ANITA VERNA

Spnng Amanita

Df.ADIY

" AMANITA PHALLOIDES

While Dealh Cap

Dt.AllIY

" ENTOLOM A U VIDU/I ' livid EnIQ!Qm.I

POISONOUS

THE TRICHOLOMATALES

....ill....

'"

TR/CHOLOMA ALBUM White Tricha loma

DESCR IPTION: H:2'I,-4 in (6-10 em), O:l/r 2'l, in (4-6 (m). Cap domed Of conkal, then nanened, mane chalky white. Gil~ wide and GIn be seen in V('ftkal sedion 10 be of unequal width, wtllte then pale ocher. Stipe white, elongated and H~r.g. solid, slightly swollen at the base. Of tapefing. Flesh thin and white, with a faintly acrid odor and flavor. HABITAT: under de<:iduous trees, espe
SI'f.ClAL I'F.ATURFS The Off.white Tricholorna (frilbl1loma /1Stu,/oolbr",,) can mUSUft up to 6 in

(15 ern) in dMeler. The margin is fluted. It is complclfly whitf, browning slightly 10 the touch and emiu a sirong and disagreeable odor. The navor is vcry acrid. It grows among oaks and hombum. TricblIJIfIIlIIlS(jnlll' has a beige or p~lc ocher cap and smdls pltas.a.ndy of f1ol,lr.

TRICHOLOMA FULVUM Fawn TrichoJoma

DESCRIPTIO N: H :3'1.·~ in (8-13 em), 0:2-

wilh dirty rust with age. Stipe of the same

4 in (5-10 em),

color as the cap, 01 yellower. Flesh whi te in

Cap conical or convex then flattened, umbona!e or slightly depressed, with an inrolled, striated or fluled margin. Smooth, viscid in the young state or when wet reddish-brown with a paler margin and yellow tints. Gills bfighl yellow becoming tinged SPECIAL FEATIJRES Trk~olomlll'St"Jo";flirllll$, which tends to i ppcar uno:kr conifers, d~, nor luve i RUled margin and the gill, ate ..... hitish spLuhtd wilh 1'\151.

the cap bUI cilaracteli51icaHy yellow in the stipe, smelling of flour and wi th a slightly biner 1aSle, HABITAT: In small groups of deciduous or mixed woods, especially under birch, on very damp, acidic soil. On lowland and highland. late summer through fall. Very common and widespread.

THE TRICHOLOMATALES .lli.. '" TRICHOLOMA USTALE Bitter Tricholoma

DESCRIPTION : H:2-4 in (5·10 em), 0:1" ,·

3'1. in (4·8 em). SPI.UAl FEATURES

The Tawny Tricholoma (TrirhQloma us,,,lo;Jt.s)

re$~mble$

the Burnt Tri· cha lama, bUl lhr cap is brighter russrl,

and the two·colored stipe has two clear areas or color, while II the lOp and RISse! btlow. II exudes a strongly

floury odor.

Cap hemispherical or conical then con~ex or flattened, with an inroUed, sinuous margin, reddish-brown then paler at the margin.

Gills white then spotted with red. Stipe white and larger at the base which turns brown with age. Pale colored flesh, darker at the base of the stipe; faintly floury odor and

!.lightly bitter taste. HABITAT: decidllOus woods (bee<:h) on damp, flOn-addic soil. From late summer through fall. Fairly common.

1

TRICHOLOMA VACCINUM Brindle Trkholoma

DESCRIPTION: H:2'1,..4 in (6·10 em), 0: l'I.--l/. in (4-8 em). Cap domed 10 coni
scall'S, thinning oul at the edge:againsl a pale ocher background; Margin woolly and slightly mrolle
then splashed with pink. Stipe hollow, laller than the diameter of the cap, swollen at the

base whkh (an anain ',. in (2 em) in diameter, and the same color as the cap. flesh

(hill and whitish, except at the base of the stipe where

It

the cuticle

when~

is red
HABITAT: under conifers, rarely under deciduous trees, mainly in the mountains. Fall. Common.

THE TRICHOLOMATALES

-11L

'"

TRICHOLOMA PORTENTOSUM Pre tenti o us Tricholo ma DESCRIPTION:

H:

2'1,·4'1: in (6-12 em),

0:2·4'/, in (5-11 em). Cap (onical or umbonate, then nattelling. mouse-gray or

slall'-(olored,

shiny

and very fibrillose,

with typical yellow I'lighlights, sometimes wilh violet

lin t~

Gills

wide, white, or slightly yellowing. Stipe white, tinted lemon yellow in places. Flesh white, sometimes yellowing 00 the surface. Floury

odor and flavor. HABITAT: Coniferous forests. espedally pine, In

does nOI fear frost. Uneven distribution, very common in places. SPF.C1AL FFAnrRES

the low-

In the r~gions in which this mushroom

lands af'ld mountains, but most frequent al al!lludes of 1,670 10 3,330 II (500 \0 1,000 m), more rarely under de
is abundant, it is sold 10 taoncrirs. There arc a number of varittiu of tht sptciu, one of which grows under deciduous trtC! and is larger.

from mid-fall 10 early winter, and

1

TRICHOLOMA PARD/NUM, T. T/GR/NUM Tiger Tri choloma

DESCRIPTION: H:2-6 in (~-1 ~ em), 0:2',(·nin (6·18 ern). Cap domed then eonvel(. with a thick, ~ margin, covered in fine gray scales arranged in tigef-stripe pattefn, against a pale gray bad· ground. Dinywtlite gills oowded and slnuate. Stipe can be as large as 1 ~ in (4 em) in diam· eter at the ~ wtIite or reddening. Flesh thick with floury odor and mild navar. TOXICITY

Poisonous, causing severe gll5lrot ntcritis.

POTFNTlAL CONFUS I ON

.. TIUCU OLOJUA TERREUM Dirty Tricholom8 EDIBLE

HABITAT: in groups in fir or beech woods, in

the mountains on limestone soil. SUmmer through fall. Common in places.

THE TRICHOLOMATALES

.

,

'os

TRICHOLOMA EQUESTRE Saddl e-sha ped Tricholoma DESCRIPTION:

H: 2~·4 in (7-10 em), 0:2·4 in

(S·10 em), Hemispherical Of conical cap, margin inrolled al first then flanening, with or withe'J\ an umbo. Surface viscid when wet,~I· !OWish·ol~, reddening in the center, covered in

scales scattered with red or brownish ocher. Gills bright yellow. crowded,

paler al lhe upper part Stipe solid, and bright yellow. Fle~ firm, bright yellow, with mild floury odor and f1avOl.

HABITAT: in groups in lowland or mounlain deciduoos woods. Fall through early winter in southern regions. Fairly common.

POTENTIAL CONFUSION II rel="nofollow"> TRICHOLOMA SULPHUREUM

Sulfur Tndloloma II> MMNITA PHALLOIOES

Death Cap

DEADLY

SPH IAI. fF.ATIJRES

A species iI found in pine forests on sandy soil (upcdally along the SOUlh Wl'!Ilcm Atlantic tour of Europe) whith some mycologist differentiate from Tri(!wIomll E'1l1l.lrt. 11 i5 aII(d thc Golden Tricho]om~ (Tri(holom" "lIfll'lI m). ]t is largeT, the up !,ting up 10 6 in (15 em) in diamtttr and the stipe up 10 ] II in (3 em) widc, with a cap that is more golden or nddish. The stipe is paler )'cllow and the nuh whitish.

TRICHOLOMA SULPHUREUM Sulrur Tricholoma

DESC RIPTI ON: H:2'lr 4'/, in (6-12 em), 13: 1/.·4 in (3·10 em), Cap (onical 01 hemispherical, then depressed, sulfur yellow, sometimes slladed with Mset, with a depressed or slightly umbonate (enter. Sulfur yellow gills thick and widely spaced. Stipe thicker al the base,

striated with reddish fibfHs 00 a sulfur yellow ground, bul ....nite al the base. FIe!.h thin, also su~ur yellow. wim a strOl'lg gaseous or su~urous 000r

and unpleasant fIava. HA8ITAT; de
TRICHOLOMA TERREUM Dirty Tricholoma DESC RI PTI ON: H:l ,.·4 in ()·IO em), 0:1 'lrJl.ln (4·8 em). Cap (ooical at first then more or Jess ilanened • with radial striations, fTlOlM-gray or graybrO'Ml, often umbonate. Gilfs ve!Y wide, wnite, turning gray. Stipe short and thid. fibrous. !Jight ~ spir.d~shaped or thmning al the baSl', solid then hollow, white or dirty white, flesh firm and thin, whitish, almost odorless, with a pleasant odor becoming biner with age. HABITAT: grows in large groups in coniferous woods (pine and SJ)'UCe), on limestone soil. Fall and even early winler in the south. Common in

""'" ",,"

rOTf.NTlAL CONFUSION .. TRICH OLOMA PARDlNUIIf

TIger Tncholoma

POISONOUS

THE TRICHOLOMATALES ~ '" TRICHOLOMA VIRGA TUM Acri d Tricholoma

DESCRIPTION : H:il.-4 in (7- 10 em), 0: 1'/,.3'/. in (4·8 em).

SPECIAL FEATURES

The: vtry simili\r Cray Tricholoma (frirh%mt! sciojdts), groW$ undcr deciduous trees.

[I

is distinguished mainly by its

gills of which the edges arc spotted with black. Thr

sri~

is thinner al the

base, and all ~rts of the mushroom can b.ecomc tiRled pink.

Cap conicallhen flattening and umbonate, ~Iver-gray

or cinder-gray. with more or less

visible grayish or black radiating fibrils or marKs, sometimes slightly scaly. Gills pale gray With crenelated edges. Stipe slightly bulbous at the base, whitish and fibrillose. F~ white or pale gray with a faint odOf of

radish or of earth and an auid or peppery flavor. HABITAT: under conifers or in mixed

woods. Fall. Fairly common and widespread.

TRICHOLOMA AESTUANS Burning Tricholo ma

DESCRIPTION: H:2-4 in (5-10 em),

0:,'11·3',. in (4·8 em), Cap conical or convex then umbonate, cov-

ered in radial fibrils, bright sulfur

Of

lemon

yellow, reddish-bfOwn in the center, with an almost white margin. Pale yellow gills with eroded edges. Stipe thickened at the base,

bright yellow with reddish-brown I,bfjls. sometimes sp1ashed with dirty pink at Ihe base. Flesh Ihin and pale, thickening under Ihe umbo. Famt odor, biuer then acrid flavor

.. TRICHOLOJUA EQUESTRE Saddle Tn(holoma EDI8LE

HABITAT: coniferous forests, especially spruce. in I~ mountains or (ooler zooes of Ihe nonhero hemisphere. Uncommon.

TRICHOLOMA ATROSQUAMOSUM 5<:aly Tricho lom a

DESCRIPTION: H:2',,-4 in (6·10 em), 0: , '1.-3'1. in (3-8 em). Cap ari:aI ex ~ then flanened, often with a rentIallJl'lbo. coYeIed in c\af'K fl~ scales on a paIef ~. Gills wkIe ard white with ~own or SjXItIed tkd: edges. Stfle soIK:l (I hollow, fiOO:lu5, pale 'Pi or with black scaies, and «me'hjtish. mIkI flavor and spicy or peppel)' odor.

THE TRICHOLOMATALES ~ '" HABITAT: de
TRICHOLOMA SAPONACEUM Soap-scented Trichol oma DESCRIPTION: H:]".-6 in (8·15 em), 0: 2'1,-5 in (6-13 em).

Cap hemi~erical then lIanened, fleshy, very variable, from gray through gray-green, whitish, brown, and yellowish, sometimes covered in thin scales. Gills widely spaced and brad, white

to yellow, sometimes spotted with red. Whitish 10 dark· gray stipe, sometimes scaly and often shaded pink at the

base. Flesh firm and white, reddening at the base of the stipe; slIong odor of soap. HAB ITAT: solitary or in colonies in deciduous or coniferous woods, in lowland and highland. Summef through fall. (ommon and widespread. SPFCIAI FF.ATURFS Vtl)' variable mushroom taking on vari· forms, which differ ITom nch other mlinIy in the color of the sript or cap and the pr&enn or abstnce of scales. 0 115

AU vmcticii ~rnit a $uongly soapy odor.

~

TRICHOLOMA PARDlNUJU Tiger Tntholomi! POISONOUS

MELANOLEUCA BREVIPES Shon-,u~mmed

DESCRIPTION: H:I 'f,· 2 In (4-5 em), 0:2 4 in (S·IO em), Cap convex at first then slightly umbonate or Hat. sorneumes inegular, eveo capabie of l)e(omlng depressed. alwa~ WIth a soon, inrolled margin SUrfCKe smooth, mouse gray to grayrs/l·brown, darker in the center, paling with age as ~II as in dry weather

Melanoleuca

Gills crowded, wide. Sinuate hut deo.JJlent along a narrow Strip, pale then grayish. Stipe shorter than the diameter of the cap, often With a thick btrlb at the bast'. of the same color as the cap btrt slriated with fibrils. flesh thin, fibrous In the stipe, pale btrt darkening toward the bast'; no ~prcal odor, mild or slightly biller flavor HABITAT: r~ forests, IawM. parks. SUmmer and fall. Fairly common.

MELANOLEUCA VERRUCIPES Warty.foolcd Mclnnolcuca

-

-: -

'

-

--

--

, ":'

'

~ .. ',I ~_~ .. . , DESCRIPTION: H:2'!.-4 'I, in (7· 12 em), 02·4 in (S· 10 em).

Cap flattened, sl~htly depressed, ueam or pale 'PI ~ wl1h a dall:er cef\\ef. GIs light,

some-

trnes slitjltiy sIoprng

Of

deo.rI'ent, v.t.iush, S~ thd:erung toward the base. whte. but OOIted With black Of brown flakes, excepl al the top. Flesh v.tule, ffljl~ odor and mild flavor.

HABITAT: lawns, mead· ows, and on bare gOllld, on 9'~ tn::Ier decid· uous trees or on bu'ied wood. Uocommon,

THE TRICHOLOMATALES MELANOLEUCA COGNATA Distincti\le M elanolcuca

DESCRIPTION: H:3 ',.-6 in (8·15 un), 0:2·4 in (5·10 em),

Cap

con~x

Ihen fla ttening, wilh a

large umbo, yeliow-brOWfl, fawn ocher or copper color, Gills crowded, pale oeam or

pinkish (f@am. Stipe thickened or slightly bul00u5 al Ihe base, pal~ than the cap. Flesh whitish; no particular odor or flaVOf, or

smelli"9 and tasting of floor. HABITAT: wooded meadow$, edges of forests. Spring through fall. Fairly (ommon in the mountains, rarer in the plains.

SPFClAl FEATURI.S

Despite its (ommon name, this speOl.'S is not particularly easy 10 discinguish from similar spedes of MdurrlI/tIKIl.

MELANOLEUCA MELALEUCA Black-and-white Mclanolcuca DESCRIPTION: H:2-4 in (5·10 em), 0:2·4 in (5·10 em). Cap CQ"I'IeX al firsl thef1 fianemrog and bec0ming slightly depressed in the center, with a cen· tral umoo; gtay-brown v.t.eo damp, pale ochef in dry wea\hef, Vefy crowded white gills. con· trasting IYith dark« color of tOe cap. Stipe gay-broNn, with darker longitudinal striations. FieYl while inside the cap. datkelloward the base of the stipe. No special cdor a flavor.

HABITAT: me~ ~ grassy woods,

grass

Yefgl'S.

common.

Lale summer through fall. Fairly

LYOPHYLLUM CONNATUM Tufted Lyophyllum

DESCRIPTION: H:2-4 'II in (~-12 em), in (4·8 em), Cap SI¥ rorrvex for a long time. then Raueniog. maue or silky ....tute surface, Tightly paded, white gills. [lining cream or pale yellow. S~ thinoef al the ~, the same color as !hi:' cap. Flesh wh!te. smelling slighttt 1My, mild fIa\oof.

0 :1

".3'/.

HABITAT: !1OWS II tufts. sometImeS illafge !1Ol4lS on IaYm5, II weIHit, rp<£1 woods iWId road!.des. late SlIMlef and fall. Fairly common in uplands.

LYOPHYLLUM DECASTES. L. AGGREGATUM Gray,cllpped l.yophy lJum

DESCRIPTION : H:2-6 in (S·15 em). 0:].6 in (5- 15 em). Cap (OIlV1!X !1Ien

expandiAg, may be

umbooate, UndUlating, smooth and shiny,

gray or gray·brown,lhefl palel 0fI the margin. striated with whitish fibfils. Gills crowded, dirty while. Stipe Is cylindiical, thickening or felracted at the base. The Il!sh is MIiC. white, thick in the tef1tl.'l', without a typiCal IIavof or odcw. HABITAT: grows in tufts in de
THE TRICHOLOMATALES ...ill... '" CALOCYBE GAMBOSA SI George" Mushroom

DESCR IPTION : H:2-4 in (5-10 em),

I'DlBIlITV

0:1'Ir 4'/, In (4-12 em),

Cap remaining hemispherical lor a long lime, with an imolled margin, becomir.g irregular and lumpy. very fleshy, with a SUIface as smooth and velvety as chamois lealhef, Clearny while, sometimes tinted with rust. Vtfy crowded, emalginale. very narrow gills. Stipe thkl:., 'b to I'/. in (I

10]

em) in diame-

Edib~

I nd

sood-Some people (OMider

it to be the IH:st edible mushroom, but for othen the Jtrong flolIl')' Ibvor i5 nO! Ipprtcal~.

the cap. Flesh while and firm, very !hide at the center 01 the cap; very strong odof and f\avo! of flour.

ter. lull, the same (ob as HABITAT: 9fows in groups or aIdes in meadows and grassy

_b.".

hedgerows. especially under hawthom and

blackthom, and in parks. Favoo non-acidic and limestone soil. Spfing, especially April

and May. someumes thtoogh to early !.Ummel'. Uncommon in

some places. frequent in others, especially on high ground. rOll Nll AI ( O NI US ION ... ENTOLOMA UVIDUM Uvid EmoJoma POlSONOUS .. INOCYBE PATOUILLARDII Rcd-mrnu'l& lnocybc POISONOUS

l'tryr,o"l'IlrJ M'''1t gills

CALOCYBE CARNEA J'lcsh-colo rcd Mushroom

DESCRIPTION : H: l '/..-2'/, in (3-6 em), 0:'1._ 1'I, in (2·4 em).

Cap nol very fleshy, convex then flattened, with an imolled margin, f\eYI.pink. more Of less brown in the center. Gills white, not aowded. Stipe the same colOI' as the cap. Flesh white, faint odor aod mild naYOl'.

HABITAT: in small groups in meadows. 00 lawns. in parks, and beside forest paths. fall. Uncommon.

NYCTAUS ASTEROPHORA. ASTEROPHORA LYCOPEROOIDES Sl8r. bclI ring Nyc tali s DESCRIPTION : H:'/,· I'/. in (1 -3 em), O:'lr 1'I. in (1-] cm).

6Iobo!.e. white cap 1umlO9

chamois

color due to the acrumuiallOll of a thICk spotl'5.

layer

of

are deposited 00 the cap when the fungus matufei. Gills white. ,educed 10 widely !opaC.ed thick folds. !oOI'Ilelimes absent. Stipe shcwt and wiHf. white. Flesh thid:. and whitish. rancid odor.

whICh HABITAT: often in groups or tufts growing on Blad:efling Russula (Russula nKJncans) and IllOfI! rarely

on othef RuS!>ulas, which it causes to t Summer and I, especially after heavy rain. Fairly

THE TRICHOlOMATALES ~ os, NYCTALIS PARASITICA Parasitic Nyctalis

DESCRIPTION: 0:'11-1 '/. in (1 -3 em). Cap hemispherical or conkallhen flattened and umbonate; surface silky, smooth or stri· ated, dirty while, turning g.ay.Gills thld and

widely spaced, pale gray. Stipe thin and white, about 'I. to I'/, in (2 to 4 em) long. flesh thin, whitish; strong, ra ther unpleasant

ocb. mild flavor. HABITAT: parasitiZes certain rowng specimens 01 Russula. sIKh as the Slackening

Russula, sometimes found on Milk Caps. Fall . Uncommon.

OUDEMANSIELLA MUCIDA J'orce!ain Mushroom

DESCRIPTION: H:l 't.·4 in (3-10 on). 0: , ',.-] '{. in (J-B em), Cap hemispherical then convex, brilliant whill' or slighlly russel with age. especially in the center, (overed with a \hkk mucus. Gills widely spaced, wide, and white. Stipe !hid or bulbous taward the base, stllilled above the ring, smooth and viscid below. The W{!II-developed ring is si tuated quite high on the Stipe Flesh thin and white, with a pleasant odor and IlaYCll'. HABITAT; in groups or dumps on recent wour.ds in the tlllnks and branches of beech trees. from lale Stlmmer through late fall. Very common.

OUDEMANSIELLA RADICATA Rooting Shank DESCRIPTION: H:4·8 in (10-20 an), 0:1'b4 in (4-10 em).

Cap convex but soon Ildtlenll19. with a central umbo; Viscid, smooth then very 'Min1:100, ocher, russet, 01 hazelnut. Gills wide and wnll!!. StJpI! while al the top, the same color as the cap toward the bottom, not viScid, but coriaceoos and very long, often IWisted. thickening at the base aod extended downward by a rhi-

lomorph run ' ning deep into tile soil. Flesh soft, thin, and while; faint odor, mild or slightly

biller flavor. HABITAT: on Uet! UOOU and stumps of de
CYSTODERMA AMIANTHINUM Saffron Parasol

DESCRIPTION: H: 1'1,-Z'1. In (3-7 em). 0: '{.· 1'I, in (2·4 em),

km-orange ttvoucjllawn, garUose a

poN-

defy, 'MilkIed in the Ce!ltel, with a ffirqed. vel· Cap coricaI then tlanl!lW'lg and 1.IT1bonate. .,eI- W'ty margn Gil!. otJMIed and ...me. oMVte then pale yellow. Stipe hollow, smooth al the top. elsewhere (CM!red in ~ !ions or red tlakes, up 10 the scaly ring v.t1idl is often poI)tj defined. Flesh ~ thin, or3rlQe·yellow; un· ... ~J' " pleasant ocb. mild . -' .. / ..... i ..,. "JiI' t"... ~

. ~; --,

.

''':,-

....... -.-H, 'r

t.·.

-.

,. . . "., '. (",''/I}'-.,1:,~ ~ .' ' .~~ r.l.".' ~ r!

~~ ~.~ ..

'" ~

.

"

~/

......... :

'".' . .:".' /. . r

.'

"

~ . .: ,'. t ,

,.

on the gOllld in deOOJous 01 memus woods. on rathe! aci!ic soil. late summer and HABITAT:

·t. - .- .

'J

." •

•

fall. Common .

"

THE TRICHOLOMATALES FLAMMUUNA VELUTIPES Velvet Shank DESCRIPTION: H:rh·4 in (4·10 em),

0:1'1... 4 in (3- 10 em). Cap convex then flauened and be
smooth, mdd when ~1. Gills white aoo wide, then pale orange-yellow, dotted wilh rust as the fungus ages.

Stlpr often curved. soon becoming hollow, coriaceous, yellow .11 first then IUrning brown 01 black from the bottom, and covered in the dlaracter-

istic: thick, vt!~ty coal. Flesh soft and while, pleasant odor and

mild flavor, HABITAT: growing in (lumps. occasionally alone, on tree Slumps. dead wood, wounds in living llees. or on the roots of deciduous trees. as well as on broom. late fall and winter, frosHMtant. Common. SPI (IAI FFATIJRFS

I III 811 ITY Quile good to til, bUI the lIe$h is gelati.

nous Of ru~l)'. Tht fibroUl .ript should ~ disankd, .. dlould the dimy

(Uricit-.

10 Japa.o, the Vdnt Shank is cuJtiVltrd on ~ Ia~ ""\r. The JlIp;tnC1lC prodllCC KVtl'lll tent of thOUJallds of tOilS of it a yur. The mushroom is nOI popuW in !he Wnl, bul i, O(usioD.llly uten in

Ullelll Europe.

MARASMIUS ALUACEUS Garlic·'~c n to::d

Marasmius

HABITAT: solitary, on lea-m and rotting litter in be«h woods. on hmeslOOl! ~. SooImef through fall.

DESCRIPTION: H:4-6 in (10- 15 em),

0:'1.. 1'" in (2·4 an). Cap (Jearn th"ough bra.vn. somebmeS fawn ttvOlJ!il ocher, remaining COI'lVeX for a long tlllll!. Matgln has long stnatlOnS when weI. Gills wtlite. Stipe very long (up to 8 in (20 em)) and slender, thkkening at the base, hoIkIw but IIgk!, brownish-black, palei' at the top. pfUi~ and felted with rnycehlXll .11 the base, often rooting deep into the soil. Strong $melt and garlic: flavor.

Uncommon.

MARASMIUS ANDROSACEUS Horsehair Mushroom DESCRIPTION: H: 1 1.-2'/, in (3-6 em), 0: 'I.-

parachute, sometimes depressed In Ihe cen-

'/rlo (0,5-1 em). TIny cap, soon flattening, se<:11Ot1ed like a

let", reddish-pink or blown. Gills very widely spaced, the same color as the cap. Threadlike slem, very rigid, blackish and shmy, like hcwsehair. Very ttlin, odorless fleVl, and mild

n""" HABITAT: In groups on plant debris on the ground, especially prne-needles, leaves, 0/

twigs. Spring through fall. Fairly common, Sf'1 (I AI FfATl JRI'

Muy tp«kt of ~1Ilius IfOW on woody ckbm, but ~ to thtir lIUlI sile, they often ~"unnoU(ed .

THE TRICHOLOMATALES ..ill.. '" MARASMIUS OREADES fairy Ring Champignon DESCRIPTION: H;1',.-4 in (3·10 em),

0: )/..·2'1. in (2-7 em).

Cap cookal or campanulatl' at first. then flaltening OUt, becoming undulating and slightly

striated on the margin; center always raised into a large umbo. R~dish·O(her when

waterlogged. creamy while when dry. Gills wide, wide apart and separating furthef as the cap expands. (ream or pale grayishwhi te, ta~ing on a color similar to that of the cap. Stipe thin, fi brous, aJ'ld firm but remarkably elastic, IDlOOlh, sometimes twisted,

rOTi NTiAI (ONFUSION

.. A-fARA SMIUS COU /NUS Hill Marasmius POISONOUS .. CLITOC YBI: DEA LBATA, C. RlVULOSA What Chtocybe spec iu POISONOUS

becoming hollow with age, pale at the lop and reddish toward the bilse, deeply

anchored in the soil. FJeYl thick. in the cen-

ler, whitish; odor reminisceot of bitter almoods. mild flavor. HABITAT: meadows, pastures, Iavms, roadsides, golf courses and any grassy plot ;

often forms circles or lines, on any type of soil. Spring through fall. Very

common. SPf( IAI FFATURl'S Th~

V~ry good to Cil; th~ corac£OUS stipe: should bt disankd.

stipe: of the Fairy Ring Mushroom is txtTaordinary ~lastic and an bt wound f1)IUId several timtS arQl,lnd itstlf without it breaking.

MARASMIUS RAMEALIS Branch.gilled Fu ngus

DESCRIPTION : H:",· I',. in (1 ·3 em), e:',.·\,\, in (005·1.5 em), Cap eOl1vex then flallened, shghtly wllnkled, (learn through pinkish·white, Of redder. Gills of the same color. Stipe short, no longer Ihan 1',. in (3 em) aoo '" m (1 em) wide, elastrc, wtlnish at the top, reddish and spot· led WIth white fibers al the base. Flesh white, odorless and navorifss. HABITAT: in I.1rge groups, on branches and dead twigs and stems of bramble bushes. Summer through lall. Common.

"~}, 'r .,. "

,

..

,

: '' "

'' ,;'-~/'.~ : .

'......

.

'\:' " .

. ,.~ .

..

~

"."

\'., . .~

MARASMtuS ROTULA Liule Wheel Fu ngus

DESCRIPTION: H:1'1.· 2 III (3·5 em). 0 :/0-'1. In (OB·I.Scm). Hem~1Ca1 Of

convex

cap, m Ihe IOfm of a parachute. typiCally fur · rowed, wllh a dentate margin, always With a well-marked central depression. Ivory, sometimes ocher or gray Gills cream, Wide apart. not allached 10 Ihe Sllpe oot to a membrane erKirciing the top of the stipe. Stipe

long and very slender. IIgid. black or dark brown. whitish al the top. Flesh white in the cap. brown in the Sllpe. WIth a laml cxb" and 1Iavor. HABITAT: in dense clumps 011 fallen twigs and branches of deddu· ous trees. late spring through to early winter. Very common.

'

THE TRICHOLOMATALES

'"'"

CRINIPELLIS sriPITARIUS Hairy Marasmius DESCRIPTION: H: ',.- l /. in (2·4 em),

0:'/,.1/. in (1-2 em). Cap con~ex or slightly depressed, sometimes with a liny umbo, CMred in reddish·brown silKy hairs on a pale background. Gills pale. The stipe is shon, sometimes wider al the lOp. rigid, undulating. often furrowW. russet and covered in tiny, stiff hair!>.

grassland and grassy moors, in summer through fall. Fairly common and widespread.

HABITAT: grows on dry twigs. thatch, poor

STROBIWRUS ESCULENTUS Edible Tough -shank

DESCRIPTION: H:",-2 in (2·5 em), 0:'/.· 1 /. in (0.5·3 em).

Cap convex then f1anening. ocher or reddishbrown viscid, sometimes slighllycreased. Gills

while, turning gray, fairly crowded. Stipe thin, CQfiaceous. and smooth, often undulating, orange or brown, paler toward the top. with

white filaments althe base. Flesh while, thin, rather CoriiKOOIJS. Faint 000f, fungal

navor.

FDiBILlTY

Dupitt its nlmt, thil Tough.shanlc is not partkuJarly talty, and it if tJltrt mtly smaU. Its inltrest IitS in the bct that it appean at a time of yur whtn olhtr mushrooms irc ra f t .

HABITAT: in groups. on spruce cones that have fallen Of are buried beneath moss, sometimes on fir cones. From ~te wimet through early spring. Fairly common.

STROBILURUS TENACELLUS Tenacious Tough-s hank

with paler or redder center. Gills white, (on· trasting with darker (olor of the cap. Stipe smooth, rooting, white or yellow at first, then taking on the color of the cap from the base, passing through orange·brown. Flesh white and very thin; faint odor and binet flavor,

DESCRIPTION: H:'/.-2'h in (2-6 em). 0·'1.- 1 in (1 -25 em). Cap smooth, reddish brown or date-brown.

HABITAT: on Scots pine cones. which maybe buried in the soil. sometimes on other cones. Spring. Fairly common.

BAEOSPORA MYOSURA Mouse-tail Tough.shank

DESCRIPTION : H:'/.· I'I, in (24 an). 0:'lr 1'/. in (I ·] an). Cap C~ then fIa~ SOO'IeIimes with small lITlbo; 5nIIXlth. ~ odler. ~kish brown or hazelnut, paler at the margin. Gills very

aowded, white or beicJ.'. Stipe the §(II:llI' cola as the cap. doMri. erdirg fl a Ioog rhCzornorjjl covered fl ....t1ite hai~ which digs deep flto the sOOstrale. FIeh thin arxl beige; fungal oeD; rrikl RaYor. HABrTAT: on pineor~e cones, fallen on the buried. or on their detached scales, in forl!51S and parks. From fall tlYOO'Jl early winter. Pr/:t)a/)/y conmon but often urnoticed. ~oond or

SP) CIA) FFATURFS

Many spKifl grow on f~llcn pine conn.

Thest incll.ldc the SIrO"i/u",s and some specits of Myccna and Collybia. They can be idcnti6ed mainly through their

microscopic char.llclcristic:s.

THE TRICHOLOMATALES

....ill...

'"

MICROMPHALE PERFORANS Perfo rating Ma rasmius

DESCRIPTION: H:'... 1'I. in (1.s-l em), 0:'1.·";10 (0.5- 1.5 em), Cap convex to Aattened. beige to pinki91brown, with a furrowed margin and center l'JlO(e or less depressed. Gjl~ be~ \0 pinkish· brown. Stipe barely '1,," in (1 mm) in diameter, ve~ty and blad:ish, except allhe lop. where it ~ paler. The flesh has a fetid odor. HABITAT: olte!1 in dense colonies on spruce or fll' needles. SUmmer through fall. Common.

XEROMPHALINA CAMPANELLA Bell Omphalia DESCRIPTION: H: 'I.-2 in (1-2 em).

r:n,.',.

in (2-5 em),

Cap umbilical from the start, With inClJrved

margin, smooth, !>lIghtly ~Iscid, striated up to the umbilicus, orange to reddish-brown. Gills bowed ar.d very de<.urrenl, widely spaced and with some interveinil19. pale yel· low to ochraceous orange. Stipe (Of I· aceous, yellO'Nish-orange al the top,

reddish-brown toward the base wilh suff, fawn hairs. f lesh thin and coria-

Ceo\IS, reddish-brown, odorless. mild flavor turning slightly billet HABITAT: in dense clusters, sometimes attached at the base of the stipe. mainly on the rotten S\llmps and branches of conifers, on high grour\d. Spring through fall. Fairly common \0 rare.

MEGACOLlYBIA PLATYPHYLLA Shredded Tough.shank

DESCRIPTION : H:il.-S In (7 - 13 em), 0 :2·4 in (5·10 em).

Cap hemispherical Of campanulale al first, often umbonate, soon Hattenirrg, sometimes

depressed in the center, gray or gray-brovm covered in dart-gray radial fibrils; when older ar.d in dry ~ather. the surface cracks and ~reds. showing the while fiesh underneath. Gills very wide, white then pale ocher. Slipe thidening toward the

base, very fibrous. slightly pater Ihan the cap, extended at the base by very long. thiel:, brittle, wtlitish, cottony mycelial cords.

Flesh brillle, while and (oriaceous, mild or slightly biat! flavor.

HABITAT: on half·buried pial'll maller, near deciduous tr~ or stumps. Spring Ihroll9h fall. Very common.

COLLYBIA BUTYRACEA Buttery Tough-shank DESCRIPTION: H:2·4 in (5· 10 em). 0: 1'1,3'1, In (4·8 em). Cap domed then COll~ex, with a large umbo,

reddish brown or graying depending OIl the ~ariety, be
THE TRICHOLOMATALES -"''" and with a darker umbo; typically smooth surface wnich feels greasy 01' buttery 10 the [ollCh. Gills crowded and white. Stipe gradu-

ally expanding toward Ihe base inl0 a spongy, very fibrous bulb, which be
Pleasant odor and mild flavor. HABITAT: deciduous Of coniferous fOfests on iKidic soil. From fall lhrough early winter.

Very common and wide*read.

COLLYBIA CONFLUENS Clustered Tough-sha nk DESCRIPTION: H:2 '1..4 in (6· 10 em), 0:",-1 '/, in (2-4 em), Cap convex then flattening, whitish, yellowish Of gray.beige. Gills very crO'Nded, Ihe !.arne color as the cap. Stipe long and thin,

the same color as Ihe cap at first, compressed, sometimes with a (entlal furrow along its length., becoming darker and reddish-bI'own, and covered with a fir.e whitish

down. Flesh cOI'iaceous arid thin; pleasant odor and flavor. HABITAT: in dense tufts on pine-needles OJ leaves. often in lines or rings. on acidic soil. tate summer and fall. Common.

COLLYBIA DISTDRTA Twisted Tough-shank

Iii,,,, M'hi,t, wend

.lirhnm _ __

DESCRIPTION: H:2'lr 4'1, in (6-12 em), 0: 1'1.-3'1. in (4-8 em). Cap conical or campanulale, then convex and umbonate, smooth. ~91t reddish-brown, margin inrolled for a long time, becOO1ing wy undulating. Gills very crowded. white. reddening. Stipe oMlite. splashed 'Nith rust, co...ered in Iongitudiroal striations in a broad spiral pallern, giving a twisting impr~. ~leasan1 odor ard mild flavor. HABITAT: in small groups in coniferous woods. sometimes among de
COLLYBIA DRYDPHILA Oak Tough-shank

DESCRIPTION: H: 1'11"2'/. in (47 em), 0:1 '/.·2 in (3·5 em). Cap conve x then itauening and sinuous, smooth, yellowbfown 10 russet, WIth a pale, margin and faint striations. turning almost white in dry weather. Gills crowded and white. Stipe hollow. very fibrous. same color as the cap or orange-brown. paler toward the top. hairy base embedded in the leaf liUer. Faint odor, mild fiavor.

HABITAT: often In large groups on the forest floor amid deciduous or coniferous \lees. Spring through early winter. Very common.

