Plague By Dr. Shah Yaseen Suhail
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PLAGUE DR. YASEEN SUHAIL SHAH
doctors mask
doctors mask This is called as doctors mask, used by those doctors who work with plague patients.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
2
Plague is a term applied to an infectious disease that spreads easily and, without antibiotics treatment, can be fatal.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
3
The plague has caused more fear and terror than perhaps any other infectious disease in history. It has killed nearly 200 million people and has produced monumental changes, such as By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
4
HISTORY The plague has been responsible for multiple epidemics and at least 3 great Pandemics. •The first plague pandemic spanned from the Middle East to the Mediterranean basin during the 5th and 6th centuries, killing about half the population of those areas. •. By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
5
•The second pandemic struck Europe between the 8th and 14th centuries, destroying nearly 40% of Europe's population. •The third pandemic started in 1855 in China and spread to every major continent.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
6
Aleixandre Yersin isolated the bacterium (germ) that causes plague, developed a treatment (an antiserum) to combat the disease, and was the first to suggest that fleas and rats may have been spreading plague during the epidemic of 1894. The plague bacillus(bacterium) was named Yersinia pestis in Yersin's memory.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
7
Plague Causes The bacteria that cause plague can be transmitted from a host such as a rat to a human through the bite of an animal or insect (such as a flea). These bites transport the disease. The animal or insect that spreads the disease is referred to as a Vector.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
8
A hungry flea filled with plague bacteria.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
9
More than 200 different rodents and other species can serve as hosts. Hosts can include domestic cats and dogs, squirrels, chipmunks, marmots, deer mice, rabbits, hares, rock squirrels, camels, and sheep. The vector is usually the rat flea. Thirty different flea species have been identified as carriers of the plague. Other carriers of plague include ticks and human lice.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
10
Rock squirrel coughing the bloodstreaked sputum of pneumonic plague.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
11
People infected by pneumonic plague can transmit air-borne plague in the form of coughed droplets. Close contact with plague-infected tissue or fluid can also transmit plague.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
12
TYPES OF PLAGUE
Bubonic plague: Bacteria that cause plague can thrive and grow in the flea’s esophagus. This crowding of bacterial growth prevents food from entering the flea’s stomach. To overcome starvation, the flea begins a bloodsucking rampage. Struggling to swallow, the flea vomits the plague-causing bacteria into the victim skin during a bite. The germs invade nearby lymph glands in the bitten animal and produce an inflamed lymph node called a bubo. The plague spreads along the lymph System to every organ. In rare cases, plague spreads to the covering of the brain. Severe illness follows. By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
13
Pneumonic plague: Direct inhalation of the plague-causing germs results in pneumonic plague. Severe illness follows. The death rate for pneumonic plague is 100% if not treated within the first 24 hours of infection. Plague bacteria may be released into the air as a weapon of biological warfare or terrorism causing this type of the disease, or plague may be contracted through the inhalation of droplets coughed from the lungs of a person with pneumonic plague.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
14
Septicemic plague: This form causes severe blood infection throughout the body. It may occur quickly if a person is bitten in the mouth or throat area (primary). This type of plague can also develop from one of the other types of plague (secondary). Septicemic plague has a 40% death rate in treated cases and 100% in untreated cases.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
15
Risk factors The following conditions may increase the likelihood of a person contracting a plague infection. •Living in a rural area and especially in areas where plague is common •Having contact with sick animals, small rodents, or other possible hosts •Participating in wilderness activities (such as camping, hiking, sleeping on the ground, hunting) •Exposure to flea bites •Exposure to naturally occurring plague in the community By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
16
•Travel: Although contracting plague while visiting another country is rare, doctors may suspect that a flea might have bitten a patient with plague like symptoms who has recently traveled abroad to areas where plague is present. Fewer than 10% of flea-bitten people remember a flea having bitten them. •Animal contact: Close contact with infected animals and travel through rural areas are risk factors for contracting plague. Historically, rats have been the principal hosts of the plague. Currently rock squirrels are the most common hosts. In recent years, the domestic cat has emerged as a prominent host of fleas that transmit the plague to veterinarians. By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
17
Plague Signs and Symptoms •Common general symptoms •Fever •Chills •Body aches •Sore throat •Headache •Weakness •General feeling of illness •Abdominal pain (may be the only symptom for someone with septicemic plague) •Nausea, vomiting (sometimes containing blood) •Constipation, diarrhea, and black or tarry stools By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
18
•Stomach pains (may precede a bubo) •Cough (may contain blood) •Shortness of breath •Stiff neck •Fever, heart irregularities, low blood pressure •Confusion, seizures (later in the infection) •Bubo: This is an enlarged, tender, swollen lymph gland most commonly found in the groin, under the arms, or on the neck, depending on the locations of the flea bite. •Skin: Bleeding into the tissues can turn tissue black. This is why the plague is also referred to as black death. The medieval rhyme "black death" is thought to have originated from the deeply darkened skin, bleeding, and tissue death associated with septicemic and pneumonic plague. By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
19
BUBO A tender, swollen lymph node in the groin area of a plague victim. The bubo forms generally in the region of the body where the infected flea has bitten the victim.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
