Persia

wMÖ‡mi Ici cvi‡m¨i cÖfve g~j: †Rwb evKKvi f~wgKv I Abyev`: Ryev‡qi †nv‡mb ... It was the obvious thing to do. After all, it is sound policy to make use of knowledge developed by others. Nineteenth-century European historians, however, have often ignored the Persian contribution to Greek culture. They believed in a "Greek miracle" and were unable to conceptualize oriental influences. (They had more or less the same perspective on European history, which had developed -in their view- autonomously.) ...At least in theory, the subject towns could negotiate about the amount they owed to their masters, and it is tempting to link this fact to the remark by Herodotus that the Persians regarded king Darius as a merchant (kapelos) because he negotiated about everything (Histories 3.89). This is really remarkable, because a king was not supposed to make deals with his subjects about the prize of his reign. Janine Bakker

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†mB ïi“| BD‡iv‡ci cÖ_g AvaywbK kni n‡”Q Av‡_‡Ýi e›`i bMix wc‡iDm| (`ª. F. Haverfield; Ancient Town-Planning.) BD‡iv‡ci DbœwZi wcQ‡b KZUv Zv‡`i Nvgkªg Avi KZUv jyÚb -‡m mg‡¯—i wn‡me cÖv‡P¨i cÖvÁRb Rv‡b|

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Zvi Ici Avngvw`‡bRv` 2q gnvhy‡× Bûw` MbnZ¨vi (Holocaust, the almost complete destruction of Jews in Europe by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II (1939-1945).) welqwU cÖKv‡k¨ A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| M¨vm †P¤^v‡i ‡h Bûw`‡`i g„Zz¨ nqwb-K_vUv

cÖgvb Kivi Rb¨ †mwgbvi-wm‡¤úvwRqv‡gi Av‡qvRb K‡i‡Qb| GZUv bv-Ki‡jI cvi‡Zb| †Kbbv, 2q wek¦hy× PjvKvjxb mg‡q Rvg©vb bvrmxiv 60 j¶ Bûw`‡K AZ¨š— wbg©g fv‡e nZ¨v K‡iwQj| GwU HwZnvwmK mZ¨; Gi Rb¨ †MvUv gvbeRvwZi jw¾¡Z nIqv DwPZ| Rvcvb, 2q wek¦hy‡× 60 j¶ wPbv‡K nZ¨v K‡iwQj; Gi Rb¨I †MvUv gvbeRvwZi jw¾¡Z nIqv DwPZ| Avm‡j, Holocaust ¯^xKvi Kiv Avi AvwacZ¨ev`x BR‡ij ivóªwUi ¯^xK…wZ †Zv GK K_v bq| `y‡Uv m¤ú~b© wfbœ cÖm½| m¤cÖwZ AvwacZ¨ev`x BR‡ij ivóªwU MvRvq nvgm-Gi †K›`ªxq Kvh©jqwU aŸsm K‡i w`‡q‡Q| BR‡ij-Gi GB aŸsmh‡Ái cÖwZev` KiwQ| ‡cÖwm‡W›U Avngvw`‡bRv‡`i Holocaust A¯^xKv‡ii Ab¨ GKwU wec`RbK w`KI i‡q‡Q| Bivwb fvB‡`i gš—‡e¨ D¾xweZ n‡q D‡V G‡`‡kI A‡bK fvB-‡eiv`vi ej‡Z cv‡ib, 71-G wgicy‡ii cwiZ¨³ cv¤ú nvD‡R evOvwj‡`i a‡i G‡b RevB Kiv nqwb! ... Giv ¯^fveZB gyw³hy‡×i PP©v K‡ibv| G‡`i ÔgvwUi gqbvÕ wK Ôgyw³i MvbÕ †`Lvi K_v bv| ‡cÖwm‡W›U Avngvw`‡bRv` wK †ivgvb cjbw¯‹i Ô`¨ wcqvwbóÕ QwewU †`‡L‡Qb? Rvwb, ¶gZvwjáy gvby‡liv my¯’¨avivi Pjw”P‡Îi wcQ‡b g~j¨evb mgq AcPq Ki‡Z Pvb bv| wKš‘ Biv‡bi †cÖwm‡W›U wK cÖvPxb cvi‡m¨i BwZnvm Rv‡bb? hLb cÖvPxb cvi‡m¨i mü`q mgªvU Kzi“ Bûw`‡`i cv‡k G‡m `uvwo‡qwQ‡jb| cvV Ki“bÑ Cyrus the Great ( 600?-530 bc), king of Persia (550-530 bc). He was the son of Cambyses I, a descendant of Achaemenes (Hakhamanish) (flourished 7th century bc), and a member of the Achaemenid dynasty. When Cyrus became (in about 558 bc) ruler of the Persian district of Anshan, the district was subject to the Medes; five years later he led a rebellion against the Medes that resulted in the capture of King Astyages (reigned about 584 to about 550 bc) and the overthrow (550 bc) of the Median Empire. Thereafter Cyrus called himself king of Persia and ruled a territory extending from the Halys River in Asia Minor, eastern border of Lydia, to the Babylonian Empire on the south and east. Babylon, Egypt, Lydia, and the city-state of Sparta in Greece combined to curb the power of Cyrus, but in about 546 bc

the Persians added Lydia to their realm, and in 539 bc the kingdom of Babylon fell to Cyrus.The Persian Empire was the most powerful state in the world until its conquest two centuries later by Alexander the Great. Cyrus was an able and merciful ruler. Significant among his deeds was his granting of permission to the Jews to return from their exile in Babylon to their native Israel to rebuild the Temple of Solomon.