THE TRICHOLOMATAlES

.l!O. 167

COLLYBIA FUSIPES Spindle-shank DE5CRIPTlON: H:2't.-7 III (7·18 em), 0: 1'b-l/. 11 (4-8 em).

Cap convex, then flallenmg. and rounded, sometimes WIth a large umbo; smooth, reddish brown wnh darker spiam of color, tumlllg pal@!' wllh age. Gills widely spaced, whiush then reddefling. Slip! spindle-shaped, f1auened and deeply fUllOwed, very (Ofiaceous and eiaslK, the same color

as the cap but TO X I ( ITY

Fonntrly cOlUickrcd tdibk when young, this mushroom Iw a1rr~ aousc:d SlomK h upsoet:s, pnhllps dut 10 tilt tOIIlUlDprion of sp«imml WI ww: 100 old. The symptoms QII pnsiM for 5t'Ycnl

weeks.

paler
strate. flesh coriac:eoos and wtlrlish, odof· ~s Of slightly randel, mild flavor. HABITAT: in dense tults on tree-trunh Of slumps 01 deciduous tr~ especially oak and beech. SuR'UTlef through fall. Commoo.

COLLYB/A KUEHNER/ANA Red-stemmed Tough-shank

DESCRIPTI ON: H: 11,·2'1. in (4-7 em). 0:'1.2 in (2-5 em). Cap convex thef1 flattemng. often with an undulating margin; beige to pale fUS5e1. When !he cap is damp, the gills Ylow

through the uansparefll culide, which minkles In dry weatller. Gills whitish Of beige. Oark red slipe paler at the top. very thin and 1009, cylir.drical, !>OfJletimes Ihickel' at the top, compressed,

and may have a longitudinal furrow. Hairy al the base. Pleasant odor. HABITAT: Singly or in dumps on the rOiling slumps and buried branches 01 de
trees. Fall. fairly (ommon.

COLLYB/A MACULATA SpoIled Tough-shank

DESCRIPTION: H:2'/.-S',; in (7· 14 em). 0:1'/,·4 in (4 -10cm).

Cap

hemi~lIcal

al first then CO/lW!X,

smooth and completely matte white al first but soon spotted with rust-red patches. Gills Ihm and very oowded, o!'am, finely !>inuale.

Stipe long. very tough and fibrous. l'I'oOI'e or 165 rootmg, c/I!amy whlle lik! the cap, but may be spotted WIth Mlloward the base. fleh while, thid::: in the (ente!', coriac:eous.. and bille!'-tasting afte!' a lew seconds.

HABITAT:

In groups or wfts.. lings or lines in cOf1llefOus forests.. mainly pines., or in mixed forem on ac:id soil. late wmmer Ihlough fall. Fairly (ommon.

THE TRICHOLOMATALES

.J!!. 169

COLLYBIA PERONATA Wood woolly. foot DESCRIPTI ON: H:2· in (5-8 em), 0: 1'/.-2'/' in (3·6 em). Cap convex then flattening ,

n.

with a small umbo ....tlich be
vinegar when rubbed, very peppery HiM)(, which bums the longue in a few seconds.

HABITAT: in smallgfOUps on damp leaf·liller in deciduous woods, espe
dClluhabk ,;S(kl (~,klt

MYCENA EPIPTERYGIA Fern Mycena DESCRIPTION: H:l 'fr-J't. in (4·8 em), 0:'''',. in (1·2 em). Cap conical Of con~ex. striated almost to the center, with a denticulate margin. ocher or cream, (overed with a detachable gelati· nous layer. Gills pale in color, Stipe long and slendef, 'A. in (2 mm) wide at most, viscid,

bright yellow at the lop. The base is some· limes dis
soil is acidic and damp. Summer through fall. Common and wide5pfead.

"",Itt

fill'

MYCENA CROCATA Orange Milk Myce na

DESCRIPTION: H:2'I.·4/. in (7·11 on), 0: "1· 1'1. in (I.] em), Cap cooi
stem or cap are broken. Odorless WIth a mild flavor, HABITAT: 00 lea/-litter espe· clally of bee
certain places.

THE TRICHOLOMATAlES MYCENA SANGUINOLENTA Red-milk Mycena

DESCRIPTION: H:2-3'/. il (5·8 Olll 0:'11 in (1 an), Cap a::nicaI, sometrnes flattenng will a CI.'fItraI ~ r~ cr pIlkish.tmNn, darker i1 tI'e <entel; striated Of ~~ the gis sro.v. ing tIYou;t1 the cap. Gills wk:IeIy spaced. pale with pale 1:K0Ml eO;Jes. Stipe YeIY kJlg and very slendel;the same cOO or <:\.:ri:er th
HABITAT: Ql nm; a ~ in decid.oos cr corilerous forests. SlmneI' tlYOltjI Iall. Very

""""".

MYCENA HAEMATOPUS ISl eed ing Mycena

DESCRIPTION: H:2-4'h in (S-12 em), 0:'1.1'/. in (2·3 em).

Cap conkal or campanulate. striated 10 the middle in damp weather, pink or pink ocher and powdery. Gills pinkish-white, the same

color as the cap. Stipe exudes a bklod-red SPFClAl II ATlJRF.S These two myunas IAlJ'ftNOI 54lfgui"o-

1''''1/), arc Ihe only fungi which n ude a red milk. M)'tttlll (TllCtllII uude$ an or~gc

milk.

milk whef1 broken. Flesh blood-red, no typical odor and mild or slightly biller lIavor.

HABITAT: In lufts 00 the stumps of deciduous trees. Summer and fall. Fairly common \0 UllCommon. Widespread.

MYCENA INCLINATA Indi ned Myce na

DESCRIPTION: H:3'l.-4'/, in (8-12 em), a: 1/._ 1'/, in (2·4 em). Cap Cilmpaf'lUlate, with a Strong~ striated margin to the middle of the cap. and a toothed edge, gray ~own but darker in the cellIe!'. Gills cream·cOOed then fIesh-roiored. Sl ~ often curved, hollow and brittle. while al fil'1t, then clearly reddefling from the base, finally reddish-brown ard whitish at the lop, Flesh thin, smelling strongly of greasE!. Mild flavor.

HABITAT: in dense IUfts on old deciduous tr~ stumps. mainly oak and cheslllUt Fall and early winter. Very (ommon and widespread.

MYCENA GALOPUS Milk-drop Mycena DESCRIPTION: H:2-4 in (5·10 011), 0 :'J.-l'/'

in (2·3 em). Cap hemispherical or coni. flesh SI' I(IAIIIAIl ' RIS

This vuy common mushroom hu a ...tW variety caDed Ill". or raJiU and • black _ ~ ,""""coaAIkted by _ _ 10 be I IqIInItt ~cin, M~fU

....,.,..

thin and white, without any particular odor or

'""".

HABITAT: on woody debris in de
THE TRICHOLOMATALES

bfown. Gills whitish, may turn pink in older specimens. Stipe very {oria<eous and hollow, the ~me COIOf as the cap but paler SP[( tAl FFATl JRI S

A1thwgh one of the IMgnt lny(tlW in the Itlllpmltt wne, ;1 is rarely ~r than 2'/, in (6 em) in diuoeler.

on

al the lop. Roots into the sub-

DESCRIPTION: H:3 'I.-4'J, in (812 em), 0 :1'I.· t l.. in (]· 7 em).

Cap conical al filsllhen shaped like a pith-helmet, striped up to the umbo, gray-beige through gray-

...ill....

...._

:....I~

strate by means of a rhi lomorph. Flesh while and thin with a floury odor and

lIavor. HABITAT: grows ill clumps or groups on roUing stumps or brafl(hes of deciduous trees. In

summer and lall. Very common and widespread.

MYCENA POLYGRAMMA Striped Ste m Myccna

DESCRIPTION: H:2-6 in (5· 15 em), 0:'/..·2''' in (2-6 em), Cap conical then slightly flattened with a central umbo, wrinkled or deeply striated, gray-brown wilh a pruinose surface. Gills white 0/ pale gray then IUmiog pink. Stipe amy attain 8 in (20 (m) in length but is a fraction of an inch thick. Silvery-gray and heavily striated along its length, hairy at the base. Flesh whitish at the base.

Flesh whitish, odorless, navor mild. HABITAT: in small tufts on buried dead wood, old stumps 0/ tree· trunks. In summer arid fall, and late in the year. Common arid widespread.

MYCENA METATA Conical Mycer.a

DESCRIPTION: H: I'f.-tl, in (3·6 cm). 0:'1,. 1 in (1-2.5 crn). Cap conical. faintly striated along three'quaner 01 the pruinose area, beige to pale brown with a paler margin timed yellow or pink. Gills whitish, with refle
MYCENA LEPTOCEPHALA Thin-ca pped Myccna

DESCRIPTION: H:l',,·i/, in (3·7 cm). 0:'/,,'/. in (t ·2 em). Cap ovoide then campanulate. striated to the center, grayish. Gills pale gray with white edges. Stipe long and thin, thickening slightly al Ihe base. covered in long, white li!amems. flesh very Ihin. paJe in colO/. smelling of bleach, and with a mild flavor, HABITAT: grOOM singly 0/ in groups. txrt without forming clumps. in coniferous or deciduous forests. Summer through fall. Very common and widespread.

~II becoming stronger when the dessicated. Mi!d fla'Xlf.

fungu~

is

troops on leaf lillet or pine oeedles.lale summer through late fall. Fairly common. HABITAT: in

SPECIAl FEATURFS

Another .~dtl of Mytella, tlfJ1't"" {i/o/1ft (" ,II. ilHloltlls) which is jusl as

fragile, POJKsJ6 Ihis same odor of iodine. Th e species are orten confun d, as il is hard 10 distinguish berwren them.

THE TRICHOLOMATAlES MYCENA VITILlS, M. FILOPES Strong-s tem med Myccna

DE S CRIPTI O N : H:2"j'S in (6·13 em), 0: '/0.1'1. in (1.5-3 em).

(ono;ex or cooical cap. sometimes umbonate, with a slightly viscid surface aod faintly SIIi·

ated or smooth, SO thin that lhe gills can be seen through it. Dirty yellow in
and brittle, white

OJ

gray-beige, slightly viscid when ~\. f lesh thin

and pale: no particular odor or flallQr.

HABITAT: under deciduous trees, on the ground or on twigs,

SPFCIAI FFATURFS

usually isolated. Summer and fall. (ommon

and widespread. Tbi$ fungus is similar 10 the Sniped Stem MycrM (M)wra l'oJrgra ......a), and ;1 , har« the same habitat, but thcn: an: no sl ripn on its stem.

MYCENA OLIVACEOMARGINATA Olive.edged My.::c na

DESCRIPTION: H:2-2'.4 in (5-7 em), 0:"r I'/. in (I .] on). Cap conical or campanulate. then expanding. with furrowed margin, tIw! color 01 oat straw Oight bfownish-yellow). Giis lai~ WIdely spaced. whitish with an oIive
ish·bn:mfl, paler al the top. Flesh very min, light or dark odor of r~ and mild ftawr. HABITAT: lawns and pa~lures. StJmfTlef through lall. Fairly common.

MYCENA SEYNESII De Scync. Myccna

DESCRIPTION: H:1 'h-:n . ln (48 em), 0:'/,. , '" in (1-3 an). Cap campanulate then expand· ing, striated margin, pink.ish bfown 10 biOWflrsh violet Gills pale pink with a brown edge. Stipe sIendef, the ba~ curved base covered WIth a white down and Mding in a bulb. HABITAT: ooly grows on pine

woes. esp«ially on OOslefsea-pine. Uncommon.

Of

THE TRICHOLOMATALES MYCENA PURA I'u re Myccna

DESCRIPTION: H:l ',.-3'f, in (3·9 em), 13: 1'1.- 1'/, in (3-4 em). Cap COIM!J( then flattening. margr'l striated in wet we
smooth, rigid, hoIk:r.v ard bnnle, pinkish-violet or lilac, with whitish !\aIrs or down at the base. Flesh vnelling quite strorv:JIy of radish.

HABITAT: often grows In groups on leavt'S in de<:iduous woods. espe
fall.

(ommon

widespread.

and

WI (IAI HATl JRI S

Tbtrt UC' KYmJ varittits of tbt PuTC' Myct~ 101M of which ;arc COClJickred 10 be ItJMl1IIC spccia. The commonUI is the Pink M)'(r~ (M,n'" _.) whith is '-xcr (the ap an amin 2'.( in (6 em) in dWnelCt) ilIId which is J, uniform bria:hl pink color.

PSATHYRELLA CONOPILUS Cone-cli pped Agaric

DESCRIPTI ON: H:4-6 in (10-15 em), 0: (2·4cm). Conical 01 ~te cap, 5ITIOOth 'Ni!h a stJi.

aled margJl, re
straII'jltCM gON I.4lIO 8 ... (2Q on) k:r'g. ttldef at the base. smooth and -MlitISh, Sjn1k1ed with \'Jtlte at the top. Flesh thin, odorless. mikll\awr.

HABITAT: on buried plant debfis, di~turbed ground. in light copses. at the edge 01 W()()(h, in parks and galdens. Late !>Ummer

thlOugh lall. Fairly common and widespfead.

THE AGARICALES

~

'"

PSATHYRELLA CANOOLlEANA Crumble Tuft

DESCRIPTION: H:l 'lr 4 In (4· 10 em), 0 :1'/.-3'1. in (3-8 em). ConICal CiA then bKomlng con vex. orange yellow or ocher, mane, soon turning pale in dry weather and becomlf"l9 cream WIth a darker center and fringed margin, splil1ing at the end. The gills afe broad and very crowded, pinki!Jl·.....tlite but soon darl:ening in stages to lilac brown or violet brown. Stipe smootf1 and white, soon becoming hollow and fragile. Flesh thin, grayISh. with a pleasant oOOr and mild flavoI.

HABIT AT: Singly or lTlOI'e frequefllly

in lullS on rouen wood or near old stumps. In parks. forest paths. and grassy clearings. Spring through fall. Common and widespread.

PSATHYRELLA LACRYMABUNDA Wee ping Widow DESCRIPTION: H:H··4/, in (6· 12 em), 0: 1",-4'/: in (4-12 on), Cap domed or conical, then convex. fawn or

russel. covered in woolly fibers. Filaments, the remains of a Vi!iI which (overs the gills

in young specimens. hang from the margin Gills bfOlYl'l. exuding copious "'ears' 01 Ifansparent liquid when young. turning gray in Siages. and finally blackening. Stipe fragile, fibnllose. whitish. russet at the haw,

turning blad: al maturity due to befog rovered In spores. HABITAT: !lingly or in ~11 tufts al road00 forest paths, In gardens and meadom. late summer through fall. ~

fairly common .

PSATHYRELLA MULTIPEDATA

DESCRIPTION: H: 3'H in (8-15 em).

0: 'Jr. 1', il (1-4 on). ConlCallhen campanulate

cap with a sill:y. fibrillose surface, reddish-brown or

grayish·brown, paling tD ()(hef as it dries. Gills crowded, gray-beige. then dark Y~et bfown, wl\h white edge. Slipe long and slender, hollow and bllttle, smooth

and s.lky, while and powdery al the top. f~ thm, reddlshbrown through beige. odof~s.

mild flavor HABITAT: Ifl compact tufts, COInpri!oing dozens 01 specimens in grassy woods and parks. late summer through lall. Uncommon, ~_ _

m/llmUiOU$ rll(is

THE AGARICALES

..!!l.. IOJ

PSATHYRELLA PlLULIFORMIS Slltin·, temmed Agark

brown WIlli a white edge. Stipe smooth, hollow,

DESCRIPTION: H: 2·4'/. in

(5· 12 an), 0: (2·5 em), Conkal then campanulate cap. mote or less expanded; the edge 01 the cap is laced with the white remains of the ~il; ~ry hygrophanous. changmg from yellow ocher In the dry stage to dark reddish·brown when wet Both shades may be present on the same cap. Gills crowded, pale. then tLtfniog gray-brown and fill(lily dark

and britt!.!, ~tlSh

then turning brown, colored black by the spores. Flesh thin, brown, paling to beige as it dries; faint odor, mild fl""". HABITAT: in deose tufts on rot· 111'19 !oILrT1PS or in the ground

ilfound an ~ of tr~ trunt.. Surrvnef d'vough fall Common and widespread

PSATHYRELLA SPADICEDGRISEA Gray.brown Psathyrclla DESCRIPTION: H 2·4 in (5· 10 em),

o 1'f..v, in (3·6 em).

Cap o:rQ th!n o:xMX, 'M1t1 a Icrge I.ITOl fnett striated l4l1O the IJTlbo. espeOatj as it

ages; odYaceous.bwMl, fa'Ml a gray~ tl.mng gr¥h Ia~ oot palng to ocher or dirty

cream wflen cr,.1he fari1 oOMled giIs ill! 00m <Jt1Of deo.rJe1 CI'I a lillie SIi1l.n:l remail pale <J
brO'Ml. ~ slightly thickened at the base,

""" _

hoIow

and brittle SITIOO!h and v.tutiSh. Flesh pale,~fLMl

mik:l. HABITAT: 00 the gro.rd or on rotten 'MXld, on turus, along for~ paths. I.I'Idef deOOJous trees. Malllly III ~

I"" I\ril ...... tm!S in the fat

Fairly ctmTKJl

COPRINUS DISSEMINATUS Fairies' Bonnets

DESCRIPTION: H: '4-2 in (2-5 on), 0: 'Ao,'!. in (O.S-I.S em). Cap ovoid Of campanulatl', with finely woolly surface, cream vmen young. tI'K!n ocher, light brown, Of gray, the center remaining ocher, wilh a smooth surface, deeply striated to the center. Gills while, blackefling, but not dehqlll'SCent, wllh while edge. Stipe hollow and thin, very fragile and wflile. Hardly any flesh, odorlm and naWlf~s. HABITAT: in huge. densely-packed dooIps on or near ~ and rotting wood. Spring through fall, Vefy common.

COPRINUS OOMEST/CUS Domesticated Ink-cap DESCRIPTION: H: 2-4 in (5·10 em). 0 : '1.-2 in (2-5 em). Cap 0Y0id at first then cOlUcal.latt'll'xpanding and slightly convex. ochef WIth a reddish (eflle!'. In young speclmeM it ii covered in

dense, whitr!>h granulalion\ whidl subsequenlly disappear ('Keepl at the lop. the SUIface is then striated or furrowed almost \0 the center. Gills whitish then dark bfOwn.

Stem velvety in young specimens, with a scaly bulb at the bollom whldl sometimes displays the bright red mycelium. Pale flesh, not very deliquescent, faint SllM!II and mild

HABITAT: On stumps and cut branches of

de
",,,,.

.

THE AGARICALES -"'185 COPRINUS MICACEUS Glistening Ink-cap DESCRIPTION: fI: 2-4 in (5-10 (m), 0: If- 1'" in (2-4 un). o

Ovoid then conical cap. striated almost 10 the centl'l; with a saw-toothed edge. brown through ocher, darkef 81 the center, and sprin· ~Ied in young spe
mica. Gills white then purple-brown. black and finally deliquescent, with

hollow and fragile, brittle, slightly wider toward the base, white and silky. Flesh thin, odorless and

flavorless. HABITAT: in tufts or groups on Of near

Jotting deciduoos wood, stumps. half-buried branches, in copses and woods, beside paths, Spring throogh fall.

Common.

white edge. Stipe 1009,

COPRINUS NIVEUS Snow Whi te Ink -cap

DESCRIPTION: H: 2·4 in (5·10 em), 0: 1"·2 in (2-5 em). Ovoid cap, opening like an umbrella, ending in an upturned margin which Is ohell ragged, pure white

edge. Slipe hollow and brill Ie, slightly thitkening al lhe base, pure white, also floccose in young specimens. Flesh thin and gray; flO characteristic odor or flavor.

pure and floccose a1 fbI, the flakes tending subsequemly to disperse, revealing a pale gray bac~ground. Gills while, blackening and eventually dellquescing, with a white

HABITAT: singly or in small groups, on buffalo chips, COWpalS, or h()(se· dung, in pastures. from spring throl>Qh fall. Fairly

common.

COPRINUS LAGOPUS Hare's-foot Ink-cap DESCRIPTION: ~:2 '/,·'1'IJ in (6·12 em). 0: '1.- ,'" in (2·4 em), Cap cylindrical or ovoid, eventually lIat and With an upturned edge, entirely covered with while wooly down which eventlJally disappears. revealing a mouse-gray

background, bul persisting in Ihe cenler when Ihe cap is fully expanded. Gills widely-spaced. narrow, whitish [hen blackening quickly, Stipe cylindrical, thickening at the base, hollow and brittle, covered

HABITAT: seal·

tered or in groups of several individu-

als in cool places.

under bustles aod in grassy places in woodland. Summer through fall. Fairly common and

widespread.

like Ihe cap wilh whitish wooly down which is very dense at first. Flesh while, odorless, flavor mild.

COPRINUS PICACEUS Magpie Mushroom or Magpie Cap DESCRIPTION: H;4·8 in (10·20 em), 0:'/.- 2'/.· In (2-6 em). Cap (l'.'()id and ....nitM at first, later campanulate and reddis/1-brO'Ml, sprinkled with ....nite. Gills crowded, free, ....nile then reddening. befOfe tuming black, I.WfIttlally liquifying. Stipe hollow, rigid arid br~tIe. thickening toward ttle base, ...mite and fibrillose. Flesh thin arid grayish, with an uopiea5anl odor arid flavor.

HABITAT: singly Of in small groups in

deciduous woods, in shady places. l.;lIe summer through fall. Uncommon.

THE AGARICALES -'-"-

'"

DESCRIPTION: H:2· 6 in (5·15 em), 0:"',' 2'/, in (4-6 em). Cap ovoid al first, with liule broWl1

flakes al tile top. then opellil'l9 into a bell· shape and cracking, (Jearn through mouse-gray, striated almost over I~ whole surface. Gills

very crowded, while, ~

blackening

starting althe edge and melting into a black liquid. Stipe hollow and britt~. fibrillose, while, marked at the base with

a reddish annular zo~. deeply embedded in

the substrate by means of a rooting base. fle!Jl thin and while, with faint odor and

pleasant flavor. HABITAT: in large dense clumps. rarely singly, on rOiling wood, sometimes in the 9fOUJ'\d,

althe foot of old stumps,

in open ground. such as the edge 01 woods and roadsides. Spring through fall. Com-

mon and widespread. FDlBIlITY

Whcn very yo ... ng it is edible, but alcohol must not be drunk during th e

mcill or it will intcrotct with (aprin t, producing symptoms such iS hUrl paipititions, nausu, flIcial congestion, and n'tn disl'\lpcions 10 vision. Thtst dfem !\\iy n'rn manifest themselves if alcohol is consumed StVtril WlYS ahtr consu.mpcion of tht mushroom since tht principle brem down very slowly in the hunwt body. Coprint is n'tn used as 01 rure for akoholism.

COPRINUS COMATUS Sha.ggy Ink'ca" , Lawye r'. Wig DESCRIPTION: H; 4·8 in (10·20 em), 0: 'J.-l'J. in (2·7 em). In young sp!Cimens. Is elongated inlO a sheath surroundll'lg the Slip!. It is wh,te and enlnely (overed In Ioog, upturned scales WIth be.ge Of reddIsh lips. except at

the top which is dearly defined by a round ocher or redl:iishpatch; it

"'" ""'"' ""

QUickly into a bell and st3ftS to liquefy from the edge, turn· ing inlo thick black inl:. The gills are free. very crowded,

while but soon turning pink, then black from the edge of!he cap. The stipe is long (sometimes more than 8 in (20 un)), cylindrical and hollow, slightly bul· boo~ becoming dirty gray or brown upon maturity. it has a lillie ring whid'l eventually bKOIl'oPS detached aoo falls off. The fleY1 is while and soft, WIth little. odof 01 flavor. FI>IBILITY Vtty good 10 U I, tvl'n when DW. Howewr, th~ ShaaY Ink.Up abtoluttly mUM M picktd \'tf)' youna, whik the JiIh ~ still whitt, or..n you will be ltil with in the ~ is u ~ thick, blat:k liquid. For the smM: rusoa, it mUSI be utrn ~ $00II .., pouibk after picking. Cannol be dmd or pickJed.

THE AGARICALES

.l!!.. 189

HABITAT: in groups. sometimM 01 ~ry tightly packed individuals on lawns, waste· land and all types 01recently disturbed earth, 100Mt paths. and roadsides. From spring through fall. Very common and widespread.

sri CIAI. FI ATlJRFS

gills /rltdlwillS from tbt bottom

II hiS bun pMsiblt 10 grow SNogy Ink· Cilps (OmtntrciaUy for 5l'Vcral yun now, eithtr from my«lium or from impregnaled compost. Howcvtr, since theft is no mcthod of pr~crving Ih~ fungus, evm by frtezing, snWI·sule and large.sule growers of the CllItivalcd Mushroom Ind wild mushroom. Nove been n:luctant to produce il.

COPRINUS PLICA TillS Pleated Ink-cap

DESCRIPTION: H: 1',,-il. in (47 em), 0:',,- I 'I. in (2-] em), The cap is elongated at fir$1 into a cylinder Of egg-shape, and reddishbrown, but it subsequently expands inlO a furrowro grayish umbrella, like a parachute. though the center remains smooth and reddish. The gills ale white, turning gray hut first

becoming pinkish. The stipe is very sk!nder and long, hollow and brittle, smooth

and while. There is hardly any odor or flavor.

f~.

and no

HABITAT: on lawns. in pastures, at roadsides, among grass or on bare soil. Spring Through fall. Fairly common.

AGARICUS BITORQUIS Sidewalk Mushroom DESCRIPTION: H: 2·4 in (5· 10 em), 0: 1'11-4 in (4-10 (m). Cap convex, $OOn flattening,

round the stipe likE' a volva. Flesh thick and and firm turning faintly pink when cut.

smooth Of fibrillose, white _~.......... or pale gray, splashed wilh ocher, often soiled wilh particles of earth. Gills pale pink tllen lilac-gray alld final ly dark brown. '. Stipe white. full. short and thICk, narrowing to a point at the base, with two distinct rings. the lOWe!" one wrapping

-

HABITAT: on packed earth, ~n breaking through asphalt, in parks. gardens. footpaths. around trees in cities. In groups. sometimes fused together at the base of the stipe. Summer and autumn. Uncommon.

THE AGARICALES

~

'"

AGARICUS CAMPESTRIS Field Mu shroom

DESCRIPTI ON: H: 1'/,·4 in (4-10 em), 13: 1'/,·4 in (4· 10 em). Cap thick. globulose or hemispherical al ihl, be
brown, somi!times with small grayish or brownish flauened scales. Gills narrow and crowded, pale pink and gradually darkening

to take on a final brownish-black color.

CONFUSION

.. AGARICUS XANTIIODERMA Yellow-stllNngMushroom I'oIsoNous Stipe shorl and full, Ixiule, slightly narrowjog but rounded al the base, white, browning with age, fibrillose or sligh tly floccose beneath the ring. Ring thin and single, not well developed and withering quickly to leave only a slight trace. Flesh white, thick at the center, thin at the edge, turning very slightly pink when cut; pleasant odor and mild flavor. HABITAT: meadows grazed by canle,

shef!p, or horses, from late summer to mid·fall, sometimes in spring; often after showers following a very hot summer. Very common and found all over the world. Grows in groups and may suddenly appear en masse from one day 10 the next. SPH.IAL FF.ATlIRI·S

I-Dl811 lTV Very good to tal and can ~ caltn rlIIW

or cooked. The Field Mushroom is bett uttn when the i$ ~dostd,' while the gills a~ stiD pink.

''''p

Tht common Fit ld Mllshroom J.ctllJ!ly conSilts of a number of difftrent fOrD1$ m d va.rittitl, which vary nWnIy in tht J.~J.ranct of the .umct of th~ CoIp. Som~ caps au cove~d in gtoI)', brown, or ~Uow 6brib or 1b1101tl.

AGARICUS BISPORUS Cultivated Mu shroom

Cap hemisphefical at flfSl WIth a flattened (erne., becomng depressed WIth age. and undulatlll9 bordef. Surlace smooth and fibrillose, 01' slightly scaly, especially at the malgin, pure while, browniro;! slightly to the tOlJ(h. Gis oowded and J'IOOOW, pale plIlk. lhefl brown

and fmally bIaO:. Stipe

5hcJt. lady 1'lrl" in (410 DESCRIPTION: H: 2-4 in (5-10 em), 0: 2·4'/, in (5· 12 em).

FDlB IiIT Y Excellml nUn, mel un ev~n be uten nlW. The artl\d wlution of wild spfcilntllS bs contributtd 10 ilS commcrcUI production. It WII first cultivattd in mnft mort lI\,.n 300 ynn Igo in old Slonc quarriel Ind

disused mint workings around Paris, which i, why it it known in French as "Ownpignon ck pm.," It is !lOW grown aU ovcr the worid ud altboII,h il is 1M most popWu mU$hmom in 1M Wn;I, ItIt Padely 51n1w Mu.ihroom, ellten in lOuthtut Milo, is the lII0I1 wickly CUIri¥ilcd.

7 em)). thicker or thinner al the base, while, staining blown when toochedring ascendant (not pendant), faint and fugaceoos. striated on the uppef WIface. flesh firm and white, turning pink

when exposPd \0 the air, especially in the base 01 the Sllpe. and bfowning WIth age; pleasant odoi and mild f1aYOf. HABITAT: manured meadows and gardens. parks, and on old (ompos!. SPlHlQ through fall. Not common in the wild bot occurring tllfougnout the nonhern hemisphere.

• ACARICUS XANTHODERAfA Ydlow'SI.ollnLng Mushroom POISONOlr~

.

THE AGARICALES

DESCRIPTION:

H: i/.-5In (7·13 em), 0: t Ir4'/, in (6- 12 em), The (ap is COWIe
..ill...

'"

~lIow

when loudled. then brownish. flesh thick and white, soon lIJrnlng yellow, especially al the base of the stipe; odOf of phenol. mild flavor.

gray scales on a pale gray background. the Scales are very dense in Ihe (enter, mOl"e widely spa<ed
HABITAT: groves. parks. gardens. meadows, the edges of forests. Summet and autumn. Fairly common 10 uncommon. Appears in large numbers locally,

finally blackish-brown. Slipe slightly swollen arid bulbous at the base, becoming hollow and brillle; whitish, staining

AGARICUS PORPHYRIA Brown-capped Agaric

DESCRIPTION: H: 2·4 in (5· 10 em), 13: 2-3'" in (5-8 em). Cap hemispherical th{'(l expanded, with vermillion scales and fibrils on a pinkish

background, reddish-brown althe (enler. Gills crowded, gray· pin~, lurning dark brown. Stipe thickening inlO a bulb al the ba~. pink above I~ ring, whi te below it, yellowing at Ihe base. Fragile, while, yellowing

ring. Root,like filamenlS (rhizomorphs) arf' wmf'trmf'S viSiblf' wheo t~ mushroom is uprooted. F~sh whilf', yellowing mainly around the ba$l:' of the stipe; odor of biltf'r almonds HABITAT: undf'r decidLiOUS Iref'S, in forllSls. parks. gardf'ns. and hedgf'rows. Summef through fall. Uncommon.

AGARICUS AUGUSTUS Prince Mus hrOQm

DESCRIPTION: H: 4-8 in (10-20 em), 0: 4·8 in (10-20 em). Cap globulose or trapezoid, then expanded or con~ex, fleshy, with russet O!' brown scales on a pale!" background and shreds of the veil hanging from the margin. Gills narrow and crowded, remaining pale pinkish· gray fOf a long time, then Illrning purplish· bmwo. Stipe \hkk (up 10 ,'/, in (4 em)) especially al the base, smooth above the ring, with while or orange scal~ behlw iI, ~lIowing to the touch; ring large and white floccose underneath. Flesh white, yel.

lowing in the cap and

reddening in the slipe; strong odor of biller almor.ds, mild flavor. HABITAT: de<:iduous

or (ooiferous woods, verges, parks. and grassland, somelimes in meadows. Summer through fall. fairly common and widespread.

THE AGARICALES

.lli.

",

AGARICUS ALBERTII, A. MACROSPORUS Alben's Mushroom

DESCRIPTION: H: 2'1.-7 in (7-18 em). 0: 3'/.·8 In (8·20 em), Cap very fleshy, hemispheficai at first and up 10 12 In (30 em) In diameter, while, yellowing very slightly, becommg slightly ocher WIth age. silky or ~ightly scaly. Gills pinkishwhite, turning gray llIen chocolate bfown. SlJpe very thick. 1'1. \0 2 in (3 10 5 em) in diameter, slightly swollen in the middle or toward the baS!, while I~ splashed WIth ocher and bfown, very 00wny below the nng, especially In young spKrmerl1; ring inegular afld downy, floccose undeflleath in young specJmens. Flesh thick, white, yellowing very slightly, tlIming blown al the base

of the supt. Faint oc\oI of aniseed, becoming an unpleasant ammoniacal odor when old.

HABITAT: in pastures. on lawns. in parks. on non-aadic soil. Summer through early fall. Fairly common to fairly rare.

FIlIBIiITY

Good

10 UI,

b\Jt

mUSI

be Ulm vtry

you"" Wbtn older, il tmds to 5mtU like urine, hencr its othn I\iIIIlC, Ag.riCl11

urillllMrlls-

AGARICUS SILVATICUS Brown Wood Mush room DESCRIPTI ON: H: i l.-s In (7-13 em), 2·4'/, in (5· 12 em).

e:

Cap conical then Hanening, 00\ very thiel:., sprinkled with reddish-brown scales, that ale

HABITAT: on the !iller 01 conifers. especially spruce, rarer in deciduous woods. Late summer through fall. Common. Found all

over the world.

fairly numerous and widely spaced, on a whitish background, Gills flesh pink, turning dark purplish·brown when mature. Stipe slightly bulbous and while. becoming hollow and reddemng with age; ring membfanous ample and white, Flesh white, quickly wming red when cuI. especially in young

spe
AGARICUS XANTHODERMA Yeliow -sUlining Mushroom

DESCRI PTION: H: 2",-5 in (7-13 em). €I: 2·4'11 in (5· 12 em). The cap is trapezoidal In thi! young speci-

men, then convex

\0

flallefled with a

smootll surface, silky while, becoming bright yellow when rubbed. The gills are narrow and crowded, white at first, then turning grayish·pink then purplish-brown. Stipe thick or slender and sinuous, with a small

POTf. N flAL CONFUSION All the edible mushroom" but tsp<'cioilly:

.. AGARICUS CAMPESTRIS Field Mushloom

... AGARICVS A H.VENSIS Horse Mushroom

EOIBI.E EOIBI.l

THE AGARICALES SPFCIAI FFATURFS

~

'"

fused with with the f ield Mushroom (.Agaricus campestris).

The YeUow-staining Mushroom has a fairly characteristic odor of iodine or phenol, ilnd is even more retognizable by the pronounced yeUowing of the u p and base of the stipe whn touched. The varieey dtKribcd here iJ the classic cypc and the most fnquently encountered, recognizable by its while tolor. Howevu, there are other varieties in which the cap is gny, gray.brown, with thin Kales, or . plit intO co.mr ~In. AU art equaUy indigestible. white bulb. turning yellow when rubbed, especially al Ihe bulb; thkk, membranous, pendanl while ring. The while flesh lurns yellow when cut especially in Ihe bulb; unpleasant odor of ioclirlE!, in~, or phenol.

TOXICITY HABITAT: in groups in fertilized meadows. well·lil decidu· ous or conrferous woods, sand on lawns. Summer through fall. Fairly (om-

moo. A slightly different form is found on lawns in North America, which is called the Califomian Mushroom (.Agancus califolnlCUs) The cap is fairly scaly, browning in the cenler. It is often con·

Slightly toxic. The odor, whkh is unplea$ollnr when the mushroom is picked, bccom« foul wllrn it is rooked. Although some people art able to eat this mushroom without the s~ghlcst problem, in most people it causes symptoms typical of mild food· poisoning; vomiting, diarrl!u , headaches, etc.

AGARICUS ARVENSIS Horse Mushroom

specimens. then purplish-brown and final~ blackish. Stipe thick (3'1.6in x It.- I '/. in(8-1Sx 23 em)), espe
double, the lower one taking the !.hape 0/ a gear-wheel Of slar, dearly visible in the young spe
the Cefllef, vtIite, yellowing slightly, especially in the stipe. Fairly marked odof of aniseed and mild flavor. HABITAT: pastures, grassy clearings. parks.

From lale summer to mid-fall, sometimes from the sprill9. Uncommon to fairly common; widespread. found 00 fflfY (oo!inent. I DlUII tTY

(ONHJSION

.. A/UANITA PfiALLOIDES Death Cap DU.DlY .. AGARICUS XANTHODERMA

Ycllow-slallling Mushroom

~

Very good 10 (aI, enn when I1IIW. To be talen young, prdcl1IIbly when the gills atc still pale becaU$r the spottS MVt nOI matured yd.

