History Of Photography
Camera Obscura •
The name Camera is derived from camera obscura, Latin for "dark chamber”.
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May have been discovered by the Chinese in the 4th century.
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The earliest ones were the size of an entire room! It functioned much like a modern camera, except there was no way at this time to record the image short of tracing it. (Vermeer/ Davinci used it!)
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Joseph Niecephore Niepce • • •
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This is the first known photograph, ca. 1826. There is little merit in this picture other than that fact. The exposure lasted eight hours, so the sun had time to move from east to west, appearing to shine on both sides of the building. It was made on a substance called Bitumin of Judea, a kind of asphalt. It hardened as it was exposed to light.
William Henry Fox Talbot •
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Though Fox Talbot was not the first to produce photographs, he made a major contribution to the photographic process as we know it today. His inability to draw led him to experiment with photography. His “Calotypes” or “Talbotypes” used a paper negative that produced a hazy, textured image. Although not as popular as Daguerre’s sharper images, Talbot’s process utilized a positive/ negative process that allowed the making of multiple prints.
Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre •
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He regularly used a camera obscura as an aid to painting in perspective, and this had led him to seek to freeze the image. In 1826 he learned of the work of Nicephore Niépce, and partnered with him. His process was called the Daguerreotype. It reduced the exposure time from hours to minutes. It was a mirrorlike image on a metal plate. It was a oneofakind image (no enlargements were possible) It was very fragile. It was fairly expensive.
Tintypes • The Tintype , or ferrotype process allowed for faster exposures than the earlier daguerreotype and ambrotype. • Hence, more candid shots outside the photographer's studio, like this image, were easier to achieve. • In addition, Tintypes were cheaper to produce, allowing a broader spectrum of society to have their likeness captured.
Cartesdevisites
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Cartesdevisite were small visiting card portraits.
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By 1854, a number of photographs could be made on one plate.
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Small, light and cheap to collect, many people began to place these in photographic albums
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Collections of pictures, particularly of royalty, became highly treasured (there was no television, of course, in those days).
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Cartesdevisite were Albumen prints (egg white), and it is on record that in Britain half a million eggs were being delivered yearly to one photo studio alone!
Frederick Scott Archer
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Archer invented the wetplate collodion process which preceded the modern gelatin emulsion. He used calotypes and was dissatisfied with the poor definition, contrast and the long exposures needed. Reduced exposure times to two or three seconds The “Wet/ Glass Plate process enabled photographers to combine the fine detail of the daguerreotype with the ability to print multiple paper copies like the calotype. He died in poverty as he didn't patent the collodion process and made very little money from it.
The Portable Wet Plate Darkroom • The Wet plate process was complex and cumbersome. • Photographers had to mix their own chemistry (often in a portable darkroom). • They had to coat a large glass plate of glass with emulsion (collodion), load the (very large) camera, take the photograph and develop it without allowing the plate to dry out!
The American Civil War
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This was the first time that anyone had seen the realities of war firsthand as distinct from previous "artists' impressions". Matthew Brady employed over 20 men to photograph the war including Alexander Gardner & Timothy O'Sullivan. Due to his deteriorating eyesight, he made few photographs during the war, but took credit for them anyway. During the war Brady spent over $100,000 to create 10,000 prints. He expected the U.S. government to buy the photographs when the war ended, but when the government refused to do so he was forced to sell his New York City studio and go into bankruptcy.
Eadweard Muybridge
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A Britishborn photographer, known for his early use of multiple cameras to capture motion. By 1878, Muybridge had successfully photographed a horse in fast motion using a series of fifty cameras. The cameras were arranged along a track parallel to the horse's, and each of the camera shutters was controlled by a trip wire which was triggered by the horse's hooves. This series of photos, taken at what is now Stanford University, is called The Horse in Motion, and shows that, indeed, the hooves all leave the ground when the animal is galloping.
Julia Margaret Cameron
June 11, 1815 – January 26, 1879 • •
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Groundbreaking British female photographer who used the wet plate process. She became known for her portraits of celebrities of the time, and for Arthurian and similar legendary themed pictures. Cameron's photographic career was short (about 12 years) and came late in her life (began at age 48). Her work had a huge impact on the development of modern photography, especially her closely cropped portraits which are still mimicked today.
Pictorialism •
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Pictorialism was a photographic movement in vogue from 1885 and declined rapidly in 1914 after the widespread emergence of Modernism. Pictorialism largely subscribed to the idea that art photography needed to emulate the painting and etching of the time. Among the methods used were soft focus, special filters and lens coatings, heavy manipulation in the darkroom, and exotic printing processes.
George Eastman/ Kodak • • • •
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He introduced the Kodak box camera incorporating roll film. His slogan was "You press the button, we do the rest”. He brought photography to the masses. The box camera had a simple lens focusing on 8 feet and beyond. One roll of film took a hundred images, all circular in shape. The entire camera would be mailed to the factory where the film was processed and the camera reloaded and returned to the user.
Jacques Henri Lartigue •
He started taking photos when he was 6, his subject matter being primarily his own (privileged) life and the people and activities in it.
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Born outside of Paris, he is most famous for his stunning photos of automobile races, planes and fashionable Parisian women from the turn of the century.