Pioneers In Industrial Engineering

PIONEERS IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING WORK SYSTEM DESIGN ASSIGNMENT- I DATE: 22-09-2008 SUBMITTED BY

KAILAS SREE CHANDRAN CLASS NO. 432 S5 INDUSTRIAL

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

CONTENTS SL. NO

DESCRIPTION

PAGE NO

INTRODUCTION

1

1

FREDERICK WINSLOW TAYLOR

2

2

FRANK GILBRETH

7

3

CHESTER BARNARD

9

4

MAX WEBER

13

5

HERBERT SIMON

17

6

HENRI FAYOL

21

7

MARY PARKER FOLLETT

26

8

ELTON MAYO

27

9

HENRY GANTT

31

10

CARL G. BARTH

34

11

HARRING EMERSON

34

12

MORRIS L. COOKE

34

PIONEERS IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION Industrial engineering is a branch of engineering that concerns the development, improvement, implementation and evaluation of integrated systems of people, money, knowledge, information, equipment, energy, material and process. It also deals with designing new prototypes to help save money and make the prototype better. Industrial engineering draws upon the principles and methods of engineering

analysis

and

as mathematical, physical and social

synthesis,

as

sciences together

well

with

the

principles and methods of engineering analysis and design to specify, predict and evaluate the results to be obtained from such systems. In lean manufacturing systems, Industrial engineers work to eliminate wastes of time, money, materials, energy, and other resources. Industrial

engineering

management, systems

is

engineering,

also

known

as operations

production

engineering,

manufacturing engineering or manufacturing systems engineering; a distinction that seems to depend on the viewpoint or motives of the user. Recruiters or educational establishments use the names to differentiate themselves from others. In healthcare, industrial engineers

are

more

engineers, engineering

commonly management,

known or

even

as

management

health

systems

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engineers.

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FREDERICK WINSLOW TAYLOR

Born 20 March 1856 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania U.S. Died 21 March 1915 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania U.S. Nationality American Occupation efficiency expert management consultant Known for

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"Father" of the Efficiency Movement

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1. FREDERICK WINSLOW TAYLOR Frederick Winslow Taylor (20 March 1856–21 March1915), widely known as F. W. Taylor, was an American mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency. Taylor is regarded as the father of scientific management, and was one of the first management consultants. He was one of the intellectual leaders of the Efficiency Movement and his ideas, broadly conceived, were highly influential in the Progressive Era. Frederick W. Taylor was the first man in recorded history who deemed work deserving of systematic observation and study. On Taylor's 'scientific management' rests, above all, the tremendous surge of affluence in the last seventy-five years which has lifted the working masses in the developed countries well above any level recorded before, even for the well-to-do. Taylor, though the Isaac Newton (or perhaps the Archimedes) of the science of work, laid only first foundations, however. Not much has been added to them since - even though he has been dead all of sixty years.

Scientific Management Taylor believed that the industrial management of his day was amateurish, that management could be formulated as an academic discipline, and that the best results would come from the partnership Page3

between a trained and qualified management and a cooperative and

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innovative workforce. Each side needed the other, and there was no need for trade unions. Future U.S. Supreme Court justice Louis Brandeis coined the term scientific management in the course of his argument for the Eastern Rate Case before the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1910. Brandeis debated that railroads, when governed according to the principles of Taylor, did not need to raise rates to increase wages. Taylor used Brandeis's term in the title of his monograph The Principles of Scientific Management, published in 1911. Eastern Rate Case propelled Taylor's ideas forefront of the management agenda. Taylor wrote to Brandeis "I have rarely seen a new movement started with such great momentum as you have given this one." Taylor's approach is also often referred to, as Taylor's Principles, or frequently disparagingly, as Taylorism. Taylor's scientific management consisted of four principles: 1. Replace rule-of-thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific study of the tasks. 2. Scientifically select, train, and develop each employee rather than passively leaving them to train themselves. 3. Provide "Detailed instruction and supervision of each worker in the performance of that worker's discrete task" (Montgomery

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1997: 250).

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4. Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers, so that the managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and the workers actually perform the tasks.