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mZ¨‡K weK…Z bv KÕ‡iI Zv‡K wVK proportion G †`Lv‡bv hvq, Zv ‡Rwb evKKvi (Janine Bakker) bv‡g GKv‡ji GKRb M‡elK cÖgvb K‡i‡Qb| wZwb ARmª cÖgvY Dc¯’vcb K‡i ‡mm‡ei Pzj‡Piv we‡k­lb K‡i †`wL‡q‡Qb ‡h ZrKv‡j cÖvPxb wMÖ‡mi A‡bK welqB cvi‡m¨i Ñ Z_v cÖv‡P¨i cÖfve ej‡qi wfZ‡i wQj| GB bvixi mZZv, Av‡Z¥vcjwã mwZ¨B gy» K‡i| ‡mB m‡½ GI g‡b nq †h, gvbeRvwZi BwZnvm †Kgb nZÑ hw` †mB Zzlvihy‡Mi gvZ…Zvwš¿K mgvR weewZ©Z bv nZ, bvixiv K…wlKv‡Ri Avwe¯‹vi bv KiZ, hw` bvixi ¶gZv cyi“‡li Kv‡Q n¯—vš—i bv nZ, hw` cyi“‡liv bMi bv MoZ? wKsev weMZ AvovB nvRvi eQ‡ii cvðv†Z¨ wk¶v`x¶vi A½bwU bvix-D‡cw¶Z bv-n‡q eis ‡mB ÁvbØxß †¶ÎwU hw` bvixi Abvqvm Avq‡Ë _vKZ Zvn‡j c„w_exi BwZnvm †Kgb nZ? wKsev evsjvi BwZnvm AvR ‡Kgb nZ hw` †eMg †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡m‡bi nv‡Z ZrKvjxb evsjvi kvmb `ÛwU _vKZ?

‡m hvK| eis eZ©gv‡b wdwi| G Kv‡ji Pjw”P‡Îi `k©Kiv nwjDwW Qwe `¨ nv‡ÛªW: wn‡ivm Af `¨ _v‡g©vdvBj †`‡L fvwi Drdzj­, we‡kl K‡i BD‡ivc-Av‡gwiKvi `k©‡Kiv| nIqviI K_v| †h‡nZz, cy‡iv QweUvRy‡o cwð‡gi exiZ¡ I AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi RqRqvKvi| ¯úvZ©vi exi ‡jIwb`vm& Kx Amvavib g‡bvej ‡`wL‡q cvim¨ivR Rv‡iK‡mm-Gi c_ AvM‡j ivL‡jb| †mme K_v ¯§iY K‡i wMÖ‡mi GK Kwe wjL‡jb, Ô‡n cw_K, Avgv‡`i Awš—g m¤^‡Ü ¯úvZ©vb‡`i e‡jv: ¯^a‡g© w¯’Z †_‡K Avgiv Avgv‡`i Aw¯’ GLv‡b †i‡L †Mjvg|Õ ZvB cwðg †Mvjv‡a©i `k©K‡`i Avb‡›` AvZ¥nviv nIqvUvB ¯^vfvweK| cÖvPxb wMÖm; ¯úvZ©vq Zv‡`i mf¨Zv-ms¯‹…wZi wkKowU i‡q †M‡Q;- Kv‡RB, cÖv‡P¨i cvi‡m¨i jvÇb Zv‡`i Avb›` nIqvB ¯^vfvweK| wKš‘, cÖvP¨evmx hLb Ô`¨ nvb‡WªWÕ QwewU ‡`‡L D”Q¡wmZ n‡q I‡VbÑZLbB LUKv jv‡M| ¯^fveZB ZLb KZ¸‡jv cÖ‡kœi D`q nq g‡b| ‡hgb, QweUvq cÖvP¨‡K Lv‡Uv Kiv n‡q‡Q, †h‡nZz cvim¨‡K Lv‡Uv Kiv n‡q‡Q, Zv n‡j cÖvP¨evmxi c‡¶ QwewUi f~qmx cÖksmv Kiv wK wVK? Zvici, QweUvq cvim¨ivR Rv‡iK‡mm (Xerxes) ‡K nZKzw”QZ Avi Ak­xj †`Lv‡bv n‡jvÑAvm‡jB wK Rv‡iK‡mm AZUv KzrwmZ wQ‡jb †`L‡Z? Avgiv wVK Rvwb bv| Z‡e g‡b nq, Rv‡iK‡mm -Gi wefrm cÖmvab AwZiwÄZ| †Kewj `v‡mi Ici PveyK Pvjv‡Zb Rv‡iK‡mm ? Zuvi I Zuvi iv‡óªi bxwZ I Av`‡k©i †KvbI evjvB wQj bv? †Kewj wQ‡jb †fvMx? ‡fvMx Avi wbôzi AvµgbKvix? Zv n‡j Rv‡iK‡mm Gi wcZv `viq‡eŠl m¤^‡Ü †Kb ejv nqÑ ...At least in theory, the subject towns could negotiate about the amount they owed to their masters, and it is tempting to link this fact to the remark by Herodotus that the Persians regarded king Darius as a merchant (kapelos) because he negotiated about everything (Histories 3.89). This is really remarkable, because a king was not supposed to make deals with his subjects about the prize of his reign. Avm‡j `xN©Kvj a‡iB cÖvP¨‡K wb‡q cwðgv cÖPvi Ô`¨ nvb‡WªWÕ Qwei g‡ZvB FbvZ¥K|