THE AGARICALES ...ll!.. '" AGARICUS SILVICOLA Wood Mushroom

fairly bulbous. while or above the ring,

~n~ish-vioIel

white becoming stained with lemon yelklYl below il. Ring thin, ~ery full, floccose on the underside. Flesh thi
odor of

aniseed.

HAB ITAT:

DESCRIPTI ON: H: 2'/.-S'" in (1-14 em), e: 2·4'/, in (5·12 em),

Cap ovoid or conical. with a fla\lened then widely expaJ'lded lop, whilE! to cream, staining yellow when tOl.lChed, silky ()I' slight· Iy fibrillose. Gills very C1owded, pale gray, turning pink am! finally sepia. Stipe flexible, POTFNTlAl CONFUSION

.. AMANITA PHALLO IDES Death Cap DEADLV .. AMANITA VERNA Df.A[)lY Spring Amanita .. AMANITA VIROSA DEADLY Destroying Angel

deciduous Of

cooiferous

woods. Summer through fall. common.

CYSTOLEPIOTA ASPERA Pointed-scal e Parasol Mushroom DESCRIPTION : H: 2'1.-4 f. in (7· 12 em), 0: 3'/,-5 in (8·13 em). Cap (onicallhen coovex and more or less umbonate, densely COVf!red with cooical reddishIxown scales, which are more

numerous at the cenler, showing an ochraceous-gray back· ground in between. Gills broad, very oowded and forked. white then cream. Stipe bewming hollow with age, downy. thi!

same color as the cap. thickening ;010 a small bulb al the base; ring futl, pendant, and

membranous. edged with mown Oakes. Flesh Ihin 31 the edge 01 the cap, whitish; odor strong and unpleasant; flavor faint but also unpleasant. HABITAT: found in fertilized soil,

such as copses. verges, as well as in deeidl.lOU5 or coni ferous woods; prefers nitrogen-rich, limestone soil. Summer through fall. Common and

widespread.

THE AGARICALES

200 20 \

LEPIOTA CASTANEA Chestnut Parasol Mushroom

DESCRIPTION: I-t: 1'/,.]'/> in (4·6 em), 0: 1/._ 1'" in (2·4 em), (ap conical at first then fl auening and umbonate, cheslnullo russet. Gills while, slightly reddening. Stipe downy on the lower half or two-thirds. reddisl1-brown; ring absent or fainl. Flesh pale ocher, faint odof.

HABITAT: copses and deciduous forest$. Summer through fall. Uncommon.

LEPIOTA CRISTATA Stinking Parasol Mushroom

DESCRIPTION: H: , '/.·2'1, in (3- 6 em). 0: ',,-2 in (2·S em).

Cap conical at first, soon flanening, wilh a marked cenual umbo and margin remaining inrolled for a long time, sprinkled with red· dish-orange concentric scales on a white background. but uniform red on lhe umbo. Gills wide, while, with toothed edges. Stipe smooth, hollow, and briule, while or slightly

fugaceous white ring. Flesh thin and

whitish; sHong. unpleasant odor, flavOf mild but also unpleasant.

pink or reddish toward the base, with a HABITAT: in medium to large groups. at the edge of woods, on lawns, and in well·lit conifefOus or de
LEPIOTA IGNIVOLVATA Red-stemmed l'ar3so1 Mushroom DESCRIPTION: H: 2'/,-411 in (6-12 an), 0: 2·4 in (~·10 em). Cap hemispherical and umbonate. tllen convex and umbonate, reddish ocher or reddish b!'own at the center; elsewhere Ihe cream background Is punctuated with small beige to reddish scales regularly spaced; the margin is long imolled and fringed (remaining from the hanging veil); The gills are wide and whit!!. The stipe is full then ~Iow. thickening from top 10 bottom, with one Of two oblique ridges in Ihe center, edged with

orange or reddiSh-brown, and arranged in a ring which is sometimes broken; smooth surface at the top. downy underneath; base turning pink or red with age or from being rubbed (not always noticeable). Flesh

white; stroog aoo unpleasant odor, mild but very unpleasant !laVOI. HABITAT: conifef5 or mixed and woods

(comlers and deciduous trees), 00 limestone or neutral ~il. Late summer through fall. Fairly (om-

moo. JIIInll

~'-__

,illg rtiLli.h. cbJrqut

THE AGARICALES ..lli... 2" lEPIOTA ClYPEOLARIA Shield-shaped Paraso l Mushroom

DESCRIPTI ON: H: 2'1,..5 ill (6·13 em), 0: "/1")/. in (4·8 em). Cap hemispherical al first , then expanding and umbonate, covered in beige or ocher scales on a cream background, paler on the frayed margin. The cenler is clearly marked by a smooth redrli!.h-brown patch. Gills

crowded, while Of cream. Stipe swollen SPECIAL HATURFS

toward the base, rigid but hollow and brittle, the lower two thirds are

covered in white woolly flbefs; ring downy at first, fairly

full, but disappearing quite soon. HABITAT: I.flder deOO.oos trees (oak, ~ a o:.nlIm. SI.mner \IJto;tl fall Failti commoo and widespread.

The yeUo....ing Shield-shaped ral11sol Mushroom (Lq;ow ,ulrH>wsI'Orll) is similar bUI its woolly stem is yellowish.

lEPIOTA PSEUOOHElVEOLA False Brown Parasol Mushroom

DESCRIPTION: H: 2·n in (5·9 em), e: ".-1 'I. in (2·3 em), Cap conical for a long time, then becoming convex and slightly umbonate, with dark pinkish·mown or sepia scales on a pinkish· white background. Gills white. Stipe long and slender. pinkish·while 10 pinkish·mown; ring fairly well developed, ridged, wf1ilish, pinkish or grayish brown underneath. Flesh Slightly pink. faint odor.

HABITAT: under deciduous trees, especially in warm regions. Summef lhrough fall. Fairly common .

LEPIOTA BRUNNEOINCARNATA Red-brow n Paraso l Mushroom

DESCRIPTI ON: H: , '/._2'/. in (3-7 em), 0: ,'/.-2'1. in (3-7 em). Cap convex then expanded. covered in reddish or reddish-brown scales, sometimes very densely. on a pale background tinged with pink, darket' brown in the (enll'!'. Gills crowded, while then $1ighlly yellow. Stipe shorl (2 in (5 em) maximum). while at the top, also covered in russet or brown scales on a pink background. Ring qUill' faint, often a mere ridge on Ihe stipe. The while flesh reddens slightly when cut; mild flavor. HABITAT: lawns. gardens. verges, grassy

woodland, beside hedgerows, on rich soil.

Lale summer through fall. Fairly raIl', but may be relatively common in certain Mediterranean or Atlantic regioos,

SPECIAl FEATURES

This is

on~

of the gTOUp of small brown

Par.lSo] Mushrooms onu aU c.illcd Lt/,;otll hd.'toIll. AU these mushrooms are lC$$ than 4 in (10 em) tall, and ar~ colored in shades of pink. Their ring is faint or absent. Car~ should be taken to dUtinguish them &om th~ edibk Parasol Mushrooms bceroust Ihey can caU5C srriOU$, and n'en faul, poisoning. The main difftrenu is th" they arc much smaller than Ihe edible species.

THE AGARICALES "" 2" LEUCOAGARICUS LEUCOTHITES The Off-white I'arasol POTENTIAl

CONFUSION

II> AMANITA PHALLOIDES

Death cap AMANITA VERNA Spring Amanita .. AMANITA VlROSA I)cstroying Angel

Df..... DlY

II>

Dv.IJI.Y Df.ADlY

5/It,r/l sI"li~g riH~

DESCRIPTION: H: 2-4 in (5-10 em),

0: 2-4 in (5·10 em). Cap hemispherical then convex, smooth,

while. and Silky. Gills remain while for a long time, lurnir.g pink or gray-

ish-p1nk when old, Stipe whi te, swollen at the base into a mall 91000lose bulb, with an underdeveloped ring, which slides eaSily up and down Ihe stipe.

Flesh while and firm. thick in the cap; no characteristic odor or flavor. HABITAT: in meadows.

park.s. gardens.

and by roadsidM. Summer through fall. fairly common.

FDl81UTY

Good 10 till, but th t risk of confusion with the dtlldJy sptciu of Amanjt~ is K riOIlS.

This mushroom is ont of ~ complu group containing many spears and varirties which aK difficwt 10 idrnrify. It is said to be a roH« livr species.

MACROLEPIOTA PROCERA Parasol Mu sh room

DESCRIPTI ON: H: 6·12 ill (15·30 em) (up to 16 in (40 em)), 0: 4-12 in (10·30 em),

Cap ovoid al first, then e~panding and eventualty flal, oot almost always retaining a central umbo; while or cream back· ground l'mlrely co~efed with grayi$h !.(ales and broWll platelets. reddish-brown or darker brown, fairly well spaced toward the

edge, more crowded toward the center and uniformly reddish· brown. The gills are crowded and Vf!ry thick, fret! and elastic, remaining white for a long lime, eVef1tually darkening \0 dirty (Jearn. The stipe is

longer than the diameter 01 the cap,

POTFNTIAL CONFUSION ... A1ACH.OLEPIOTA VENENATA VtnomouJ Parasol POISONOUS

All the little Parasol Mushrooms no WIer Ihn";n (10 ~m) must be avoided, n~ciaUy: ... LEPIOTA BRUNNEOINCARNATA

Scarlet-brown Parasol ... LEPIOTA CRiSTATA Crested LepiOta

DEADI.Y POISONOUS

.. LEPIOTA BRUNNEOLlLACINA

lIlac·brown

rar~sol

DEADLY

THE AGARICALES straight. thickening slightly toward the bo110m, fibrous and soon becoming hollow, but alwa~ rigid. The surface is (overed with zigzag stria tions like a snakeskin, the

pattern being larger toward the base. The ring is large and double, very thick and woolly, and can be slid up and down the

stipe; the bulb is large and while. The while flesh is thin and soft; faint odor but mild hazelnut flavor.

The large Parasol Mushrooms is one of the most populu of edible mushrooms, ~c~use it is dt~ciou$, dislinctivt and so u$)' 10 recognize. hs size mUM Ihat jt

can bt spoiled even from a moving vrhiclt! The young, dOKd capped

sptcimcns art known as Drumsticks. CIlp 0I"Oid in )'Cung ~pt(i"'rn

HABITAT: in small

tures. fallow land, among heather and macken, althe edge of wood!. Of

hedgerows, and in ~1I·1i1 deciduous

forests. tate summer 1hroogh fall. Very (om-

H)IBll.ITY Vtty good to u ,t.OnIy the ColIp is edible , the sti~ king 100 conaccous. Whcn

the up is txpandtd, the flesh trnds 10 b«ome MOI'C' cwtk In some pbcn, it is then (ook~ in b.1ttt. or lmadcrumbs

liII;c'Mltt.

'"

SPECIAL FEATURES

groups in neglected meadows and pas-

mon and widespread.

'06

. -r-- ~tiPf hclll1tl.,

MACROLEPIOTA KONRADII Konrad 's Par/lsol Mushroom DESCRIPTION: H: 4-5 in (10-13 em),

0; t,.-4", in (7-12 em).

Cap ovoid, then cooical. flanened in the end, with a wide, shallow umbo; the center is reddish-brown, wrth a Cfeam margin covered in small brown spots. Between them, a seriM of large brown scales form circles radiating from the center, The gills are large wide and whitish, The hollow stipe is rather bulbou$, smooth or finely striped with reddish-brown, and has a thick, sliding white ring, edged with gray on the underside, The flesh is soft and pale. reddening sHghtly when cut, e~ially in the stipe; no panicular odor and fiaVOf. HABITAT: singly or In groups at the edge

of forMt5- beside hedgerows. and In clearings. Summer through fall. fairly common.

SPECIAL FFAnJRFS Thm an: KYCr.lI similar specits of ~

Parasol Mushrooms, including me Frilly Parasol (lllarroltJ"'*' tX{oriatR), the Umbonate: Par3WI (/tIlKroIqW Jrta5/OiJtIl), the Crxcrw rara$Ol (AIIICrok/1ioIII rid:m), and Kow's ransol (l.tjoioM konrtldU}, but aD of thnn an: fdlbk.

THE AGARICAlES MACROLEP/OTA RHACODES Snu88)' Parasol Mushroo m

DESCRIPTION: H: 4'1,·8 in (12·20 em),

0: 21.,.6 in (6-' 5 an) Cap globulose then remaifllng hemispherical or COI1YeX 'Of a long [lilli!,

!\as no umbo. fringed marg,n, red dish and smooth in the cenler, covered in large brownish, wellspaced brOWTlish scales. making it look hirsute. Gills while or oeam,

reddening to the touch and when Slip!! brittle, hollow and smooth, 'NhitiYi, reddish·brown to the touch and wIth age, ring thick and sliding, wtutl! MId sMggy; 'MY large marginate bulb, often oblique due 10 cUlVawre of the stipe at the

mature

base. Flesh lending to turn carrot or reddish when CUI, then turning brownistHed; pleasant odor, mild flaVO!'. HABITAT: In small groups in welH\

woods and ~a'i~ under (olllfer5, fSj)e' (ially spruce, Douglas fir.

cypt'ps~

atld

beside hedgPS and in gardens, Summer through fall. Fairly common arid wldpspread. EDIBILITY

Good to tal. Somt minor probltm' Iuo~ ~tn rtported but they OUt prob.1b1y due 10 conMion with olha, wry limibr vantlits of p.1Insol mu,hroom, sU(h as the 1Nmt",;CII vaneI)' or tht rectnlly apdy.namtd 'potdes Lf/fiQI
POTE NTIAL CON FUS I ON .. LEPIOTA VE.NENATA Venomou~

Parasol

rOI>O~ous

MACROLEPIOTA EXCORIATA Frilly I'ara, ol Mushroom

DESCRIPTION: H: 8·12 em, 0: 5·12 em. Cap domed Qr conical, umbo small 01' absent, almost entirely pale brown in the young specimen, subsequently cracking

into large scales on a whitish background. except a! the center whkh remains unl· formly pale brown; the margin is shaggy. GlI!s broad and whitish. Slipe smooth and wllile, no longer than the diameter of the

I.

... LEnOrA VENENATA Venomous Puuoi

POISONOUS

ring single, white but tinted With pale mown atlhe edge, conical and ascendent,

then sliding along the stipe wilh c1gf. Flesh

cap, With a ba!>e swollen Into a WlaU bulb;

white, ulKhanging; faint odor, mild ilavOf.

FDiBIlITY

HABITAT: in groups In well-drained meadows, pastures, and the edge of

Good 10 tiI.I, tboup tb~ 6brou.

Jhoukl ~ ~. Ofttll cOnNlfd

with Iht r amol Mushroom.

woods. Lale summer through fall. Com· mon in certain rtgions; widespread.

THE AGARICALES AMANITA MUSCARIA Hy Agari c

DESCRIPTION: H: 4-10 in (10·25 em),

G: ] 1,·8 in (8·20 em). Cap globu!ose al first and entirely covered with a white membrane, then

flallening completely, bfighl

red dotted With wt'lite Of yellowish-white pustules wnich in the younger specimens cover most of the suriacE!. They become more spread out with age and can easily be detached. They lend \0 disappear with age, and the color turns paler. and may even become pale orange. The gills ale crowded, free and broad, while or cream. The stipe is

sri ( JAl

HATIJRI S

Hunlcrs of the Ctp or Penny Bun Mushroom (8oIt1US l4ft/is) lind thai the Fly Apric libs the umt habiu! as their favorite food. Thai is why, whtn hunting for the ckliciOU$ boltlt, Ihey Snl SW1 looking for pliicts in which the Fly Apric grows, al it is so easy 10 spot dUl to irs bright (olon.

white, very dowfly at fir~t. !.OIid then hoIk1N, WIth a large. fTagile. pendant ring which turns slight~ ~k:m and whose thick border may be crenelated; the bulb is topped wnh two or three floccose 01 warty ridges. The whne flesh is yelk:m under the OJli(Ie, it has a pIe~fll odor and mild f1aVCH. SPFCIAL FEATURFS Fly Ag... ric ~ takt on ~tn1 difftrrnl fonns. The Illlrtoin v... ritl)' ill !alIer ..... d h...s an o"""gc tlIIp devoid of pustul". II prrfcn [OIIifnoll5 woods. Tht forIIilricl)' has iI u p wllich Vilri" in color from yellow 10 brigllt orange, bu.t the w;aru on the ''''p, ring, and slipe ... re lemon yellow. This particular form ;, found mostly in North Ameritlil. AU the IIilricti" arr poiS(lnous.

THE AGARICALES

TIt( formosa mntl)' h,TS ~~ms (SlN1trtimN a!IStIll), /I ri"g. 11",1 II Shiv M,bifh arr ,!lI/(mc" rfl/co.a"

HABITAT: glom in groops Of rings. in

deciduous or coniferous fOlem, maiflly

under birch and spruce; il is ohen to be found on verges. on acid or siliceous soil. lale summer Ihroll9h fall. Very common Mrywhere, espe
...ill..

'"

TOXICITY

The symptoms of poisoning appt'~t thrct·qu~rttrs of an hour afttr ingestion, through stomach upsets and hallucinations, which may C;1U$C hilariry or extreme depression. The Lapps of Siberia have long exploited the haUucinogcn propl'rUn of the mushroom in thw re~gious riles. II would appear dun most of the toxic

substances art contained in rht wIkle of the (,lp. This would explain why, in

some regions, the mushroom is petlcd befort uting. In the Middle Ages, il was used as a oy-saUer, A f~w pieces of the cap w~rt so.:akrd in sugan:d milk 10 auract the mes which were thus killed, hence the common name of the lOushroom.

AMANITA CAESAREA Caesar's Mushroom DESCRIPTION: H 4-7 in (1018 em), 0: 3",-7 in (8·18 em). When very young. tile whole mushroom is encased in a thick white membrane. The cap is globulose at fi~l, then hemi~ical aod evemually flat tened It IS thKk. wllh a clearly striated margin, and a bfilliant orange color, sHghl1y Viscid in

weather, smooth but sometimes a few shrem of Ille uni· versal veil still cling 10 it. Gills very thick, crowd@(! and broad, pale yellow then deep gold. Stipe \hkk ('I. \0 1 I. In (2 10 3 em)) bemming bulbous loward the base, striated a~ ~I

the ring, and the same coo as the gills. The ling is large and yellow, often slJialed. The vo/va

is large, thick, and wtlile, flared at the lOp. Flesh thick and white, yellowing at the peflphery; pleasant odor, mild rIavor. HABITAT: de<:iduous f()fest$, especially oak

afld cheslnut, ()f1 add. W!II-drained soil. From late summer through early fall. Fairly common in southern Europe, and rarely north of the 4soN latitude, though in warm years ilglows as far north as sout~n Gefmany and 8e\gilJm.

u(tDmt, in IWy.

~

whm raw. Vtry popuLIr

THE AGARICALES

...ill.. m

AMANITA PANTHERINA Pan ther Ca p DESCRI PTION: H: 3'/.-6 in (8-15 em), 0: 211-4/, in (6·12 em). Cap domed, tllen convex alld finally Oal, with a finely striated bfown to gray-bfown margin, shiny and dolled witlliittle white flakes arranged in more 01' less concentric

velges and decidu-

ous 'NOOds. more rarely under cooilefS. Summer through early fall.

circles. Gills uowded, broad and whill'. Slipe pure white, fibrilw, WIth a floppy, fug.Ke0u5 white ring toward the center which !\as no striations on the upper Wflace. The bulb is large and caf1 grow to 1'I: in (4 em) in diameter, with a dearly marked IIppe! ridge margillate bulb) lopped WIth a

....

helicoidailloccose ridge wmding once Of

Uncommon but fairly widesplead.

twice around the Slipe. f~h while, thick .11 the center; !>light smell of radish, mild fIavoI. HABITAT: grO'M in small groups on grass POTFN II A I

(ONllISION

• MfANfTA RUBESCENS The- 81uwr ED1IIU ll> All fANI TA SPISSA

hlr.e P.nthtr Dp

[oIBLf

SI', (tAl FfATtJRFS

A b ller v.rid)' (Vat. aj,~ti/lll") grows Wldu mountain coniffn, of which the ap, which is cborittr in color an "ttain a diuMlu of 7 in (II em).

.' / "-- - "',-

"

AMANITA RUBESCENS The 81ushe r DESCRIPTION: H; 3/.·7 in (8·18 an), 0: l'/.·6In (8-15 an).

Cap domed Ihefl convex. wnn a margin thaI is not 5111a1OO, beige through pale brown, often shaded with dark l!d, COYeIed in small whrlJsh pink or pale gray detachable Rakes. which are usually vefy dense In young ~. imens, more Wldely!opa(ed and more or less concentJiC at later stages. Gills bmad and crowded, wtHte and spoued WIth pink, turning pink to the loocn. Stipe thick, becoming hollow, thickening toward the base into a bulb with a pomted end; while and striated

or smooth a~ the ring, plnl:ish while and Slightly downy under the ring, clearly

marked with crimson on the bulb. Ring wide

and pendant. wiated and perSistent. Flesh wMe, ~ reddening when cut and when damaged, reddish-brown undef the cutJdt; odoiless but with mild flavor. SPECIAl FF!\TURES The Blushtr (A...,,,,i/II I'HKsce"f) is ~ vel)' v....iable sperits, I)f which 5tVenl Vlrieti« are rfcogniud. The

"""IIIoJlli,lifurlll v";ety hu a pale sulfuryellow ring. All varieties retain the w.me future of reddening or blushing of tht flnh when CUI, tUmagcd, or faten aw~y by inl«llal'\'ae.

THE AGARICALES

...lli....

'"

HABITAT: singly or in small groups at the edge of well·lit dedduous or conif· erous forests. in highland and lowlands, on acid or slightly calcareous soil. Summer through fall. Very common and widespread.

Poisonous raw, edible well cooked. The fibrous II£m should bt disaorded.

AMANITA SPISSA False r 3nthcr Cap

DESCRIPTION: H: 3",-7 in (8· 18 em).

0: 2",_4'1/ in (7· 12 em),

EDlBIl.ITY

The cap is glQbulose. then hemispherical and finally nat, spfinkled with pale gray

Edible but not wonh caling, and should M avoidrd anyway, dur to its clost

plaques against a blown or olive brown

rrstmblance to the Panthtr Cap.

bac~ground. The

stipe is thick, fi rm and full, striated above the ring. and marked with grayish zigzag bands below it; Ihe ring

lull and striated; the bulb is nOt very marked. flesh white, thick althe center; it has a faint odor of radish and a mild navOf.

HABITAT: coniferous (~pe. dally pine) or deciduous (especially oak). prel~ably 011 acid soil. Summer through fall. Widespread bul uncommon. moll! frequently found at altitude.

SPECIAL FEATURES This mushroom I"C$CIIlblrs both the Plnth~r Cap ;md me Blll5hu but il dOl'll nOI tum pink or crimson when d'lIn.td (I' t ul and thc~ IIC no clurly marlccd ridgn ovcr the bulb.

rOTFNTlAL CONFlJSION

• AMANITA PANTHE.RlNA Panther cap

P01SONOUS

• AM ANITA RUBE.SCfNS The Blusher EDlBI.E

THE AGARICALES

.ll!.

'"

AMANITA JUNQUILLEA, A. GEMMATA Jonquil Amanita

DESCRIPTION: H: 2'lr 4/J in (6·12 em), 0: 2-4 In (5-10 em), Cap domed and soon flattening, no! very neshy, Wllh a fleshy, yel!ow-to-ocher cap and sUiated margin, ohen decorated with a few white plaqlleS 01 Hakes. Gills white. Sttpe slightly thickened al the base, becoming hollow wilh itC}I!. v.iUte and floccose; ring while, median and thin, undevelopPd and vef'J fugaceous; the votva disappears fairly quidly, somelllT~

leaving a ridge above the buh Flesh while, pale yellow ooder the cutICle, odorles.5 and with a mild fIawr.

HABITAT: coniferous 01 dKidU0U5 forests, pine and beech, 011 fairly acid soil. Spfing IhlOU9h fall. Fairly common in south em parIS of the northern hemisphere. ~ally

rOXI( lTV

Somt COIIIMItr it poisonous, oWn tcL'bIt.1M bet IhII il Iw JO 111m)' vwOons may IMM Wol ;1 is $imply .. Wititt)' of anothtt sp«ia. To M avoidtd.

AMANITA PHAllOiDES Death Ca p

DESCRIPTI ON: H: 3'lr 6'h in (9·1] em),

0:Hin(5·1ScmJ. Cap ovoid or globulose. l'nlirely (overed in a white membrane, then hemispheti!;al, aod

finally lIattened; color fairly variable, rypically yel!owish-grffil. bul also bfownish'yellow, olive brown, gfet'f1ish·bI'own, and entirely pure while In the alb.) varlely, with fine, darker, radial fibril§ and sometimes the remains of the while veil. The wrface is Silky when dry, !>lightly vis-

in wet Wl'ather. Gills crowded and (OtIS

broad, while. tulning cream with age. 511pe

elongated. firm,

~om ·

H19 more or less hollow, slightly thickened toward tile base, (O\'eted in hofIzontal, gray-green zigzag bands on a while background. NOfmally very ample but capable

of disappearing and appealS to be s!naled

THE AGARICALES

on the upper surface, whilf' Of Slightly greenish; valva oitf'n large,

KIlled aM white, sur· rounding a large bulb. Flesh while, yellow undl'1 the {utlde; faint odD( which is unpleasant in older spe
CONFUSION

.. RUSSVLA VIRESCENS Greeo Cra,kmg Russula ED1HI f .. AGARICUS SILVICOLA Wood Mushroom EDI8U .. TRICHOWMA PORTENTOSUM Prncnnous TrKholoma

\:;0181.£

TOXICITY 1'hi$ mushroom is deadly arwIlIas been the uuse 01 more than all thr

de.

othrr poisonous IiIIIgi PUI logelhfr .

SFI ( IAL II ATl IRI S

Thert is an mtirely white .... riety of the Duth Up, which looks ...ery limilar 10 1M Spring ArnJniu clmribtd btlow.

HABITAT: forests and plantations 01 varioos de
The ArnJniw Ire rnpotUibie lOr more th.m 90'10 of flu.] poiloninp CI~ by wild mIMI'OOIIII. The "riouinw of the poisonina: it in MCI relatioMhip with the weichl of the victim. lbil is why children are the mOlt vulner. ble md whm whole familie. are poisoned they art the first 10 suffer. About 1'I. 01. (50 g) of •
THE AGARICALES

...ill... m

AMANITA CITRINA Fal se Dea th Cap

DESCRIPTION: H: 2'/.-5'/: in (7-14 em),

13: 2-4 in (5- \0 em). Cap domed then flallening, lemon yellow

wilh whitish or ocher plaques. entirely while in the alba varif!ty. Gills whi te or pale yellow. Stipe slightty thickening toward the base, pale yellow, with a wide. striated ring. also yellow, and a large bulb (up to 1',. in (3 em) in diameter) marginate,

whitish, and more or ~s ........;;;:~~ (overed with frag~ ments of the yellow volvO'. The flesh smells characteristically of raw potato or celeriac. HABITAT: under deciduous

lIees or cooilels., especially on sandy, acid soil. lale summer through fall. Very

common.

,.""m", ",'~ "P

I bulb glcbulcu: _ __

FDiBIlITY

Not vcry good 10 till; it WlIS once (o05Wkml toxic, throvgh confusion with other .~du.

AMANITA VERNA Spri"g Amanita

DESCRIPTlON:H: 2'/.·4 /. in (7· 11 (m), 0: , 'Ir 4'1. in (4· 12 em), Cap OVOid or globulose. then hemispherical, eventually fla ttening.

pule while, sometimes aeam or beige, smooth, rarely COWIe
widl>, also while. Flesh

while; odorless or Wllh a 1<1'nl, rather unpleasant odor, mUd lIa\lOl'. HABITAT: copses and airy forests 01deciduous 1Iees. espe
sprifl9. but may be encountered In !>Urnmet', and even early fall. Fairly rare, and mainly found in southern pailS 01 the northem henuspOtre.

Wtdespread. IOXIUTY

Thil mUlhroom is iusl as dudly as Ih~ Duth Cap, but Ins WtU known MeolU" it isleS! common, at lUll in Euro~. It is mort fnqutnt in tht Unittd SUo,".

rOTfNTIAL (O N I \!SION

.. AGARICUS SILVICOLA Wood MUihroom .. LEUCOACARICUS LEUCOTIIITES Off-whne r'ruo! Mushroom

EDIBU

fJ)lRII

THE AGARICAlES AMANITA VIROSA Destroying Angc:1 DESCRIPTION: H: 4-7 in (l0· 18 em). 0: 2-l/. in (5-8 em)_ Cap domed 11'1«1 conol, with a wide umbo, ollen assymtuical or inClined, pure while and silky, viScid when weI. Gills bl'oad and white WIth Kaly edges. Stipe white, very downy, becoming hollow and Sluffed with (ouony rlbefs in ok\ef specimens.. The ring is very high upon the stipe, sometimes even anaclled \0 the gills. but It disappears fairly sooo; the bulb al the base is enveloped In a while. sac-like vowa. The lIesh Is while and Ihkl: al the center; young s!l(!Cimens ha'X! a faint odor which becomes unpleasant in older ones. The lIa'o'Or is mild. HABITAT: often undef conifers.

espe
aoo at altitude, raIl! elsewhere.

POTFNTlAI

C.ONHJSION

• AGARICUS SILVlCOLA Wood Mushfoom EOIIU .. LfUCOAGARlCUS LEUCOTHITHES OFf-wllllc Parasol EDlW

AMANITA OVOIDEA Ovoid Amanita DESCRIPTION: H: 6-10 in (15·25 em), 0: 4 /'·10 in (12-25 em). IvOry GlP vef'/ thid; and fleshy, remaifling

saody soil, in warm, sunny locations. Fairly ComfTlOf1 in the Mediteffaneall region. rare

elsewhere. Summer through fall.

ovoid fOf a long tUTle. smooth, sometimes WIth a few thick scales and a shaggy marg,n. Gills wtlitlsll, shilggy at the edge. Stipe thick (up 10 2 in (5 em) wi~). white and floccose; ring very floccose, becoming det
tinclM! odor, mild and pleasant in young specimens, unpleasant in older ones. HABITAT: under de6duous trees. e'SpeCia11y oak, or under (ol'llfefs, ~ally pme, in well-lit, grassy woods. on limestone and

I-I>IBILITY

NO! Vfl)' good to u.t; it musl bot Ulcn young, U oldn sptrimcns prodlltf naUSf ••

THE AGARICALES

.1l!.

'"

AMANITA VAGINATA Grisette

DESCRIPTION: H:4·7 in (10·18 em). 0' l /r4 in (4· 10 em). Cap conical al fi~1 then expanding, always fairly umbonate; margin covered in long, deep s!Iiauons; gray to brun, maue, smooth, and generally without while plaques. Gills cra.vded, bfOad and whitt. Stipe long and slender (up to 8 in (20 em)), be
glO; odorless but wllh a mild

lIavol. HABITAT: Deciduous forests, lOOfe rarely

undef conifers. Summer through fall. FaIrly common and WIdespread. SPEC IAl FEATURES

The Grisettc is typical of I group of mllShroomJ which have KVcral forms or varieties, the nu.in difference being the color of the ClIp. 1M commonest of thtrQ is mf Tallt'llYCrist-ttl d (A",,, ..;r,,

Poisonous rolW, good to U I when cooked, but th~ Beth is Ihin lnd &..gilc.

fjd ..,,) which hu an oT3ngl or fawn cap. The stipe and volva art usu.ally srained IIoith thf 5IJIIC color u me Clp. II gl'OWl mainly wtdtr chestnut utes 011 acid 5Oils. Anodlcr future of the Cristll" i, Ihat they have no ring.

AMANITA FULVA Tawny Grise He

The Tawny Griseue has the same character· istics as the Griset1e, bot it differs in thaI the cap is oral'lge or fawn, darker in the centef ,smooth and shiny. The voIva and

stipe are also sponed with fawn or orange. HABITAT: (\e(id . or (ooifer' ous woods. espe-

UOlIS

cially under chestnut on acid or slhce0u5 soil. Appears in early summer and lasts through fall. Fairly

rommoo.

AMANITA CROCEA Saffron Griscnc DESCRIPTION:

H: 4·8 in (10-20 em). 0: 2'1,·4'/, in (6· 12 em). Cap I'IemlspOefi(al at flfst. then flat, ollen umbonate, WIth a de.lfly Striated ITliIfgin; yellow·oraf"l9l! 10 reddish OIaf\9t'. paler althe margin. Gills crowded and whitish. Stipe thickening slightly toward the base, bflUIe, bewrTllng hollow, the same cob as the cap and StIiped with flaky

band~

Large votva, wtme on

the outside, pale yellow Inside. FleYl while, orange ur.def the

cutJC.lt; no pilllicu!al odor 01 navor. HABITAT: mainly under deciduous trees. often on grass verges on acid soil. Summer through fall. Fairly (ommoo in ~Ihefly climates, unusual elsewhere.

THE AGARICALES AMANITA SUBMEMBRANACEA Gray Griseue DESCRIPTION: H: 2'/,-4 1. In (6-12 eml. 0: 1'I,· rldn (4-7 an), Cap deafty striated OYer aI m half !he area of the racius of the cap, aIM! tJO'Ml often WIth one (W f'M) metrbaroos shreds c:ilgIng to it, !he remaI'6 01 the Yl'iI. Gis v.tlIte and otMded.

"" " ... edge It,. _

"'Ittly

10WiIfd the base, hollow, -Mlilt tIvough pale !1a'f. marked with zigzag strialicns. VoIva lobed,

faifty frag-

ile. pale fPllO p<* broMt. Flesh thick al the Cl'IlIer only; cxb·

"" ""'' ' '

HABITAT: IJlder collifetS, espedally spruce. On acid soil. SUtTvnef ttvcujl fall. Fair1ycommon inthe

--

"""""

mon in Iow-~ area!..

AMANITA BATTARAE. A. UNBRINOLUTEA Yellow -brown

Gri ~ He

DESCRIPTION: H: 4-6 in (10-15 em), 0: 21,·41 In (6-12 em), Cap conical sooo expandon9.

wuh a central umbo SUfroundfd by a slight deprMsion, striated over coe third of the radius, yellow ocher

then turning brCMll'lish-yellow. marked WIth a dali:er cirde in !he Cef11er. Gills blood, aowded and while. Stipe gradually thiCkening toward the base, long aod hoIkm wl1l1 age spotted Wl th!1ay on a pale back· ground; while sheath·like volva,

L

deeply embedded in the soil. flesh white, thick in the center, thin elsewhere, odorless and mild in flaVOl. HAB ITAT: coniferous forests. espe
PLUTEUS CERVINUS Fawn

P]UICUS

in lhe cenlef. Gills free, aO'Nded and wide, while at first. then pink. Sllpe solid, thicken· ing toward the base-, with brown fibrils against a pale background. easily se-parable from the cap. Flesh Ihi
side of logs, sawdust, rotting wood. deciduDESCRIPTION: H: 4-6 in (10-15 em). 0: 2-6 in (5-15 em), Cap conical 1hef1 f1anened. often wl\h a shallow umbo; sil~. variable in colof. faWfl through very dark gray-brown, oflefl darker

ous forests or in park!. From $piing thfOUgh fall Very frequent and wrdeipI'eitd

PLUTEUS ADMIRABIUS Admirablc Plutcus DESCRIPTION: H: 1',.-2',.' in (3·6 cm). 0 ; ',1'" 1'J. in (,-] em).

Cap col'\yl!x then smooth and flat. except in the center where II is ......unkled. orange-yellow 10 ocher, Gills broad, pale yellow then pinkish. Stipe frag,le, smoolh al'ld yellow. HABITAT: Singly or In groups on rOiling wood. Summer Ihrough early fall. In North America only.

SPI (IAI FFATIJRl'S

The UO'Holored

MUleus

(Plurtus

kOlli"IIJ} il anolher ~Uow spedcl of

Pluleu, with a smooth cap and white

Jlem.