Management Theory Taylor thought that by analysing work, the "One Best Way" to do it would be found. He is most remembered for developing the time and motion study. He would break a job into its component parts and measure each to the hundredth of a minute. One of his most famous studies involved shovels. He noticed that workers used the same shovel for all materials. He determined that the most effective load was 21½ lb, and found or designed shovels that for each material would scoop up that amount. He was generally unsuccessful in getting his concepts applied and was dismissed from Bethlehem Steel. It was largely through the efforts of his disciples (most notably H.L. Gantt) that industry came to implement his ideas. Nevertheless, the book he wrote

after

parting

company

with Bethlehem

Steel, Shop

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Management, sold well.

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SR. FRANK BUNKER GILBRETH

Gilbreth with a wire representation of the path of motion for a unit of work

Born July 7, 1868 Fairfield, Maine Died June 14, 1924 (aged 55) Montclair, New Jersey Known for "Father" of the Motion Study Contributions Motion Study, Principles of Motion Economy, Microchronometer, Cyclegraph, Flow Diagram.

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Therbligs, Micromotion Study, Simo Chart,

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2. SR. FRANK BUNKER GILBRETH Frank Bunker Gilbreth, Sr. (July 7, 1868 - June 14,1924) was an early advocate of scientific management and a pioneer of motion study, but is perhaps best known as the father and central figure of Cheaper by the Dozen. Gilbreth had no formal education beyond high school. He began as a bricklayer, became a building contractor, an inventor, and evolved into management engineer. He eventually became an occasional lecturer at Purdue University, which houses his papers. He married Lillian Moller Gilbreth in 1904; they had 12 children, 11 of whom survived him. Their names are Anne, Mary (died in 1912), Ernestine, Martha, Frank Jr., Bill, Lillian, Fred, Daniel, Jack, Robert and Jane. Gilbreth discovered his vocation when, as a young building contractor, he sought ways to make bricklaying (his first trade) faster and easier. This grew into a collaboration with his eventual spouse, Lillian Moller Gilbreth, that studied the work habits of manufacturing and clerical employees in all sorts of industries to find ways to increase output and make their jobs easier. He and Lillian founded a management consulting firm, Gilbreth, Inc., focusing on such endeavors.

motions of the hand into some combination of 18 basic motions.

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According to Claude George (1968), Gilbreth reduced all

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These included grasp, transport loaded, and hold. Gilbreth named the motions

therbligs,

"Gilbreth"

spelled

backwards

with

the th transposed. He used a motion picture camera that was calibrated in fractions of minutes to time the smallest of motions in workers. George noted that the Gilbreths were, above all, scientists who sought to teach managers that all aspects of the workplace should be constantly questioned, and improvements constantly adopted. Their emphasis on the "one best way" and the therbligs predates the development of continuous quality improvement (CQI) (George 1968: 98), and the late 20th century understanding that repeated motions can lead to workers experiencing repetitive motion injuries. Although the Gilbreths' work is often associated with that of Frederick Winslow Taylor, there was a substantial philosophical difference between the Gilbreths and Taylor. The symbol of Taylorism was the stopwatch, and Taylorism was primarily concerned with reducing the time of processes. The Gilbreths sought to make processes more efficient by reducing the motions involved. They saw their approach as more concerned with workers' welfare than was Taylorism, which workers often perceived as primarily concerned with profit. This led to a personal rift between Taylor and the Gilbreths, which after Taylor's death turned into a feud between the

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Gilbreths and Taylor's followers.

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Chester Irving Barnard

Born Nov 7, 1886 Malden, Massachusetts Died June 7, 1961 New York City. Residence United States Citizenship American Fields organizational theory Known for

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Functions of the Executive (1938)

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3.

CHESTER BARNARD Chester

Irving

Barnard (1886 – 1961)

was

an

American executive and an early organizational theorist. He was author

of Functions

of

the

Executive,

an

influential

20th

century management book, which presents a theory of organization and the functions of executives in organizations. This book became an essential resource in the teaching of organizational sociology and business theory. Barnard looked at organizations as systems of cooperation of human activity, and was worried about the fact that they are typically rather short-lived. Firms that last more than a century are rather few, and the only organization that can claim a substantial age is the Catholic Church. According to Barnard, this happens because organizations do not

meet

the

two

criteria

necessary

for

survival: effectiveness and efficiency. Effectiveness, is defined the usual way: as being able to accomplish the explicit goals. In contrast, his notion of organizational efficiency is substantially different from the conventional use of the word. He defines efficiency of an organization as the degree to which that organization is able to satisfy the motives of the individuals. If an organization satisfies the motives Page10

of its participants, and attains its explicit goals, cooperation among them will last.