20
The "black death." A victim recovering from bubonic plague. At one time this person's entire body was black.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
21
The same plague victim as previous photo. The toes have gangrene and will probably need to be amputated.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
22
The initially rose-colored lesions most likely inspired the child's nursery rhyme "Ring Around the Rosy." •"Ring around the rosy" - Rose-colored areas of skin •"Pocket full of posies" - Sweet-smelling flowers that those tending the sick would carry to ward off the stench of disease •"Ashes, ashes" - Impending death (or "A-choo, a-choo" - The sneezing and coughing of those with pneumonic plague) •"All fall down" – Death
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
23
Physician Diagnosis In making the diagnosis, •Blood tests such as cultures (growing the bacteria in the lab from samples of blood, sputum, and fluid from the bubo). Cultures require more than 48 hours to produce definitive results. •X-ray film of the chest, especially to see if plague has infected the lungs. •The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) may test samples with more sophisticated procedures.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
24
Plague Treatment If doctors suspect a patient may have plague, all health care personnel take precautions. They wear goggles, gloves, gowns, and possibly masks. •Patients are isolated and all precautions taken not to infect others. •Some patients may need oxygen. They are kept away from others for 2-3 days after antibiotic treatment has started or until the infection is cleared. •Most patients experience some degree of septic shock (blood infection/poisoning), and specialists monitor this closely in an intensive care unit. •Medical management of plague can involve a number of medications. Antibiotics must be given early. These might include streptomycin sulfate in combination with tetracycline and other antibiotics.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
25
Prognosis Patients with plague may develop meningitis (infection and swelling of the brain), septic shock (a serious system wide blood infection), tissue death and bleeding, and swelling around the heart. All may lead to death. •The death rate is 1-15% for those treated for bubonic plague. •A person with primary or secondary Septicemic plague (infection is active in the bloodstream and the patient has shock symptoms) has a 40% death rate, even when treated. •Pneumonic plague has 100% death rate if not treated within the first 24 hours. By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
26
Prevention A previously used plague vaccine is no longer manufactured. It was only effective against the bubonic form of the illness. A new vaccine is under development. •In general, to prevent contracting plague, people should avoid contact with wild animals. Controlling rat and flea populations where plague is found is also important. •Anyone who has had contact with the plagueinfected patient (including hospital and rescue personnel) should be watched carefully for symptoms. At the first sign of illness (such as fever or swollen glands), doctors will begin antibiotic treatment. By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
27
THANKYOU By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
28
doctors mask
doctors mask This is called as doctors mask, used by those doctors who work with plague patients.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
2
Plague is a term applied to an infectious disease that spreads easily and, without antibiotics treatment, can be fatal.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
3
The plague has caused more fear and terror than perhaps any other infectious disease in history. It has killed nearly 200 million people and has produced monumental changes, such as By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
4
HISTORY The plague has been responsible for multiple epidemics and at least 3 great Pandemics. •The first plague pandemic spanned from the Middle East to the Mediterranean basin during the 5th and 6th centuries, killing about half the population of those areas. •. By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
5
•The second pandemic struck Europe between the 8th and 14th centuries, destroying nearly 40% of Europe's population. •The third pandemic started in 1855 in China and spread to every major continent.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
6
Aleixandre Yersin isolated the bacterium (germ) that causes plague, developed a treatment (an antiserum) to combat the disease, and was the first to suggest that fleas and rats may have been spreading plague during the epidemic of 1894. The plague bacillus(bacterium) was named Yersinia pestis in Yersin's memory.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
7
Plague Causes The bacteria that cause plague can be transmitted from a host such as a rat to a human through the bite of an animal or insect (such as a flea). These bites transport the disease. The animal or insect that spreads the disease is referred to as a Vector.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
8
A hungry flea filled with plague bacteria.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
9
More than 200 different rodents and other species can serve as hosts. Hosts can include domestic cats and dogs, squirrels, chipmunks, marmots, deer mice, rabbits, hares, rock squirrels, camels, and sheep. The vector is usually the rat flea. Thirty different flea species have been identified as carriers of the plague. Other carriers of plague include ticks and human lice.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
10
Rock squirrel coughing the bloodstreaked sputum of pneumonic plague.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
11
People infected by pneumonic plague can transmit air-borne plague in the form of coughed droplets. Close contact with plague-infected tissue or fluid can also transmit plague.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
12
TYPES OF PLAGUE
Bubonic plague: Bacteria that cause plague can thrive and grow in the flea’s esophagus. This crowding of bacterial growth prevents food from entering the flea’s stomach. To overcome starvation, the flea begins a bloodsucking rampage. Struggling to swallow, the flea vomits the plague-causing bacteria into the victim skin during a bite. The germs invade nearby lymph glands in the bitten animal and produce an inflamed lymph node called a bubo. The plague spreads along the lymph System to every organ. In rare cases, plague spreads to the covering of the brain. Severe illness follows. By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
