Physics Report
This document was uploaded by user and they confirmed that they have the permission to share it. If you are author or own the copyright of this book, please report to us by using this DMCA report form. Report DMCA
Overview
Download & View Physics Report as PDF for free.
More details
- Words: 1,010
- Pages: 40
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY DR. NICANOR REYES MEDICAL FOUNDATION SCHOOL OF PHYSICAL THERAPY PHYSICS II PROFESSOR ROSE MARIE MENDOZA
CHAPTER 14:
ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY
ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY IN BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY IN BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH: Phenomenon to be observed
Amplifier
Translation into an electrical signal
Display
Signal Processing
AMPLIFIER:
The general signals generated in this way are usually too weak to drive the final instrument that displays the signals for our observation, so the power and amplitude of the signal are increased by a
OSCILLOSCOPE:
Very fast signals are recorded by a device called,
DIAGNOSTIC EQUIPMENT
THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH
THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH: the etymology of the word is derived from electro , because it is related to electrical activity, cardio , Greek for heart, and graph , a Greek root meaning "to write". an instrument that records surface potentials associated with the electrical activity of the heart.
The surface potentials are conducted to the instrument by metal contacts called electrodes. Electrodes are attached to the four limbs and over the heart.
THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPH
THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPH: A n in stru m e n t fo r re co rd in g th e e le ctrica l a ctiv ity o f th e b ra in , u su a lly by m eans of e le ctro d e s p la ce d o n th e sca lp . U se d to d ia g n o se tu m o rs o f th e b ra in , to stu d y b ra in w a v e s a n d h e lp s to p re d ict a n A lzh e im e r ’ s d ise a se .
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY: Shock is being produced by an electrical current that enters the body; ØCurrent stimulates nerves and muscle fibers, which produces pain and a contraction of muscles. ØHeats the tissue through dissipation of electrical energy.
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY: Both effects can cause severe injury or death, if sufficiently intense. But if the electrical current is applied in a control way, both the heating and the stimulation of the muscle can be beneficial.
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY: FIBRILLATION: A local and uncontrollable twitching of muscle fibers, not affecting the entire muscles. Often occur during a heart attack and during cardiac surgery.
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY: DEFIBRILLATOR: An apparatus used for the application of electric current to the heart to restore normal rhythmical contractions after a heart attack caused by fibrillation.
Defibrillation is the definitive treatment for the lifethreatening cardiac arrhythmias, ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia.
Defibrillation consists of delivering a therapeutic dose of electrical energy to the affected heart with a device called a defibrillator. This depolarizes a critical mass of the heart muscle, terminates the arrhythmia, and allows normal sinus rhythm to be reestablished by the body's natural pacemaker, in the sinoatrial node of the heart.
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY:
ELECTRONIC PACEMAKER: A pulse generator that produces short periodic pulses that initiate and control the frequency of the heartbeat.
CONTROL SYSTEMS
CONTROL SYSTEM: Inputs to referenc e
Parameter to be controlled
Monitor
T R A N S M IS S I ON
Actions
Control of Biological Process
Inputs to referenc e
Reference
Compari son
CONTROL SYSTEM:
PARAMETER TO BE CONTROLLED: Temperature of the skin Movement of muscles Rate of the heartbeat Size of the bone
CONTROL SYSTEM:
A means of monitoring the parameter and transmitting information about its state to some decisionmaking center. This task is usually performed by the sensory neurons.
CONTROL SYSTEM:
Some reference value to which the controlled parameters are required to comply.
CONTROL SYSTEM:
A method for comparing the state of the parameter with the reference value and for transmitting instructions to bring the two into accord.
CONTROL SYSTEM:
A mechanism for translating the messages into actions that alter the state of the controlled parameter.
Hormones and emotional stimuli
REFERENCE
comparison
FEEDBACK
FEEDBACK: Feedback is a mechanism, process or signal that is looped back to control a system within itself. The system is said to have negative feedback if it opposes a change in the input and positive feedback if it augments a change in the input. Negative feedback keeps the system response at a relatively constant level. Therefore, most biological feedback systems are in fact negative.
FEEDBACK: Positive feedback, sometimes referred to as "cumulative causation", refers to a situation where some effect causes more of itself. A system undergoing positive feedback is unstable, that is, it will tend to spiral out of control as the effect amplifies itself.
SENSORY AIDS
SENSORY AIDS: Sight and hearing are the two principal pathways through which our brain receives information about the external world. The two organs, eyes and ears, that transmit light and sound information into the brain are often damaged and their functions needs to be supplemented. Electrical technology has led to the development of devices that greatly enhance hearing and vision and some cases even restore hearing and vision.
Ear horns is a device improve hearing by collecting sound from an area. Eyeglass, a visual aid provided only simple magnified images of objects.
HEARING AIDS
HEARING AIDS: Hearing aid is an electro acoustic body worn apparatus which typically fits in or behind the wearer's ear, and is designed to amplify and modulate sound for the wearer. The first hearing aids became commercially available in the 1930’s. They were relatively large cumbersome devices using battery-powered vacuum tube amplifiers. The much smaller transistor amplifiers that became available in the 1950’s made hearing aids truly practicable. Transistorized hearing aids were now small enough to be places in the ear. Modern hearing aids automatically adjust the volume of the sound so that the quiet sounds can be heard and loud sounds not be painfully overwhelming.
COCHLEAR IMPLANT
COCHLEAR IMPLANT: A cochlear implant is a small, complex electronic device that can help to provide a sense of sound to a person who is profoundly deaf or severely hardof-hearing.