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Functions Of The Executive The book 'Functions of the Executive' from 1938, as indicated by the title, wants to discuss the functions of the executive, but not from a merely intuitive point of view, but deriving them from a conception of cooperative systems based on previous concepts. Barnard ends by summarizing the functions of the executive (the title of the book) as being: 

The

establishment

and

maintenance

of

the

system

of

communication 

The securing of the essential services from individuals



The formulation of the organizational purpose and objectives

Theory Of Authority And Theory Of Incentives Two of his theories are particularly interesting: the theory of authority and the theory of incentives. Both are seen in the context of a communication system that should be based in seven essential rules: 

The Channels of communication should be definite



Everyone should know of the channels of communication



Everyone should have access to the formal channels of communication Lines of communication should be as short and as direct as Page11



possible

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

Competence of persons serving as communication centers should be adequate



The line of communication should not be interrupted when organization is functioning



Every communication should be authenticated Thus, what makes a communication authoritative rests on the

subordinate rather than in the boss. Thus, he takes a perspective that was very unusual at that time, close to that of Mary Parker Follett, and is not that usual even today. One might say that managers should treat workers respectfully and competently to obtain authority. In the theory of incentives, he sees two ways of convincing subordinates to cooperate: tangible incentives and persuasion. He gives great importance to persuasion, much more than to economic incentives. He described four general and four specific incentive. The specific inducements were:- 1. Material inducements such as money 2. Personal non-material opportunities for distinction 3. Desirable physical conditions of work 4. Ideal Benefactions, such as pride of

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workmanship etc.

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MAXIMILIAN WEBER

German political economist and sociologist Born 21 April 1864 Erfurt, Prussian Saxony Died 14 June 1920 (aged 56) Munich, Bavaria Father of Page13

Modern study of sociology, Public administration.

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4. MAX WEBER Maximilian Carl Emil Weber (21 April 1864 – 14 June 1920) was

a German

political

economist and sociologist who

was

considered one of the founders of the modern study of sociology and public administration. He began his career at the University of Berlin, and later worked at the universities of Freiburg, Heidelberg, and Munich. Weber's major works deal with rationalization in sociology of religion and government. His most famous work is his essay The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, which began his work in the sociology of religion. In this work, Weber argued that religion was one of the non-exclusive reasons for the different ways the cultures of the Occident and the Orient have developed, and stressed importance of particular characteristics of ascetic Protestantism which led to the development of capitalism, bureaucracy and the rationallegal state in the West. In another major work, Politics as a Vocation, Weber defined the state as an entity which claims a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force, a definition that became pivotal to the study of modern Western political science. His analysis of bureaucracy in his Economy and Society is still central to the modern study of organizations. His most known contributions are Page14

often referred to as the 'Weber Thesis'.

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Achievements Along with Karl Marx and Émile Durkheim, Weber is regarded as one of the founders of modern sociology, although in his times he was viewed primarily as a historian and an economist. Whereas Durkheim, following Comte, worked in the positivist tradition, Weber created and worked – like Werner Sombart, his friend and then the most

famous

representative

antipositivist, hermeneutic,

of German

sociology –

tradition. Those

works

in

the

started

the

antipositivistic revolution in social sciences, which stressed the difference between the social sciences and natural sciences, especially due

to

human social

actions (which

Weber

differentiated

into traditional, affectional, value-rational and instrumental). Weber's early work was related to industrial sociology, but he is most famous for his later work on the sociology of religion and sociology of government.

The Protestant Ethic And The Spirit Of Capitalism Weber's essay The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Die

protestantische

Ethik

und

der

Geist

des

Kapitalismus) is his most famous work. It is argued that this work should not be viewed as a detailed study of Protestantism, but rather as an introduction into Weber's later works, especially his studies of

In The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Weber puts forward the thesis that Calvinist ethic and ideas influenced the

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interaction between various religious ideas and economic behaviour.

PIONEERS IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

development of capitalism. This theory is often viewed as a reversal of Marx's thesis that the economic "base" of society determines all other aspects of it. Religious devotion has usually been accompanied by rejection of mundane affairs, including economic pursuit. Why was that not the case with Protestantism? Weber addresses that paradox in his essay.