THE ENTOLOMATALES VOLVAIIIELLA GLO/OCEPHALA Pink-$porcd Criscnc DESCR IPTION: H: 4·7 in (10.18 em), 0: 2'/o-4/,in (1-12 ern). Cap ovoid then comcal, later convex or

top, fibrillose and white, browmng at the end, with a very I.1rge, very "agile whilt to

expanded, white mouse-gray or gray-brown,

gray-brown vo","a. Flesh whitish, !offielling faintly of radish, mild flavor..

smooth, Vliny wtlen dry and viscid wflen damp. Gills crO'Nded, bfOad and bowed, free from the stipe, pinkiSh-white then rusty pink

tl'f.

or pmkish-brown. Stem thmnll'19 toward the

HABITAT: open spaces rich in organIC malon lOlling vegetatlOfl. Summer through fall. !>OC11elrmes as late as De<embef. Fairly

common and widespread. srH IAI I I ATlJRES Anolhu species of VolvMiOI is rultiv,lIrd throughout $Outht,UI Asi.l on VlIIrious

renuins or trops, KpttWIy rice.

CLITOPILUS PRUNULUS M ille r

SI'} (IA I FEATURES

MiUer ofttn grows otIonpidc

C~

or

Penny Bun Mushfoonu (&llluS fd~/iJ)

50 it is a good indiurIK of their p~R n cc.

pletely while, velvety 0/ pruinose, rarely pale gray-whitE!. Very decurrem gills, crowded, very supple when pressed with the fingers, !asily detachable WIth a flAgefnail, willie 01 pale beige, be
odof and flaVO!' 01 fresh flour, hence the common name HABITAT: In gfoops in well·lil coruferous or deciduous woods.. Late summef through lOlli, mainly on acid soil. Very common and DESCRIPTION : H: 1',,·] '/, III (4·8 em). 0: 1'/,-4 in (4· 10 em). Cap COIM!X at fi~t WIth a IIghtJy inrolled margin, then expanding wllh a Idrge umbo,

depressed in the (enter. the margin b«oming wNf and lOIn in place!>; com-

widesp!ead.

POTFNT IAl CONFl ISION

01

EDIBilITY

Good 10

U I, never w o rm-Ul t n

~

CLITOCYBE CANDICANS, C. DI1A LBATA, C. CERRUSSATA, ",lute Oltocybes wluch are rOI SONOU~

THE ENTOLOMATALES ENTOLOMA CLYPEATUM Shield-shaped Entoloma

DESCRIPTION: H 2'f,-4'J. In (6-11 (m), 0: 1',.-4 in (3·10 an). Cap (oni(al then convex, margin often undulating and splrwng In piacM. flesh is

dark. gray-bfown when wet. Gills broad and well-spaced, white then dirty pink.. Stipe fibrillose, whitish Of grayish. flesh wtute, lurn· ing gray when wei. Rancid odcw, flavor mild

film with a very pronounced umbo; the silky,

and Ibuy.

fibrillose surface is beige through graybfown aod very pale when dry, becoming

HAB ITAT: in scattered groups under thorn (hawthorn and blackthorn). hedger-

bu~

POTENTIAL CONFlJS ION

.. ENTOLDAIA LlVlDUM uVld Enlolon\,l POISONClUS II' INOCYBE PATOUILLARDII Rcd-5t.llnlllgJnocybt

rOl;oNOl~

ows. In parb and on grau Yl!rges. SPllnglime. ComlTlOf1 and widespread.

ENTOLOMA LlVIDUM wvid Entoloma DESCRIPTION: H: 4 /.-8 in (12-20 em), 0: 1 J..6 in (8- 15 em). Cap hemispl\eucal or conical, be
base, rlblillose, aeamy-wtlnl!, graymg WIth age. Flesh white, thickening in the Cl'flter; odor and flavor of freY! flOtH, HABITAT: grows in rings or small groups. Sometimes two or three individuals ale fused 011 tile base. found on grass Yefge5 and well-lit

deciduous woods. especially under oak, beech, and ~Inul, on clay 0100 limestooe soil. Late summer through early fall Uncommon but WIdespread.

SPF.nAL FEATURES The Livid EntololTUl is responsible for many poisonings due 10 its r~5"mbJancc 10 two edible specics, the Clouded Apric (Clirocrw I«'/tut..ris) and Millcr (ClilOjoi/is '>nil/II/liS). It rewmblrl thr bur r in thr IIrong smtU of llour.

THE ENTOLOMATALES

.Jl!.. m

ENTOLOMA CETRATUM Ocelot Entoloma

DESCRIPTION H: 2-3/. in (5-8 em), Il '/.·1 'Ii in (2-4 an). Cap ctncaI then Ranened. Wldl a striated m.;rgirl. ~ a re
de
land and bes~ ~ Summer through lall. U1l(ommon.

ENTOLOMA CONFERENDUM Star-spored Entoloma DESCRIPTION: H: 1J..] J. in (J.8 an), o '/.· 1'I, in (2-4 em).

Cap conKa] then convex and umbonate. dirty berge 'Nfl!!n dry, gray-brown and stri· ated on lhe margin when wet. Gills beige

then pinkish. Stipe hollow and brittle, often slightly thickened at the base, strongly stri· ated with silvery fibrils a9,lIn51 a beige then brown background. flesh pale gril)', Wllh fainl odor and flavor.

HABITAT: pastures and Jawns. very wet clKiduous or corllferous forests. marshy pinewoods, especially in the moolllain!. Summer through fall. Common and widespread.

ENTOLOMA HIRTIPES Stinking EnloJoma (10 em X0.6 em))

DESCRIPTION:

H: 3J..4 ~ in (8·12 em). 0: 11.·2'1. In (J.7 em). Cap conical, then flat· tenlng with small POinted umbo. silky and reddish-bfown or dark bfown when damp, becormng pa!el when dry. WIth a suiated margin. Gills broad. while to pale brown. StJpe long ai'ld slender (4 in x 'I. in

expanding at tile bul· boo§, gray·bfown base sprinkled WIth white powdef at tile top. Rancid odor of I!sh oil. Flesh gray or pale brown, mild and floury flavor. HABITAT: In (onlfl'f-

mixed woods on li~lone soil Spring. Fairly common. OIlS Of

ENTOLOMA RHOOOPOLIUM Silky- n cm Entoloma

DESCRIPTION: H: 3'/.-6 in (8· 15 em). 0: 1'Ir 4 In (4-10 em). Cap convex then expaoolng, dePfessed

Of

umbilicate in the center. beige in dry weather, turning gray·brown when wet, with a margin that becomes uooulating WIth

age, and wtlich is somellmes sUlo1tl'd, Gills creamy·wtllte then dark pmk. Stipe fr
THE ENTOLOMATALES ENTOLOMA SERICEUM Silky Enlo loma

DESCRIPTION: H: 1'/,-4 in (4·10 em),

0: 'f.-] in (2-5 em). Cap conical then convex with a small umbo, margin with lon.g striations ~n wet, siltt gray when dry, dark brown almost black when we\. Gills sinuate, dirty white then dirty pink. Stipe thin, hollow, and friable,

grayish with while fibrils Flesh gray; strong odor and flavor of flour.

HABITAT: lawn$ and well·drained grassland, from lowland \0 highland, late summer through fall. Common.

ENTOLOMA SERRULATUM Blue En toloma DESCRIPTION: H:

,'/,-2'/. in (4-7 em),

0: '/,-l'/J in (1-4 em). Cap CDflical then convex but very often umbilicate or depressed in the center, fe lted or fjbrmose, dark bille-gray or blue-black. Gills very broad, pale blue then violetbrown, with saw-toothed edg~ Stipe ~Iid then hollow, smooth and silky, the same color as the cap, felled with white mycelium

at the base. HABITAT: In meadows. on lawns, at road· sides and on verges. in highland and HJw· land. late summer through fall. Uncommon.

DESCRIPTION: H: 2'/,-4'/. in (6-12 em), 0: 1",-3'1. in (3-8 em). Cap bell-shaped, then convex, finally expaoded, with or without a central umbo. The margin be
TOXICITY

Deadly. The symploms of poisoning do not manift'lll themsd~e$ until thtte days after inge1uon, and in certain cases the first symptoms do not appt'ar unUl twO weeks !
THE CORTINARIALES '"'" DESCRIPTION: H: 2'Ir 411 in (6·12 (m), e: l /r H in (4-8 em). Cooical or beIl·shaped cap exp<JIdiIg late!; ..... th a IXlilted IJTbo, cbMTt orange brown, fa'Ml. or re
CORTINARIUS TRAGANUS Stinking Cort inllrius

DESCRIPTION: H: l/.·41 in (8·12cml, 0: 2·4/. in (Soil un). Cap _ " " """ _ ..."" "'" sillcy bbsh·1iIac: V!iI thM city ........ te, more or less mixed ....,th tb. Wdet1 ~ ~te. brqIl saffron gills, n.ming rust-
_.... ..

stipe, tIickefwlg toward the base, bulbous and

"'" ""

FI!sh the same CDb as the gills.. darkef dart.ef In the stipe. Tht ocb is In.I!>UaI but hard 10 define, though rather ~L but sorneumes frullY; biter 1IaYor.

The Camphor ConinariU$ {C1IIfi"lIrill~ (IIJf1/_alus) i. vcry .sim~r. lIS stronger odor it fJltrcmdy unpkuant, and the

Htsh is tinted bllW: or violtt. Tht giI1s arc' prior to III.lIlurity.

~iokt

HABITAT: deciduous or corull'l'OUS Iorem, usually i'I the IllOlI'ltainS. on acid soil. Su'nrrM!r thrOlJl'jl mld-Ial. Common.

CORTINARIUS ANOMALUS Abnormal Cortinarius DESCRIPTION: H ]/,·4'/, in (8·12 em),

violet toward the top. while Of reddish......t1ne

o l'J,.]'.10 111 (H em), Cap COIWeX !hen expanded. WIth or WIthout

!ow;vd the bottom. '!hefe are reddish ringS on it

large umbo. with a regular then undulalrog margn gay.!oh-oche!. yt\Ic7N-brown, or reddish, someumes viOlet on the margin, and 5pfinkled with brilliant specks hke miCa. Gills violet. soon turning rust-brown. Slipe ohen rwiCe as long as the diamelef of the tap, bending. thidefUAg toward the base, blue-

the stipe v.tJidI disawear with age. The IIWI Is whlttsh-viOlet 111 the cap. viOlet al the lOP of the stipe; faint odor, mild 1Iavor. HABITAT: IfI groups in detiduoos fOf~ts (bum) or beneath conifers (pinel. in the low-

lands ard highlands.. Late summer through fall. Very common.

THE CORTINARIALES ". '" CORTlNARIUS ALBOVIOLACEUS Mauve- tinted Cortinariu 5

DESCRIPTION: H: i l.·5'/, in (7-1 4 em), 0: l"r3',. in (4)8 em). Cap campanulate then flattening, often with a very large umbo, pale lila< or pale ~iolet. covered in a sil~y white veil al first, then «(Nered in si l~y fibrils, but never viscid. Gills violet-gray then (wning reddish-brown. Stipe fairly thick, very swollen al the baM!, often

slight bowed, the same color as the cap,with a white cortina becoming rust-spoiled toward tht! lOp. Flesh thick in the cenler of the cap, thin at the edge. pale violet or bluish, espe
HAB ITAT: often in groups in deciduous forests (oal:, beech, chestnut). some· times under conifer$. Prefers acid soil!.. Summer through fall. Very common.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -------------------------- - - - - - - -

CORTINARIUS SEMISANGUINEUS Semi-sanguine Cortinarius

DESCRIPTION: H: 1-4 In (S-10 em).

and flavor

0: l',.·2'I,in (3·7 em).

of radish.

Cap campanula!!! then flauemng with a small umbo, surface shiny and covered in cinnamon or yellow-bmwo fibrillose granulations, somelrmM darker in the center. Slipe long and flexible, pale yellow, with a few reddish fibrils. sometimes pinkisll-

HABITAT: coniferous or mixed lowland and moun· tain forests. In the fall. (ommon.

orange at the base; thin, yellowish cortina. Flesh golden yellow or ocher olive; odor

CORTINARIUS ClNNAMOMEUS Cinnamon Cortinari us

DESCRIPTION: H: 2-4 in (5-10 em),

13: 1)\-21' in (J.6 ern, Cap convex then flattened. often umbonate. donamon·roIored, olive Of reddish-brO'Ml. Gills yellow-orange, IIJming rust when mature. Slipe

flexible, thickening toward the bonom, hollow, 10 reddish. scaly Icmard the txmom. F~ lemon yellow; faint odor and bitter flavor.

~Iow

HABITAT: in groups in cooiferous forests (mainly spruce and pine), rat"l'I under deciduous tr~ 00 acid and very humid, MIl boggy

ground. late surrroer throogh lall. fairly (om' moo and widespread.

THE CORTINARIAlES CORTlNARIUS ARM/HATUS Red -banded Corti na ri us

DESCRIPTION: H: 4·6):; in (10-17 (m),

0: (5-12 (m).

Cap flattened bell-shape, neYly, reddish and COYefed with very small, slightly darker sca!.s.

often beanng the remaInS of the red ~1 on the margl1l. Beige gills soon be
roklred. Stipe firm, full, Wlth a large bulb, ringed with brick-red. some~me oblique elr-

ell's. (oulna while, abuodanl but ephemeral Flesh pale brown, odor of radish, mild Of bitter flavor. HABITAT: In grCMJps under de
SlJrnmer through fall. Fairly common.

CORTINARIUS TORVUS C urved Cortinarius

DESCRIPTION: H: H·S~ in (8· 14 em), 0: 2-4 in (S-10 em). Cap hemispheficalthen convex. fleshy, wl!h line bfown or graYl~' bfown flbfils. sometimes $lightly viO· leI. Gills thick and very widely spaced, gray-violet then fUst Stipe thickening al tile base, ohen curved. vioielloward the top. covered under· fleath WIth a whitish meath the top of which is incurved to 101m a ioOIt of ring. FIWI gray and thid: in the centef, violet at the top of the SlIpe; Strong and unpleasant odor and mild RaYOf.

HABITAT: deciduous forests, mainly

Summer tJwough fall. Very common.

bee(h.

d insk sJrrnlh r-'wg ~

nwg Itt'" II.( lop c( rl!t Ulrt

CORTINARIUS HINNULEUS Fawn Cortinarius

DESCRIPTION: H:

0: 2-3;( in (5-8 em).

2 ~·4 "

In (7-12 em),

(apbfl4lapedthen~ng.wllhapomi·

nenl OOlbo;rod ll\ill'gi'llruwd lor a long tiTle. yeIow ocher to re«ish-l:raMl, r.t:rlo5e. Gills ~'!opiICed and wKIe. violet 011 first then the same roIor as the cap. Stipe ochef, COYl'Ied In rings 01 whrtiSh veil forming a wNte ring aro.m the ITIIddIe 01 the stipe. Flesh ......tNtrsIt. ooged WIth violet 011 the lop of the Sbp@;odorol eanh or mold. mild flavor nming t:.tter altef a few IIlOIllI!fIIS 01 dlewJ1g. HABITAT: 1Il all types 01 forest and on all types 01 soil, in plains and mountair6. Summer through fall. Common.

THE CORTINARIALES '" '" CORT/NAR/US PALEACEUS Straw Corti narius

DESCRIPTION: H: (4·8 em), e: (2·3 em). Cap C(lmpanulate 01' coni· cal, then flattening, with a large brownish-gray

pointed umbo, be
thin, dark brown when wet, ocher in dry conditions, with a strong odor of geranium.

HABITAT: on mo!.S in coniferous Of mixed forests of birch and conifers. on ~ry wet ground. Fall. Ul'lCommon to fairly common.

CORT/NAR/US FLEX/PES fl exible-stem Cortinariu5 DESCRIPTION: H: I%·J:,4in (4-8 em), 0: \':.·1'/.(2·4 cm).

Cap conkalthen flattened, with a poinlPd umbo and slightly fibrillose sur face, blackish-brown when weI. paler in dry wealhet. The paler margin is covered wi th the remains of the white veil. Gills grayish to rust bfown wi th lilac highlights. Stipe thin, pale graybrown, sometimes tinged with pale lilac at the top, and carrying while flakes

arranged in rings except at top. Flesh brown or violet-brown, lilac at the top of the stipe; odorless and flavorless. HABITAT: in small tufts or singly, under spruce, often in moss, alongside birches or in very humid soil. late summer and fall. Fairly frequent in places.

CORTINARIUS MULTIFORMIS Multirorm Coni nariu s

DESCRIPTION: H:2'I.-4 in (6· IOem). 0 :2· 4 in (5-10 em). Cap fleshy, COIM?X f« a 00g time, then flattened, with a margin thaI remal/'lS nolled fa a 00g time.VISCid at first. fc1'Ml ocher. re«lishoc:hef, later darkeni1g to cafe...au-/alt Striated with ~ fbiIs an:! with an op
This is a (oll«live sp« ies, consisting of

several fonns and varieties.

erw.g ., a more or less marginate bu~

~ 10

HI in (2 \0 3 011)

in diametef. Flesh white. yellowing. faint in 'fO'JI9 specinens, bKcmiN;! more or less fruity Of m ling of honey 'Nith age ood mild in

""".

HABITAT: under decidllOUs or coniferous trees in lowland or mountains. Summer and fall. Common.

THE CORTINARIALES CORTINARIUS CAERULESCENS Blue Cortinarius

DESCRIPTION :

-==--.........""

H: 2'.4 il1(7-10

0: 2 ... 4'. i'I{6-12 011), Cap hemispherical, very fleshy, gray· blue or gray-vio· let, discolOfing in ochef patches. and striated with

j

well-defined fibflls. Gills crowded, blue-viole! then more or less rust-colored, with an irregular saw-toothed edge. Stipe fibfll· lose, the same color as the cap, with a very swollm bulb measuring up to 2/, in (4 cm) in diameter. flesh pale blue-violet, pale ochef on the surfa<e; odorless.

HABITAT: under various de
kKalized.

CORTINARIUS PURPURASCENS Purplish Cortinari us

DESCRIPTION: H: 2iH); in (6·12 em), 0 ; 2·6 in (5·15 em). Cap hemispherical then expanded and lumpy with undulating margin, fleshy, viscid,

reddish·brown with margin Illat is somelimt5 violet and fibrillose. Gills violet then lust becoming violet when IUbbed, Stipe vio-

let, very fibrillose, even striated, turning del'pe:r viOll't; bulb falrty large. VIOlet flesh, the (olor intensifying when l'xposed to t~ air. faint odOf, mild flaVOf.

HABITAT:

under conifers and somellmM under deciduous trees on limestone soil. Fall. fairly (ommon.

CORTINARIUS CALOCHROUS Many.colored Cortinari u5

- -,..

Cap convex soon llattening. pale lemon to yet. k:m ~ doned Wlm red in the CeI'lll!!'. Gills

"'"

""'''~

or rust-wloled, Wlm saw-toothed ed:jes. Stipe ~ in (1 em) r1
DESCRIPTION: H: 1[·2:4 in (4·7 em), 0: 2·2:4 in (S·7 em)_

HABITAT: undef beeches, but SOITIe\llTleS i'I rrned woods on irnestone soil. Fall. fairly common.

CORTINARIUS GLAUCOPUS Green·stemmed Conin:lrius DESCRIPTION: H- 2·4',. In (5·12 ern). 0; 2·4 in (5· 10 ern).

Cap convex, verv firm, Wlm an inrolled mar· gin, yellow orangeor fawn, With redd"M, well ·defmed fibnls. Gills pale blac at first then rust·
THE CORTINARIALES

DESCRIPTION: H: 2~·4~ in (7-12 em), 0: 2'h-4 in (6- 10 em).

Cap convex then eKP¥lding, though the mar· gin remains inroUed, viscid in wet weather. bfil· liant sulfur yellow, reddening ffom the center. Gills brig1t yellow, tIl!f1 arM!. Stipe ending in a vel)' lafge yellow bulb, which later turns broYm. Flesh pale violet at !he lOp of !he stJpe, SI.ifls yeIow in the bull. v.fute 10 pale yellow eIseoMlefe; plmanl ab. mild ftawr.

HABITAT: beech fOIesl5 on limestone SOil. fall. Fairly common.

FOIBILITY Edibl~ ,

but therr is I KnoU5 rUk of pOlrntial confusion with the Ru plrndrnt Cortinarius whkh is dudly.

II> CORTINA RIUS SPLENDENS Rc~pltndtn!

Cortlllllrius

D~AlJIY

CORTINARIUS SPLENOENS Resplendent Cortinari us DESCRIPTION: H: 2-4 in (5·10 em). e 1 H'ldn (4-7 em) Cap hke that of Ihr Elegant COftinarius but more golden. Gills bright yellow then rust·

colofed upon malUlity. Stipe has a large margInate, wlfur yellow bulb, tinged with Mt toward the bottom, COflina lemon yeI. low. The flesh is bright yellow all over and unifOfm. Odorless, mUd flavor.

HABITAT: In small groups in de
CORTINARIUS RUFOOLIVACEUS Reddish-olive Coninarius

cortina; bulb marglRiite and leddening. Flesh firm and thid:, Mly pm!:: in the bulb, purplish·'ItoIet; lain! odor and billef laSU!_

DESCRIPTION: H: 2'/..-4YO in (612 em), 2Y;·4~ in (7·12 em). Cap IIemispheriCal then convell, 'lisdd,

o

brownish-red or russet, ~igh!1y violet Of olive al the edge. Gills very crowded, olivaceottS then cinnamon. Stipe yellowgreen, violet at the top, but often el'Ulrely vioIi!l due \0 lhe abundan\

HABITAT: in small groups in

deciduous forMIs, especially oak and ~(h, on limestone SOiL Fall. Fairly commoo.

CORTINARIUS OELIBUTUS Glulinous Cortlnarius

DESCRIPTION: H:

2Y;·4~

in (7·12 em),

0: 3-8 em. (ap convex tllPn eKpaAded, very viscid, lemon to golden. Gills violet then orange to cinnamon. Stipe elongated, thlCl::erung into a

bulb at the base, whitish, somelllTle5 bluish at the lop. edged wnh filaments tinted orange yellow. tilac flesh in young sped-

mens. turning whiush

but often the top 01

the stipe retams ils violet color; famt odor, not partICUlarly charactensuc. mild or b.lttf

""'"

HABITAT: In groups in de
THE CORTINARIAlES CORT/NARIUS TRIVIALIS T,; vi~1

CortinllriUJ

DESCRIPTION: H: 3'.'-71' in (8- 14 em), 0: 1,/,.4 in (4·10 em),

Cap conical and convex then fianened and more or less lumpy, very viscid, yellow ocher, fawn or brownish-yellow. Gills grayish- oche!' or grayish-viOlet, $00I'I turning rusty, hicldef1 at first by a ....sed cOIlma Stipe very rigid and very long. up to 6 in (IS em), INnner al the base, very visOO, nnged with cilculaf ridges. flesh pal! veJIow, ocher brOMl in the Iowef part of the SlIpe; odorless, mikl flavor.

HABITAT: in large groups in deciduous

woods (oa~ be«h, birch). Late wmmef

Ihroogh lall. Common.

HEBELOMA CRUSTULIN/FORME Poison Pic

Slraw-lightly bullous and flocco5e at the top. flesh thick and white; IT(Ife Of less stroog CIder 01 radish. bitter taste HABITAT: 111 ~oups in damp places If\ deciduous or cOfIiferous forest$. Summer through fall. Very common.

DESCRIPTION: H. 2·4 in (5-10 on),

0: 2·4 in (5·10 em), Cap convex then llattening. margI'I remaining "oiled fOf a long bme, often LITIbonate,

HEBELOMA MESOPHAEUM Brown-ce ntered Hcbeloma

DESCRIPTION: H: 2·4 in (S-IO em). 0: 1"A·2% in (3-7 em). Cap convex then flattened often umbonate, $lightly viscid in wei .....eall\er, typically twocolored. The centl.'f is reddi$h-brO'M1 arod the outer part paler due \0 the presence of the remains of the whitish veil (cortma). Gills pale, subsequently turning brown. Stipe whitish, latl.'f reddish-brown al the baw. with a flbrilannular ZOIle al the base. Flesh white, ochef 10 brown at the baw of the stipe: strong odor of radiVi, biner flallOl,

w

HABITAT: in groups on lawns, in parh. In grassy clearings in deciduous or «()(literou!>

forests, mainly in the mountains. lale summer through fall. Fairly common,

HEBELOMA SINAPIZANS Mustard Hebeloma

DESCRIPTION: H: 4-8 in (10·20 em), e: 2'/.·6 in (1·15 cm). Cap convex then expanded. red-

dish-ocher

IOOX \0

pale brown, paler


Looks li ke Poi$on Pie (IItbflomR r rustj/iHi(ormr) but larger. The cone of fibers visible at the top of tht stipe in vertical section, is vt ry dininctivc in this species.

(he base and becoming hoi· low. flesh whitish; a cone of libels descends from the center 01 the cap into the top 01 the hollow stipe; ocb of radish. very peppery taste. HABITAT: in large groups undef

bee
THE CORTINARIALES HEBELOMA RADICOSUM Rooting He beJoma

DESCRIPTION: H; 21'·8 in (7·20 em).

roots into the soil. flesh white with a very Stfong odor of bit-

Cap convex, fleshy, visrous. reddish ocher . slightly scaly. Gills crowded, pale al first then

ter almonds, mild flavor.

browning rapidly. Stipe ~ to 1 in (1 to 2.5 em) thic~ INith a scaly, .....tlite ring aocl powdery at

HABITAT: deOOlIOOS forests, mainly beech. Summer through fall. Fairly common.

e:2-4% in (S·ll em).

the lop. the same coo iK the cap and coyefed with scales belatv the ring, swoHen at the base 001with a thick pseodorrhiza ....tlid1

ALNICOLA MELINOIDES, NAUCORIA ESCHAROIDES Yell ow is h NaucQ ria

0: IH.4. in (1-3 em).

ing, yellowish-red or dirty ocher when dry, reddish-brown when wei, darker in the cen-

Cap convex then flat, sometimes umbonate, the margin becoming striated then urldulat-

ter. Gills crO\Yded, ocher al first then taking on a dark brown coloralion. Stipe long and

DESCRIPTION: H: 2-3'0' in (5-8 em),

slender (about n;·x 'A. in (7 x OJ em)), the same color as cap, but darken-

ing from the base with age, and covered with very fine down at the top. The small bulb is paler at the base. Flesh odorless. slightly bitter.

HABITAT; in large groups in damp shady areas with alder or willow on ri~er banks. Summer through fall. Common. 011 mo!.S

Bitterswee t lnocybe

DESCRIPTION: H: 1'10·2 injlS cm), 0: %2 in (2·5 em),

Cap (onvex. eventually flat· tened, nol fleshy fibrillose and scaly, yellow ochef or laWfl, at first
lony ring. Flesh pale brown; faint odm and mole 01 less biller flavor. HABITAT: in thinly wooded areas, bare ground, fallow land, afld laWflS. Summer through fall. Common.

INOCYBE RIMOSA, I. FASTIGIATA Hoar·frost Inocybe

DESCRIPTION: H: 1\(· 2'/0 in (3·7 cm), D: lH 'IO in (3·8 (m), Cap conical, then more expanded with a large pornted umbo; the surfa<e is ~ry fib· rillose. (ra(ked, straw colmed, pale yellow m

ocher, and the margin crads deeply with age, Gills crowded, yellow·green or yellow· gray, then turning brown, with white edges. Stipe paler, stained with ocher at the base, pruinose or slightly s
THE CORTINARIALES INOCYBE PATOUILLARDII Red-Stain ing Inocybe

DESCRIPTION: H: 2·3'h in (5·9 em), 0: 1',<:-2 ".' in(3-8cm), Cap conical, umbonate arrd fibrillose, ting at the margin,

2l!.. 259

SPECIAL fEATURES

This mushroom can he identified by the way ('\'cry part of il turns red cithu 10 the touch or naturaU), with age. It is ~lit­

vcry poisonous and has ullSed dUlhJ.

whitish to straw·colored, reddening to the touch and with age. Gills pale, then brown, reddening when damaged Of

rubbed. Stipe sturdy, 'II to %in(l to2.5cm)

in diameter, white and red. Flesh white, reddening in the

stipe when mild flavor.

CU I,

and

HABITAT: in well-lit

woods, footpaths. clearings. and parks. late spring through

early fall. Uncommon to lairty common depending on Ihe year and the location.

POTFNTIAL CONFUSION

.. CA LOCY8E CAAJBOSA 51 CWIj!C'S Mushroom EOIBLE .. fNTOLOAlA CLYPEAT UAI, E. APRILE, E. SEPIUM Sprmg Emolomas

.

,

EDIBl.I:

INOCYBE MACULATA Spotted lnocybe right to the centef. Spotted with white in ~ng spedmens.. Gills turning oIive-gray . Stipe thick· ening at the base. sometimes bulbous and fibrillose, white bul reddish in the center. brcmn· ing wim age and from the top. Flesh has a specifK: cxb" thai is hard to define.

DESCRIPTI ON: H: 1'II-3'.1i In (4-8 cm),

0: 1'':-2'11 in (3·8 em) Cap cooical then flaner, WIth pointed umbo. and reddish-brown fibrils ()1 a oeam bad::. ground, deeply oacked in pla<es, sometimes

INOCYBE CALAMISTRATA Crimped Inocybe DESCRIPTION: H: 2-3'11 in (5·8 cm), 0: 2·3'.1i in (5-8 cm). Cap campanulate or coovex, dark brown, covered in upturned dark scales, gills broad, whitish but soon lurning reddish·brown, stipe often lWiste<J, dark bfown like the cap, covered in ere
HAB ITAT: under de
HABITAT: under deciduous trees (hornbeam, beech) on damp, limestone soil, on paths and in a~ glO'les. fall. Fairly common.

THE CORTINARIALES

260

2"

INOCYSE CORYDALINA Green-capIXd ln ocybe

DESCRIPTION: H: 3'-'-5'1: in (8-13 (m), 0: 1110-2%in (4-7 em).

Bell-shaped then flattened, umbonate, fibril · lose cap. cream at first tt-..!n turning brown, with a pale green umbo. Gills white, turning gray. Stipe long, the base swollen into a bulb, white al iirst, then striated with brown fjbri~. very strong, unusual fruity odor, mild f1aVOf. HABITAT: singly in deciduous forests

0f1

limestone or non-acid soil. late summer through fall. Fairly common.

SPf.CIAL FEATURES

The odor i5 5imilar to that of Corydalis a spring Bower from which it has receivrd its botanial tpithcl.

INOCYSE PUSIO Dwarf Inocybc

DES CRIPTI ON: H: 110 in (2·5 em), 0: 'h- l'-' in (1 -3 em), Cap very fibrillose Of streaky with a wide umbo,

brownish, with a filac margin. Gills pale gray then gray-

brown. Stipe plumose at the extremity, especially in young specimens, with a small bulb at the base, ochef OJ violet al Ihe lop in young spe<:i-

mens, with a few reddish fibrillose fiI· aments. Flesh lila<-colored at the top of the stipe; odor unplea! rel="nofollow">ant. HABITAT: under dedduous trees or

spfuce on very humid soil. Summer through fall. Common.

INOCYBE LACERA Torn-cap ln ocybc

DESCRIPTION: H: 1~ -2'-' in (1I·6 em),

0: %-1'h in (2-/1 em). Cap conical, fl~jllose and dov.ny, 'Nith an iflrolled, split margin. reddisld:rown 01 grayish-

brO'M'l. sometimes gayish·yellow. Gills rust-co!Ofed, with v.t1ite edges. StipeatnJI '" in (4 mm) wide, $lightly bulb0u5. devoid of down, with a cortina in the )OOO!l !.p@dmen, odlet bIad:enlog al the base. FIWI pale in the cap, darker in the stipe; mild fla..I:lr. unpleasant odor.

INOCYBE GODEYI Gooey's lnocybe DESCRIPTION: H: 1 %·2~ In (/I-7 em), 0: 1'-1'rS in (2-4 (m).

Cap conical then flattening IYilh a central umbo, fibrillose or streaky. often spHt along the margin, cream or beige. l)e(omif"lg reddfsh· orange. Gills the same shade as the cap, Stipe with marginate bulb. while then striated WIth red. Bulb remaining ....nile. flesh while, redclefl· ing in contact wIll the air; strong and unpleas-

ant odor. acrid taste. HABITAT: deciduous forests. mat\ty beech. 00 limestooe soil. FaR. Fairtj ccmmon WI the south.

moorland, on bare soil beside paths. on sandy, poor soil. Fall. Fairly common. HABITAT:

THE CORTINARIALES

262

'"

INOCYBE GEOPHYLLA Common White Inocy bc

DESCRIPTION: H: l Id '/. in (306 em). 0 : 'lr 2'h in (1 -4 on). Cap conical and poinl~ then flanen· ing with a prominent umbo and smooth, while, silky surface, sometimes CCIIIlft£lll lflliu

IrIOCJw, lilacina

,-an'c'l"

~iscid al first and ocher on the umbo. Gills crowded and swollen, cream or pale gray,

then brownish-ocher. Stipe long and slen·

der, swollen into a small bulb at the base. At first covered with a lar!je tortilla, then

fibrillose and wi th a downy lop. Flesh white or
or slightly acrid flavor.

SPECIAL n .ATURF.S

This sptcies contains many "arietiu, the commonest of which i5 the lilllciwa varifly, which is purple cxctpr for the umbo, which remains ocher.

HABITAT: de<:iduous forests, especially (I(l clay and limestOlW soil. Summer through fall. very common.

INOCYBE ASTEROSPORA Scar-spored Inocybc

DESCRIPTION: H: 2'/.-4 in (6·10 em), I'I.-2'/. in (3-6 em). Cap conical then flatlened and umbon-

a:

ate, split up \0 the umbo, reddish Of

reddish-brown, bul with white flesh showing through the cracks. Gills dirty beige then cinnamon. Stipe slender, entirelv pruinose and striated, reddish,

HABITAT: under

dedduous trees. I! appears to show it prelerence for hazelnut and beech. fall. Very

common.

orange or brownisll-red, ending abruptly a1 thl' base in it flauened white, turnip-shaped bulb. Flesh pale reddisll, dark.er in the stipe; no particu-

lar odor. bulb ~'hi't and f'/wnt'/

ROZITES CAPERATA Wrinkled Razites DESCRIPTION: H: 3"::.6 in (8-15 em), 0: 2'/'·4'/.in (6·12 em). Cap gioIJUose then camp<wuAate, very IWrj in

the

centet;

....,th a wrinkled or Unpy M.xe.

except in the centel; ~ange or ocher; the

striace is oovered 'Ni!h a v..tlfte or bIuish.....tUte

da.Yn 1'I)0J09 specinens arxI this persisl5 in the

center 01 the cap in mattxe spedmens. Gills pale

men ocher, with ragged edges. Stipe wlbous or ttxkeoed at the base. f~ slightt,o 00wny abcM! the striated arxI persiste!ll ring. Flesh v.tVtish; pleasant 000r ard mild /Iayor, HABITAT; in ~ in coni:ferous woods (pine.

Good to ral bUI onu worm ·ralrn. Thr fibrous sopt' should br disc"nkd.

5pIlKe) or deOOJous woods (oak., beech) on

acid or sandy soil. late summer through fall. Fairly common in mid·mountain.

'" THE CORTINARIALES 165

GYMNOPILUS PENETRANS Penetrating Gymnopilus

DESCRIPTION: H: 2'-'"4 in (7-10 em), 0: 1'''·2% in (3-7 em), Cap COIM'X then ~ r~ yeikmcxange to rust, paler at the eOJe. Gis yeik:HJ then brc.v.nistHlrar. S~ thickenirg from top to Ixmom, .....tIitish to yebN with c:Iarm fiOOIs, arxJ base OM'I'ed i'1 v.t.ite ibMl; small. fragile, faint mg. Flesh wtlitish. 00criess.n:l very D'ner.

HABITAT: ':i'gty IX in tufts on rotti'g t:.anches

a twigs of conifers, scmetrnes pooiatj 00ried i'1

the (1tUld: also on the cooes. SUnmer ttw.ql fall. Vefy amron.

GYMNOPIWS SPECTASILIS Fiery Agaric

DESCRIPTION: H: 4·7" in (10-18 an), 0: 2-6 in (5-15 on). Cap COO'o'eX, aange-yeiow to fawn. With fed· ti!.h fibrils. Gils !.i'wte. tQ;;It yebY, then f\/SHoIored, brOWl'WlgIO the 1OI.dI. Stipe thick. 'Nidef al the base, With a ~ Mg. IUS! to yeIbN; flesh did: and fim. v.fIittsh 10 pale yellow, faint odor and bitter 1LMlr.

_...

HABITAT: 11 smailufts

or snjy, at the base oIst~on

""" """Irees, 01 cII!cdJous fare!' on cavffn. Sum-

fTl@fttvoojlfall.

TOXI( lTV

""....",.

Poiwnous and h~ucinogtnj(. Su,pcClcd of bring responsible for fOmr

srrious caStS of poisoning.