cÖvP¨‡K Lv‡Uv K‡i ivL‡j Zv‡K †kvlb Ki‡Z mywe‡a †h! gvwK©b cÖPviYv gva¨g wm Gb Gb MZ eQi †_‡K DËi †KvwiAv m¤^‡Ü A™¢~Z- A™¢~Z me Z_¨wPÎ cÖPvi Ki‡Q| gvwK©bxiv nq‡Zv DËi †KvwiAv Avµg‡bi Qy‡Zv LuyR‡Q| 2007-Gi A‡±ve‡i DËi †KvwiAv cvigvbweK we‡õviYwU bv-NUv‡j GZw`‡b †mLv‡b nq‡Zv gvwK©b ˆmb¨iv AbycÖ‡ek K‡i Biv‡Ki g‡Zv aŸsmhÁ PvjvZ| Gwkqv aŸsm n‡q †M‡j cwð‡gi Kx hvq Av‡m | cwð‡gi †Pv‡LÑcÖvP¨ eiveiB ˆ¯^iZvwš¿K; `vmZvwš¿K, I ¯’~j| †hb cvi‡m¨i ivRavbx cvwm©‡cvwj‡mi cÖvmv`wU bv›`wbK I my›`i wQj bv| †hb Av‡jKRv›`vi IUv cywo‡q †dj‡jb e‡j cvðv‡Z¨i †mŠ›`h©wcÖq gvbyl AvZ©bv` K‡i I‡Vwb| Avi, cwð‡gi bMiivóª¸wj‡ZB †Kej wkí-ms¯‹…wZ Avi MbZ‡š¿i PP©v nZ| †hb wMÖK ivóªwU †KvbIKv‡jB `vmkª‡gi Ici `uvwo‡q wQj bv| †hb Av‡jKRv›`vi I †cwiwK¬m †KvbIKv‡jB GwRqvb I f~ga¨mgy‡`ªi PZzw`©‡K mvgªvR¨ ¯’vc‡b AvMÖnx wQ‡jb bv| cÖvPxb cvi‡m¨ Zvn‡j bxwZ‡eva, ag©Ug© BZ¨vw` wQj bv? Avgiv Rvwb, wQj| BwZnvm GB mv¶¨B †`q †hÑcÖvPxb cvi‡m¨ ag©cÖe³vi bvg wQj Ri_ykÎ| wZwb R‡b¥wQ‡jb cÖvPxb evKwÎqv bMix‡Z | RvqMvwU GLb DËi AvdMvwb¯’v‡bi IqvwRivev`, Zvi Av‡M RvqMvwUi bvg wQj ejL& cÖ‡`k| cwðgv †RvU Zv‡jevb `g‡bi DwQjvq (Avm‡j †Z‡ji †jv‡f) ILv‡b GLb i‡³i Drm‡e †g‡Z‡Q| AvR †_‡K cÖvq AvovB nvRvi eQi Av‡M R‡b¥wQ‡jb Ri_ykÎ; Avm‡j wZwb wQ‡jb Kwe | wZwb RM‡Z we`¨gvb Aïf (Evil) m¤^‡Ü GK AvcvZ MÖnb‡hvM¨ e¨vL¨v

w`‡qwQ‡jb| Z‡e Zuvi g‡Z †kl Aewa m˜& ¸YB Rqhy³ n‡eÑ †mwUB eo K_v| Kwe evj¥xwK I ‰Rb wbMÖ©š’ cvk¦©bv‡_i g‡ZvB Ri_ykÎ wQ‡jb cïcvwLi cÖwZ AZ¨š— m`q| wZwb Zuvi AbymvixMi‡K g„Zz¨i ci g„Z‡`nwU †Lvjv RvqMvq †d‡j ivLvi wb‡`©k w`‡qwQ‡jb| Avgiv gnvb Ri_ykÎi D‡Ïk¨ Abyaveb Ki‡Z cvwi| ‡evwa jv‡fi ci Ri_ykÎ wkl¨‡`i ej‡Zb: kix‡ii wK `vg ej-De©vYB n‡”Q Avmj| De©vY n‡jv AvZ¥v, hv Awebvwk, Agi; cweÎ AwMœI hv‡K bvk Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Zzwg hw` gvby‡li g‡a¨ De©vY †`L‡Z cvI, hw` †Zvgvi †PvL Ly‡j hvq ... Zvn‡j.. Zvn‡j. Zzwg Zv‡K wbg©g fv‡e jvwÃZ Ki Kxfv‡e e‡jv ...Avi cïcvwLi g‡a¨I De©vY i‡q‡Q| ZvivI gvby‡li w`‡K ZvKvq ...gnvb Ri_yÎi evYx Av‡e¯—v bvgK GKwU cÖvPxb MÖ‡š’ wj‡L ivLv n‡qwQj| (‡h MÖš’wUi ARmª cÖwZwjwc Av‡jKRv›`vi cvim¨ `Lj Kivi ci cywo‡q †djvi wb‡`©k w`‡qwQ‡jb GB Kvi‡YB wK †h gvby‡li wfZ‡i De©vY †`Lv Pj‡e bv? Zv n‡j ciivR¨ Avµgb KivI hv‡e bv!) Av‡e¯—vi GKwU †k­vK GB iKg: Av‡mg †fvû fvwnm‡¯—g Avw¯—, Dlv Avw¯—/D¯—v Dn&igvB wcqvZ AvmvB fvwnmZvB Av‡mg \ (Dr. Motilal Das, The Avesta From the Hindu point of view; The Indian Culture (Mahendra Jayanti Volume) ‡_‡K DØ„Z) evsjvqÑc~b¨gq RxebB gvbe Rxe‡bi GKgvÎ j¶¨ nIqv DwPZ/†h c~b¨gq Rxeb hvcb K‡i;†mBB Afx‡ó †cŠuQ‡e \ j¶¨ Ki“bÑwhïi R‡b¥i Q k eQi Av‡MB cvi‡m¨i Kwe Ri_ykÎ whïi AvMg‡bi c_wUK Kxfv‡e ˆZwi K‡i w`‡”Qb| Avi IB gnvZ¥vi Avqv‡Z m‡µwUm I †÷vwqK `k©‡bi cÖe³v †h‡bvi m Rxebmvabv g~Z© n‡q I‡Vwb wK? Av‡e¯—vi GB cÖv_©bvq †ivgvb mgªvU, †÷vwqK `vk©wbK gviKvm A‡iwjqvm A¨v›Uwbqvm (121-180) ‡K I †hb cvIqv hv‡”Q| c~b¨gq RxebB gvbe Rxe‡bi GKgvÎ j¶¨ nIqv DwPZÑGB wQj gnvb Ri_ykÎi evYx; mgªvU Rv‡iK‡mm-Gi a‡g©i g~j wfZ| Avi cvim¨ I cvi‡m¨i mgªvU‡K Kx iKg nxb K‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv IB nwjDwW b÷ QweUvq! Avi Zv‡Z Gwkqvevmx Drdzj­ n‡q DVj| A_P eiveiB cvi‡m¨i wbR¯^ g~j¨‡eva wQj| hv gvbweK| Joseph Gaer Zuvi Amvavib MÖš’wU‡Z wj‡L‡Qb, Ò...soon after Zoroaster returned home, Iran was invaded by the Turanians of the neigboring country. Young Zoroaster immediately volunteered to go out into the battle fields and apply his knowledge to the wounded soldiers. Ó(How the Great Religions Began. page, 125) Zv