Economics While Weber is best known and recognised today as one of the leading scholars and founders of modern sociology, he also accomplished much in other fields, notably economics, although this is largely forgotten today among orthodox economists, who pay very little attention to his works. The view that Weber is at all influential to modern economists comes largely from non-economists and economic critics with sociology backgrounds. During his life distinctions between the social sciences were less clear than they are now, and Weber considered himself a historian and an economist first, sociologist distant second. From the point of view of the economists, he is a representative of the "Youngest" German historical school of economics. His most valued contributions to the field of economics is his famous work, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. This is a seminal essay on the differences between religions and the relative wealth of

same phenomenon, which however located the rise of Capitalism in Judaism. WORK SYSTEM DESIGN

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their followers. Weber's work is parallel to Sombart's treatise of the

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HERBERT SIMON

Born June 15, 1916 Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA Died February 9, 2001 (aged 84) Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Nationality United States Fields Artificial Intelligence Cognitive psychology Computer science Economics Political science Known for

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Logic Theory Machine General Problem Solver Bounded Rationality

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5. HERBERT SIMON Herbert Alexander Simon (June 15, 1916 – February 9, 2001) was an American political scientist whose research ranged across the fields

of cognitive

psychology, computer

science, public

administration, economics, management, philosophy of science and sociology and was a professor, most notably, at Carnegie Mellon University. With almost a thousand, often very highly cited, publications he is one of the most influential social scientists of the 20th century. Simon was a polymath, among the founding fathers of several of today's

important

scientific

Intelligence, information

domains,

processing,

including artificial

decision-making, problem-

solving, attention economics, organization theory, complex systems, and computer simulation of scientific discovery. He coined the terms bounded rationality and satisficing, and was the first to analyze the architecture

of

complexity and

to

propose

a preferential

attachment mechanism to explain power law distributions.

Decision-Making Administrative

Behavior[7] was

Herbert

Simon’s

doctoral

dissertation and his first book. It served as the foundation for his life's

processes of making rational human choices, that is, decisions. An

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work. The centerpiece of this book is the behavioral and cognitive

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operational administrative decision should be correct and efficient, and it must be practical to implement with a set of coordinated means. Any decision involves a choice selected from a number of alternatives, directed toward an organizational goal or sub goal. Realistic options will have real consequences consisting of personnel actions or non-actions modified by environmental facts and values. In actual practice, some of the alternatives may be conscious or unconscious; some of the consequences may be unintended as well as intended; and some of the means and ends may be imperfectly differentiated, incompletely related, or poorly detailed. The task of rational decision making is to select the alternative that results in the more preferred set of all the possible consequences. This task can be divided into three required steps: (1) the identification and listing of all the alternatives; (2) the determination of all the consequences resulting from each of the alternatives; and (3) the comparison of the accuracy and efficiency of each of these sets of consequences. Any given individual or organization attempting to implement this model in a real situation would be unable to comply with the three requirements. It is highly improbable that one could know all the alternatives, or all the consequences that follow each alternative.

decision making, what other techniques or behavioral processes can a person or organization bring to bear to achieve approximately the best

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The question here is: given the inevitable limits on rational

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result? Simon writes: “The human being striving for rationality and restricted within the limits of his knowledge has developed some working procedures that partially overcome these difficulties. These procedures consist in assuming that he can isolate from the rest of the world a closed system containing a limited number of variables and a limited range of consequences.” The correctness of decisions is measured by two major criteria: (1) adequacy of achieving the desired objective; and (2) the efficiency with which the result was obtained. Many members of the organization may focus on adequacy, but the overall administrative management must pay particular attention to the efficiency with which the desired result was obtained. Simon's contributions to research in the area of decision-making have become increasingly main stream in the business community thanks to the growth of management consulting. Simon's decisionmaking steps of Intelligence, Design, Choice, and Review are the

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basis of the work of Inferential Focus.