CREPIOOTUS MOLLIS Soft Crepidotus

DESCRIPTION: 0: ~2" in (2-7 em), Cap bell-shaped 01 expanded into shell· ~ or kidney-~pe, whitish to beige whefl dJ)'. ocher to brownish-glay when damp. Surface coYe\'ed wuh a very viscid detachable film. Gills crowded, whitish then brown, radiatil"lg from the point of attach· ment. Slip! a~1 or very W>rt and !;lIefal Flesh ge\atlflOOS. HABITAT: in imbriCated or tiered groups on

dead wood, SlUmps or fallen branches of variOus dr
THE CORTINARIALES

.l!!..

'"

CREPIDOTUS VARIABILIS Variable C repido tu s

DESCRIPTION: 0: '.'-1\0\ in (O.S-3 em). Cap pure white and kKloey-shaped, felted; upper surface oh~ anached to the support. so that the fungus has its gills uppeonosl. The gills radiate from the point of anachmenl and change from cream to pinkish-red, and finally to cinnamon. The stipe is abseil!. The flesh is thin.white. and odorless. This species is inedible mainly due to its small size. HABITAT: in tiered groups Of aligned along

branches and twigs of deciduous tretS, especially in mushwood or in maS5ed branches.

Very common in the fall, though il occasionally perslsls throughout the year.

GALERINA LAEVIS Smooth Calerina

DESCRIPTION: H: ~- 1 * in (2-4 em), 0: "'-~ in (0.5- 1 em). Cap remaining (OO\Ielt for a k:log time, yellow

ocher in dry weather, tlXJ'ling red:lish-b'own in the wet. The gills can be seen through the transparent cap. due to the thinness of the flesh. Gills spaced, ocher yellow. Stipe pale yellow with silky white fibrils, a maximum of :a: in (2 mm) thide. F~ very thin. HABITAT: On mossy lawns. Summer through fall, Very common. SPECIAL FEATIJRES Mushrooms of the Galcrina genus are difficult, if not impossible, to idtnrify with the naked eyt.

GALERfNA MARGfNATA Marginate Galera

Cap hemis!flerical then eoovex, smooth. ~ yelloN ....t.en tty, brownish-c
DESCRIPTION: H: 1%-3'.4 in (4-8 0: ~-2%in (2-7 em).

eml.

GALERfNA AUTUMNALfS Autumn Galera DESCRIPTION: H: 1'1,.3'.4 in (H em) 0: %-2'' \ in (H em). Very similar to the Marginate Galela described above, different mainly in thaI ill cap is viscid.

HABITAT: on the dead branches of coniferous or decidl.lOus Ire(!s. t ate summer through fall. Uncommon.

THE CORTINARIALES ". '" STROPHARIA AERUGINOSA Verdigris Agaric

DESCRIPTION: H: 211-4 in (6·10 em), Q: l \OAin(J.8cm).

Cap coovex Ihen ~oded, very viscid, green or blue-green, with shreds of white, espedally around the edge. Wilh age, the shreds lend to disappear and the cap takes on a pale )'1!lIow to yellow-

Ofgtlnk malter,

where animals

have been and in well-fertilized paS\Ufes. Summer through fall. Very com-

moo ami widespread.

ocher tint. The gills are whitish at first,

then violet, bul the edge remains white, The white or blue-green stipe has mlKh

denser while shreds Ihan those 01 the cap. 1\ has a membranous riog. which SOOI1 turns violet-brown from the spores. White

'\ .,,,,,,,h I"","~'

nilS

my<elial cOfds are visible al the base of the stipe when it is uprooted, flesh while,

bluish at the base of the stipe; practically odorless and mild in tlavor. HABITAT: in groups in dedduou5 and coniferous forests on soil rich in

r - - "')~tlitll cords

SPECIAL HAnJRFS Th~ Blue .... garic (SIrof,llIIrill clltrNka) is similar but the ring is much less marked, even in young specimens, and is often absrnt. The Gills do not have a white edge when malurie, and the cap is less

scaly.

TOXICITY Suspemd of being poisonous. This mushroom was long considered edible but poor, bUI il would be wise to avoid eating il.

STROPHARIA SQUAMOSA, PSILOCYBE SQUAMOSA Scaly Cap DESCRIPTION: H:2A-4h in (6· 12 em).

!il:ll.-2'J, in (3-6 em). Cap hemispherical men COlWeX, sligltly viscid. yelloY.ish-red or fol'Ml, with COOO!Iltric ...mitish scales on the margin in )OOIlg spedmens. Gills broad pale gr~. then prC9~ tUfning via\et~ray 'Nith white edges. Stipe IoN;! and sIenda hoIk:7.v and r9d. white WIth a shaggy, striated ring. edged with white scales ltIder the ring. at)ainst a brO'Ml backgroond. flesh pale and SI'I'lE!!ling of humus; mik! f\ao.n, HABITAT: on debris in decidL()US fOf~ts or on

leaves. Fall. Fairly common.

STROPHARIA CORONILLA Crowned Stropharia Cap hemlsphencal then convex and fleshy, pale to bright yellow or ochef, silky In dry weathei, viscous 'Nhefl wet, margin sometimes sca~. Gills pale brO'Ml at first then violet brown. edges remaining white. Stipe sturdy, 'Nith a white, striated ring, IUlning brownish·black., Flesh thick and white; slight or:k:lr, mild flavor. HABITAT: dry meadows. grazing land, flE!lds. roadsides, clearings and

DESCRIPTION:

2'.' in (3-6 em).

H : l ~-2

in (3-5 cm). 13:1.'-

edges of forests. Suml11E!f through fall. Fairly common and widespread,

THE CORTINARIALES STROPHARIA SEMIGLOBATA Round Cap

DESCRIPTION: H: 1%·4 in (4·10 em), 0: ~ 1\( in (2·4 em). Hemispherical then concave cap, straw
mild flavor. HABITAT: on cattle dung, and especially

horse-manure in pastures. late spring through fall. (ommon and widespread.

HYPHOLOMA SUBLATERITIUM DESCRIPTI ON: H: 2%·8 in

(6·20 em),

0: 2-4 in (5-10 em). Cap hemispherical then convex. typically brick red at first, paler later, with a margin that is always paler and edgfd with white

scales in young specimens. Gills crowrled, wtlitish·yellow then violet-gray. Yellow stipe, reddening at the base and with fine scales. Flesh pale yellow. reddening in the stipe; more or less biuer ffavor.

HABITAT: in thick tufl5 00 old stumps of dedduous or cooiferous trees. Fall. Fairly common.

HYPHOLOMA FASCICULARE SulhlrTuft DESCRIPTION: H :2)1-511 in (6-t3 em),

0: %-2% in (2·7 em). Cap globulose, soon be
POTENTIAL CONFUSION

.. K UEJ-INERO /llYCES /II UTA B/U S

Changmg Pholiota

Emllu

in the form of small shreds. later, il becomes smooth and turns pale yellowish·gref!n. Gills are very narrow and crowded, lemon yellow bul eventually grayish-green or gray· i!.h·violet. Stipe long and flexible, yl'lIow at the top. reddish or browllish at the bottom. When spor!'!i are emined, a grayish ring

appears morl! or less distinctly on the upper part of the stipe. Flesh thin, bfight yellow, reddish at the base of the stipe; fungal odor, very biller flavor.

SPECIAL FEATURES

Sulfur Tun is onr of the commoneJt mu, hrooms, appearing wi lh the firsl rains of Ihc fall and Lasting unlil the firsl FrOSlJ.

HABITAT: Generally in very crowded tufts on dead stlJmps of deciduous or coniferous trees. as well as on the rDOls; sometimes srng~ or in small tufts of IWO or three specimens, Spring through ear~ winter. Very common and widespread.

THE CORTINARIALES

m

ill

HYPHOLOMA CAPNOIOES Conifer Sulfu r Tuft

DESCRIPTION: H: n-s'-' in (6-1] em), 0: lH'/. in (3-6 em). Thi~

hypholoma pos!.e§se5 lhe same characteristics as Sulfur Tuft. The difference is mamly in lhe gills which are pale gray ailirsl before bKoming glayish-violet.They are never IInted yellow or green, aocl the lIavor is mild F[) IBILITY

Not vny lood 10 tal ;and it is ~i$lIblt 10 noid it d~ 10 Iht possibility of

HABITAT: in IUfts on conifer stumps. maillly pine Spring through fall emd in mild wmlefs. Fairly common. especially in the mountains.

COIIN,ion with Sulfur Tuft.

HYPHOLOMA ELONGATUM Long-.temOled Hypholoma

DESCRIPTION: H 2-4'" in (5· 12 on). 0: '6-Ydn (1-2 an).

Cap convex or campanula!e. then yOOOth and ltauened,lhe margIn slightly Wlated when weI. pale ocher or yellow, greenish In wei

wealller, ochef brown in dry weather

Gills pale yellowi!J1 then brown-viOlet wilh while edges. Stipe thin and very slender, up to 6 in (\S em) Ior.g and ~ in (2 mm) Wide, flexible. the color of Ihe cap or paler, with a redd,sh·brown or orange base. Covered in white venical fibrils. sometllTle5 arranged in bands giving it a stripy appearance, the lower end covered in while down. Flesh

thin, wh,tlsh·yellow: faint fungal odor, mild for !.lIghtly billet

""'"

HABITAT: grows in dense dumps on moss or sphagnum moss on very damp ground. Summer through lall. Fairly

common.

PSILOCYBE COPROPHILA Coprophilou, Psilocybe DESCRIPTION: H: 1.'-2110 in (3-4 em), O. '''· 1 in (\ -2.5 em). Cap hemlspllellcal or campanu· late, ohen umbonate, ()(hel or leddish·fawn, covered in a viscous, elastic and detachable film. Gills crowded and broad, pale gray then VIOlet-brown. Stipe often flexible, elastIC and hollow, the same color as the cap. Flesh thin, ocher, with faint odor and Iloury taste. HABITAT: on cattle dung In pastures in summer and fall. ~alrty common in some parts, and Ihe most widespfead member of the Psilocybe genus in North America.

(Ill' tIC,," ro (1lM"II

bnN'~lfh ,.jill" gil/$

POTl· NTlAL CONFUSION to AlARA5A IIUS ORI!A DES

F,lIlY Rlna Champ.gnon

EDIBLE

THE CORTINARIALES

..ill.. m

PSILOCYBE SEMILANCEATA libcrly Cap!

DESCRIPTION: H: 2-41' in (5·12 an), 0; h-I' in (1-2 em), Cap conical 10

jXWlted.lJTlbonate. 001 expanding, brownish-

yellow or oIM-gray. suaw or cream when dry, covered with a

viscid film, and with a Slrjaled margin.

Gills gray then dart: purpiistHMown wllh wnlte edg~ Stipe very 1009 and slendef (2·4'; x 'f.. in 24)1;In (5-12 em x

0.2 em), Ihe s.a~ color as the cap, sometllnes !JIaOed WIth blue-green at the base. Flesh pale, brownish when W(!I Slight odof of radish,

mild flavor. SPEC I A L FFATIJRI S

Most haUucinogrnic mushroom. of 5jKciu rtbtcd to libtrty ups "rC' to bt found in the tropics, in p!.cu such.,

Muico, when they arc' uud in rC'ligious rile, by the native people•.

HABITAT: in groups in damp meadows, at on fairly acid soil. late SUIMIeI

I~

through late fall Uncommon.

KUEHNEROMYCES MUTABILIS Changing Pholiota DESCRIPTION: H: 1'1/.41/. in (4· 12 em), 0. , '/•• 3'1. in (3·8 em). Cap convex then Ilanened, often umbonate,

!>mOOth surface; reddlSh·blown when wet. Th! cap bec:omes hooey·colof~ in dry wt'atl\ef, except in the center which is a different (olor. Very fine, transparent margin, through which the gills show. Gills slightly decurrent, yellowish, then lusHolored. Stipe often curved, striated above the ling, elsewhere covered in pointed S(a~ or small uptumed scales. betge then turned Ixown with the spores; faint reddlsh·brown ring. FIMh aeam, soft in the cap. very fiblous in ttle stipe; odOf plNsanl, mild flaVOI.

'. -

.,' W• . ",',.•• •

-,

.

~~ ~,~ ' . "'" ' ~--.~

•...

~~

.

....:

~

~~ .

~~ . ','f ' -

~' •

.\

!.

" HABITAT: In thick. dense tults on old

slumps or dead de
POTFNTlAL CONFUS ION

Good to UI, pluwlf nF"nu. The fibrous ,ti~ .hould be diKardfd.

II> GALfRINA AfA RGINATA

M.uglnllte Galenna

DW)lY

THE CORTINARIALES PHOLIOTA ALNICOLA Alder Pholiota

DESCRIPTION: H: H-6

in

(8·15

eml.

0: LH.4. in (3·8 em), Cap COI'NeX then eKf)anded, smooth. brilianl arxJ viscid, ~ighl ~Iow then red:lish In the center. WIth it few slYeds OIl the margin. Gills pille yeIow beaming rust brown. SIlpe IMIduIallll9. fib<J11ose, pale ~11ow then reddishbrO'Ml from the base. Flesh yeUaw in the cap, rust al the base of the stipe; strong. pleawrt, am aromatil:: ~ rrWId Of slit;tltly blltff fIao.u. HABITAT: in lults on dead or dying alder, somelilTle$ on birdIes, in damp places. SUmmer through fall. Uncommon.

SPH IA1 I EATlIRI 5 StvmJ spWrs of Pbolil)U I~ oicdiutrd

to particular gencra of tne, for t'lLlmplr,

1'II00iolll SIllkitolir only grows on "illow,

PHOLIOTA LENTA

'.

Clutinous PholioUl DESCRIPTION: H: 2~-1I% in (6-12 em), 0: U.-3.4 f1 (4-8 an), Cap hemisphericallhen expanding, very visCid in wei weather. yellow, beige, Of reddiSh, with a few white shreds at the edge of the margin on yoong specimens. Gills whitishyellow, then odlef through 1161 blown. Stipe ...rolle, reddish toward the base, densely COY-

sri CIAL

fI ATt IRES

'I'M Sticky PboIiota (1'ItoI;. p_..-), is sma1kr and found in mo~ ~n 5Jmts i

the cap is .:bIrker.

ered in the)O\J'lg specImen With oole scales. 'MIlle flesh, russet aI the base d the Sflle; riel f\ao.u HAB ITAT: !lOONS in small

!JCK.fIS ex only on t:ulfd branches oYId I'oY9S II b!s(s 01 deOOJous trees. ~ beedl ex cooifers; ~ in \h@ ~ fal, ewn late II the ~ Farij

""'''''''''.

PHOLIOTA SQUARROSA Shaggy l'holiota

DESCRIPTION: H: 4/·8 in (12-20 em),

aging trees. sometimes on the Slumps of

0: 24 III (5-10 em).

deciduous and COfll/efOUS 1Jees. fall through eally winlet'. Failfv common,

Cap hernis;lheOcal or campanulall! at first. then CCIO'Il'X and Hauening, with an inrolled margin, totally WYefed in reddish scales 'Mth upturned tiPS against a yellow badgroood, densef in !he Cefller. Gilts aowded, paler then darker yellow. Stipe king, nanO'Nef toward the base, coriaceous and §(.ltv like the cap except at the top which is )'fIbN and smooth. fle!.h thid: and libfous, yellow, vneUiog of celery-rool, mild flavor. HABITAT: in large tufts. on the lcoB 01

CONOCYBE LACTEA M ilk-white Co nexybe

DESCRIPTION: H: 2·4 in (S·10 em), 0; I·" in (12 em).

Cap shaped hke the linger of a glove. bellshaped or conical, often POInted,wlth a sui·

ated margin, slightly viscid when wet. whitish or oeam-colored, becommg pale

ocher With age. Gills crO'Nded and broad, pale ocher then bright lust-red. Stipe 1loI· low, 'I.- 1:4 in (2 or ] mm) thiCk, thidPnrJ'IQ at the base or WIth a small bulb, while and linely striated, slightly powdery at the top. Flesh very thin, fragile and whi te WIth a faim odor and bitter afterta\t@. HABITAT: lawns and roadsides. Summef through fall. Fairly common and widespread

THE CORTINARIALES AGROCYBE AEGERITA, A. CYLINDRACEA Poplar Pholjou DESCRIPTION: H: 3\/,.6 In (8-15 on), 0: 2-4 in (5·10 an),

C." - . . . """ concao.1!, flanened ., older specimens. mane hazel· rn.JI to chemul color, turning cream WIth age. at first at the edge. 1hr center often femaflS darker; the surfiKe is slightly wrirr ~Ied or LW'Idulating at the edge. and has a tendency to oad: in the centef of the cap. G,lIs crowded, pale. then dnnalTlOrKoIored. with wtuU! edges. Stipe long and flexible. fibrous, pale in color, IlrownrY:I when the spores are deposited; ling implanted t.jI on the stipe. \WII dMIoped, and fleshy. Flesh white, except at the base of the stipe wilerI.' 1\ is brown, pleasant odor and

"""""""

HABITAT: in IUfts on stumps or at the base of

lfee UIJf1I:: along the line of the tap-OOts. mainly on popular but !lOmetimes on Other species 01 deciduous trees such as the elder and MIl the oak. late spring throoo;,i1

lall, may appeal" seyeral times in one year on the same

stump if Ihe

weather is mild and

damp. It is aw.vmth-Icw-

iog

speoes. fairly com-

mon in soothem regions, much rarer In the north, WKiesplead, Highly pOred in southern France and Italy, II!f1iruL/,/"

,\-_ _C"OKi n~&

SPH IAI FF.ATlJRFS

Tht Popllr Pboliou hilS long bern rulti'llIltG on I Jinllil WIlt in Italy, on thin slicn or split lop of popll.r. 1t UJ1 now Itt g'own on an lIrtilicw lubsUlItr like the OyIIH Mushroom or tht Cwti...,ttd Mushroom.

Very good to cat, with linn, crunchy Brsh tasting of hudnut.

AGROCYBE

A.

DESCRIPTION: H: 2"·4',4, in (7·11 em), 0: 2~ in (6-10 em). Cap CO"CiM!, becornirg 11m' (J less flattened.

fleshy, oearTrf ....t'II\!! or pale yelloN, ~tty VIS00. sIiriltly ....mkled or oackilg with age. W15

"" ""'" "" "'" """". "" """"'"

IwJby as it ages, wNte fa' lag tine, Il.rrW'g InwlIroo1Ih1! bottom. Rflg ()'! the I4JPI!I' p.Yt oIlh1! ~ bJt not ~ consistent and disappe.mg 'MY soon. flesh II'Md;, lim and ....nil!; """" """ _ t;n" fIouy .....

HABITAT: ., troops, YI:r;h, or fused t(XJether II

_...

and IIYees at the base d!hl! ~ ., nwd· and at roadside5. 00 I'O'I-acidic soiI.E¥tf SI.IT'III1eI' tIv't:Juril wt 1aI. l.OOlmmon rut M()5

OM

AGROCYBE PEO/AOES GraS! "grocybc

DESCRIPTION : H: 1\4·2 in (3-5 em), O: )I- l )lin (24 cm).

Cap hemispherical then (onY!~, yellow ochef, smooth. Gills WIdely spaced afld .

-

(

~

. '\

·.Jlfl

·1" ~

. ,. . .

bowed, beige then brown With a while edge. Stipe whitish, solid then hollow, WIth· OUt a ring Flesh pale, slightly biller or mild and floury flavor. HABITAT: grassland and lawns. Summef and early fall. fairly common in places. srH IAI FEATURF.S

The Hemispherical Agrocybc (AgrO()'bf, "IfIiMlritlllliri$} is simibt', but has a viscid up. Somf mycologisu consider

thtm to be VilrirMs of I single '!'fein,

THE CORTINARIAlES AGROCYBE PRAECOX Early PhoJi o ta

DESCRIPTION: H: H·4%in (8·12 em). 0: y..21' in (2-7 an). Cap hemlspherKaiItlen ~. smooth, rus· sel to brown in ~ weather, pale broYm. beige or dan: yellow dtJ'ing dry spell$. Gills whitISh then brOM'l. Stipe long. thickening and sometimes bulbous at the base. whitish, Wllh a ring very high up. whict1 disappears quite soon, whitish but soon turning brown I:rt betng CfN· ered WIth $pOfes. flfsh whitISh. brownish ochef brown at !he base of the S\4lf. odor and flavor of b.

'~,

t" •

'~:~:'~:~;:~'~~t~r~

~ woods. or in parks. Lale spring thlOugh early summer. Com· mon and widespread.

PANAEOLUS FOEN/SEC" Harvest Paneoius DESCRIPTI ON: H: 2h-3A in (4·8 em). 0: %.\',4, in (2·3 an). Cap hemispherical, soon flanening, reddish-blown, paling \0 pinkish·beige as it dries. often with a darker margin. Gills widely spaced, swollen, pale brown then

flesh thin and brown; fruity

odor, pleasant, and mild flavor,

purplish·brown, with a white edge. Stipe

HABITAT: in

hollow, smooth, shiny and silky. pruinose at the tOp. whitish, except 0111 the base which is reddish-brown-with whilt! fibrils.

the grass. on lawns.

on fairly rid! soil. SUmmer through early fall. Common and widespread,

PANAEOWS SPHINCTRINUS Sheathed Paneolus

DESCRIPTION: H: 4·6 in (10·15 un), 0: \1,·1 \!. in (2·4 em). Cap ovoid then hemispherical 01 ogival. dark gray-brown, becoming pale gray when drying, smooth, with a dentale margin al lus\ hung with !>mall white shr!ds. Gills gray then shaded with darker and

paler patches. finally completely black, except on the edge wllkh is white. Stipe long and slender, up to 5 in (15 em (long and only 'Ii in (2 mm) wide, and Ihe same

color as Ihe cap, pruinose along the upper half, especially at the lOp. Flesh thin, pale 9ray; odof famt, mild lIavor. HABITAT: on or near callie dung, wt!1I· fertilized meadows, and where animals

have been. Early summer through fall.

fauly common and widespread

THE CORTINARIALES

282 283

PANAEOLUS SEMIOVATUS Copro philolls r ancolus

DESCRIPTION:H: H in (5·15 em). 0: 'A-2 in (2-5 em. Cap campanulate or ogival, not expanding, whitish through grayish·ocher, with a darker center, surface smooth but wrinkled, shiny and silky in dry weather, viscid when wet. Gills soon be<:om1n9 dark gray, with white

edges. 51ipe thin, perpendicular and slightly bulbous. rigid and brittle, short or very looQ. smooth, with a linle white ring in the middle or upper third which blackens with age. Flesh white, thick in Ihl' center of the cap, thin elsewhere; faint odor, mild flavor. HABITAT: on cow-pats or horse-dung in pastures, from tate spring through fall. Quill' (ommon and widespread.

RUSSULA NIGRICANS Blackening Russula DESCRIPTION: H: l/r 4 in (4· 10 em). in (1·20 an).

(I 2 ~· 8

Cap convex and vt'ry

walled at firs\.. soon bKomlng depressed in the center, and with a margin tMI is inrolled for a long time, whiti~h or grayi~h from the outSf\.. soon be
gray with age. Stipe tough, shart and thick, about 2 in (5 em) in diameter, wnlte then darkening like me rest 01 the mush· ........_ _ room_ F~ firm, thick, wnlte but reddening before turning bIad: when CUt, flaVO!' mild, acrrd In the gills.al~t

odorless. or lalntly frullYodor. HABITAT:

grows under either dedduoos or cOf1llerous trees. on low and high ground. Summer through lall. Very common.

THE RUSSULALES

'86

'87

RUSSULA DENS/fOLIA Crowded -gill Russula

DESCRIPTION: H: 2-4 in (5-10 em), 0: 1:,{-]% in (l9 em). Cap convex,

becoming

quite

deeply

depressed with a very inrolled margin, often

lobed with age, velvety. whili~h, be
trees, 00 acidic !.Oil.Summer through fall. Common.

HABITAT: under deciduous or coniferous

RUSSULA DELICA Milk-whitt Russ ula ae.YIl bearril;I «her a

reckish. Gis 'I«'f !hid

.., ""'" """ ""'""" "'" "'" ,.. or ti1~ ~ Stipe 5hcrt Flesh v.tite.lI'dIirq~ acrkl, <Xb fRity, beccm-

i"g.1Ia\o' mid

i"g ~1 il dder spe
DESCRIPnON: H: 11'-4 n (4· 10 em),

0: Hi in (S-IS 011). cap ~ that 01 a mirK~ first ((lI"M'.l; then funneI~. ~9n long rE!l'nailing iYoIIed. often ~Ied oMth earth. creamy white

V~ry ivrragr

unpluSMl l

edibility, fbvor rather

RUSSULA OCHROLEUCA Common Yello w Russula

DESCRIPTION: H: 2"'·4 in (6-10 on), 0: lJ'-4in(4·10cm).

Cap COIlVeII alfirst, then flattening and

low under Ihe WIlde, very fragile There is no odor and tile flavor is faintly acrid, but inconsistent.

bKoming undulated and slightly depfessed; the cutICle is ~h <100 shiny, HABITAT: In large groups under easily detachable from half or two-thirds of de
THE RUSSUlAlES DESCRIPTION: H: 2-4/, in (5-12 an), 13: 2-4,4 in (5-12 an). Cap conve~ then WIth a shallow depresslOll in the center, bright yellow all over and shiny, slightly viscid in damp weather. Gills 'Nhite then dirty ocher, graying to the touch. Stipe pure wtme ~igh'ly sUiated lengthwiS!!, graying with age. Flesh white tenchng to gray a few minutes alief culling. HABITAT: deoduous trees in marshy ground (mainly birch and alder), SOITIftlrnes among sphagnum moss. Mainly in IIOI1hern regions. Fairly common.

RUSSULA FELLEA Gcranium-.ccntecl Russ ula DESCRIPTION: H: 2K-3Y. in (4-8 an),

o 2-4 In (5-10 em). Cap

convex but soon

HanerW1g. no!

v«y depressed. lawn orange or ocher il the cent@!" and often pale ocher at the edge. Gills the same color as the cap but paler. Stipe the same color as the gills,

often swollen toward the cent@!" or at the base. Flesh white and firm, odor fruity smelling 01 stewed apple, flavor acrid. HABITAT: under beech, some~mes uncIef COI'IllefS (spruce), in the plains and mountains fall. Common.

2!!.

'"

RUSSULA FOETENS Stinking Russula

DESCRIPTION: H: 3~·6 in (8·15 em), 0: 3'J..7'/.in (8·18 an).

Cap globulose in young ~imens. then f1anening and becoming depressed, viscid, WIth a deeply and extensively striated ochef 10 reddish margin, more or less spotted wnh darker red, thin, undulating margin, de1!ply fluted. Gills spaced and Ihkk, whitish thefl rMdish, exuding drops of liquid in young !opKlmens. StJpe robust, lough, narrowing al the lop. some1imes bulbous, while then dotted WIth red, full at first, then containing uregular cavities. F~ firm and reddis/1, wongly rill'l(id odor, flaYOl' very acrid.

HABITAT: deciduous and coniferous

woods. Summer through fall.Common.

RUSSULA FAGETICOLA Seeeh Russula DESCRIPTION: H: 2:.'·4 In (6-10 an), 1!1i·4rn(4· 10cm).

o

Cap tonCave al first. wllh an inrolled margin, then be
Ihe center; cuticle detachable oYef a tlllfd of thl! radiUS 01 the cap al most, scarlet discol-

OIlng In patches. Pale, crO'Mled gills. whitish Wllh a bluish'green tinge in young spe<;lJnen~ Stipe firm and ~lid, may

be thkkened at the base, wtlite

then graying at tile base. FIe9l tough, thid:. and wtHie, pwlkish under tile cuticle, !>lightly frlif!y or honey odor, flavor very iKrid. HABITAT:

Mainly in bI!Kh forests, SOOII!lImes undi!f oak, on lather acidiC SOil. In plams and moontains. fall. Common.

THE RUSSULALES RUSSULA KROMBHOLZII, R. ATROPURPUREA Black-and-purple Russula

DESCRIPTION: H: 1%-2% in (4-7 em), G: 2/-4 in (6-10 em),

Cap

con~x

then flallened and slightly

moo

depressed in the centet; fIestr,o and shif'T1. in wet weather. dark PIJ1)Ie aIroosl bIad in the center; discolomg with age. marg;" not striated, urdulatirv;J. Gills v.+aite ex aeam, crowded. Stipe shrtt and cylinOOcaI• ....rute often 1T\iICUIa1ed wilt1 ocher. ~rY;i with age. Flesh ~ firm. I'Jtitish. sligltly acrid. Cl!b faint aoo fruity. HABITAT: ....::\ef detiiJous trees (man 001:) or pine trees. on g;assy pa~ in 1'dk1M. Stmner and

fall.

Common. RUSSULA FRAGILIS Fragile Russula DESCRI PTION : H: I'A-2% in (3-7 em),

0: %-2 in (2·5 em), Cap convex then flattened 01 depressed,

viscid when wet, Vf!ry variable in color, dirty pink, purple, or violet with a darker center, but the colors soon fade and the shade of the cap often tends toward greenish as il getS older. Gills white 01 Cfeam, with

toothed edges. Stipe while, fragile. sometimes swollen at the base. flesh white. fairly firm, ~ry buttle in the stipe,

very acrid. fla'lOJ, !ruity odor. HABITAT: in groups in d~iduous woods among birch, oak, etc., and more rarely under COnifers. Late summer through fall. Very commoo.

RUSSULA OLiVACEA Olive Russula

DESCRIPTION: H: 2:6-6 in (1-15 (In), 0: 3',(-7'1. in (8·18 an.) One of the largest 1US5(J1as. Cap hemispherical then f1auened 'Nith a margin thaI remains irtolled II)' a Ioog time, sometimes with a shaIk7.Y depres.slon at the erv:I.lhe surface Is rough, malte, ....,Ih ttny (oocentoc 'NIi1ll:1es; the rob" is YefI/ variable, rargio;J frOOl olive geell shaded with purple, rpf. and broY.on. Cuticle sepalabie 1M'!

one third of the radius of the cap. Gills

aCM'ded, bunel-oolored then orange. Stipe very

thid 2-4'hx:4·1%- (S-12x2-4), white, o~en tinged with pink. Sometimes the pU1k is confilled to ude at the lop of the stipe. Flesh very flf1l1 and v.tiile, IIaYor mik!.

HABITAT: under deciduous trees (beech, oak, etc.) or I.I1der coniferlJl.fi trees in plains and moontains up to 6SOOO fI (2000 m) (spu;:e, f~).

Summer through fall. (ommon, except

in northern Europe.

TOXIC ITY

This Russula has been l'fsponsible for minor poisonings, especially in Itlly. Once considered edible, it is now Jxolicved to be wise to refrain from eating it.

THE RUSSULALES

291

'"

RUSSULA VINOSA Vinous Russula DESCRIPTION: H: 2'.-'·4 \'1 in (6-12 em).

0: 21(·4 in (6- 10 em). Cap (on~ex, soon eKj)anded and depressed in the center, fleshy, purplish·red or darl: burgundy, often darker in the center. Cuticle separable OVl'r two lhirds of the radius of the tap. Gills (learn or pale ocher, blackening on the margin. Stipe white, sometimes splashed with yellow toward the base, blackening with age. Flesh white. reddening then blackening In the air, With a mild flavor.

HABITAT: un~r coniferous trees, espe-

cially spruce, on damp or marshy ground, in the mountains. Summer through fall. Not very common.

RUSSULA INTEGRA Entire Russula

DESCRIPTION: H: 2-4'. s in (5·12 em),

0: 2-4\'1 in (5·12 em). Cap hemispherical 011 first, almost globulose, then expanded or evell depressed a1 the end, shiny. viscous in we! weather, of variable color but generally brownish sometimes mixed with viole!, purple, yellow, or green. Gills thicK and well spaced. friable. white then bright yellow. Stipe up !O I/. in (3 em) thick. white then splashed EDIBILITY

Fairly good to rat. Not to be confu~d wilh Ihf Bay R... ssula (Rllss,'!" b"dia) which becomes extremely ~crid after bdng chcww for .. few momfnts.

wi th yellow or red. Flesh while and very firm, mild flavor. HABITAT: in large groups in coniferous I()(ests in the mountains. Summer through early fall. Very common.

RUSSULA PALUDOSA Marsh Russ ula

DESCRI PTION: H: H in (5· 15 em), 0: 2-6 in (5-15 (m). Cap convex then flattened, undulating or deformed, depressed. firm and shiny, sli!tlt~ viscid in wet weathe~ bIoo:I red to pink&Hed, or orange-red. Cuticle sepa!"abie 0YeI' naif or three-qoarters of the radius 01 the cap. Gills cream thef1 ocher, tinted with red on the margin. Stipe thickening toward the base or centef, white or pink-tinted then lTMXe or less grayish. HABITAT: on high. marshy ground, under espe
corlif~s.

RUSSULA XERAMPELINA. R. ERYTHROPODA Dead-leaf Russula

DESCRIPTIO N: H: 2)\·4Y< in (6-12 em), 0: 2)1·4~ in (6- 12 em). Cap convex then !lanened and slightly depressed i'l the center, margo IIYOIIed for a bN;J time, very dark reddlSh-!)JrpIe. <XheI or ~ with a dalt.ened center v.tIich can become
Quir~

good to eat, but with a rather

un~ppclizing

odor.

with pinkish red, staining D"~

to the touch. F~firm.

wh~e.

brrINning

""'cooIaI"

rubbed; 000r of shelffish. espeQally i1 old ~mens. HABITAT: (onilers (pinel, on acidic or siliceous soil. Late su:nmer through fall. Very common.

THE RUSSULALES

~

'"

RUSSULA CYANOXANTHA Charcoal Burner DESCRIPTION:

H: 21'-4% in (6·12 em.) 0: 2-6 in (5·15 em), Cap hemi~rkal then flattened and slightly depressed in the center; tough, ohen violet in young !.pe(imens. later

HABITAT: under de
common.

becoming shaded wilh variety of (0101"5- pink, purple, gray, and green-and cO'Iered ill radiating fibrils, Stipe whit!!, sometimes tinted pink. narrower at the base, Gills thick and white, flexible

and nO! briule, crushing to pulp unde; the pressure of a finger, of a greasy consistency

to the touch. Flesh whitish, graying wtlen exposed to the air, pink under the cutkle; mild hazelnut or slightly auid HallQr.

Gills M"bilr Imd grtns)'

EDIBILITY

Good to eat \\;Ih I fb\'or lib hazelnut

The Charcoal Burner is one of the rasti. « I ru$SuLu. Allhough it cannot be con·

fuscd casily with a poisonolls sptdu, it is sometimes hud to differentiate it from other ru$5I1IaS btcallSt of the nllm· bcr of colors that the cap can adopt. The btSI lesl is 10 crush tht giUs with a fingtt, 10 He if they feel grusy to Ihe louch.

RUSSULA VESCA Edible Russu la

DESCRIPTION:

rust. Flesh white and firm. Odor faint. not typical and mild hazelnut Havor.

H: 2lf,-S~ in (7-1) an),

0: 2·4 in (5-10 em). Cap color very variable, I:A.rt often viIoos pA: or reddish-brown and sPOl1ed with red marks. The cuti-

HABITAT: de
cle ohen seems to be too short and does not entirely (over the margin of the cap. Gills very forked near the stipe, white spotted with small patches ci rust IYith age. S~ v.tme and very firm, sometimes tinted with pink or

RUSSULA VIRESCENS Grl! cn Cracking Russula

DESCRIPTION: H:

0:

2~·6

2·4~

in (5·12 em),

crowded, creamy wtlite. Stipe thO:

in (6-15 em).

(5 em) in clametl'l) v.tIite.

Cap gklbuklse or

"""""",,,'. f1anl'Oed and

""very

firm, often irr~ lumpy, the margin always craded, fk>ury, the cuticle splits into scales I'.tlich can take on a variety of colors.

such as

brown, ocher, aro:j rust. Gills

aro..t 2 in

SOO'Ieomes sliljltly

stained with red at the base. Flesh thid 3"Id I~ white, 3"Id with a mild hazelnut ~ cxb faint. \qlIeasant in the end. HABITAT: deOOJous woocIs (ook, beech, chest· nUl, birch). Fairly common in the waHlIE!I regions. Iale SUfMlE!l throocj1 fall.

Very good to cat, ~f:n raw, but the AtSh

i5 oftrn worm·tatrn.

THE RUSSULALES RUSSULA LEPIDA Pretty Russula

DESCRIPTION: H: 214-4 in (4-10 em). 2~H~ in (4·12 em),

(3 em). The flesh of the cap. like Ihal of the

0:

slipe. is exuemely lough and compaC1; it is

Cap identical to thai 01 other russulas, first

white. graying Slightly when broken, but pink under the cuticle. The odor and flavor are quill.' dearly minty. 5(!veral varielles of this sp«ies are recognized.

convex then expanded and sometimes slightly depressed; the cuticle cannol be separated from the ftesh and it is velvety. malle and bright red, often discolored into pink or even yellow in places. Gills crowded, white then cream, !oOmetimes

with a pink edge. Slipe often thicker at the

base where it can reach a diameter of 1'" in

HABITAT: mainly under beeches. as well s other deciduous trees, on any type of soil. Summer through fall. Common.