CHAPTER 14:
ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY
ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY IN BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY IN BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH: Phenomenon to be observed
Amplifier
Translation into an electrical signal
Display
Signal Processing
AMPLIFIER:
The general signals generated in this way are usually too weak to drive the final instrument that displays the signals for our observation, so the power and amplitude of the signal are increased by a
OSCILLOSCOPE:
Very fast signals are recorded by a device called,
DIAGNOSTIC EQUIPMENT
THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH
THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH: the etymology of the word is derived from electro , because it is related to electrical activity, cardio , Greek for heart, and graph , a Greek root meaning "to write". an instrument that records surface potentials associated with the electrical activity of the heart.
The surface potentials are conducted to the instrument by metal contacts called electrodes. Electrodes are attached to the four limbs and over the heart.
THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPH
THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPH: A n in stru m e n t fo r re co rd in g th e e le ctrica l a ctiv ity o f th e b ra in , u su a lly by m eans of e le ctro d e s p la ce d o n th e sca lp . U se d to d ia g n o se tu m o rs o f th e b ra in , to stu d y b ra in w a v e s a n d h e lp s to p re d ict a n A lzh e im e r ’ s d ise a se .
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY: Shock is being produced by an electrical current that enters the body; ØCurrent stimulates nerves and muscle fibers, which produces pain and a contraction of muscles. ØHeats the tissue through dissipation of electrical energy.
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY: Both effects can cause severe injury or death, if sufficiently intense. But if the electrical current is applied in a control way, both the heating and the stimulation of the muscle can be beneficial.
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY: FIBRILLATION: A local and uncontrollable twitching of muscle fibers, not affecting the entire muscles. Often occur during a heart attack and during cardiac surgery.
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY: DEFIBRILLATOR: An apparatus used for the application of electric current to the heart to restore normal rhythmical contractions after a heart attack caused by fibrillation.
Defibrillation is the definitive treatment for the lifethreatening cardiac arrhythmias, ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia.
Defibrillation consists of delivering a therapeutic dose of electrical energy to the affected heart with a device called a defibrillator. This depolarizes a critical mass of the heart muscle, terminates the arrhythmia, and allows normal sinus rhythm to be reestablished by the body's natural pacemaker, in the sinoatrial node of the heart.
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY:
ELECTRONIC PACEMAKER: A pulse generator that produces short periodic pulses that initiate and control the frequency of the heartbeat.
CONTROL SYSTEMS
CONTROL SYSTEM: Inputs to referenc e
Parameter to be controlled
Monitor
T R A N S M IS S I ON
Actions
Control of Biological Process
Inputs to referenc e
Reference
Compari son
CONTROL SYSTEM:
PARAMETER TO BE CONTROLLED: Temperature of the skin Movement of muscles Rate of the heartbeat Size of the bone
CONTROL SYSTEM:
A means of monitoring the parameter and transmitting information about its state to some decisionmaking center. This task is usually performed by the sensory neurons.
CONTROL SYSTEM:
Some reference value to which the controlled parameters are required to comply.
CONTROL SYSTEM:
A method for comparing the state of the parameter with the reference value and for transmitting instructions to bring the two into accord.
CONTROL SYSTEM:
A mechanism for translating the messages into actions that alter the state of the controlled parameter.
Hormones and emotional stimuli
REFERENCE
comparison
FEEDBACK
FEEDBACK: Feedback is a mechanism, process or signal that is looped back to control a system within itself. The system is said to have negative feedback if it opposes a change in the input and positive feedback if it augments a change in the input. Negative feedback keeps the system response at a relatively constant level. Therefore, most biological feedback systems are in fact negative.
FEEDBACK: Positive feedback, sometimes referred to as "cumulative causation", refers to a situation where some effect causes more of itself. A system undergoing positive feedback is unstable, that is, it will tend to spiral out of control as the effect amplifies itself.
SENSORY AIDS
SENSORY AIDS: Sight and hearing are the two principal pathways through which our brain receives information about the external world. The two organs, eyes and ears, that transmit light and sound information into the brain are often damaged and their functions needs to be supplemented. Electrical technology has led to the development of devices that greatly enhance hearing and vision and some cases even restore hearing and vision.
Ear horns is a device improve hearing by collecting sound from an area. Eyeglass, a visual aid provided only simple magnified images of objects.
HEARING AIDS
HEARING AIDS: Hearing aid is an electro acoustic body worn apparatus which typically fits in or behind the wearer's ear, and is designed to amplify and modulate sound for the wearer. The first hearing aids became commercially available in the 1930’s. They were relatively large cumbersome devices using battery-powered vacuum tube amplifiers. The much smaller transistor amplifiers that became available in the 1950’s made hearing aids truly practicable. Transistorized hearing aids were now small enough to be places in the ear. Modern hearing aids automatically adjust the volume of the sound so that the quiet sounds can be heard and loud sounds not be painfully overwhelming.
COCHLEAR IMPLANT
COCHLEAR IMPLANT: A cochlear implant is a small, complex electronic device that can help to provide a sense of sound to a person who is profoundly deaf or severely hardof-hearing.
Related Documents
Physics Report
June 2020 7
12th Physics Report
October 2019 20
Physics Experiment Report
May 2020 11
Physics Examiner Report
May 2020 4
Physics-report-1.docx
October 2019 13
Cart Lab Report Preap Physics
June 2020 6More Documents from ""