What is Pharmacogenetics? - Every year in the USA alone 2 million people experience adverse drug effects and more than a 100,000 die from those reactions.
- Another horrible fact is that the drugs in today’s society are only effective in 60 % of the population. What can we do to stop these adverse drug effects? How can we develop drugs that can be effective for everyone? THE ANSWER IS PHARMACOGENETICS
Current Clinical Methods ₋ Nico Test for personalised regimen to quit smoking ₋ Amplichip for CYP 450 ₋ PCR based strategy for CYP 2D6 genotyping ₋ Tratuzumab: first drug with clinical application ₋ Thiopurines: immunomodulating drugs for leukemia and chronic inflammatory conditions ₋ Dosing considerations for other drugs such as Ironitecan, Warfarin, Tamoxifen, and Abacavir ₋ FDA has labelled 10% of its recently approved drugs with pharmacogenomic information
Ongoing Research on CYP
₋ Cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes
₋ Found all over the body but major enzymatic activity occurs in hepatic CYPs ₋ Bioactivation and metabolism of approximately 75% of drugs gives CYPs prominence in pharmacogenetics research ₋ Pharmacogenetic research is playing a major role in dosing of Warfarin (an anticoagulant)
Pharmacogenetics vs Bioethics Main ethical concerns are combination of the following: - Unequal distribution of benefits/resources - Invasion of medical privacy - Discrimination due to the involvementtof genetic tests - Research/business conflict-ofinterest
Major Drugs Ineffective For Many
…and harmful to some
Costs Impact Increase in costs - New Techniques need to be developed - Requires new training - Requires new facilities - Segmentation of market result in a reduction of revenue generated - Post marketing surveillance cost Benefits - Shelved drugs coming back to life. - Fewer legal liabilities. - Saving lives.
Thank you for your attention Group 13 Joe Hong Tanvir Kahlon Shereen Bart Linnéa Kadfors Traci Vogler Jennifer Duncan David Beshai
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