n‡j?

Joseph Gaer-Gi GB eBwU (How the Great Religions Began) 1929 mv‡ji w`‡K †jLv| wZwb, Joseph Gaer, cÖv‡P¨i ag©gZ¸wj cwð‡g Zz‡j aivi Rb¨ Rxebfi h‡_ô cwikªg K‡i‡Qb| GB †jLvi gva¨‡g Zuv‡K kª×v Rvbvw”Q| ZvIev‡`i RbK jvIr-‡m †K DØ„Z K‡i‡Qb Gfv‡e, ÒTo those who are good to me I am good; and to those who are not to me I am good. And thus all get to be good. Ó hw`I

Avgiv Rvwb GB bxwZevK¨wU c„w_exi AmsL¨ †kvwlZ gvbyl‡`i Rb¨ †KvbI kvš—¡bv e‡q Avb‡e bv, Zey ...Zey ... ZvI¸i“i GB wPiKj¨vbKi K_v¸wj _vK, fwel¨‡Zi †kvlbk~b¨ ‡mB ¯^‡cœi mgvRwUi Rb¨ _vK|

Avgv‡`i mg‡q, A_v©r 21 kZ‡K cÖvP¨ev‡`i cÖe³v GWqvW© Wwe­D mvC‡`i wb‡`©wkZ c‡_ nuvU‡Qb GK †gavex bvix| wZwb cÖvP¨‡K wb‡q cvðv‡Z¨i AccÖPv‡ii wei“‡× Zzgyj i“‡L `uvwo‡q‡Qb | GB bvixi †gav, †jLvi aib, we‡k­lbx ¶gZv I mvnmx e³e¨ Avgv‡K wew¯§Z K‡i‡Q| HwZnvwmK

m‡Z¨i ‡h ¯^xK…wZ GKRb cyi“l cwÛ‡Zi Kv‡Q RMr cÖZ¨vkv K‡iwQjÑ GZw`‡b Zv GKRb bvix M‡el‡Ki Kv‡Q cvIqv †Mj| cig we¯§q GBLv‡bB | wZwb gvbbxqv †Rwb evKKvi| †h mg¯— evOvwj nwjDwW `¨ nvb‡WªW †`‡L D”Q¡wmZ, ¯ú©vZvi †MŠi‡e GKvZ¥ †eva Ki‡Qb- AvR Zv‡`i †Rwb evKKv‡ii cÖvP¨fvebvi m‡½ cwiPq Kwi‡q †`Iqv Ri“wi| †Kbbv, GB bvix AKc‡U wj‡L‡Qb- Moreover, in their historical writings, the Greek authors make it clear that the Persians are a mere bunch of decadent, effeminate barbarians, natural slaves that could be ignored in the history of mankind. (Kx Avðh©! BivK I AvdMvwš’vb m¤^‡Ü eZ©gvb Kv‡ji B½-gvwK©b cÖkvmb I AwaKvsk weª‡Ubevmx I gvwKb©x‡`i †Zv GB aviYv!) The Greeks themselves had the best culture and there was simply nothing that other civilizations could add. Western scholars have long accepted this judgment. This almost hostile attitude has long existed in Europe, together with a fascination for all that was strange and unknown, such as the mysterious Orient. Because of this combination of fascination and suspicion, questions about the exact interaction between the two cultures are not only interesting, but also necessary. One must see further than the end of one's nose.

Gevi Zuvi g~j e³e¨ Zz‡j aiwQ| cÖvPxb wMÖ‡mi Ici cÖv‡P¨i cÖfve cÖvPxb cvim¨ I wMÖ‡mi ms¯‹…wZ KL‡bvB G‡K Ac‡ii †P‡q wew”Qbœ wQj bv| `ywU ms¯‹…wZi g‡a¨ Awbevh© mswgkªb N‡UwQj| Z‡e wMÖ‡mi Ici cvi‡m¨i cÖfve c‡owQj †ewk|

BwZnvm cv‡V KLbI KLbI gvbwP‡Îi cvV Ri“wi n‡q I‡V| Ic‡i cÖvPxb we‡k¦i gvbwPÎwU †`Lv hv‡”Q| cy‡e wmÜz, cwð‡g f~ga¨mgy`ª Aewa we¯Z…Z cvi‡m¨i AvwK‡gbxq (Achaemenid) mvgªvR¨ (†Mvjvwc i‡O) ; GwRqvb mgy‡`ªi †cwQ‡b, gvbwP‡Îi euv cÖv‡š— Øxc I bMiivóª wb‡q (meyR isKiv) GjvKv n‡jv wMÖm| ZLbI wba©vwiZ nqwb GKwU †`kÑ bv wK c„_K c„_K bMiivóª|