RUSSULA AURORA, R. ROSEA Pink Ru ssula DESCRIPTION: H: 1}l.·4!' in (4· 12 em), 0: 1'.'·4 in (4· 10 em),

Cap con~ex then Battened and slighlly depressed in the cen ter, pink or red. fairly pale. ohen ocher in the center. Gills white aod deeply forked, crowded or spaced. Stipe white and firm, pruir.ose at the top,

RUSSULA TURCI Turco's Russula DESCRIPTI ON:

H: 1'.'·4'1. in (4·8 em), 0: 1)\·4 in (4·10 em). Cap convex, soon expanding with a cen· tral depression; ~ery matte in dry weather to very ~iscid depending on th humidity. remain· ing slightly ~iscid in the central depressioo which is amethyst in color. often Wl ttl a darker circle around the center. Gills

swoHen at the base and ohell narrowing just under the gills. Flestl film and white. flavor mild alld odorless. HABITAT: under decidu·

ous trees (beech, oak, Ilornbeam, etc.) or conifers, in weH· drained soil. Slimmer through early fall. Fairly common.

THE RUSSULALES cream then fairly rapidly ocher. Stipe pure white. sometimes sl~htly pin~ In places.

Not "fry good to cat and thr bur of thr

stipe should be diK.lrd~d.

Flesh white. Iodine odor. especially noticeable at the base of the sUpe. Fla~or mild. HABITAT: under pines or other conifers, in lowlands or highlands. Summer Ihrough fall. Fairly common.

RUSSULA SANGUINARIA, R. SANGUINEA Sanguine Ru ssula DESCRIPTION: H :1%·4 in (410 cm), 11,1; -4 in (4-10 cm). Cap fleshy, convex al first and expandmg without becoming depressed. or only Vf.ry slightly. The thin margin remains inrolled for a long time, the carmine cu tiCle pales or discolors into cream or pink scales. It looks finely granulose and dry but is slightly viscid when II rainio The gills are crowded. slightly decurrent. cream to pale ocher, The stipe is cylindrical or slightly spindleshaped. full and firm. whi te or tinted with the same color as the cap, or faintly yellow. but graying upon malllrity. The Oesh is thick. firm and whi te. red urxler the cuticle, and with a bitter, acrid flavor

e:

.,.........~ HABITAT: under pines in • the mountains. up to the tree line. and also in the lowlands. Summer through fall. Com-

m""

5ri/lt iIkD 5Minrd ~'ith

DESCRIPTIO N: H: 2-4'hin (5- 12 em). 13: 1%·4 In (4· 10 em). Cap convex then flauened and slightly depressed, sometimes umbonate. violet, dark purple, or (Iimson lake. sometimes yellowish ocher or green. Gills cream at first then rapidly turning lemoo yellow and finally golden yellow. Stipe pruioose or powdery, usually purple, lilac, or violet, palef than the cap, ocher althe base, somewnes entirely white. Odc:w sllQhtly SI'I (11\1 HI\TURES MycoloJisb likntify this 'peatS without difficulry, due to the brillwlI pinkish.red coloration it adopb in the prut'ncc of ammonia vapor.

frUitY, tasle very iKrid. Flesh compact and v!IY firm, white or lemon, pinkish under the cullde. HABITAT: in large colonies exclusively under pine trees, in lowland, on sandy soil. Fall. Very common.

THE RUSSULALES

lOO

'"

RUSSULA QUELETII auele!'! Russu la

DESCRIPTION: H: 211O·4 in (6·10 un),

0: ' '''·Hin(Hcm). Cap (onvt'l then depressed, slightly viscid, shiny, pinkish purple Of crifTOOll lake, WIth iI dalkel' ernie!' 01' sometimes greenish like the edge, paling 10 dirty odlef sale with age;

cutICle separable

rNef

ill least half the

radius. Gills cream, faintly greenim. Stipe 2· 3l1Oinxlil-%in{~·8cm x 1-2 em). Fauly soft

and regular, oimson lake and very pruinose, white at the very bottom. Flesh while and purplish-pink on the surface, thick and Ixlltie. strong odor of apple or stewl!d apple, acrid !laVOl. HABITAT: spruce, l'SpeCially on limestone soil. lale summer through early fall. Very common ill the mountains.

LACTARIUS PIPERATUS Peppery Milk-cap DESCRIPTION: H: 3'4·7J. in (8-18 em), 0: 2-6 In (5-15 em). Cap lightly dep-es~ in the center with a

tightly ir1folled margin, becoming funnel· shaped, matte creamy wtlite, becoming stained WIth r!d. <>iUs very thin,crowded and narrow, II)JBILITY Not v~

,ood to Ut, btUust ir is mucb

100 ~. bltr\ IU'

and boiltd in nSltm Europt and RlI$sUo. Dmd and powdmd it ill/Std u a substitllir for

,.,.,....

LACTARIUS VELLEREUS Fleecy Milk-cap DESCRIPTION: H. 4·8 in (10-20 em), 0; 4·10 In (10·25 em). Similar 10 the P!ppery Milk-cap.

abow, but often larger. wlIh a YelYety surface to the cap and less crowded gills. HABITAT: under de
in highland and lowlands" Fall. very

common.

wMe or cream. Slipe rathef short. nanO'Ning at the base, FJesh thick and wtlite, becoming slightly gteenish· yellow when broken. AlxJndant milk whiCh is also ....tllte, toolng pale green in one or two ~ very PI!JlIlI!IY fLMlr.

HABITAT: In groups or ,ides in damp detib:Ius or mixed woOOs. St.mner and fan.

e"""", .

THE RUSSUlAlES

10' JOl

LACTARIUS TORM/NOSUS Woolly Mil k.cap DESCRIPTION: H: 2·4 in (5-10 em),

0: 2-4 in (S- IOem). Cap hghtly depressed In the center flom it young age, but very imolled OIl the edge. pinkish-orange (l( pale orange, often with a few darkel', concentric circles. and covered in a 'NOOtly fleece in young ~mens.. Gills aeamy pink. Stipe till! same color as the

HABITAT:

gills, sometimes slightly PItied. Flesh firm

woodl, especially under

and while, milk whIle WIth a very acrid flavor.

birch. SumrTlff Ihroogh fall. Quite common.

deciduous

LACTARIUS PYROGALUS Burning Milk.cap

DESCRIPTION: H:2'.'·4% in (6·12 em). 0:2-4 in (5-10 em).

Cap convex

Of

flattened. sooo becoming

depressed and funnek,haped with a thrn, wavy margin, almos\lobed. Grayi$h, shaded WIth betge, ocher, Of green, slightly viscid, somelJIIll'S with a few concentric Circles. Gills slightly dec:unent, wIdely spaced, first (Jearn then rapidly turning lurninoos Ofa~ ocher. Stipe cylindrical or tapering al lhe base, while \0 grayish, smooth or ~ightly striated. Flesh whrte, containing an abundant whi te mill: which turns yeliow-olNe upon drying. More or less frUity odor, but veI'f pefSistent, acrid navor, espedally in the mill:.

HABITAT: groups of varying sizes In hazelnut groves, more rarely under other deciduous trees. late summer through fall. Common.

LACTARIUS PALLIDUS Pale M ilk-cap

DESCRIPTION: H: 2-4 in (5-10 em),

Cap flattened ....;th irrolle
0: 2·6 in (5·15 em).

depressed falltj lale, Vi!.od, piIlkIsh cream,

beige, or ~ almost Lnform or WIth darkeI patches. Gils ~tIy deo.nent. aCl'MEd and of lflI!QUaI lengths. white then beige Cf yellowish. Slape shott. while. stained with led, F~ white, then rl'ddisll in the s!lpe. with willie. lIldI¥lging milk; fI.wor mild or !Jigltly acrid. HABITAT: mainly under be«h. late SUTWTIeI' tlvrujl Iali. Qulle

common. LACTARIUS SUBDULCIS Beech Milk-cap

DESCRIPTION: H: llOt( in (3-7 em).

0:

l Pk2'~in(l6cm).

Cap convex then flattening raptdly in the

center, not very depressed but slightly umbonate, malte brown. Gills cleam Ihell reddish ocher. Stipe of len curved at the ba~, the same color as the cap but paler al the lop. Flesh pale reddish, Wlt/l very abon-

dam whue milk, the IlaYOf being mild al first. then iKlld. HABITAT: espe
THE RUSSULALES LACTARIUS PLUMBEUS, L. NECATOR, L. TURPIS Ugly Milk.cap

DESCRIPTION: H: 2-4 in (5· 10 em), '" 2·8 ill (5·20 em). Cap convex. then wlIh a wide, shallow depression, vi!.Cid in the center, dark olive-lMawn Of gray-brown, margm inrolled for a long lime and hairy in yoong specimens. Gills crowded, cream,

browning al the edge and where damaged.

HABITAT:

Stipe sl'lort and thick about 1~ in (3 em), paler than the cap, with many small ClfCIII,ll pilS. FIHh whiti!>h to brown, milk

under birch and In mixed

while and abundan1. be
woods containing birch on acidi<: SOil, in lowlands and highlands.. late sumlT\ef through fall. Common.

LACTARIUS VIETUS Cray Milk.cap

DESCRIPTION: H: 2·4 in (5·10 em),

0: 2-H in (5-8 em), Cap Battened WIth an InroUed margin, thin, lillef be
woods,

LACTARlUs BLENNIUs Slimy Milk.cap DESCRIPTION: H: 2~·4 ~ in (4·12 em), 0:

n-I! in (4-10 em).

Cap (O!M!X or ilal1ened thefl depressed, very viscid when young, bfown or graygreen,WlIII small slightly
UIf""" U.,1t ."tid

L---P'

HABITAT: only under beech. Summer

through fall. Commoo.

LACTARIUs TRIVIA LIS Comm on Milk-cap

-

DESCRIPTION: H: 2/.·7'/.ln (6· 18 em),

0: 2.4-8 in (6·20 em).

'" '"" "'" """.

~""""'

........

dish brown or grao,;sh-odlef, sometimes discolored. Gills s1igh&j decl.lTen~ oeam then ocher. St.pe sligltly viscid, the same color as the cap. Flesh rompact. pako. tttltaining an alu'ldant amotXIt 0( mi whim when II mes 00 the gil!.. tI.rns gayish-green, mild then aaid HABITAT: lRlef conifers and birches, mainly in the ITIOlKItains in damp places. Fairly

common. FDiBILlTY

Orspilt iu slightly xrid afttlt.1S1r, thr Common Millt.ap is sought afttr in C~· tain (Ounlri" in rastern Europt.

THE RUSSULALES

2l'!.. ,OJ

LACTARIUS SANGUlFLUUS Bleeding Milk.eap HABITAT: under various ~es

of pine (Scots pine,

Austrian, Aleppo pine). Fall. (ommon in southern regions. especially on lime-

stone soil, but il can also be found in certain areas of northern Europe.

DESCRIPTION: H: 2·4 in (5·10 tIT1), 0: 2·4'h in (5- 12 em).

Cap not so bright as that of the Saffron Milk-
runti~

/mJIo."

w'h(~

dark rubbrd

LACTARIUS DELICIDSUS Saffron Milk-cap

DESCRIPTION: H: 1/,.4 in (4-10 em). 0: 2_4'1. in (5-12 (m),

Cap ~ or flattened, v.i!h Vf!fY inrolled margin, !)e(omir);j deprl'Ssed in the center; then the margin turns upward and the mush-

room becomes funnel ·!.haped. Bright orange, sometimes splashed green as ~ ages. with lTlOfe or less marked (Of'l(e!ltOC dldes. Gills crowded and slight~ de
EIlIB ILITY

Good 10 ur, especially when young , when the edge of the (ap is very much

curved downward, bur not as tasty as the Bleeding Milk.ca p.

ally becOO1iog carrot ·coIored when

exposed to the aif and exuding a bright orange milk when broken. Odor fruity and f\avof slightly acrid. HABITAT: in large gr~ exdusively in cooiferous 'NOOds (pine) 00 fNef'/ type of soil, with a preference for acidic soils. Fall. CONFUSION

• LACTARIUS DET ERRlMUS SpnKe Milk-up EI)18U • LACTARIUS SAl.J110NICOLOR

Salmon Mllk.cap

EOl81.[

THE RUSSULALES

..'"

LACTARIUS DETERRIMUS Spruce M ilk.cap

HABITAT: ooly in spruce forests. mainly in the mountains. fal l.

DESCRIPTION: H: 2-4 in (5-10 on), o 1K-4'hin(4·12cm). II looks like the true deli· Cious milk-
Common.

Edible, but 'o\ith a ~p­ pery taste. It is h~r·

vcsted and catrn al a "delicious milk'Gp,'

LACTARIUS RUFUS Red Milk.cap DESCRIPTION: H: 11'·]:.1 in (4·8 em).

0: 1',,·4 in (3-10 em.) Cap convex, soon expanding and becooltng sf9JtIy depl'essed, 'NIth a small 00Ib0 II the tenter of the dep'essiOn: untfron reddishchestnut or brick-red color. In yoong specimens. the margin is CO'Iefed with a downHllBILITY

This mushroom, whKh tm" horribly acrid, is catfn in cerUin countriu after bdng spcriaUy prepared 10 remove the

wont of the flIlit.

COOling. Gills 0""",,,.

d,,,,,,,,,

OMTl then reddenng. Stipe s/iI;t1lly paler than the cap and white al the base. Flesh wlVte: ai:uldanl \'AllIe milk With a YefY acrid IIa-.o , burning the hps .mel' a few ~ords.

HABITAT: coniferous woods (espe
LACTARIUS GLYCIOSMUS Coconut Milk-ca p

DESCRIPTION: H: lA-n. in (3-7 em), 0: ',(·2 in (2·5 em), Cap convex, then slightly dep!"essed, sometimes With a small central umbo, vel· vety surface, beige to grayislHed, some· times timed reddlsh-pinl: or pinkishviolet Gills de
and characteristic coconut odor.

HABITAT: in groups undef birch or alder, on very damp, acidic soil. Summef through lale fall. Quile common.

LACTARIUS HELVUS Blond Milk.cap

DESCRIPTION: H: J'.4,·4'h In (8·12 em). 0 : 2·6 in (5·15 em), Cap fIe!.hy, convex or flattened With an inrolled margin, then depressed into a cup-

SMpe, SOJn(!times with a small umbo, with a finely granulose .md downy SUficlCl', brOWflish-yellow or dark red, Gills decurrent, cream in young ~lmefK, but darkening to odIef wi th age. Stipe more 01 less uniform or thickening at the base, reddish orange, prulnose and often velvety at the Iowef end. Flesh pale, d,lfkt! al the ~, aoo redden-

THE RUSSULALES IrIg -MIen exposed to the .-. Not very aIlu:1dant rr.1k, transparent, wnh a rriId IIaYor and ocIor of roast chicOfy or cele!y.

!.phagrun moss on acidic soil. Late SU'l'IffieI' ttwouril M1y Ial. COIMIOI'l ill the mountains.

HAB ITAT: in birch woods or sproo!, ....tIere there are bilbenies and blueberries, bradell, and heathef. It can also be found among

LACTARIUS QUIETUS Oak Milk-up DESC RIPTI ON: H: lJ'-4 in (4·10 em), o 1 ~·4 in(4- IO em). Cap convex at first wah wolled, even margin, then slight~ deples~ and undulating, the surface looking as if It werl' eowred in hoar-frost, reddish sprinkled With darker patches Of with one Of tWO darker circles Gills evenly spa<ed and slightly de
but darker at the base. The whilish flesh turns r!d whtn exposed to the all and contains a cream-colored milk which hardly (i'laJ'l9l'S color. II i1 not very aoondant. with a mild. 001 slightty bitter flavor and II smells of wood-lice. HABITAT: only under oak !rees and usually on acid soil. Late sumrTll'f through fall. Very common.

LACTAR/uS CHRYSORRHEUS Yellow Milk.up DESCRIPTION: H: 2-4 in (5-10 an).

0: 1~3'.4 in (4-8 em).

Cap flattened or COI1Yel, slightly deprMSed the center, ptnkish-orange or pale orange, marked....,th patches or concentrIC cirdes of a darker color. Gills Cfowded, «earn then orange. Stipe UneYefl and Plui~_ Flesh turning bright yellow when broken, abundant milk turning ~Iful yellow in ~s lhan a minute after breakifl9. Very acrid. flavor. In

HABITAT:

-= .....

(ook, beech, chestnut) and IW.ed

..... """'"

thou(;l fa". Common.

LACTARIUS VOLEMUS Abundant Milk-cu"

DESCRIPTION: H2-6 in (5· 15 em), 13:2-6 in (5-15 em),

Cap coovex then depres.sed in the cent« margrl rernainrY:I Irvcaed, WIth a rifle ~ 01

smoo!h SlIface. U"llfoon cok:It apicol, or,yge. Of liI'Ml
GIs cream then splashed with broMlish«her. Stipe the same coItt as the cap. yebYish at the tql. Flesh fim and v.hte, trown.ng ~ exposed to ail. nIIk ab..ndant and wtvte. wrth a miklllawr D.rt ~ odoc HABITAT: deddoous woods (beech) IJIdef wnifers. Soowner and early fal. Quill! rommon.

(J

THE RUSSULALES

.1!!.. m

LACTARIUS FULVISSIMUS FaWl'l M ilk-up

DESCRIPTION: H:

2~4

in (7-10 em,)

0: 2:.'-3~ in (6·9 em)

below the gills. Flesh pale WIth a stroog and unpleasant fUbbefy odor, flavor mild but

Cap becoming deeply depressed. often WIth

rather unpleasant. milk white, ul1(lIa09ll'l9.

a tiny central umbo, smooth Of slightly granuiose, reddish to OIange·!awn. Fairly bright, gradually becoming palf!f al the margin, which ;s pale orange. Gills fairly oowded, bKoming more separated as the cap becomes depr~. oum to pale ytllow the reddISh rellectlOOS, reddening woth age. Stipe the ~me color Of paler than the cap. but reddish-brONn toward the base, coomed

mild or slightly acrid.

In striations, which are more accentuated

HABITAT: under deciduous trees or In mixed woods. on slightly calcareous soil. late summef thfOOgh fall. Uncorrvnon 10 fairly common.

LACTARIVS TABIOVS Birch Milk-cap

DESCRIPTION: H: IA-]1S in (4·8 em),

o JI,·2 in (2-5 em),

Cap Wl'inkled, espedally in the (ef'ltef, often

abundant, white, yellowing in less than a minute II isolated from the fleVI, flavor mild then slightly acrid

umbonate, pale reddish ocher. dafker in the cefltel'. Gills aeam then orange. Stipe very bllttJe. the same colOl as the cap. Milk fairly

HABITAT: deciduous Of conifel'OlrS woods. Summer and fall. Common.

THE RUSSUlAlES

...ill....

'"

LACTARIUS HEPATICUS Hepatic Milk-cap DESCRIPTION: H: 2-4 in (5-10 em), 0: 1'A- 2'.4 In (3-6 em).

HABITAT: In ~t.rde.- ~ onvery acidic soil. Fall. Common.

Cap corTv'eX or flatlened. then dep-essed, Ir,.e,--coIored or chestnul with it hint of ~ mane, sometimes I.IT'b:mte ard slightly furrowed 00 the m.:.-9n. Gills sIqlt~ dea.rren~ cxher with 1**. ish tints. Stipe the same coItY as the cap or redd"ISh-QOMl. Flesh awn to pale red; milk ab.nianl teroing lOyellow, mtW'e iltensely ff ~ is isolated from the mushroom. fIaoJor acrid an:j binef.

LACTARIUS FULIGINOSUS Smoky Milk·cap DESCRIPTION : H:2-4 in (5·10 em), 0:1 \4·]A in (J.8 em),

Cap convex or flattened then slightly

depressed, IlOt very fleshy, velvety brown, gray·ocher, brown-ocher, cafe-au-Iair. Gills only slightly decurrent if at all, cream then pinkish ocher, reddening when rubbed.

Stipe while. later laking on the same (01· oration as the cap. Flesh while becoming salmon pink in a few minutes when cut, milk abundant and white, reddening very

slowly bUI remaining while il isolated hom the mushroom. Flavor mild or acrid. HABITAT: under deciduous trees (oak, beech, etc.) or under spruce. Summer through fall. Fairly common.

STROBILOMYCES STROBILACEUS Pine-cone Solele, Old Man of the

Wood~

DESCRIPTION: H: 4-1'/. in (10-18 em), 0: 2)1-4)1 In (7-12 em). Cap hemispherical then flanffied, covered In large triangular, partially detached, grayishblack or brownish-black scales on a palei' background; shaggy margin. Pores largt', grayish, reddening to the tOUCh, then bIaden11'19 Wlth age, Stipe gray-brown, woolly Irke the cap, excppt al the lop whlth is $ITIOOth and has a fainl ring. Flesh soft and white, turning dirty red in contact wllh the air, then blackening, no pankular odOI or flavor, HABfTAT: beech forests, sometimes also under cooifefs, usually Singly. late summer IhfOUgh early fall. Uncommon. TOXI( lTV

Susp«led of bring poi$Onous_ Somt ! rel="nofollow">fople (onlidtr il edible when young, bul of no grt.1 interest, .nd when oldtr it il tOO fibrous. In North Amerita, some tases of poisoning h.ve been reported, but they may have btcn due to similar l!>fcits found then. It is tht only bolttt in Eur~ with this strlngc shaggy apptlfllnct.

Lr.f! Kllks 1111101

allJ gral,!t£.d'

THE BOLETALES

..l!.L

".

TYLOPfLUS FELLEUS Bitter BoJele DESCRIPTION:

H: 4-7;4 in O~18 on), 0: Hin(SolScm). Cap hemiSphefiCal

then convex Of flat· tened, thick, )"liowbrown, pale brown, or ochraceoos-olive,

velwty texture, often

aacknJ II '*Y ~thet Pcwes lather WIde and angular, whiush tllen pale pink with age, turning r~iSh brown to the touch. Stipe bulbous, Ihen elongated and swoIlefl althe base, aeam through ocher, decorated wllh a network of lafge, prominent red filaments.. fle'sh soft in the cap and fibrous in the Stipe, white, possibly turning slight red when e~ 10 the air. PItasant odOI bullJSUalty very billef lIiIVOf.

ron NTiAl

CONfllSION

.. BOLETUS fDULIS Ctp El If .. BOLfTUS AESTIVAUS Summu BoI~!e fnllll f .. BOLETUS BADIUS s,y Bolete E[)I8l~

HABITAT; undef deciduous 01 coniferous trees. pine and spruce on acidic. welldrail'led soil. Summer through fall. Fairly common in places. F()IBILITY

[nedible , The bittern ns, which it f~int in the raw mll5hroom bttomu milch grtaler during cookiDg, ..rodering thi$ $~dn incdibk. One Biner Boltlr mlonll a colltttion of Ups of !Ny

Boleln, which il is nsily confu~d with will nail! a whole dish and rnU;e il

inedible.

BOLETINUS CA VIPES Holl ow-stemmed Bolclc

DESCRIPTION: H: 2-4 in (5-10 em), 0: 2-4~ 10 (5·12 em), Cap conical and conve)(. then flattened and umbonate, or on the othel' hand, may be depressed in the (!fllef, yellow-cwange to reddl~·brown. M:lfillose or slightly scaly and velvety, WIth a paler margin fl'tainil"lg

shreds of the origInal veil. Tubes curved. decurrent to 1M ring, pale yellow then olive. Pores very wide C~.-:i. in (J.4 mm). smaller at the edge, radially elongated, yellow then oIiYi'! green, stipe t.oIlow (espedally in the lower part), yellow above the ring. the $arne (O~f a~ the cap below il, with a while, scaly ring Flesh solt and thick, yeIlOWl5h-white and nOt changing (olor, No Ular
HABITAT: only under The larch, In the mountains. Summef through fall fairly ra,,~.

I

"iI'.""""

THE BOLETALES '"

'"

CHALCIPORUS PIPERATUS Peppery Bolcte DESCRIPTION: H: 2-4 in (5-10 un), 0: 1'-2'.4 in (2·6 em). Cap convex at first then llanmed. thick in the cenl~ cor.per
HABITAT: mainly under conifers (pine,

BOLETUS

larch,

spruce, firl. or de
Inedible, much too peppery. U$Cd if a condiment in Germany and eastern

Europe.

-. _ _. ~ ., ,

B. ALBIDUS

DESCRIPTION: H: 4-7 '/. in (10-18 em),

0: 4·8 in (10-20 em). Cap very thid, whiti!Jl gray or beige, sometimes shaded ocher or pale brown, surfacE! velvety at first tllen 1TIQ(l' or less

cracked. Pores small, bright yellow then brownish-green, turning blue when touched. Stipe very thid, globulose or ovoid at first, the base ending in a point, the same color as the (ap but bright lemon yellow at the top, covered in reti<:ulation of variable (olor, more apparent toward the top, Flesh pale, turning blue when CUI, buller flavor,

....

.___

.

.... ., ,

f.i:

. ~'

,

,

,;ti.~.,

't:'

~

HABITAT: under decidl.lOUS Irees. in parks or woods, mostly on dry, limestone soil Summer through fal l. Ur.common.

BOLETUS CALOPUS Scarlet-stemmed Bolete

Pores small, yellow, turning green to the tOllCh and upon maturity. Stipe cylindrical or swollen, bright red, except at the top which is yellow; decorated with a tight reticulation which is very apparent. whitish at the top of the stipe aud dalker toward the base. Flesh firm. creamy white or pale yel low, turning faintly blue when exposed to the air: odorless biller lIavor. DESCRIPTION: H: 4-6 in (10-15 cm). 0: 2~-6 in (7-15 em). Cap hemispherical then convex, pale, whitish-beige or cafe-au-/ait, and ~elvety.

HABITAT: deciduous woods (oak, chestnut, etc.) or under conifers, on dry, acidic soil. Summer through fall. Fairly common or rarer, depending on the region .

BOLETUS APPENOICULATUS Al'l'cndicul att Bolt te

DESCRIPTION: H: ]A·6 in (815 cm), 0: 34-6 in (8-15 em). Cap hemispherical or convex. brO'tYOrsh'yellow, ocher brown, or brO'tYOish-or.lngl'. witfl Vl'f'/ thin crazing. f'oIes Vl'f'/ small, bright yellow, faint~ turning blue to the touch; tubes yellow, tuming blue immediately if touched. Stipe tflick and swollen, coming to a rounded point at the base, lemon yellow to

dirty ocher at the base. Flesh pale )'l'11ow. may turn blue when l'1.posed \0 the air, but pinkish or brownish red in the lowe! part of the stipe: flavor mild, pleasant fungal

odo<. HABITAT: southerly. under deciduous trees. on clay and limestone soil. Summer through early fall. Uncommon.

THE BOLETALES

...ill.. m

BOLETUS fDULtS Cc p, Penny Bun Mush room DESCRIPTION: H: 4-10 in (11).. 25 em), 0:

2-8 in (5·20 an), Cap hemispllerical then convex, fleshy, quile variable In color, but typically reddish-brown or hazelnut, paler al th edge, with a margin outlined in white; $/TlOOth, vis6d in wet weather. The while pores lurn yellow quite qukkly and ewnwaHy become olive green. They do nollurn blue to the touch. The stipe is futl, very swollen or ovoid at firs!, becom-

ron NTIAl

CONFlISION

to 1"YLOI'IL US FELLEUS

Buttr Bolele • 80LETUS SATANAS Sign', Bole!e

POISONOVS

ing more cylindriCal as it grows and CoYefed wilh a fine, white reticulation which is more

obvious al the lop. though 11 is sometime partial. Flesh white,

pinkish ullder the cutICle, firm, soltenlng considerably with age; flavor mild, pleasant odor. HABITAT: sometimes singly, but usually in large colonies in conifer005 woods (~e, Scots pine, lir) and in plantations and forl.'SlS of de
dally on hills or ill mid-mounlaln On acidic, well-drained soil. late summer through fall. Very common and widespread.

BOLETUS AESTlVALlS Summer Bo lel..,

YDESCRIPTION: H: 3'-'-8 in (8·20 em), 0: 2-6 in (5·15 em). Cap Ilemispherical then convex.uniform in color, orange-brown or pale fawn, with a dry. almost velvety, cuticie, often finely F.D1BILITY Vtry good to tal, but often wonn.talen, ~nd

leu highly prind than the Ccp.

POTFNTIAL CONFUSION

.. TYLOPILUS FELLEUS

Smer Bolete cracked, and not viscid when weI. POfes white, lending lalef to yellow then olivegref!n. Slipe solid and firm, slightly swollen, tinged with ocher or brownish·orange, with a clearly·marked reticulation O'Ier Ihe upper hall of the stipe. Flesh firm, soon becoming soft while under the (utide; pleasant odO!".

sweet, mild lIavor. HABITAT:

wf'II·lit

woods and the edges of deciduous woods

(oak, l>eech, chestnut, etc). May through early fall in lowlands and highlands. (ommon

and widespread.

THE BOLETALES BOLETUS AEREUS Black- headed Bo lclc

often reveal the I'ftlite flesh underneath, Pores milk-white at first, bulbous stipe narrowing 31 the

lOp, ocher or rusty brown with a faint reticulation. wtlite then turning brown.

flesh very firm, while, ew1 undef the culkle, pleasant odor, mild flavor.. HABITAT: well-li t fOfestS, verges,

and only uOOer deciduous trees. especially oak. Summer

through early fall. Fairly com-

stpitl'O/OffJ l't/''t/)',a"

mon in southern Europe, and on Fraoce's Atlantic coast but in warm ~aJs it can be

found further north. DESCRIPTION : H: 4-6 in (10·15 em), 13: 2·1'/. in (5-18 em). Cap hemispherical and fleshy, firm in

young specimens, sepia. chocolate, 01 almost black in color, matte and velvety,

sometimes becoming marbled or veined with ocher or brick-red tints. Animal biles I D1BILITY 10 the ccp, bu t the firth softens conlidm.bty with age, so ollly young 5~cimen$ arc good.

Delicious, some even prefer il

SPFCIAI 1'1 ATl IRFS

Several other species or boltle which arc mistaktn for the bLKk·htadtd boltlt btaollSt the color of thtir tapS lI1.Iy vary and Ncomc ~ry dark. This is the cue, for instance with Pine Boletes and Ceps that grow under chtstnut lrtts.

BOLETUS PINOPHILUS Pine

Bo l c t(~

DESCRIPTION: H: 10·}0 an, 0: 6-18 un. Cap very fleshy and hemispherical, smooth but ohen slightly lumpy. pinkish-red, red dish·brown, or mal\ogany. and maue. PoI"es

or mahogany at the bottom, with fine while reticulation at the lop. Flesh compact and white, reddish·brown under Ihe cuticle; odOf slightly resinous, mild lIavOf.

white at firSl, then yellow·green. Stipe very swollen,while 011 the top. but tinted

~r

HABITAT: oiten singly in forests 01 (ooifers,

mainly Scots pine. as well

as spruce. fir and mixed forest. usually on high ground. on add or sandy soil. Summer through fall. Fairly common in the sooth, rarer in the nOrlh; widespread.

BOLETUS SATANAS Devil's Bolete

TOXICITY

DESCRIPTION: H: 8 in (10·20 em,)

0: 4·10 in (10·25 em), Cap hemispherical, !hen convex and undu-

lating. very fleshy. dirty while, ash gray, cream, pale brO'Nfl or olive, graying with age. Pores bright yellow at first then rapidly

Poisonous, especially when raw; caus~s gastro·tnlenlis attacks which manjf~51 some hour.! lalcr by \iol~nl and l"C'ptalcd ~omiring.

THE BOLETALES turning Ofange Of brkk·red, paler al Ihe margin, tending to turn blue-black when looched; tubes ~lIow then oli~·green . stipe very swollen and shon, extending ~ter, yellow at the top and often at the base as Wfil, red in the middle. with an orange or red reticulation over the whole of SPECI AL FEATURES

Many red-pored boleu:s 1ft mort or less poisonous, induding the Red_st~mm~d Bolete which is only edible if weU cooked. Funhcrmorc, rrulny of these boletes aff hard to identify. For this uason, it is a good idea to avoid taring any boletes with red pores.

POTENTIAL CONFUS I ON

.. BOLETUS EDULlS Cep

EDIBU

.. BOLETUS ERYTHROPVS Red-stemmed Solttt Elll8U the top. Flesh white Of pale yellow, turning faintly blue when exposed to the air; faint odor. becoming tTIOfe unpleasant with ~, mild flavor. HABITAT: clearings, verges and Wfll-lil deciduous woods (mostly oak and beech). on limestone soil. Fairly common in the south. rarer in the north, and in warm, sunlit places. Reoccurs in the same places. Fall.

BOLETUS ERYTHROPUS Red -s temmed Bole te

SPECIAL FEATlJRFS

Oftrn misWm! for the Ikvil's Boltte. The fIt5h of many boICles, including the edible ones, I\Im5 blue when expostd to ;ur, a phenomenon of oxidation. The Red . Sltmrntd Boktt is edible and good 10 tal, wilike the DMl '$ Bokle (Boltrus 5
DESCRIPTION: H: ]'.4-B in (B·

20 em). 0: 2'H% in (l-IB em). Cap hemi~herkal thef1 eonvex and flanened, dar k chestnut, sometimes reddish-brown or oHvaceous ocher, typical~ velvety. Pores small and da rk red, turning more orange with age, yelIow·orange on the margin, becoming dark blue immediately when touched. Stipe cyliodrieal or olten slVOllen at the base. not reticulated but densely covered With little bright red spots. aHgned more or less vertically, against a yellow background.

Dcvil's Bolete

POISONOUS

Flesh firm, bright yellow but turning dark blue a few seconds alter it is CUI, evenlually fading 10 the original yel· low color; untypical odor, mild flaVOf. HABITAT: verges. clear-

ings. and well·lit forests of deciduous trees. rarer uoder conifers; on acidic, well·drained soil, in highlands and lowlaods. Common aod widespread.

THE BOLETALES BOLETUS LURIDUS Lurid Bolctc DESCRl PTlON: H 4-8 in (10·20 em). 0: H-7;4in (8-18 em). Cap hemlsp/lellcallhen convex, variable in color, ocher, yellow-brown, orange-brown, or oli~, with a velvety surface. Tubes yellow tlltn green, turniflQ blue when cut. PoI'es yellow, soon I!.nning reddi~·orange, bullUfnrng blue to tt1f, touch. Club·shaped S\lpe. yellow al the lop, reddish-orar-.ge

brightly blue when cut. The tubes and flesh of the cap ale separated by a red line; plea!>ant odOf and mild f1aYOf. HABITAT: well·lil mixed or dec:idllOUs I()(MIS on limestone. soil in early summer through fall. Fairly common and

WIdespread.

elsewhele. purpliSh-red al the base of the

E DIBILITY

Stipe, COYt'fed In a tICk, elongated blood·

led rellcuiallOO, Flesh firm at fi~t, yellow in the cap and the lop of the stipe. dark red in the base of the Sllpe, IUrning

Considtred 10 bt ,-try good 10 t.ll , bur lIYy ~Vt

cauHd some intes.tinal UpHU .

BOLETUS PULVERULENTUS I'owdcry Bolctc DESCRIPTI ON: H: 2-4~ in (5- 12 em), 0: '*-4 in (4-10 em), Cap hemispherical then eonvex. flattened at the center Of

slightly depressed. velvety. very variable in color from caf(!-aulait. ocher. chocolate brtmn, redd~ Of pink. becomirg 5taifll'd blue-black to the touch. Pores bright yellow. then d~ ILIri1] dak 1:tJ!'....t.en

,,,",,,,,,.

base. ~Icm on! IXM'derY on top. striated or p.rnctuated With red toward the bottOOl. Flesh ~, nstantly tLming briiflt bkJe v.Ml rut. then bladening: pleasant odor

"" """.

KABlTAT: oooo.ws{oaIQ oraMro.JS~ ~

forest paths, in parks on! PrefetS lfnesIone d, Stmmer tIvooj1 fall.