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HENRI FAYOL

Born 1841 in Istanbul Died died 1925 in Paris Nationality British Subjects Management and Politics Page21

Father of Functions of Management

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6. HENRI FAYOL Fayol was one of the most influential contributors to modern concepts of management, having proposed that there are five primary functions of management: (1) planning, (2) organizing, (3) commanding, (4) coordinating, and (5) controlling (Fayol, 1949, 1987). Controlling is described in the sense that a manager must receive feedback on a process in order to make necessary adjustments. Fayol's work has stood the test of time and has been shown to be relevant and appropriate to contemporary management. Many of today’s management texts including Daft (2005) have reduced the five functions to four: (1) planning, (2) organizing, (3) leading, and (4) controlling. Daft's text is organized around Fayol's four functions. Fayol believed management theories could be developed, then taught. His theories were published in a monograph titled General and Industrial Management (1916). This is an extraordinary little book that offers the first theory of general management and statement of management principles. Fayol suggested that it is important to have unity of command: a concept that suggests there should be only one supervisor for each person in an organization. Like Socrates, Fayol suggested that management is a universal human activity that applies equally well to Page22

the family as it does to the corporation.

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Fayol has been described as the father of modern operational management theory. Although his ideas have become a universal part of the modern management concepts, some writers continue to associate him with Frederick Winslow Taylor. Taylor's scientific management deals with the efficient organisation of production in the context of a competitive enterprise that has to control its production costs. That was only one of the many areas that Fayol addressed. Perhaps the connection with Taylor is more one of time, than of perspective. According to Claude George (1968), a primary difference between Fayol and Taylor was that Taylor viewed management processes from the bottom up, while Fayol viewed it from the top down. George's comment may have originated from Fayol himself. In the classic General and Industrial Management Fayol wrote that "Taylor's approach differs from the one we have outlined in that he examines the firm from the "bottom up." He starts with the most elemental units of activity -- the workers' actions -- then studies the effects of their actions on productivity, devises new methods for making them more efficient, and applies what he learns at lower levels to the hierarchy." He suggests that Taylor has staff analysts and advisors working with individuals at lower levels of the organization to identify the ways to improve efficiency. According to Fayol, the approach results in a "negation of the

management in this way. “… the most marked outward characteristics of functional management lies in the fact that each workman, instead WORK SYSTEM DESIGN

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principle of unity of command Fayol criticized Taylor’s functional

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of coming in direct contact with the management at one point only, … receives his daily orders and help from eight different bosses” Those eight, Fayol said, were (1) route clerks, (2) instruction card men, (3) cost and time clerks, (4) gang bosses, (5) speed bosses, (6) inspectors, (7) repair bosses, and the (8) shop disciplinarian. This, he said, was an unworkable situation, and that Taylor must have somehow reconciled

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the dichotomy in some way not described in Taylor's works.

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MARY PARKER FOLLETT

Born 1868 Massachusetts, United States Died 1933 Occupation Social worker and Writer Nationality American Genres Non-fiction Page25

Subjects Management and Politics

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7. MARY PARKER FOLLETT Mary Parker Follett (1868–1933) was an American social worker, consultant, and author of books on democracy,human relations, and management. She worked as a management and political theorist, introducing such phrases as "conflict resolution," "authority and power," and "the task of leadership." Follett

was

born

into

an

affluent Quaker family

in

Massachusetts and spent much of her early life there. In 1898 she graduated from Radcliffe College. Over the next three decades, she published several books, including: 

The Speaker of the House of Representatives (1896)



The New State (1918)



Creative Experience (1924)



Dynamic Administration (1941) (this collection of speeches and short articles was published posthumously) Follett suggested that organizations function on the principle of

power "with" and not power "over." She recognized the holistic nature of community and advanced the idea of "reciprocal relationships" in understanding the dynamic aspects of the individual in relationship to others. Follett advocated the principle of integration, "power sharing."

influential in the development of organizational studies. She was a pioneer of community centres.

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Her ideas on negotiation, power, and employee participation were

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ELTON MAYO

Born December 26, 1880 Died September 7, 1949. Residence United States Citizenship American Worked as Australian psychologist, Sociologist and Organization theorist. Page27

Known for Human Relations Movement

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8. ELTON MAYO George Elton Mayo (December 26, 1880 - September 7, 1949) was an Australian psychologist, sociologist and organization theorist. He lectured at the University of Queensland from 1919 to 1923 before moving to the University of Pennsylvania, but spent most of his career at Harvard Business School (1926 - 1947), where he was professor of industrial research. Mayo is known as the founder of the Human Relations Movement, and is known for his research including the Hawthorne Studies, and his book The Human Problems of an Industrialized Civilization(1933). The research he conducted under the Hawthorne Studies of the 1930s showed the importance of groups in affecting the behavior of individuals at work. However it was not Mayo who conducted the practical experiments but his employees Roethlisberger and Dickinson. This enabled him to make certain deductions about how managers should behave. He carried out a number of investigations to look at ways of improving productivity, for example changing lighting conditions in the workplace. What he found however was that work satisfaction depended to a large extent on the informal social pattern of the work group. Where norms of cooperation and higher output were established because of a feeling

motivational value. People will form work groups and this can be used by management to benefit the organization. He concluded that WORK SYSTEM DESIGN