GZKvj BD‡ivcxq cwÛ‡Ziv AvwK‡gbxq mvgªv‡R¨ DËicwðg mxgv‡š—i †Mvj‡hvM, A_v©r wMÖm I cvi‡m¨i Ø›` wb‡qB Av‡jvPbvq GZ †ewk gMœ wQ‡jb †h IB cviwmK ivóªwUi wfZ‡ii kw³wU‡K †evSevi †Zgb ‡PóvB K‡ibwb| cÖfvZKzgvi gy‡Lvcva¨vq K_v ¯§iY Kwi| MÖx‡mi c‡¶ cviwkK‡`i KvQ nB‡Z AvZ¡i¶v Kwievi BwZnvmUv LyeB cÖ‡qvRbxq| wKš‘ Avwg GwkqvevmxÑ Avgvi `„wó †m w`K nB‡Z nB‡e †Kb? Avwg †`wL‡ZwQÑweRqx GwkqvÑweRqx cviwkKivÑBD‡ivc‡K MÖvm Kwi‡Z QywU‡ZwQj| mvgªv‡R¨i cÖv‡š— wK mvgvb¨ hy‡× wK NwUqvwQj, ZvnviB MÖxK‡`i wjwLZ AwZiwÄZ BwZnvm wbf©yj wek¦v‡m cwo| Abyev`K|

GZKvj BD‡ivcxq cwÛ‡Ziv AvwK‡gbxq mvgªv‡R¨ DËicwðg mxgv‡š—i †Mvj‡hvM, A_v©r wMÖm I cvi‡m¨i Ø›` wb‡qB Av‡jvPbvq GZ †ewk gMœ wQ‡jb...Gi Aek¨ KviY wQj| wMÖm Zzjbvg~jK fv‡e BD‡iv‡ci Kv‡Q| cÖL¨vZ wkívPvh© Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717-1768)-Gi mgq †_‡KB wMÖm‡K cwðgv mf¨Zvi wkKo wn‡m‡e AewnZ Kiv n‡”Q| Gi GK Ab¨Zg KviY, AvRI Acwi‡gq wMÖK mvwnZ¨, †mB m‡½ ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYvg~jK Av‡jvPbv-MÖš’¸‡jv meB cÖvq AweK…Zfv‡e wU‡K i‡q‡Q| c¶vš—‡i, cvi‡m¨i †miKg mvwnZ¨ fvÛvi †Kv_vq? Aek¨ wLª÷c~e© ló kZvãxi Av‡e¯—v i‡q‡Q| wKš‘, †m‡Zv Avi gnvKve¨ wKs¤^v weÁvbwfwËK MÖš’ bq| Dc‡ivš—, wMÖK †jLKiv cÖvq mevB wj‡L ‡M‡Qb cviwmKiv ¶wqòz, nxb I ee©i RvwZ; Zviv RvZ `vm| GK`v fviZxq Avh©ivI cÖvPxb e½‡K GgbZ‡iv K_vq †nq Avi wbæ cÖwZcbœ Kivi †P÷v K‡iwQj| e‡jwQj e½Rb KvK I †PUK m`„k! Abyev`K|

wMÖK †jLKiv g‡b Ki‡Zi cvim¨ ev‡`B mf¨Zv wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i| Zv‡`i GB aviYvB e×g~j wQj †hчn‡jbxq mf¨Zv-ms¯‹…wZ AZ¨š— D”P¯—‡ii; Zvi KviI ms¯úk© cÖ‡qvRb †bB| Western scholars have long accepted this judgment!

`xN©w`b a‡i GBiKg ˆeix `„w÷fw½ wU‡K wQj| Avi Gi m‡½ †hvM n‡qwQj, inm¨gq cÖv‡P¨i aviYv| GBiKg Mfxi Awek¦vm I AjxK †gvni Kvi‡YB `ywU ms¯‹…wZi h_©v_ mgš^q wb‡q Av‡jvPbv m¤¢eci nqwb| Avgv‡`i AvR †mB KvRwUB m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e| Av‡jvPbvwU ïay wPËvKl©KB bq, AZxe Ri“wiI e‡U| †Kbbv, Avgv‡`i Kv‡j `yc¶i fv‡jv-g›` me w`KB Zwj‡q †`Lv DwPZ| BwZnvm cv‡Vi mgq g‡b ivLv `iKviчKvbI NUbv, RvwZ wK ms¯‹…wZ KL‡bvB wew”Qbœ n‡q _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| mvgªvR¨, mgvR I aviYv Ñ cvk¦©eZ©x mvgªvR¨, mgvR I aviYv Øviv cÖfvweZ nq| me mgqB wewb‡qvM I wewbgq we`¨gvb wQj| hw`I Zvi ¯—i I gvÎvi †ni‡di _vK‡ZB cv‡i| Z‡e GK c‡¶i Ici Ab¨ c‡¶i cÖfv‡ei Zxeª A¯^xKviI _vK‡Z cv‡i, hv c¶vš—‡i cÖfve‡KB ¯^xKvi K‡i| Av‡jKRv›`v‡ii (336-323 wLª÷c~e©) cÖvP¨ weR‡qi ci BD‡iv‡ci †ewki fvM cwÛZB cÖv‡P¨i Ici wMÖ‡mi cÖfve wb‡q M‡elbv K‡i‡Qb| wecixZwU K`vwc N‡Uwb, NU‡jI ‡mme Z_¨ cv`UxKvq †jLv n‡q‡Q †Kej| wKš‘, AvR Avgiv Rvwb cviwmK hy‡×i ci (wLª÷c~e© 479) Av‡_Ýevmx Zv‡`i