~

UncorMlon.

stipe thinnirg tov.ard the

XEROCOMUS PARAS/TICUS "arllSi tic Bolctc DESCRIPTION: H: 1.H~ 11 (4-8cm). 0: 1)1-4 11 (2-5 cm), Cap I'oembpherical then eonvex, siicjnly veIYety on! oadlog: on the suface, ocher yellow to bro'MlIsh-olive. Pores ame art! angola( ocher yellow . tlJr'lIO'!! rust colored. but nol blueirI;I. S~ smoolh aOO fbillose, otten Cl.I\Ied al the base. reddishbrCWl or ~1oN- brOM'l.FIesh thid and pale. not reddenirg v.Ml rut; flavor mild. DOOr pleasant. HAMAT: Parasitic on the Common Eanhball (Scleroderma

cifrinum). II grows in gr~ 01two or wee at the base of the Eanh-b.1llon very hunid soils. St.mmer throucjl fall. Fairly f
THE BOLETALES XEROCOMUS CHRYSENTERON Red-cr,'lcking Bolcte DESCRIPTI ON: H: 2-4 in (5· 10 em).

HABITAT: singly or in large 9fOOPS In

0:2-4 111 (5·10 em). Cap Ilemisphefical !hen

deciduous or coniferous woods, on acidic or (OIM!K,

Vill)'lng in

color from grayish-yellow through brownish-green, reddistHlrown. yelwty at fi~l. !hen U;dlng 10 IMal reddish flesh . Biles of small animals are also edged with led Pores large. angular. re110w I~n olivegreen, tuming falOlly blue to lhe touch. Stipe often sinuous. fairly {hin, may be expanded or thrnnlng at the base, yellow at the top. more 01' less striated with red elsewhere. Flesh !.Oft, ~mon rellow, pinkish-red under the wIKle, tuming faintly blue when cut pleasant odor and flavor.

siliceous soil. Summer through lall. Very common and widespfead

XEROCOMUS SUBTOMENTOSUS Downy Bolett DESCRIPTION: H 21(.6 in (7-15 em) o 2-6~ in (5-12 em), Cap hemispherical then (0I'IVex, cafe..au1dJ(, ocher olIVe, and with the texture of chamois leather. Pores wilW, espe
nOl lurnlng blue; pleasant odOl. mild flavor.

HABI TAT: woods and bOI'!:lefs of decidLlOllS

woods. soften WIth the Redcracking Bolete. on non-ukareous soil. Summef through fa!1. Fairly common and 01 conif('fOUS

""""..,

SPfCIAL FEATURFS

Sp«ies vcry similar to tht Rrd'crackinl Bolf tt (,\'tlllCo"'''J (/'rJ'St"'trort) and ~ Bolt te (XtrorOHl~J badill~), of which art various intermediate fOfrlls.

th~ft

THE BOlETALES

..ill.. m

XEROCOMUS BAD/uS Bay Bo le te b,1J' b/ll'ol'll cap

DESCRIPTION: H: 2',H% in (6- 12 em), 0: 2-6 in (5·15 em), Cap fleshy, hemispherical then flattened . ~iscid in damp weather, velvety in dry weather, uniform in (olor, bay (chestnut) to

reddish-blown. Pores lemon yellow then olive, instantly staining dark blue-green when touched. Stipe irregular. thickened or

thinning, narrowet or otherwise althe base, ocher or reddish-brown all over, but slri,ned vertically with reddish·brown and not lellculaled. Flesh thick, soh in the cap. whitish-yellow, turning fainlly blue when cut. pleasant fungal odor, mild flavor. HABITAT: mainly in cooilerous forests. sometimes under de
/",tS )'(II",,~ luming bluiikgrttll 10

lilt IOIIrb

EDIBILITY

Vcry good 10 tat and nrely worm-caten, ol1cn growing in large oumbe:rs. The tough 5tipt' should be: discarded.

The Bily Bolete is one of the few bolctes whkh ~ not form mytorrhiu with tru roolS.

LECCINUM AURANTIACUM O range Bo!ete DESCRIPTION: H: 4]&·8 in (11·20 em),

SPECIAL FEATURES

13: 4·8 in (10·20 em).

Cap globulose or hemispherical al first, barely wider than the stipe, then expanding and enlarging until it is convex, with a velVf!ty cuticle which ~rlaps the margin, and is uniformly reddish-orange. ~melimes

Of the rough.stemmed bolcrcs, the Mn to rat arc those spccit'll whose c~ps arc rinrcd with orange or reddish-brown. However, the Resh of aU the boktn in rhis group turns black when cooked.

brownish-orange. f'ofes small, while, turn·

ing gray-brown With age. Stipe lough, slightly swollen toward the base, covered in small rusty or reddish -brown, granulose scales. Flesh thick, firm in the stipe. softening With age In the tap. whitish when cut, luming dlny pink and fina lly

violet-black; pleasant odor mild and pleasant tlavor. HABITAT: under birch, aspen, and poplar 0fI damp, clay soil. Summer through fall. Fairly common in the northern hemi· sphere.

EDIBiliTY Good ro fir wh~n young.

THE BOLETAlES LECCINUM QUERCINUM O ak B.olete

DESCRI PTION: H: 6)\·8 in (12·20 em, 0: 2/,·6% in (6- 18 em). Cap hemispherical then convex, velvety when dry, soft finely cracked on the margin. brick-red or brownish-orange, browning with age. Pores fine, whitish, pa~ ocher subsequently, slightly browning 10

SPEUAL HATURES This specks is often (onn.sed with the OrarlSt Bolele which groW5 under decid· UOU$, waltr. loving trees such as aspen

and poplar.

the tooch. Stipe slightly thidened at the base, white, covered in small red-

dish scales which later lurns brown, lIesh firm then spongy, white, turning pink or gray w~n CUI, sometimes blue-green at

the base of the stipe; plea~nl odor, mild fla-

"".

HABITAT: under oak, chestnut, and occasionally under beech. Summer through fall. Url(ommon. Stlllls mLlrwiNg Iht~

lummg b",,"'IJ

LECCINUM SCABRUM Brown Birch Bolclc DESCRI PTION : H: 4·10 in (10·25 cm). 0: 2·6 in (5·15 em).

Cap ~mi· spherical then convex. hazelnut. gray· brown or brownish· yellow. slightly vel· vety when dry. viscid when wet. Pores white at first. then turning gray. browning to the touch. Stipe long. widening from top to bottom. whitish but cOV1!red with linle grayish·black. crowdPd spots. Flesh soft in the cap. fibrous in the stipe. white. not blackening: odor pleasant. flavor mild. HABITAT: under birch and in mixed woods containing birch. on damp. acidIC soil. Summer through fall. Very common.

SPECIAL FEATURES

This is a collective ,pecies, a group of whkh Ihe various varieties art some· times hard 10 diSlinguish. and which were once (DUefted under the bo\.i'lnicaJ name of Bo/rlus Slfl/>(r.

THE BOLETALES LECC/NUM CARP/NUM Horn beam

Bolc~e

DESCRIPTION: H: 4-7l'in (10·18 em), 0: 2-4 in (S·IO em). Cap hemi~pherical then convex, pitted, !>Ometimes cracking in dry weather and

1A1,lulIlll)\ ill dT)' ,,"(mJr(r "n(H~g

*,hi. /

1I1I"~rd Iht 10/',

..ilk. ICI<'tI.J Ihi h,Ist

wilh age. fairly soh, hazelnut or brownishyellow, shaded ocher or fawn. Pores small and white. then dirty yellow and evenlllally turning gray. Slipe slender toward the lOp. be
Flesh firm in the stipe, soft in the cap; while when CUI but instantly changing 10 dark pink then \0 violet-black. Odor faint but pleasant, flavor mild, slightly acidic. HABITAT: under hornbeam, hazelnut or oak, on cool, shady soi\. On highland or lowland. Summer through fall. (ommon.

Ediblt but mediocre, the soft Huh blacktn, when cooked.

LECC/NUM DUR/USCULUM Poplar Solete

DESCRIPTION: H: 4HA.in (1218 an). 0: 3';4.-6 in (8-15 cm).

Cap hemi~ical then convex, lumpy, slightly viscid when damp, oad::ing slightly ~th age, gray -bfown or reddi!Jl-bfown PorllS cream thefl gray. Stipe swollef1 in the middle or atlhe base, grayiShmUle,covered in folds which fOfm a sort of nel-

'NOIk, and very densely doned with fine bfown scales. fle!>h fifm and while, rf
or aspen, in forllSts, beside waterways. Fall. Uncommoo.

HABITAT: under poplar

SU/LLUS AMERICANUS American

Rolell~

DESCRIPTION: H: 1 ~-4 in (4-10 (m), o , ,(·4 in (3·10 an).

Cap convex. WIth an iruoUed margm {eN' tied in yellowrsh, VIscid hairs. 81111ianl yellow, SPOiled or slriped with red. Pofes wide and ar.gular, even elor.galed, yellow Ihen ocher, (overed in young specimens with a yetiowi!>h veil, whidlleaves no lir-.g sifl{e it is nol alla<1\ed 10 the Sllpe_ Slipe Ihin lor a 80Iete (less than 'h in (1 em)), yellow, spot-

led 011 lhe lOP, the spots darkening Wllh age. flesh yeIlOW1!>h, IUTning reddl!Jl-bfown when WI HABITAT: only under pines. Summel and early fall, Very {ommoo in NOfth America.

THE BOLETALES '"

'"

SUILLUS BOVINUS Bovin e Bo lctc

DESCRIPTION: H: 2%-3% in (4·8 em),

and elastic, whi tish'yeliow; Pleasant

0: 2-4 in (5·10 em),

odor, mild flavor.

Cap convex then flauened and lumpy. thick at the cent!'r, wi th a thin margin, ocher or orange, shiny, viscid in damp

weather. Pores large. especially close \0 Ihe slipI'. elongated and more or less aligned with the stipe, composite (divided into several compartments), yel. low-green, browning 10 the lauch. Stipe slender, ohen flexed, ()(her, covered in reddish fibrils as It ages and sometimes with pink filaments of reddish-orange

mycelium attached to the basl'. Flesh soft

HABITAT: in groups, only under pines. in IClem or heaths on acidic !>Oil, on high. land or lowland. lale summer through fall. Found all over the world.

SUILWS VARIEGATUS Speckled Bolete

DESCRIPTION: H: 2',.,41,. in (6·12 em), 0: 2'1.-6 in (6-15 em). Cap hemispherical then flattened with a thin margin, ~lIow ocher, orange, or brown-

ish'yellow, later turning olivaceous. Vel\lf!ty al first then finely granulose. slightly viscid in wet weather. Pofes small and angUlar. yellowish then brownish·green, turning SPECIAL FFATURES 1'hi$ and 1M Sp«kkcI Bokte arc the only specia of SuJ/us growing IIndu piM

wbo5c Mipt has no ring or granulation.

faintly blue to the touch'stipe long and sturdy, yellowish. Flesh fi rm, rapidl y sohening, pale yellow,

faintly blueing, when CUI; faint odOf of bleach, mild but unpleasam flavor. HAB ITAT: coni ferous woods. es~ia l ly pine, in the mountains, mainly on acidic Of sandy soil. late summer through lall. Common.

THE BOLETALES

,..

~

SUILWS GRANULATUS Yellow Pine BolclO!

DESCRIPTION: H: 3:4-5 in (8·15 on), 0: 2·4~ in (5-12 em). Cap hemispherical or cooical\hef1 convex, yellowish-orange to reddish-brown, unl· form, very viSCid when ~I, silq and maue in dry weathef, With it cullde that ow/taps the rrargin and is easily detach-

dish or brownish granutatioM. Flesh thICk, while or yellow, unchanging wtlen cut. Spicy odor and navor. HABITAT: in groups, only tinder pines (5<015 pint', Ausuian pine, Aleppo pine,

etc.), often in the

able. Pores small, SU(ces~1y pa~ yel· low, bright yellow, and finally red-

grass and prefefs lirTleStOl'lf soil. In looNIand and high-

dish, exuding milky drops in young spe
pores. later presentlll9 red

land.lale summer tITou;1I fal.1/efy CClITI'I'Ol along the European Atlantic: coast, less so elswhere.

1--

""""II~' .""hl

' · I>IBILITY

Good 10 UI, although it rnldl 10 M indigntiblt. The: viKid, bittn- C\loclc must M diJankd btJorr pnpuatioa.

SUILLUS LUTEUS Slippery Jack

DESCRIPTION: H: 2 ~· 7 /. in (7-13 em),

o 2·611 In (5· 12 em).

Cap con~x. expaoorng very late, very viscid and stkky, mostly chocolate brown in color, SOrl1ellmes reddish· brown Of ocher, wuh \hln, darker stripes; tiny shreds of the white veil are attached to the margin, and the cuticle 1$ easily separable. Pores Wlall and rounded, lemon yt'I. low, IUfnlng green with age. Stipe lailly short, thid:: and sturdy, sometimes bent cytil'ldllcal and slightly thickened at the base, firm and fibrous, white to yellow, with tiny reddish granulaII00S al t~

top. and

with 11 WIde membra-

nous nng. white thef1 vioIet·brown. Flesh thiek, film at fi~1 then bKomll'lg wit, wtll\lsh to pale yellow, and yel lower ill the ba!.e of FIl IBIlITY

Good 10 U f, Ind considtrtd 10 be tht bot" of th~ S~j//"s, ali long as Ih( slimy, bitter cuhck is fiQI discarded, and only younl sp«lmrnl I~ n l t n.

the stipe; pleasant odof, mild flavor. HABITAT: in groups, only under pines, mainly Scots pin!.', in the grass, at road sides, and beside ditches. Fall. Commoo

throughout the Nonhe!n Hemisphere. especially in w.vmer parts.

THE BOlETAlES

,<2 '
SUllLUS GREVIHEI La rch Softie DESCRIPTION: H 2)1-6 in (6-15 em). 0: 2·4 In (5·10 em). Cap IlemisphelH:al then (on~x Of flattened, might lemon yellow to orange-yellow. very shiny and viscid. Pores hidden by a wool~ white veil ill young spec.imerl§, lemon yellow, tuming reddish Of pinkish gray 10 the

HABITAT: ooly lim larch in parks and plantations, in avenues among Ihe grass, sometimes qUite far from the trei!,in high. lands and lowlands. Summer through fall. Fairly common.

tooch. Stipe ohef! slightly iwollen al the base, uniform yellow below the ling and with reddish velllS above it. The ring is whUish and woolly, forming a ridge. FIMh pale ~Iow In the cap, blIght yellow in the Stipe. velOed with VIOlet when (ut; pleasant odor and flaV()(.

Ediblt but m~diocrr. The ,limy cuticle

should lit discarded,

SUILLUS VISCID US Slippery Larch Solcle

DESCRIPTION; H: 2t1i-6 in (7-15 em). 0: 2-4 in (5·10 em), Cap hemispheocal then convex Of flattened, extremely viscid, surface slightly wrinkled, beige then gray-brown. turning greenishgray With age; the edge sometimes retains the remainsol thewtlitrsh vtil in the fOfrn of wall shreds. The pores are large, irregular. pale. then turntng brown or grayish-gret'f1. The Sllpe is whitish or )'fllowish above the ring. dirty red or brown below it; thto ring is wide and white al first. then flattened against the stem i!fld browning. The flesh is soh, whitish, turning gray or brown in places when cut. The odor is faint and flavor mild.

HA8ITAT: only under larch, whethel wild Of

cultIVated, in la.vIands and highlafldi.

Prefers liml'stone soil. Early summer

lhrough fall. (ommoner in the mountains.

Edible but very poor rating, as the fltsh i. soh and spongy-

THE BOLETALES

.l!!.

'"

GOMPH/DIUS GLUT/NOSUS Glutinous Gomphid iu$

completely separable from the cap. Gills broad, widely 5pilCed, dl!ru'renl, IllQII! or Ie!.s fab!d, of a vmy consistency• ....tut1Sh !hen blackish. 'M'/ easily separated from the rest 01 the cap. S~ not very thid:. at the base. wry 'Iiscid, white exCfPI at the base ....nidi is lemon yellow and with a small riN;I 01 brown scales. Flesh thick. only a1 the center of the cap, while, bright yellow at the base of the Stipe; odorless, mikl i'l1\a<.<J. HABITAT: anfl!fOUS for~ (!opIUCe II the rr(JU'Itairts, pines in the k7N1ands) especiaIy at the edge 01 the woods. Surmer tht'ourjl fall. Fairty common and WIdespread. DESCRIPTION: H: 2)1·5)1 in (1-13 an).

0: 2-4 in (5·10 (m). Cap conical and umbonate, then WIth a flattened lop. becoming hmel-shaped 'Mth age. co.oered WIth a thick, geiatll'lOUS film; the margill remains inrolkd for a long time arid is attached to the stipE! by a glutinous 'Jf!il ill young specimens, whrll is cafe-au-lal/, rpJviole\, then rEddish./lftM/f1 in color, staining black when touched. The cuticle is easily FDlBIiITY

Good 10 ut, ;as IofIJ as the visrid (\Icicle: is fe_cd, but the 8rsh bUickcns during cooking_

I'"

)"Bo.- {/all'" /Nut of 1M Ibllt

CHROOGOMPHUS RUTIWS. GOMPHIDIUS VISCIDUS Coppery Gomphidius

Flesh (lange-yellow With a tendency to redden. odorless and With a mild ,"",,-

HABITAT: under

conifers" IIf!fY chen pines. larer I.I'Idtr ~t; s0metimes even around indiviOJaI tree. It ~ or meadows. late sum-

mer thlOugh fall. fairly o:mna'l and wdespread.

DESCRIPTION: H: 2'H in (7-1S (m), 0: 2-4 in (S-10 (m). Cap (ol1lcal, sometlfnes becoming umbonatt, the margrn remarnll"lg inrolled, VI!.Cid, copptf-colored, reddish-brown or dart. red, palei' as it ages. Gills 'o'tfY WIdely spaced and de
Edible but medioc:re, nOI IlS popullr as the GlurinO\l$ Gomphidiu:s.

THE BOLETALES .lli'" PAXILLUS INVOLUTUS Brown Roll-rim DESCRIPTION: H: 2}l.·4% in (6-12 (m),

0: 2·6 in (5-15 em), Cap convex at first biJt soon becoming depressed in the center, !.Omelimes umbonate, with a margin which remains inrolled for a long time, more or less fluted; surface velvety or cracked in dry weather, viscid in weI weather, cinnamoo or brownish·ocher, Gills very crowded, narrow, and d«urr£'nl, V1!ry forked, beige then rust, gradually turning brown 10 the touch, until they become dark brown some minutes laler. Stipe (enlral or slightly excentric, fibriilose, of the same color as the cap, staining blown when

touched. Flesh thick and soh, pale )'1!lIow or pale brown, browning when exposed to the air as well as when rubbed. Fruity odor, slightly bitter flaVl)(. HABITAT: under deciduous

trees, l'SpeCially birch, bUI also chestnut, poplar. or under (ooifers in the mountains. in parks. on lawns. on the ground Q(

on old, rotting stumps. on damp, acidic soil. from early summer through late fall. Extremely common and widespread. TOXICITY The Brown Roll-rim LlS('d to be consid· ered edible, but it has causcd "

riou'

caKS of poisoning, somc of them fatal. It is mort poisonous when rilW.

PAXILLUS ATROTOMENTOSUS Slack-stemmed Roll-rim DESCRIPTION: H: 2:4·7V, in (6-18 an),

0: 4-10 In (10-25 em), Cap CorM!X then funnel-shaped, kidney- or WlI-shaped, !he margin remaining inrolled for a long 11ITIe, brOWflish-oc:h!r or brownish-yellow,veNety then ITIOft or ~s rMUred. Gills oowded, dKurren~ branched, bonded tagelhe!' at the base, eMily separable 'rom the rest of the cap. oeam 10 yellow, browning to the touch. Stipe ~hol'l and thick,

often excenlric. covered with a very dense

brownish·black down.F1esh soft and to pale yellow, brown in the Stipe; odofless. IIavof molt Of less biller.

spcJfI9y• ....tI'le

HABITAT: in tufts Ofl (ooifef stumps or lOOts. Suml'Oef thlough tafly fall.

Uncommon.

THE BOLETALES 2i!.. '" OMPHALOTUS ILWDENS Deceiving Funnel-cap

DESCRIPTION: H: 3)!·71' in (8· 18 (m, 0: 2~-6 in (6-15 on). Cap slightly COI'M!X ill rust, wllh vert inrolled margin, then c\epfessed in the center but relair»ng its Rolled ITIafg"'. Surface smooth and matte, may bea:lrroe V'tfY slightly scaly al the center. egg·~Uow to Ofangt'-yeUow Of apricot G!IIs very crC7Mled, thin, decufrenl, of the same coler as the tap. Stipe pale yellow. splndle·shaped, ending In a pomt althe base and fused \'11th the Slipes of olber speamens. from whICh it is easily separable. flesh firm, fiblou5 in the stipe; fairly strOllg and unpleasant odor, similar 10 that produced by the Clouded Agaric (Clitocybe nebu/gns).

HABITAT: forms dense and voluminous Ilk on old logs 01 various decidUCIUS trees. espe
.. CANTHAREUUS CIBAR/US Chantertllc Eol.8u .. HYCROPIIOROPSIS AURANTIACA False Chanlerelle

EDlBU

OMPHALOTUS OLEARIUS Jilek O'Lantern

DESCRIPTION: H: 2H in (7-15 em), 0: 2'h·4)/, in (6· 12 em), Cap (OI'IvtlI then bec:olmng depressed in the

cap, Stipe long. undulating. ahen uc!!n· Iric, striated, the same color a~ the cap, stained brownisll·gray. f lesh very fibrous,

center, and finally funnel'shaped but

bright yellow.

retaining a more or less inrolled margin, yt!lIow orange to brownish-orange. Sl'Iiny, ~ery decurrent gills, yellow-orange. thin, and crowded, easily separable from the r O Tf NTIAl (O N llISIO N .. CANTHARELLUS CI8AR/US

ChamcrtJle

EDlBl[

HABITAT: in tufls at the base of tree Hun~ on the branches of dedduous trees or on the ground, 910WIIlg on buried roots. Summer throogh fall. Ottile common in the south.

THE BOLETALES HYGROPHOROPSIS AURANTIACA FJJse Chantcrcllc

DESCRIPTI ON: H: 1/.-2'11 in (3-6 em), 0: 1'/.·2'/'ln (3·7 em), Cap COO'o'eX but SOO'l depressed ~ the cen~ margin nolled for it krIg time. f1.n'IeI.~

.., .,.. .". .,.,'" ........,'"

HABITAT: i1 ~ In conifE!f005 fore5ts, ~ dally pine, sometimes 5pIUCf. on the ~o.n.1 cr on very rotten. burled tr.nhes. late !ol.mI'l1eI tI1roucjl fal. Common and widesplead.

,.."..

owge to ~ scme\Il'IES d."Itb!r in the center. GIs 00Mi!d. deamnt. very fat2d. r~ StIpe thin iWld ~ at the base. smooth and o:riaa'Ot.t5, beooming hobv, da!k ~red at the base; chtI~ flaccid ard elastic, no partICUlar cdof 0' ~.

I'DlBILlTY

Wrongly accllnd of bring poisonoul. In fact, it is quilt good to ut though tht n"h is r.nhtr !JOft.

GEASTRUM SESSILE Sessile Ea rth SUlr DESCRIPTION:

0: 1/'-2 10 (3-5 em), The Sessile Eanh SIal' (on~15 01 an OUlef segmented part and a ~fI(al (ermal pari. The outef part consim of SIX to nifW! smooth lJIangular segments, aeamy-whlll! 10 ocher in color. In wei

'ffl!alher they are stJelched

out parallel to the earth and in dry weather they are incurved, raising the central part up from rtle ground. The sphefkal center

is the same color as the segments. or slightly dal~er, grayish ocher, Their consistency Is similar

to that of wasps' nests or parchment. The lOp is pelforaled with a little hole with an Irregular, loothed edge. The flesh Is coria-

ceous and has flO pankular odor. HABITAT: Ohen in coionie\ on moss or needles in (oorfefous or mixed forest s. Summef and early fall, Widespread.

, ------THE GASTEROMYCETES

,S< 15S

GEASTRUM TRIPLEX Triple Earth Star DESCRIPTION: H: %-2 in (2-S em). 0:

1~-

2 in (l-S em) ((~), 2%-(6-12 em) (open). In its young state, the lungus is ovoid and subterranean. II develops in a spherical form in two parts, an external part which splits into five 10 seven segmenls, (ream then turning gray. about '10 in (0.5 em) thick, which expands and wraps

itself under-

neath the fungus.

becoming split CfOSSwise.The

central part is globulose and opens a1 the tOp in a

liny slar-shaped opening, surrounded by

sri C IAL

fI ATURF.S

a white circle, from which the spores afe

emilie
GUSlrrs art strange fungi whose

oolanitllJ namt means Mu.rth SGr.'

HABITAT: DeCldllOus or coniferous forests,

parks. Fall. Uncommon.

ASTRAEUS HYGROMETRICUS Hygrometric Earth Star DESCRIPTION: 0: %· 4 in (2·10 em). The furqJS consists of I'MI ~ !he cenual gIobulose part aboot I in (2.5 em) 11 ~er v.t1k:h ioI pale rpf, aod pierted at!he top with a small aifce. and !he OOlef p.:rt v.t.k:h ioI brtl'Ml 10 ~ ~ a six 10 ten txanched star (sometimes there are even rnCife branchesl, The tTcInches ere fused at !he base, and !he SlKface is crad.ed.1Nhen !he air becomes tOO dry, the tTcInches fad back into the eenlet; endosilY!! the globe. Flesh brO'Ml at mall.xiry.

HABITAT: clearings. hedgerows, decidUOlli (oak) Of cOfliferoos ipne) vee. on sandy, rather

acXic soil. late sunmer throur/l early faO, but may persist for several months in the (ty stale. Widespread but uncommon.

LYCOPERDON PYRfFORME Stump Puffball DESCRIPTION: H: 1'1\-3'11 in (3-8 em), 0: (1-4 (rn.)

Pear-shaped fungus, consisting of a

round, head, swollen al the top. in which a pore opens at maturity, and Ihere is a large stipe which narrows toward the bOllom which is no longer Ihan Ihe cap. It is creamy-white, later turning brown and covered in short. fragile spines. The base of the stipe is extended by long white, downy filaments which dig inlo worm-eaten wood. The flesh is white, turning olive green, except Ihe lower part

of the cap which remains while, Unpleasant odor, mild flavor.

HABITAT: In tufts on old logs and Ihe ronen wood of various deciduous trees,

LYCOPERDON PERLATUM Common Puffball DESCRIPTION: H: 1%·3'" in (4·9 em), 0: 11'·214 i in (l-6 em). More or less pear-shaped, creamy white arid covered in liule papillae of different sizes looking like tiny pearls. cream then ocher and finally oliveDrown when the wrface is smooth. The top opens at a perforallon situated on one protuberance in the center of the cap. The stipe is largely splayed in a reverse

sometimes half-buried. Fall throu9h early winter. fairly common.

THE GASTEROMYCETES cooe shape. and cootains sevefal folds. The flesh is while al first, be
Edible when young and tht f1e$1r. is $till whilt but mediocre.

356

'"

brown, and lending \0 gf~nish·brown, eventually turning brown and powdery.

HABITAT: In ~nse clumps in de
widespread.

LYCOPERDON ECHINATUM Spiny Puffball

DESCRIPTION: H: 1;4.·2'..' in (H cm), 0 : 1'A·2 in (]·5 em),

Globe-shaped and carried on avery shon stem tNrvlPJ loward the ba5e.ermre/y retXlishbrtwn and w.oered with soft spines about '.4 in (0.50 em) long. in g~ of three or flU, The spines IMOtua~ fall oft leaving a retic.ulated SlKfoce.1here is

pore in the top v.+Iidl enables the sr.cres to be released .. The flesh is white ar;j firm at fllSt,

""" ,........., """'""", "" '""" poMIoy,

HABITAT: Bee<:h forests on limestone !.Oil. Fall. Uncommon.

BOVISTA PLUMBEA Leade n l'uflball DESCRIPTION: a: IPA in (1·4 em), Spherical and devoid of a stipe. The external envelope is thick and pure white, and peels iNlay to reveal aoothef interior covering that is lead gray, with a pore in the top. Flesh white then brown, and be
powdery when ma1Ure.

HABITAT: in small groups in meadows,

pastures. and SI'FCIAL FF.ATURfS The I.udcn PuffbaUis only attached to

the soil weakly, and when mature the lint puff of wind an 'MT)' the whole fn,iting.body far away, thus enabling ;1 10 diumlinalc its spores.

roadsides. Summer through fall. Fairly common.

CALVATIA UTRIFORMIS 5.'tddJc.sh:ll'cd Puffball

DESC RIPTI ON: H: 2·4% in (5-12 em),

0: 2·6 in (S· 15 (m). Fungus pear-shaped al first, wilh a white globuloS!! top, covered in small pyramid-shaped warlS which turn into a

top tape!"ing at the base; it dOl!s not de
lorna, leaving only their polygonal base behind.The fungus

then turns graybrown and the cap splits along its who~ diameter. The bottom is barely wider than the

HABITAT: Lawns and Ofchards. especially in the mountains. Summer through early fall. Fairly common.

THE GASTEROMYCETES CAlVATIA EXCIPULIFORMIS Pes tl e Puffball

DESCRIPTION: H: 21'·7:' In (7·18 em). 0: 2·4 in (5-10 em). Fungus comislll'lg altwo parts. The upper part is globulose. fi~1 wl'ule then!oOOfl turning ocheI, and the Ia.w part is IN! SIIpE!. The upper part IS sooo (OYefed with linle soft, pointed warlS whi
HABITAT:

in meadows. well-lit woods

01 deciduous or coniferous trees

and parks. Summer through fall. Ull(om-

mon \0 common,

mall/re, to release the spores. The stipe is !\all the width of the lIEoad and represeflts hall the heigh t of the lungm,11 is wrinkled, folded, granulose, lim wMe then ocher.

LANGERMANIA GIGANTEA Giant Puffball DESCRIPTION: 0 : 6-6 in (1$-40 em).

HABITAT: singly or in groups, In parks.

Large round white shape, apparently resting on tile 9101.100. smooth but lumpy. pit· ted with shallow depressions, matt. later stained Wi th ocher, ~elvety to the touch, like chamois leather. Flesh white, soh to spongy, yt!lIowing, then turning olivebrown. Faint odor. mild, plea! rel="nofollow">ant lIavor.

on lawns, beside hedgerows, olten on nitrogenous soils. Summer through fall. Uncommon and grows agam in the same

places each ~ear.

VASCELLUM PRATENSE Mcadow I,,,,f!ball

DESCRI PTION: 0: ~-2 in ~2-5 em). Globulose, slightly flattened at the top. white then ocher, linally pale brown upon malurity. The surface is (overed in tiny warlS which evenwally disappear. The top tears into ooe large openir.g through which the spores ts(ape in the form of a gray dust. The sope is very short or absent. flesh whIte and spongy rn your.g ~irnens then oIive·brown afld powdery. II seen in vertKal section, the upper, fertile pan can be seen to be separated from the Iowef sterile part by means of a membrane.

HA BITAT: meadows. roadsides. lawns, heaths. Summer throogh fall. Common. $111,1/1 11',117$

btaJmt ,krl1(hfJ.

~ 'm~lin8 ~ >mQOf' 5111<1«(.

• •

•

THE GASTEROMYCETES

~ '61

SCLERODERMA ClTRINUM, S, AURANTIUM Common Eanhball DESCRIPTION : H: 1'.'-31' in (3-8 em), 13: 1"'·4'A in (3·11 em), Globular fungus, "aliened allhe

woods, on acidic soil. 5umlTlef through fall. Very common and widespread.

lOp, with a leathery envelope, pale yeHow or Q(ange-yellow

and covered in ~mall scales. Stem very shan, whitish, with rool-like filaments al the bottom which anchor the lungus to Ii'll' soil. flesh firm, dirty white becoming blad.ish and powdery upon maturity;

strong. unpleasant odol. HABITAT: in groups 00 bare groond among

felled limber or on pathways. on moors. verges. or well-hi deciduous or coniferous

o;;PH JAl FFATURF.S The Desh of the Common

urth~

looks similar 10 thai of the B("(k Trufflc; il ....1 m IlS bern used fraudulently \0 imitate a truffle in certain foodstuffs, alltgtdly cont.Jining Blick Truffles.

CYATHUS STRIATUS Bird', Nest Fungus

DESCRIPTION: H: '.6-" in (1-1.5 em), 0: ~.'h In (O.S-l em), Vase or cup·shaped fungus. the top covered at first by a small white membrane

HABITAT: in colonies consisting of large numbers of Individuals on partklily burled branches and !Wigs in damp woOOs. Sumrrtef through fall. Fairly common and widespread.

that breah open 10 reveallinle white Ientil·YIaped grains thallu!ns Ixown when mature, arranged in !he bol1om. The outer surface is brown and CoYeIed in sliff hairs; the inl'lef surface is gray and bare but sui· aled wl!h veftical grooves.

S I' I (IA I II ATl 'RFS

The sporu .rt dinnnilUlltd by the rJin, whOM: drops detach the Iittk gnins containing the sports and dil~ them,

.,ooirlI_ WU proItr/S lilt link ' tf!l}" Iw{ort "'
THE GASTEROMYCETES

..lli... 36'

CRUCIBULUM LAEVE, C. VULGARE, C. CRUCIBULIFORME Orange Bird ', Nes t Fungus DESCRIPTION: H: '''·\{ in (0.5- 1 em). ~-~ in (0.5-1 em). The fruiting-body is egg-shaped in the young state, looking like the Bird's Nest Fungus, but Ihe Interior wall of Ihe "nest"

0:

is smooth, not striated and pale ocher in color. The protective membrane (OV1!(ing young specimeflS is also ocher or orange, turning paler. The lilUe grains (peridioles) inside are attached to the wall by short stalk. HABITAT: grows in groups on various

species of rotten wood in forestsan par~s. in summer and fall. Fairly common.

PHALLUS IMPUOICUS The Stinkho m

DESCRIPTION: H: 4·9 in (10·23 em),

e: 1-2 in (3-5 ern).

When very young, this fungus has Ihe shape of egg about 2 in (5 em)

in diameter, with while filaments 01 m)'{eliurn a\ the base. The egg develops very rapidly and gives rise

to a cap and stipe. The cap is cOlli· cal, viscid at first and olive-green, The viscosity disappears. afld the surface becomes white, pitied and porous. with sort 01 valva at the base, which is the remains of

the membrane covering the egg, The strong, putrid adO!' can be detected from several yards away, and IS a magnet for flies which feed on the muCliS of the cap and thus disperse the spores. HABITAT: in dispersed groups in deciduous or coniferous forests. Summer through fall. Very common. fDl811ITY

If th e . ticky m.:IU is n movfli, the tg, which dots nOI have the naulluting , meU, em 1M- taten, but is n tht r mediocre.

MUT/NUS CAN/NUS Dog Stinkhom DESCRIPTI ON: H: 3:4-6 in (8· 1~ an). E!: 'J,.~ in (1-1.5 em). The Dog Stinkhorn looks like a smaller version of the Stinkhorn and it develops in the same ~. It is more !JenOer and CUNed, and the cap is the ~me width CIS the ~tipe. 'MIen the gremish mucus of the cap disappears. the under· neath is seen to be honeycombed and red. The stem is tinged wijth pink. The !oIlle1l is no! as strong as that of the Stinkhom but it is also

nauseating. HABITAT: in groups in cIeciduous and coollet'ous forests. often near rotting stumps. Summer thfOOgh fall. Uocommoo but tending to 5pl'ead.

CLATHRUS RUBER Red Cage Fungus DESCRIPTI ON: H: 3'H .in (8·12 em), e; 2-3'h in (5-9 em).

Slarlir.g from a whitish 01 yellowish egg. a loond, tanked fruil-body emerges. It is coral· col()(ed on the ou!5lde, the inside being (rNere
THE GASTEROMYCETES -lli. '" CLATHRUS ARCHER' Red Tentacle Fu ngus

DESCRIPTION: 0: 4·7'/.. 10 (10-18 em).

The egg is whitish-gray \0 pmki!>h. II breaks open

[0

reveal four to eight (oral-red

branches, stained with bla(~, elecl al first aod }Dilled at the bollom, which opel'! like the petals of a flower. The smell becomM nauseating when the fungus IS mature. ~sturts. grass vtrges, hedgerows, dealings, under deciduous Of corlllel'OUS UteS. late §piing IhlO09h lall. Rare through fairly common, dis-

HAB ITAT:

tubuted all over

ard tending

\0

I~

WOIId

spread.

'" SPI (IAI FF.ATURI S

The Red Tcnlilclc Fungi'S is a native of "ustraw or Ncw·Zrilind. It appt'urd in Europe forthdint time- in 1914, in the VOJlltl moun rains of France. It was almost crruinly inlmductd, rithcr on

raw wool, or on impontd ilnno1tIltllll.