13
Pneumonic plague: Direct inhalation of the plague-causing germs results in pneumonic plague. Severe illness follows. The death rate for pneumonic plague is 100% if not treated within the first 24 hours of infection. Plague bacteria may be released into the air as a weapon of biological warfare or terrorism causing this type of the disease, or plague may be contracted through the inhalation of droplets coughed from the lungs of a person with pneumonic plague.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
14
Septicemic plague: This form causes severe blood infection throughout the body. It may occur quickly if a person is bitten in the mouth or throat area (primary). This type of plague can also develop from one of the other types of plague (secondary). Septicemic plague has a 40% death rate in treated cases and 100% in untreated cases.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
15
Risk factors The following conditions may increase the likelihood of a person contracting a plague infection. •Living in a rural area and especially in areas where plague is common •Having contact with sick animals, small rodents, or other possible hosts •Participating in wilderness activities (such as camping, hiking, sleeping on the ground, hunting) •Exposure to flea bites •Exposure to naturally occurring plague in the community By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
16
•Travel: Although contracting plague while visiting another country is rare, doctors may suspect that a flea might have bitten a patient with plague like symptoms who has recently traveled abroad to areas where plague is present. Fewer than 10% of flea-bitten people remember a flea having bitten them. •Animal contact: Close contact with infected animals and travel through rural areas are risk factors for contracting plague. Historically, rats have been the principal hosts of the plague. Currently rock squirrels are the most common hosts. In recent years, the domestic cat has emerged as a prominent host of fleas that transmit the plague to veterinarians. By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
17
Plague Signs and Symptoms •Common general symptoms •Fever •Chills •Body aches •Sore throat •Headache •Weakness •General feeling of illness •Abdominal pain (may be the only symptom for someone with septicemic plague) •Nausea, vomiting (sometimes containing blood) •Constipation, diarrhea, and black or tarry stools By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
18
•Stomach pains (may precede a bubo) •Cough (may contain blood) •Shortness of breath •Stiff neck •Fever, heart irregularities, low blood pressure •Confusion, seizures (later in the infection) •Bubo: This is an enlarged, tender, swollen lymph gland most commonly found in the groin, under the arms, or on the neck, depending on the locations of the flea bite. •Skin: Bleeding into the tissues can turn tissue black. This is why the plague is also referred to as black death. The medieval rhyme "black death" is thought to have originated from the deeply darkened skin, bleeding, and tissue death associated with septicemic and pneumonic plague. By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
19
BUBO A tender, swollen lymph node in the groin area of a plague victim. The bubo forms generally in the region of the body where the infected flea has bitten the victim.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
20
The "black death." A victim recovering from bubonic plague. At one time this person's entire body was black.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
21
The same plague victim as previous photo. The toes have gangrene and will probably need to be amputated.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
22
The initially rose-colored lesions most likely inspired the child's nursery rhyme "Ring Around the Rosy." •"Ring around the rosy" - Rose-colored areas of skin •"Pocket full of posies" - Sweet-smelling flowers that those tending the sick would carry to ward off the stench of disease •"Ashes, ashes" - Impending death (or "A-choo, a-choo" - The sneezing and coughing of those with pneumonic plague) •"All fall down" – Death
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
23
Physician Diagnosis In making the diagnosis, •Blood tests such as cultures (growing the bacteria in the lab from samples of blood, sputum, and fluid from the bubo). Cultures require more than 48 hours to produce definitive results. •X-ray film of the chest, especially to see if plague has infected the lungs. •The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) may test samples with more sophisticated procedures.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
24
Plague Treatment If doctors suspect a patient may have plague, all health care personnel take precautions. They wear goggles, gloves, gowns, and possibly masks. •Patients are isolated and all precautions taken not to infect others. •Some patients may need oxygen. They are kept away from others for 2-3 days after antibiotic treatment has started or until the infection is cleared. •Most patients experience some degree of septic shock (blood infection/poisoning), and specialists monitor this closely in an intensive care unit. •Medical management of plague can involve a number of medications. Antibiotics must be given early. These might include streptomycin sulfate in combination with tetracycline and other antibiotics.
By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
25
Prognosis Patients with plague may develop meningitis (infection and swelling of the brain), septic shock (a serious system wide blood infection), tissue death and bleeding, and swelling around the heart. All may lead to death. •The death rate is 1-15% for those treated for bubonic plague. •A person with primary or secondary Septicemic plague (infection is active in the bloodstream and the patient has shock symptoms) has a 40% death rate, even when treated. •Pneumonic plague has 100% death rate if not treated within the first 24 hours. By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
26
Prevention A previously used plague vaccine is no longer manufactured. It was only effective against the bubonic form of the illness. A new vaccine is under development. •In general, to prevent contracting plague, people should avoid contact with wild animals. Controlling rat and flea populations where plague is found is also important. •Anyone who has had contact with the plagueinfected patient (including hospital and rescue personnel) should be watched carefully for symptoms. At the first sign of illness (such as fever or swollen glands), doctors will begin antibiotic treatment. By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
27
THANKYOU By Dr Yaseen Suhail Shah
12/16/08
28
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