¯’vcZ¨ixwZ I ivRbxwZ‡Z cviwmK a¨vb-aviYv MÖnb K‡iwQj| wKš‘, †m Av‡jvPbvq hvIqvi Av‡M wLª÷c~e© cÂg kZvãxi BwZnvm Rvbv Ri“wi| BwZnvm: cvi‡m¨i AvwK‡gbxq (Achaemenid) ivRes‡ki †kªó mgªvU wQ‡jb Kzi“ (Cyrus) | wLª÷c~e© 547 wKsev 546-G wZwb †hme AÂj Rq K‡iwQ‡jb Zv eZ©gvbKv‡ji Zzi¯‹ | Zuvi †Q‡ji bvg K¨vgevBwmm; wZwb AviI AMÖmi n‡q f~ga¨mvM‡ii c~e© Zxi Aewa Rq K‡iwQ‡jb: hv GLb wmwiqv, †jevbb I BR‡ij| GBme RvqMv‡K Levant ejv nq| wLª÷c~e© 525| K¨vgevBwmm, wgki Rq Ki‡jb| Zuvi, A_©vr K¨vgevB‡mm-Gi DËivaxKvix wQ‡jb mgªvU `viq‡eŠl (Darius ) ;Zvi mgqKvj (522-486); `viq‡eŠl-Gi mgqB cviwmKiv cÖ_g BD‡ivc Avµgb K‡i| _ªvm RvqMvwU wQj wMÖ‡mi Dˇi; Zv cviwmK‡`i AwaK…Z n‡q hvq| mgªvU Kzi“i mgq †_‡KB Zzi‡¯‹i cwðg w`KKvi wMÖK bMi¸wj AvBIbxq (Ionia) bMi bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| GB AvBIbxq bMi¸wj AvwK‡gbxq mvgªv‡R¨i Aaxb wQj| cviwmKiv ILv‡b 50 eQi a‡i kvmb KiwQj| wKš‘, 499 mv‡j GB bMi¸wj cviwmK‡`i wei“‡× we‡`ªn †Nvlbv K‡i, cvi‡m¨iv‡Ri cÖwZwbwa‡K wbe©vwmZ K‡i, wMÖ‡mi g~jL‡Ûi mvnvh¨ Pvq, we‡kl K‡i ¯ú©vZv I Av‡_‡Ýi | Av‡_Ý mvnvh¨ Ki‡jI cviwmKiv AvBIbxq we‡`ªvn `gb K‡i| wMÖK HwZnvwmK wn‡iv‡WvUvm wj‡L‡Qb, AvBIbxq we‡`ªvni Kvi‡Y mgªvU `viq‡eŠl wMÖK‡`i kvw¯— w`‡Z PvB‡jb| GB gš—e¨ wKQy AwZiwÄZ e‡jB g‡b nq| 492 mv‡j cviwmK †mbvcwZ gvi‡`vwbqvm ‡gwm‡`vwbqvq mvgwiK Awfhvb Pvwj‡q cviwmK wbqš¿b Av‡ivc Ki‡jb; Ges 490 mv‡j cviwmK †mbvcwZ `vwZm I AviZv‡di‡bm GwRAvb mgy‡`ªi A‡bK¸wj Øxc Rq K‡i wb‡jb| IB eQiB MÖx‡¯§i †k‡l, Zviv Av‡_‡Ýi wei“‡× mvgwiK Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡i e¨_© nb| Gici g¨viv_‡bi hy‡× cviwmK‡`i Ici gnvwech©q †b‡g G‡mwQj| c¶vš—‡i, g¨viv_‡bi hy×wU wR‡Z Av‡_Ýevmxi g‡bvej eûjvs‡k †e‡o hvq| Zv Qvov, IB mg‡q jvIwiA‡b (Av‡_‡Ýi Kv‡Q GKwU ¯’vb) †iŠc¨Lwb Avwe¯‹…Z n‡qwQj| Kv‡RB Av‡_‡Ýi A_©‰bwZi PvKv nVvr K‡iB †hb MwZkxj n‡q DVj| IB mgq †_‡KB cÖwZi¶vi Rb¨ M‡o DV‡Z _v‡K enr GK †bŠevwnbx | Iw`‡K 480-i w`‡K cvi‡m¨i mgªvU Rv‡iK‡mm (486-465) wMÖm Avµg‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ GK e„nr mvgwiK I †bŠevwnbx MVb Ki‡jb| g¨viv_‡bi hy‡× Zvi wcZv `viq‡eŠl-Gi civR‡qi cÖwZ‡kva †bIqvi Rb¨ wZwb m‰mb¨ wMÖ‡mi g~jL‡Ûi w`‡K G¸‡Z _v‡Kb| cviwmK evwnbxi `yg©i AvMÖvm‡b wMÖ‡mi Dˇii †_mvwj I we‡qvwkqv c`vbZ n‡jv| Rv‡iK‡mm -Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ _vg©dvB‡j ¯ú©vZvb wMÖK‡`i ch©y`¯— (hv `¨ nvb‡WªW; Qwei welqe¯‘ ) K‡i `ª“Z Av‡_‡Ýi w`‡K GwM‡q hvq cviwmK †hv×viv| Av‡_ÝI KivqË Kiv n‡jv| Aek¨ Av‡_bxq e›`‡ii Kv‡Q mvjvwgm cÖvbvjxi hy‡× cviwmKiv ‡n‡i hvq| Gi cÖavb KviY, wMÖK‡`i †bŠhy‡×i mvdj¨| Aek¨ wVK IB mg‡q e¨vwej‡b Šamaš-eriba Gi †bZ„‡Z¡ we‡`ªv‡ni Lei †c‡q Rv‡iK‡mm wMÖm †_‡K †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvq wd‡i †h‡Z eva¨ n‡jb| cvi‡m¨i c‡¶ ev`evwK hy× cwiPvjbv Ki‡jb †mbvcwZ gvi‡`vwbqvm | wZwb Av‡_‡Ý Ae¨vnZ jyÚb Pvjv‡jI, 479-G Plataea-q civwRZ n‡jb|