GLOSSARY Adnate (g ills or tubes): welded to

the stipe along the entire width of the mushroom. Appendiculate: margin of a cap to which Iragmenu of veil adhere. Armilla: (overil'l9 which may be scaly and which covers the stipe of certain species, except in the upper part. Basidiomycete: the biggest group of

macrofungi, so·called because the spores ale carried on dub-shaped pro-

persists only in the form of filaments on the cap and stipe. Cuticle: coating of the upper surface of the cap (may be viscid, smooth, or fibrillose). Decurrent (gills): which run down the supe. Deliquescent: liquifying when mature.

the ihape of the cap.

Fibrillose: covered in fine filaments or fibrils. Fold, vein : sort of false gill under the cap of certain mushrooms, especially Canlherellus alld Craterel/us. Free (gills): not attached to the stipe. Fugaceous: disappearing mOfe or less rapidly with age (a ring or (Oflina, for example).

Cerebriform: convoluted like a brain. The cap in species of Gyromitra (Brain Fungi) is cerebriform. Cortina: partial veil consisting of very fine filaments covering the gills in a young specimen. As the mushroom grows, the conina tears and

Gelatinous: having the consistency of gelatin. Gill: leaf-shaped appendage bearing the basidiospores on the underside of the cap of mushrooms of the basid· iomy<es family.

trusions called basidia. Basi diospore: spore of a basid·

iomycete. Bulb: swollen base of the stipe of certain fungi.

(ampanulate: bell-shaped, describing

366 367

Globulose: spherical or almost spherical (as in the puffballs). Humicolous: growing on humus. Hygrophanous: changing color and appearance depending on the degree of atmospheric humidity. Hymenium: the part of the sporophore or fruiting-body on which the spores are borne (gills, tubes, etc).

between the mycelium of a mushroom and the roots of a higher plant (usually a tree).

Ostiole: small orifice from which spores can escape.

latex: liquid in the flesh of certain fungi. lignicololous: growing on wood.

Partial veil: envelope covering the gills of a young fungus (which may persist in the form of a ring). Pileus: word sometimes used to denote the cap of a fungus. Pore: opening at the bottom of a tube (of a bolete, for example). Pruinose: covered with bloom like a plum. Pubescent: covered in fine hairs.

Margin: edge of cap or gills. Marginate: bulb with a clear ridge around the top. Milk: liquid exuded from the flesh of certain mushroms. See latex. Mycelium: network of underground filaments which are the vegetative part of the fungus. Mycorrhiza: close association

Reticulation: network of raised filaments on the stipe of certain boletes. Rhizomorph, pseudorrhyza: Long root-like filaments of mycelium. Ring: ring-shaped membrane around the center or top of certain mushrooms Rooting: said of a stipe which extends deep into the soil by becoming thinner. the equivalent of a seed.

Inrolled (margin): rolled up at the edge (cap).

-----------------------------

Sinuate (gills): with a dentation before they are attached to the stipe. Spines: needle-shaped points, mainly under the cap of the Hedgehog Mushrooms (Hydnum). Sporophore: visible part of the mushroom, also known as the fruiting body. Spore: reproductive element in fungi, Squamose: scaly. Stipe: stem of the mushroom. Symbiotic: said of a fungus that forms a relationship with a higher plant, from which both derive benefit. Terricolous: growing on the ground (as opposed to lignicolous). Tube: collection of small cylinders attached to the underside of certain fungi (such as boletes), through which spores are ejected at the bottom in an opening called a pore. Umbilicate: with a clearly marked central narrow, ring-like depression. Umbo: central mound protruding from the cap. Umbonate: having an umbo. Unequal: said of gills which are interspersed with gills of a shorter length.

Universal veil: envelope covering the whole of a young mushroom, sometimes persisting in the form of a volva at the base of the stipe or as scales on the cap. Volva: envelope covering the base of the stipe of certain mushrooms, a remnant of the veil which covered the young fungus. Waterlogged: gorged with water.

r-------------------------------------

368 369

INDEX The figures in Roman letters refer to running text; the numbers in bold refers to pages on which the subject is treated more generally. Names in Roman letters are the common name, .names in iitalics are the botanical or scientific name.

A

praeclaresquamosus,

193 Acorn Elf Cup,40 Agaric Brown-capped Agaric, 193 Clouded, 129 Club-footed,128 Clumped, 182 Cone-capped, 180 Fiery, 266 Fly, 211 Inside Out, 130 Monk's Head, 129 Satin-stemmed, 183 Striated, 126 Two-colored, 127 Verdigris, 269 Agaricales, 178-229 Agaricus a/bertii, 195 arvensis, 198 augustus, 194 bisporus, 192 bitorquis, 190 californicus, 197 campestris, 191, 197 macrosporus, 195 porphyria, 193

si/vaticus, 196 silvico/a, 199 urinascens, 195 xanthoderma, 196 Agrocybe aegerita, 279 cy/indracea, 279 dura, 280 mo/esta, 280 pedlades, 280 praecox, 281 semiorbicu/aris, 280

Agrocybe Grass, 280 Tough,280 A/batrellus ovinus, 85, 87 A/euria aurantia, 43 A/nico/a me/inoides, 257 Amanita battarae, 229 caesarea, 214 citrina, 223 crocea, 228 fu/va, 228 gemmata, 219 junquil/ea, 219

muscaria, 211 ovoidea, 226 pantherina, 215 phalloides, 220 rubescens, 216 spissa, 218 submenbranacea,

229 unbrino/utea, 229 vaginata, 227 verna, 224 virosa, 225

Amanita, 219 Ovoid,226 Spring, 224 Amethyst Deceiver, 135 Aniseed Mushroom, 128 Aphyllophorales,

64-105 Armillaria, 17 Bulbous-stemmed Darkening,134 Armillaria mellea, 133 ostoyae, 134

Artist's Fungus, 79 Ascocoryne, Fleshy, 37 Ascocotyne sarcoides, 37

Ascomycetes, 32-57

Asterophora Iycoperdoides, 154 Astraeus hygrometricus, 355 Auricularia auricula judae, 61 mesenterica, 60 Auriscalpium vulgare, 88

B Bachelor's Button, 37 Baeospora myosura, 162 Beefsteak Fungus, 78 Bird's Nest Fungus, 362 Orange, 363 Bisporella citrina, 39 Bisporelle , Yellow, 39 Bjerkandera adusta, 74 Black Elf Cup, 45 Bladder Elf Cup, 44 Blewit, 132 Blue-green Wood Cup, 38 Blusher, The, 216-217 Blushing Bracket, 74 Bolete American, 338 Appendiculate, 322 Bay, 333 Bitter, 319 Black-headed, 325 Bovine, 339 Brown Birch, 336

Devil's, 326, 328 Downy, 332 Hornbeam, 337 Hollow-stemmed, 320 Larch, 343 Lurid,329 Oak,335 Orange, 334 Parasitic, 330 Peppery, 321 Pine, 326 Poplar, 338 Powdery, 330 Red-cracking, 331 Red-stemmed, 328 Rooting, 321 Scarlet -stemmed, 322 Slippery Larch, 344 Speckled, 340 Summer, 324 Yellow Pine, 341 Boletales, 316-351 Boletinus cavipes, 320 Boletus aereus, 325 aestivalis, 324 albidus, 321 appendiculatus, 322 calopus, 322 edulis, 323 erythropus, 328 luridus, 329 pinophilus, 326 pulverulentus, 330

radicans, 321 satanas, 326 scaber, 336 Bovista plumbea, 358 Bracket Fungus, Fir, 80 Bracket Fungus, Variable, 80 Brain Fungus Black, 47 Common, 46 Cup-shaped,46 Elastic, 47 Gray, 60 Yellow, 62 Branch-gilled Fungus, 160 Brick Cap, 271 Bulb, 10, 11 Bulgaria inquinans, 37 Bulgaria truncata, 37 Bulgaria, Truncated, 37

C Caesar's Mushroom, 214 Cage Fungus, Red, 364 Calocera vicosa, 63 Calocybe carnea, 154 gambosa, 153 Caloporus ovinus, 85 Calvatia excipuliformis, 359 utriformis, 358 Camarophyllus pratensis, 108

370 371

Candlesnuff Fungus, 34 Cantharellus cibarius, 92 cibarius var amethysteus, 93 cibarius var bic%r, 93 friesii, 93 /utescens, 94 tubaeformis, 95 Cap, 10, 11 margin of-, 10, 11 Catathe/asma ventricosa, 134 imperia/is, 134 Cauliflower Fungus, 103 Cep Cha/ciporus piperatus, 321 Chanterelle, 92 False, 351 Gray, 94 Tubular, 94, 95 Yellowing, 94 Charcoal Burner, 295 Ch/orociboria aeruginascens, 38 Ch/orosp/enium aeruginascens, 38 Chondrostereum purpureum, 69 Chroogomphus ruti/us, 346 Clathrus archeri, 365 ruber, 364

Clavaria fragi/is, 98 kunzei, 102 vermicu/aris, 98 Clavariade/phus pisti/aris, 104 truncatus, 104, 105 Clavu/ina cinerea, 99 cristata, 99 Clavu/inopsis he/vola, 105 Clitocybe Cup-shaped,l22 Funnel-shaped,126 Hoary, 124 White, 123 Clitocybe candicans, 123 cerrussata, 124 c/avipes, 128 dea/bata, 125 decembris, 127 geotropa, 129 gibba, 126 nebu/aris, 129 odora, 128 phyllophi/a, 124 rivu/osa, 125 vibecina, 126 Clitopi/us prunu/us, 234 Collybia butyracea, 164 conf/uens, 165 distorta, 166

dryophi/a, 166 fusipes, 167 kuehneriana, 168 macu/ata, 168 peronata, 169 Co/tricia perennis, 71 Coltricia, Persistant, 71 Common Brain Fungus, 46 Conocybe, Milk-white 278 Conocybe /actea, 278 Consumption, 21 Coprinus atramentarius, 187 comatus, 188 disseminatus, 184 domesticus, 184 /agopus, 186 micaceus, 185 niveus, 185 picaceus, 186 p/icati/is, 190 Coral Fungus, Beautiful, 101 Erect, 101 Fiery, 100 Flaccid, 100 Kunze's, 102 Pale, 62 White, 89 Cordyceps, 17 Club-shaped, 34 Cordyceps ophiog/ossoides, 34 Corio/us versicolor, 76

Cortinarius Abnormal, 244 Annatto, 242 Blue, 251 Cinnamon, 96, 246 Curved,248 Elegant, 253 Fawn, 248 Flexible-stem, 249 Glutinous, 254 Green-stemmed, 252 Many-colored, 252 Mauve-tinted, 245 Multiform, 250 Red-banded, 247 Purplish, 251 Reddish-olive, 254 Resplendent, 253 Semi-sanguine, 246 Stinking, 243 Straw, 249 Suspect, 243 Trivial, 255 Cortinariales, 240-283 Cortinarius alboviolaceus, 245 anomalus, 244 armil/atus, 247 caerulescens, 251 calochrous, 252 camphoratus, 243 cinnamomeus, 96, 246 e/egantissimus, 253 fiexipes, 249

glaucopus, 252 hinnuleus, 248 multiformis, 250 orel/anus, 242 paleaceus, 249 purpurascens, 251 rubel/us, 243 rufoolivaceus, 254 semisanguineus, 246 speciosissimus, 243 splendens, 253 torvus, 248 traganus, 243 trivialis, 255 Craterel/us cornucopioides, 90 Crepidotus Soft, 266 Variable, 267 Crepidotus mollis, 266 variabilis, 267 Crinipel/is stipitarius, 161 Crown Elf Cap, 42 Crucible Elf Cup, 41 Crucibulum crucibuliforme, 363 laeve, 363 vulgare, 363 Crumble Tuft, 181 Cultivated Mushroom, 192 Cup-shaped Brain Fungus, 46

Cuphophyl/us pratensis, 108 virgineus, 108 Cyathus striatus, 362 Cystoderma amianthinum, 156 Cystolepiota aspera, 200

D Oaedaleopsis confragosa, 74 Death Cap, 220-222 Death Cap, False, 223 Deceiver, 136 Destroying Angel, 225 Dry Rot, 66 Dryad's Saddle, 81 Oumontinia tuberosa, 36

E Ear-jack Fungus, 45 Ear-pick Fungus, 88 Earthball, Common, 361 Earth-fan, 84 Earth-star, Hygrometric, 355 Sessile, 354 Triple, 355 Ecology, 16 Elfin Saddle, 47 Entoloma cetratum, 237

372 373

clypeatum, 235 conferendum, 237 hirtipes, 238 lividum, 236 rhodopolium, 238 sericeum, 239 serrulatum, 239 Entolomatales, 230-239 Entoloma Blue, 239 Livid, 236 Ocelot, 237 Shield-shaped, 235 Silky, 239 Silky-stem, 238 Stinking, 238 Star-spored, 237 Exidia glandulosa, 60 truncata, 60

F False Death Cap, 223 False Morel, 48 False Panther Cap, 218 Fairies' Bonnets, 184 Fairy Club, Ash-gray, 99 Crested, 99 Fragile, 98 Giant, 104 Truncated, 105 Yellow, 105 Fairy Ring Champignon, 159

Field Mushroom, 191 Fir Bracket Fungus, 80 Fistulina hepatica, 78 Flammulina velutipes, 157 Flesh-colored Mushroom, 154 Fly Agaric, 211 Fomes fomentarius, 78 Fomitopsis pinicola, 82 Fruiting body, 13 Funnel-cap, Deceiviing, 349

G Galerina Autumn, 268 Marginate, 268 Smooth,267 Galerina autumnalis, 268 laevis, 267 marginata, 268 Ganoderma aplanatum, 79 lipsiense, 79 lucidum, 79 Gasteromycetes, 352-365 Geastrum sessile, 354 triplex, 355 Gerronema ericetorum, 121 Gills, 10

Gomphidius Coppery, 346 Glutinous, 345 Gomphidius glutinosus, 345 viscidus, 346 Gomphus floccosus, 98 Gomphus, Scaly, 98 Gray Brain Fungus, 60 Grisette, 227 Gray, 229 Pink-spored, 233 Saffron, 228 Tawny, 228 Yellow-brown, 229 Gymnopilus Penetrating, 265 Gymnopilus penetrans, 265 spectabilis, 266 Gyromitra esculenta, 48 gigas, 49 infula, 49

H Hapalopilus, Reddening, 73 Hapalopilus rutilans, 73 Hare's Foot Ink-cap,186 Hebeloma crustuliniforme, 255 mesophaeum, 256 radicosum, 257 sinapizans, 256

Hebeloma Brown-centered, 256 Mustard, 256 Rooting, 257 Hedgehog Mushroom, 86 Wood Hedgehog, 86 Helvella acetabulum, 46 crispa, 46 elastica, 47 lacunosa, 47 Hericium c1athroides, 89 coralloides, 89 ramosum, 89 Hirschioporus abietinus, 80 Hoof Fungus, 78 Honey Fungus, 133 Horn of Plenty, 90 Humaria hemisphaerica, 40 Hydnum auriscalpium, 88 repandum, 86 rufescens, 86 Hygrocybe chlorophana, 110 coccinea, 110 miniata, 111 psittacina, 109 Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca, 351 Hygrophorus cossus, 111

eburneus, 112 hypothejus, 112 marzuolus, 113 niveus, 108 obrusseus, 110 olivaceoalbus, 114 pudorinus, 115 russula, 116 Hymenochaete, Tobacco Brown, 68 Hymenochaete mougeotii, 68 rubiginosa, 68 tabacina, 68 Hyphae, 12 Hypholoma capnoides, 273 elongatum, 273 fasciculare, 272 sublateritium, 271 Hypholoma Long-stemmed, 273 Hypoxylon, Strawberry, 35 Hypoxylon fragiforme, 35

Identification key, 26 Ink-cap Common, 187 Domesticated, 184 Glistening, 185 Pleated,190 Shaggy, 188 Snow White, 185

Inocybe Bittersweet 258 Crimped, 260 Common White, 263 Dwarf,261 Green-capped, 261 Godey's, 262 Hoar-frost, 258 Red-staining, 259 Spotted, 260 Star-spored, 264 Torn-cap, 262 Inocybe asterospora, 264 calamistrata, 260 corydalina, 261 dulcamara, 258 fastigiata, 258 geophylla, 263 godeyi,262 lacera, 262 maculata, 260 patouillardii, 259 pusio, 261 rimosa, 258 Inonotus hispidus, 83 Irpex paradoxa, 83 Ivory Mushroom, 125

J Jack O'Lantern, 350 Jelly Tongue, 63 Jew's Ear 61 Juicy Elf Cup, 44

374 375

K Kuehneromyces mutabi/is, 276

L Laccaria amethystea, 135 /accata, 136 Lacquered Bracket, 79 Lactarius b/ennius, 306 chrysorrheus, 312 de/iciosus, 308 deterrimus, 309 fuliginosus, 315 fu/vissimus, 313 g/yciosmus, 31 0 he/vus, 310 hepaticus, 315 necator, 305 pallidus, 304 piperatus, 302 p/umbeus, 305 pyroga/us, 303 quietus, 311 rufus, 309 sanguifluus, 307 subdu/cis, 304 tabidus, 314 torminosus, 303 trivia/is, 306 vellereus, 302 vietus, 305 vo/emus, 312

Langermania gigantea, 359 Lawyer's Wig, 188 Leccinum aurantiacum, 334 carpinum, 337 duriuscu/um, 338 quercinum, 335 scabrum, 336 Lentinus Spiral, 119 Striped, 119 Lentinus coch/eatus, 119 tigrinus, 119 Lenzite, Birch, 77 Lenzites betulina, 77 Leotia /ubrica, 39 Lepiota brunneoincarnata, 204 castanea, 201 clypeo/aria, 203 cristata, 201 excoriata, 21 0 he/veo/a, 204 ignivo/vata, 202 mastoidea, 208 pseudohe/veo/a, 203 rickenii, 208 venenata, 209 ventriosospora, 203 Lepista flaccida, 130

gi/va, 130 inversa, 130 /uscina, 130 nuda, 131 panaeo/us, 130 personata, 132 saeva, 132 sordida, 132 Lesser Blue-foot, 132 Leucoagaricus /eucothites, 205 quietus, 311 Liberty Cap, 275 Little Wheel Fungus,160 Lycoperdon echinatum, 357 perla tum, 356 pyriforme, 356 Lyophyllum aggregatum, 152 connatum, 152 decastes, 152 Lyophylum, Gray-capped, 152 Tufted, 152

M Macro/epiota excoriata, 21 0 konradii, 208 procera, 206 rhacodes, 209 Magpie Cap, 186 Magpie Mushroom, 186 Marasmius

Garlic-scented, 158 Hairy, 161 Perforating, 163 Marasmius alliaceus, 158 androsaceus, 158 oreades, 159 rameaJis, 160 rotula, 160 Megacollybia platyphylla, 164 Melanoleuca Black-and-White, 151 Distinctive, 151 Short-stemmed, 150 Melanoleuca brevipes, 150 cognata, 151 melaleuca, 151 verrucipes, 150 Melanopus squamosus, 81 Meripilus giganteus, 82 Merulius tremellosus, 67 Micromphale perforans, 163 Milk-cap, Abundant, 312 Beech,304 Birch,314 Bleeding, 307 Blond,310 Burning, 303 Coconut, 310 Common, 306 Fawn, 313

Fleecy, 302 Gray, 305 Hepatic,315 Oak,311 Pale, 304 Peppery, 302 Red,309 Saffron,308 Slimy, 306 Smoky, 315 Spruce, 309 Ugly, 305 Woolly, 303 Yellow, 312 Miller, 234 Mitrophora semilibera, 52 Morchella elata, 53 esculenta, 54 rotunda, 55 Morel,54 Blonde, 55 False, 48-49 Glove-finger, 50 Miniature, 52 Tall,53 Mushroom Albert's, 195 Anatomy of a -, 10 Brown Wood, 196 Cooking, 24 Cultivated,14, 192 Guinea-fowl,193 Horse, 198 Life cycle, 13

mycorrhizal, 17 parasitic, 16 Prince, 194 saprophytic, 16 Scaly, 193 Wood, 199 Yellow-staining, 196 Mushrooms and man, 19 Mutinus caninus, 364 Mycelium, 12, 14 Mycena crocata, 170, 171 epipterygia, 169 filopes, 175 galericulata, 173 galopus, 172 haematopus, 171 inclinata, 172 iodolens, 174 leptocephala, 174 leucogafa, 172 metata, 174 olivaceomarginata, 176 polygramma, 173, 175 pura, l77 rosea, l77 sanguinolenta, 171 seynesii, 176 vitilis, 175 Mycena Bleeding, 171 Conical, 174 De Seynes, 176

376 377

Fern, 169 Helmeted, 173 Inclined, 172 Milk-drop,172 Olive-edged, 176 Orange-milk, 170 Pure, 177 Red-milk,171 Striped-stem, 173 Strong-stemmed, 175 Thin-capped,174

121 Ompha/otus illudens, 349 o/earius, 350 Orange Peel Fungus, 43 Otidea onotica, 45 Oudemansiella mucida, 155 radicata, 156 Oyster Mushroom, 118 Branched,116 Eryngo, 117

N Naucoria escharoides, 257 Naucoria, Yellowish, 257 Nectria cinnabarina, 34 Nectria Scarlet, 34 Neobu/garia pura, 38 Nyctalis, Parasitic, 155 Star-bearing, 154 Nycta/is asterophora, 154 parasitica, 155

0 Old Man of the Woods,318 Omphalia Bell, 163 Moss,121 Ompha/ina ericetorum,

P Pale Bachelor's Button, 38 Panaeo/us foenisecii, 281 semiovatus, 283 sphinctrinus, 282 Panellus, Winter,120 Panellus serotinus, 120 stipticus, 120 Paneolus Coprophilous, 283 Harvest, 281 Sheathed, 282 Panther Cap, 215 Panther Cap, False,218 Parasol, Off-white, 205 Saffron, 156 Parasol Mushroom

206, 207 Chestnut, 201 False Brown, 203 Frilly, 210 Konrad's, 208 Pointed-seal, 200 Red-brown, 204 Red-stemmed, 202 Shaggy, 209 Shield-shaped, 203 Stinking, 201 Paxillus atrotomentosus, 348 invo/utus, 347 Penny Bun Mushroom, 323 Peziza badia, 45 succosa, 44 vesicu/osa, 44 Phaeo/us ruti/ans, 73 schweinitzii, 72 Phallus impudicus, 363 Phlebia, Many-capped, 67 Ph/ebia radiata, 67 Pho/iota alnico/a, 277 gummosa, 277 /enta, 277 sa/icieo/a, 277 squarrosa, 278 Pholiota Alder, 277 Changing, 276

Early, 281 Glutinous, 277 Poplar, 279 Shaggy, 278 Phragmobasidiomycetes, 58-63 Picking, 21, 22 Pine-cone Bolete, 318 Piptoporus betulinus, 73 Pleurotus cornucopiae, 116 eryngii, 117 ostreatus, 118 Plicaturopsis crispa, 84 Plums and Custard, 137 Pluteus Admirable, 232 Fawn, 232 Lion, 232 Pluteus admirabilis, 232 cervinus, 232 leoninus, 232 Poison Pie, 255 Polypore Bay, 81 Birch, 20, 73 Bulbous, 75 Burnt, 74 Giant, 82 Many-zoned, 20, 76 Marginate, 82 Schweinitz's,72 Sheep, 85, 87 Shaggy, 83 Shriveled, 84

Variable, 80 Po/yporus adustus, 74 badius, 81 durus, 81 giganteus, 82 leptocephalus, 80 picipes, 81 squamosus, 81 varius, 80 Porcelain Mushroom, 155 Poria versipora, 83 Primordium, 14 Psathyrella candolleana, 181 conopilus, 180 lacrymabunda, 182 multipedata, 182 piluliformis, 183 spadiceogrisea, 183 Psathyrella Gray-brown, 183 Pseudociitocybe cyathiformis, 122 Pseudocraterellus cinereus, 91 sinuosus, 91 Pseudohydnum ge/atinosum, 63 Psilocybe coprophila, 274 semilanceata, 275 squamosa, 270 Psilocybe, 20 Coprophilous, 274

Ptychoverpa bohemica, 51 Puffball, Common, 356 Giant, 359 Leaden, 358 Meadow, 360 Pestle, 359 Saddle,shaped, 358 Spiny, 357 Stump,356 Pustularia catinus, 41

R Ramaria araiospora, 100 fiaccida, 100 formosa, 101 stricta, 101 Ramariopsis kunzei, 102 Ring, 10 Roll-rim, Black-stemmed, 348 Brown, 347 Rooting Shank, 156 Round Cap, 271 Rozites caperata, 264 Rozites, Wrinkled, 264 Russula atropurpurea, 291 aurora, 298 badia, 293 ciaroflava, 289

378 379

cyanoxantha, 295 de/ica, 287 densifo/ia, 287 drymeia, 300 erythropoda, 294 fagetico/a, 290 fel/ea, 289 foetens, 290 fragi/is, 291 integra, 293 krombho/zii,291 /epida, 297 nigricans, 154, 286 ochro/euca, 288 o/ivacea, 292 pa/udosa, 294 que/etii, 301 rosea, 298 sanguinaria, 299 sanguinea, 299 sardonia, 300 turci, 298 vesca, 296 vinosa, 293 virescens, 296 xerampe/ina, 294 Russulales, 284-315 Russula Beech, 290 Black-and-Purple, 291 Blackening, 286 Bright Yellow, 289 Common Yellow, 288 Crowded-gill, 287 Dead-leaf, 294

Edible, 296 Entire, 293 Fragile, 291 Geranium-scented, 289 Green-cracking, 296 Marsh,294 Milk-white, 287 Olive, 292 Pink,298 Pretty, 297 Quelet's, 301 Sanguine, 299 Sardonyx, 300 Stinking, 290 Turco's, 298 Vinous, 293

5 Sarcoscypha coccinea, 42 Sarcosphaera crassa, 42 Scaly Cap, 270 Scarlet Elf Cup, 42 Schizophyllum, Common, 67 Schizophyl/um communis, 67 Schizopora paradoxa, 83 Schizopore, Variable, 83

Scleroderma aurantium, 361 citrinum, 361 Sclerotinia, Tuberous, 36 Sclerotinia tuberosa, 36 Scutel/inia scutel/ata, 40 Scutiger ovinus, 85 Serpu/a /acrymans, 66 Shield-shaped Elf Cup, 40 Sidewalk Mushroom, 190 Silver-leaf Fungus, 69 Slippery Jack, 342 Sparassis brevipes, 103 Sparassis crispa, 103 Spindle-shank, 167 Spores, 13 Sporophore, 13 St George's Mushroom, 153 Stagshorn Fungus, Yellow, 63 Stereum Hairy, 70 Rough, 70 Stereum hirsutum, 70 rugosum, 70 Stinkhorn, 363 Dog, 364 Stipe, 10 Shape of -, 11 Surface of -, 11 Strobi/omyces strobilaceus, 318

Strobilurus esculentus, 161 tenacellus, 162 Stropharia Blue, 269 Crowned, 270 Stropharia aeruginosa, 269 caerulea, 269 coronilla, 270 semiglobata, 271 squamosa, 270 Styptic Mushroom, 120 Suillus americanus, 338 bov;nus, 339 granulatus, 341 grevillei, 343 luteus, 342 variegatus, 340 viscidus, 344 Sulfur Tuft, 272 Conifer, 273

T Tarzetta catinus, 41 cupularis, 41 Thelephora terrestris, 84 Tentacle Fungus,Red, 365 Tinder Fungus, 78 Tough-shank Buttery, 164

Clustered, 165 Edible, 161 Mouse-tail, 162 Oak,166 Red-stemmed, 168 Shredded, 164 Spotted, 168 Tenacious, 162 Twisted, 166 Tramete Hairy, 77 Trametes gibbosa, 75 hirsuta, 77 rubescens, 74 versicolor, 76 Tremella mesenterica, 62 Tremellodendron pallidum, 62 Trichaptum abietinum, 80 Tricholoma aestuans, 148 album, 139 atrosquamosum, 148 auratum, 145 columbetta, 138 equestre, 145 fulvum, 140 lascivum, 139 pardinum, 144 portentosum, 143 pseudoalbum, 139 pseudonictitans, 140 saponaceum, 149

scioides, 147 sulphureum, 146 terreum, 146 tigrinum, 144 usta/e, 141 ustaloides, 141 vaccinum, 142 virga tum, 147 Tricholoma Acrid, 147 Bitter, 141 Brindle, 142 Burning, 148 Cloudy, 130 Dirty, 146 Dove-like, 138 Elegant, 137 Fawn, 140 Pretentious, 143 Saddle-shaped, 145 Scaly, 148 Soap-scented, 149 Sulfur, 146 Tiger, 144 White, 139 Tricholomatales, 106-177 Tricho/omopsis decora, 137 fiammula, 137 ornata, 137 rutilans, 137 Truffle Black, 56 Burgundy, 57 Perigord, 56

380 381

Tuber me/anosporum, 56 uncinatum, 57 Ty/opi/us felleus, 319

u Ungu/ina betu/ina, 73 marginata, 82 Ustu/ina deusta, 36 Ustulina, Burnt, 36

v Vascellum pratense, 360 Velvet Shank, 157 Verpa conica, 50 Bohemian, 51 Vo/variella g/oiocepha/a,

233 Volva,ll

w Wax-cap Ivory, 111, 112 Lemon, 110 March, 113 Meadow, 108 Modest, 115 Olive, 114 Parrot, 109

Russula, 116 Scarlet, 110 Snow-white, 108 Stinking, 111 Vermillion, 111 Yellow-gilled, 112 Weeping Widow, 182 Witch's Butter, 60 Wood Blewit, 14, 16, 131 Wood Woolly-foot, 169

x Xerocomus badius, 333 chrysenteron, 331 parasiticus, 330 subtomentosus,

332 Xerompha/ina campanella, 163 Xy/aria hypoxy/on, 35

y Yellow Nail Fungus, 39

PHOTOGRAPHIC CREDITS Anagnostidis/NATURE: 276 r, 322 t, 332 - Berthoule/NATURE: 15 - A. Bidaud: 41, 62 b, 68, 83 b, 89, 98 t, 100 t, 102, 127 b, 134 b, 148 t, 163 b, 184 b, 213, 232 b, 256 t, 262 b, 270 b, 278 b, 338 b, 363 tR.-J. Bouteville: 57, 66, 114, 121, 150 b, 150 t, 151 t, 152 t, 155 t, 161 t, 170 b, 170 t, 181 b, 190, 195, 200 t, 203 b, 232 t, 237 b, 237 t, 243 t, 249 b, 257 b, 258 tr, 260 b, 260 t, 270 t, 271 t, 273 b, 274, 280 b, 280 t, 290 t, 291 b, 293 t, 294 t, 305 b, 315 t, 319, 329, 344, 355 t - Chanu/NATURE: 163 t, 168 t, 177 t, 271 b, 312 b, 359 t - Chaumeton-Lanceau/NATURE : 258 b - Chaumeton/NATURE : 18,35 b, 37 t, 38 t, 42 b, 44 t, 48,51 1,53 b, 64-65, 69 b, 75, 81 b, 100 b, 103, 105 t, 106-107, 110 t, 111 t, 113. 115, 117, 119 t, 120 t, 125, 128 t, 137 t, 139, 140, 143 t, 144, 145, 146 b, 149, 152 m, 154 t, 155 b, 162t, 171 t, 174 b, 175, 185 t, 201 t, 210, 214, 234, 240-241, 252 b, 252 t, 253 b, 253 t, 254 b, 261 t, 263 b, 266 b, 267 b, 267 t, 273 t, 282, 284-285, 286 b, 287 b, 292, 298 b, 301, 303 b, 304 t, 306 t, 310 b, 314, 326, 330 t 331, 337 tr, 340 bl, 341 bl, 342 t, 343, 348, 352-353 - M. Dupic : 186 t, 262 tR. Durand/JACANA : 194 t - Grospas/NATURE : 12, 16 I, 34 t 36 t, 37 b, 38 b, 39 b, 40 b, 40 t, 44 b, 45 t, 46 b, 60 b, 61 b, 62 t, 67 b, 71, 74 b, 74 t, 78 b, 81 t, 82 t, 85, 88, 95, 98 b, 99 t, 105 b, 126, 127 t, 128 b, 134 t, 142, 146 t, 160 b, 165 t, 171 b, 172 b, 178 -179,189 r, 200 b, 201 b, 218, 225, 228 t, 230-231, 236, 239 b, 244, 247, 265 t, 268 b, 289 t, 302 b, 309 t, 311, 313, 315 b, 316-317, 318, 321 b, 323, 327, 330 b, 334,3361,337 bl, 340 tr, 342 b, 347 t, 355 b, 356 t, 357, 361 b, 362 - Guillot/NATURE: 50 b - J. Guimberteau: 72, 167 I, 339, 346 t - Houdou/NATURE: 32-33, 47 b, 90,104,156 b, 172 t, 176 b, 191, 192, 196 b, 199 t, 219, 226, 227 b, 268 t, 275, 277 t, 288 t, 291 t, 349, 359 b, 361 t, 364 t - Lamaison/NATURE: 16 r, 42 t, 108, 116 b, 185 b, 233, 283 - Lamothe/NATURE: 164 1- Y. Lanceau: 46 t, 49, 53 t, 54, 56, 83 t, 86,87,92,109b,l10b,l12b,l16t,l19b,141,161 b,162 b,165b,176t,180,182b,187t,190,193b, 193 t, 194 b, 204, 221 t, 238 t, 245 b, 258 11, 264, 294 b, 297, 299, 300 t, 307 b, 310 t, 320,322 b, 338 t, 350, 364 b - Lanceau/NATURE: 17, 20 b, 35 t, 43 b, 47 t, 58-59, 60 t, 67 t, 70 t, 73 t, 120 b, 122t, 124 b, 132 b, 147, 151 b, 158 b, 160 t, 182 t, 184 t, 186 b, 217 b, 220, 224, 227 t, 235, 238 b, 246 b, 255 b, 255 t, 259 b, 259 t, 276 I, 287 t, 293 b, 302 t, 304 b, 351, 365 b - Laval/NATURE: 206, 216, 307 t Mayet/NATURE: 212 b, 300 b - J. Montegut: 123,239 t, 324 - C. Nardin/JACANA : 36 b - NATURE: 148 b, 250 t - PoleseINATURE: 13, 14,21,22,23 b, 23 t, 24-25, 25 t, 34 b, 39 t, 43 t, 45 b, 50 t, 51 r, 51 m, 52 r, 52 I, 52 mb, 55, 61 t, 63 b, 63 t, 69 t, 70 b, 73 mr, 73 ml, 76 t, 77 b, 77 t, 77 m, 78 t, 79 b, 79 t, 80 b, 80 t, 82 b, 84 b, 84 t, 91 b, 91 t, 93 r, 931, 94 bl, 94 tr, 94 tl, 96 b, 96 t, 97, 99 b, 101 b, 101 t, 109 t, 111 b, 112 t, 118, 122 bl, 122 m, 124 t, 129 b, 129 t, 130 b, 130 t, 131 br, 131 bl, 131 t, 131 m, 132 t, 133 t, 133 m, 135 r, 135 m, 136, 137 b, 138 r, 1381, 138 m, 139, 143 b, 152 br, 152 bl, 153 b, 154 b, 1561. 157 b, 157 t, 158 t, 159 r, 1591, 164 I, 166 b, 166 t, 167 r, 168 b, 169 b, 169 t, 173 b, 173 t, 174 t, 177 b, 181 t, 183 br, 183 bl, 183 t, 187 b, 188 t, 189 b, 189 ml, 196 r, 196 tm, 197 r, 197 m, 198, 198 t, 199 m, 202 r, 2021, 203 t, 205, 207 r, 207 I, 207 m, 208 b, 208 t, 209, 211 b, 211 t, 212 t, 215 r, 215 I, 217 r, 217 t, 221 b, 222 t, 222 m, 223 r, 2231, 228 b, 229 b, 229 t, 242, 243 t, 245 t, 246 t, 249 t, 250 b, 251 b, 254 t, 256 mr, 256 ml, 257 t, 261 b, 263 t, 265 b, 266 t, 269, 272 r, 272 I, 272 m, 277 b, 278 t, 279 b, 279 t, 281 b, 281 t, 286 t 288 b, 289 b, 290 b, 295 b, 295 t, 296 t, 303 t, 305 t, 306 t, 308 b, 308 t, 308 m, 309 b, 312 t, 321 t, 325, 328 t, 328 m, 333 b, 333 t, 335, 336 tr, 341 r, 341 m, 345 b, 345 t, 346 b, 347 b, 347 m, 349, 356 b, 358 b, 358 t, 360 b, 360 t, 363 b, 365 m - Sauer/NATURE: 19 I, 76 m, 188 b, 354.

The photographs on pages 6 to 20 are mostly taken from photographs appearing elsewhere in the book.