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of importance. Physical conditions or financial incentives had little

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people's work performance is dependent on both social issues and job content. He suggested a tension between workers' 'logic of sentiment' and managers' 'logic of cost and efficiency' which could lead to conflict within organizations. Criticism regarding his employees' procedure while conducting the studies: 

The members of the groups whose behavior has been studied were allowed to choose themselves.



Two women have been replaced since they were chatting during their work. They were later identified as members of a leftist movement.



One Italian member was working above average since she had to care for her family alone. Thus she affected the group's performance in an above average way.

Summary of Mayo's Beliefs: 

Individual workers cannot be treated in isolation, but must be seen as members of a group.



Monetary incentives and good working condition are less important to the individual than the need to belong to a group.



Informal or unofficial groups formed at work have a strong



Managers must be aware of these 'social needs' and cater for them to ensure that employees collaborate with the official organization rather than work against it.

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influence on the behavior of those workers in a group.

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Criticism Of Mayo: Mayo's contributions to management thought have come increasingly

under

fire.

The

celebrated

sociologist Daniel

Bell criticized Mayo and other industrial sociologists for practicing "not a science of man, but a cow-sociology," meaning that Mayo was solely concerned with "adjusting men to machines," as Bell put it, rather than with enlarging human capacity or freedom. James Hoopes

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criticized Mayo in 2003 for "substituting therapy for democracy."

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HENRY LAURENCE GANTT

Born 1861 Died November 23, 1919 Citizenship United States Worked as Management anagement consultant, consultant Mechanical engineer Fields Scientific management Known for Page31

Gantt chart

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9. HENRY GANTT Henry

Laurence

November 1919)

was

Gantt,

a mechanical

A.B.,

M.E.

engineer and

(1861 - 23 management

consultant who is most famous for developing the Gantt chart in the 1910s. These Gantt charts were employed on major infrastructure projects including the Hoover Dam and Interstate high way system and continue to be an important tool in project management.

Gantt Charts A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart that illustrates a project schedule. Gantt charts illustrate the start and finish dates of the terminal elements and summary elements of a project. Terminal elements and summary elements comprise the work breakdown

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structure of the project.

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Some Gantt charts also show the dependency (i.e, precedence network) relationships between activities. Gantt charts can be used to show current schedule status using percent-complete shadings and a vertical "TODAY" line as shown here.

Contributions Henry Gantt's legacy to production management is the following:  The Gantt chart: Still accepted as an important management tool today, it provides a graphic schedule for the planning and controlling of work, and recording progress towards stages of a project. The chart has a modern variation, Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT).  Industrial Efficiency: Industrial efficiency can only be produced by the application of scientific analysis to all aspects

of the work

in progress. The industrial

management role is to improve the system by eliminating chance and accidents.  The Task And Bonus System: He linked the bonus paid to managers to how well they taught their employees to improve performance.



The social responsibility of business: He believed that Page33

businesses have obligations to the welfare of society that they operate in.

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10.

CARL G. BARTH

An associate of Taylor, developed a production slide rule for determining the most efficient combination of speed and feeds for cutting metals of various hardness, considering depth of cut, size of tool and life of tool. Barth is also noted for the work he did in determining allowances.

11.

HARRING EMERSON

He wrote a book, Twelve Priciples of Efficiency, in which he made an effort to inform management of procedures for efficient operation. Emerson coined the term Efficiency engineering. His ideal was efficiency everywhere and in everything.

12.

MORRIS L. COOKE

He published Organized Labor and Production in which they brought out that the goal of both labor and management is optimum productivity. This he defined as “the highest possible balanced output of goods and services that management and labor skills can produce, equitably shared and consistent with a rational conservation of human

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and physical resources”.

WORK SYSTEM DESIGN

ASSIGNMENT NO.1