cvi‡m¨i cieZ©x AvMÖvmb †gvKv‡ejv Kivi j‡¶¨ Gi `yeQi ci Av‡_bxq ivRbxwZwe` AvwimZvB‡`m (Aristides) AvIbxqvi wMÖK bMi¸‡jvi m‡½ wMÖ‡mi g~jf~wgi bMiivóª¸wj mshy³ K‡i GKwU ‡RvU MVb Ki‡jb; †RvUwU †`wjq †RvU (Delian League) bv‡g cwiwPZ| Gfv‡e cvi‡m¨i wei“‡× wMÖK‡`i msMÖvg GK bZzb ¯—‡i DcbxZ n‡jv| Gi c‡ii `kK¸‡jv‡Z Aek¨ Av‡_Ý †`wjq †Rv‡Ui Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨‡`i Ici Qwo †Nviv‡Z jvMj| Gi Ab¨Zg KviY, Av‡_‡Ýi gReyZ mvgwiK I A_©‰bwZK wfwË| e„nr GKwU mvgªvR¨ wbqš¿b Kivi ¶gZv Zvi i‡q‡Q| Kv‡RB wMÖ‡mi Ab¨b¨ bMiivóª¸wj µ‡gB AvZ¼MÖ¯— n‡q DV‡Z jvMj| we‡kl K‡i ¯ú©vZv| ¯ú©vZvi m‡½ Av‡_‡Ýi 461 †Z hy‡×i WsKv †e‡R DVj| IB mg‡q cvi‡m¨i m‡½I Av‡_‡Ýi hy× PjwQj| KLbI Av‡_Ý wRZwQj, KLbI cvim¨; †hgb GDwi‡g`‡b; 465 mv‡j| †ek K‡qK eQi a‡i Av‡_݇K GKB m‡½ `y‡Uv kΓ‡K †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z n‡qwQj| 449-G cvi‡m¨i m‡½ ˆeixZv †kl n‡jv| Gi 3 eQi ci ¯ú©vZvi m‡½ Av‡_Ý GKwU Pzw³ ¯^v¶i Kij| g‡b n‡jv †`wjq †RvUwU wejyß n‡Z P‡j‡Q| wKš‘ Av‡_Ý †`wjq †RvUwU †f‡½ w`‡Z mnmvB m¤§Z n‡jv bv| ‡`wjq †Rv‡Ui Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨iv mvgvb¨ we‡iva m‡Ë¡I ¯ú©vZvi wei“‡× 2q hy‡× Av‡_݇KB mg_©b Kij | hy‡×i mgqKvj: 431-421. my`~i cwð‡gi wmwmwj ØxcwU wQj A¨v‡gvi‡Mm‡`i bMiivóª| Zviv wQj cvi‡m¨i AvwK‡gbxq kvm‡bi Aaxb| Av‡_Ý AvwK‡gbxq kvm‡bi wei“‡× A¨v‡gvi‡Mm‡`i mg_©b w`j| 415-†Z Av‡_Ý GK nVKvix wm×v‡š—i e‡k wmwmwj Øxc Avµgb K‡i emj| Av‡_‡Ýi wmwmwj Awfhvb ‡kl Aewa Aek¨ GK wb`vi“b e¨_©Zvq ch©‡ewkZ n‡qwQj | hv‡nvK, Av‡_Ý †KvbIµ‡g †eu‡P †Mj| wVK GB mgqUvq †`wjq †Rv‡Ui K‡qKwU m`m¨I Av‡_bxq kvm‡bi wei“‡× we‡`ªvn K‡i emj| cvi‡m¨i Af¨š—ixb wel‡q Av‡_Ý n¯—‡¶c Kivi Kvi‡Y ¯ú©vZv I cvi‡m¨i mgªvU 2q `viq‡eŠ‡li g‡a¨ AuvZvZ M‡o DVj| ¯ú©vZv wVK IB mgqB wekvj GK †bŠevwnbx M‡o Zzjj| 404-G, ¯úvZ©vi Kv‡Q AvZ¥mgc©Y Kij Av‡_Ý | Gi ciciB AvBIbxq bMiiv󪸇jv cybivq AwaKvi K‡i wbj cvim¨| wKš‘ ¯ú©vZvi ivRv Av‡RwmjvDm (Agesilaus)-Gi Gwkqv Awfhv‡bi Kvi‡Y ‡mLv‡b cvi‡m¨i wbqš¿b KL‡bvB wbi“c`ªe nqwb| 394 Aewa ivRv Av‡RwmjvDm AvBIbxq bMi¸‡jv wb‡Ri `L‡j †i‡LwQ‡jb| cvim¨ Avevi Av‡_݇K mg_©b Ki‡Z _vK‡j ivRv Av‡RwmjvDm ¯ú©vZvq wd‡i hvb| GBfv‡e cÖvq Aa©kZvãx Kvj mgMÖ wMÖm‡K wef³ K‡i Gwkqvq wb‡Ri KZ…©Z¡ eRvq †i‡LwQj cvim¨| ¯’vcZ¨: cviwmK hy‡×i wVK ciciB Av‡_‡Ý wKQy feb wbg©vb Kiv n‡qwQj| hy‡×i ci Av‡_Ýevmx cÖPzi m¤ú` jvf K‡iwQj| Plataea hy‡×i ci †nv‡iv‡WvUvm wj‡L‡Qb:the Greeks dispersed themselves about the Persian camp and found tents furnished with gold and silver, and beds overlaid with gold and overlaid with silver, and mixing-bowls of gold, and cups and drinking vessels [i.e., rhytons]. They found also sacks laid upon wagons, in which there proved to be caldrons both of gold and of silver; and from the dead bodies which lay

there they stripped bracelets and collars, and also their swords if they were of gold, for as to embroidered raiment, there was no account made of it.[Herodotus, Histories 9.80] hy‡×i ci Plataea -Gi iY‡¶‡Î cviwmK‡`i g~j¨evb avZz, ˆZRlcÎ, A¯¿k¯¿, Zuvey me Qwo‡q-

wQwU‡q c‡o wQj| †mme ch©vqµ‡g Av‡_‡Ý Avbv n‡jv| we‡kl K‡i †mbvcwZ gvi‡`vwbqv‡mi ivRKxq wkweiwU (royal pavilion); †mLv‡b cÖPzi g~j¨evb mvgMÖx wQj| Av‡_Ýevmxi Kv‡Q ivRKxq wkweiwU m‡›`n †bB AZ¨š— AvKl©bxq e¯‘ wQj | cvi‡m¨i wei“‡× wMÖK‡`i weR‡qi ci cviwmK‡`i cwiZ¨³ wRwbmcθwj, hy‡×i mgq hviv Av‡_‡Ýi cv‡k wQj, †mBme bMiiv‡óªi g‡a¨ fvM K‡i †`Iqv n‡qwQj | mevB h‡_ó m¤ú` †c‡qwQj| Av‡_ÝI| Dc‡ivš—, hy‡× †bZ…Z`¡ v‡bi Kvi‡Y Av‡_ÝB mevi Av‡M I¸‡jv evQvB Ki‡Z †c‡iwQj| Gfv‡e cvi‡m¨i cÖPzi m¤ú` Av‡_‡Ýi fv‡M coj| †hgb ; cviwmK cvbcvÎ (rhytons). hy‡×i ci Av‡_‡Ý IB cvbcvθ‡jv cÖPzi ‡`Lv †h‡Z jvMj | †mme AZ¨š— my›`i nIqvq wMÖK wkíxiv ‡mme cviwmK cvbcvÎ ‰Zwi Ki‡Z _v‡K| Plataea hy‡×i ci †mbvcwZ gvi‡`vwbqv‡mi ivRKxq wkweiwU QvovI cvim¨iv‡Ri ivRKxq wkweiwUI Av‡_‡Ý Avbv n‡qwQj| Zvici, 472 †Z IB wkwe‡ii GKvsk wMÖK Uª¨v‡RwWi RbK Cw¯‹jvm-Gi ÔcviwmKÕ bvUKwU g¯’ Kivi mgq decor [skênê] wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq| ‡cwiwK¬‡mi wb‡`©‡k IB wkweiwUi Kv‡Vi Ask w`‡q GKwU m½xZ-feb ev A‡WAb (odeon) wbg©vb Kiv n‡qwQj| c‡i Aek¨ IB A‡WAbwUB cv_i w`‡q ˆZwi Kiv nq| cyΩvK wj‡L‡Qb: The Odeon, or music room, which in its interior was full of seats and ranges of pillars, and outside had its roof made to slope and descend from one single point at the top, was constructed, we are told, in imitation of the king of Persia's pavilion [skênê]. This was done by Pericles's order. [Plutarch, Life of Pericles 13.5-6]

hy‡×i Ae¨ewnZ c‡i Av‡_‡Ýi A‡bK ¯’vcbvB wQj A¯’vqx| cvim¨ mgªv‡Ui ivRKxq wkweiwU ‡h m½xZ-fe‡bi `„k¨ wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv n‡qwQj Zvi KviY mgªvU Rv‡iK‡mm-Gi ivRKxq ZuveywU wQj †QvULv‡Uv GK ivRcÖvmv`| ...hy×hvÎvi mg‡q cviwmK mgªvUiv ˆmb¨evwnbxi cvkvcvwk ivR`ieviI wb‡q †h‡Zb; Gfv‡e iY‡¶‡ÎI wZwb ivRKxq Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb| hy×Kvjxb mg‡q exi †hv×v‡`i cyi¯‹vi w`‡Zb ... eûeQi ci hLb †cwiwK¬‡mi A‡WAbwU Lbb Kiv n‡jvÑZLb GwUi AvK…wZ wQj cvi‡m¨i AvwK‡gbxq mvgªv‡R¨ ivR `ievi cvwm©‡cvwj‡mi kZ ¯—‡¤¢i mfvK‡¶ (the Hall of the Hundred Columns)-Gi mgvb| A‡WAbwUi cwigvc 68,50 x 62,40 Ges 9 x 10wU ¯—¤¢ i‡q‡Q| cvwm©‡cvwj‡mi mfvK‡¶I, we¯§qKi n‡jI mZ¨ 10 x 10 ¯—¤¢ i‡q‡Q; Ges cwigvc 68,50 x 68,50 wgUvi| GB mv`„k¨ GZB ¯ú÷ †h GwU wKQy‡ZB KvKZvjxq n‡Z cv‡i bv| ‡mB ivRKxq ZuveywU wQj kZ ¯—‡¤¢i mfvK‡¶i AbyKi‡b ˆZwi| Avi Av‡_‡Ýi A‡WAbwU wQj ZviB cÖwZi“c| Z‡e g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, cviwmK ¯’vcZ¨ixwZ wMÖK wKsev †ivgvb wkíxiv KL‡bvB cy‡ivcywi AbymiY K‡ibwb| †cwiwK¬‡mi A‡WAbwUi wfZ‡i kã-e¨e¯’v (acoustics) g‡b nq ‡Zgb mykªve¨ wQj bv| Avi cieZ©xKv‡ji A‡WAb¸‡jvi Ñ †hgb AvMwiccv, †Wvwgwkqvb I †nv‡iv‡`m wQj ¶z`ªvKvi Avi wVK PZz‡¯‹vbI bq|

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